138 results on '"Criner, G J"'
Search Results
2. Effect of benralizumab on recurrent COPD exacerbations
- Author
-
Singh, D, primary, Criner, G J, additional, Agusti, A, additional, Bafadhel, M, additional, Söderström, J, additional, Luporini Saraiva, G, additional, Song, Y, additional, Licaj, I, additional, Jison, M, additional, Martin, U J, additional, and Psallidas, I, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Improvements in exacerbation rates with single inhaler triple therapy versus dual ics/laba therapy in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd): subgroup analyses of the phase iii fulfil study: P272
- Author
-
Hilton, E, Brealey, N, Birk, R, Zhu, C-Q, Criner, G J, Dransfield, M T, Halpin, D, Lomas, D A, and Lipson, D A
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Supplement to: Simvastatin for the prevention of exacerbations in moderate-to-severe COPD.
- Author
-
Criner, G J, Connett, J E, and Aaron, S D
- Published
- 2014
5. Assessment of Respiratory Muscle Strength
- Author
-
Sexauer, W. P., Criner, G. J., Kelsen, S. G., Vincent, Jean Louis, editor, Marini, J. J., editor, and Roussos, C., editor
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. FVC decline in patients with SSc-ILD by use of anti-acid therapy
- Author
-
Kreuter, M. Nunes, H. Criner, G. J. Sfikakis, P. and Stevens, W. Miede, C. Quaresma, M. Alves, M. Raghu, G.
- Published
- 2021
7. Blunted expression of miR-199a-5p in regulatory T cells of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease compared to unaffected smokers
- Author
-
Chatila, W. M., Criner, G. J., Hancock, W. W., Akimova, T., Moldover, B., Chang, J.-K., Cornwell, W., Santerre, M., and Rogers, T. J.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. FVC decline in patients with SSc-ILD by use of anti-acid therapy
- Author
-
Kreuter, M, additional, Nunes, H, additional, Criner, G J, additional, Sfikakis, P, additional, Stevens, W, additional, Miede, C, additional, Quaresma, M, additional, Alves, M, additional, and Raghu, G, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Serious Pneumothorax Events Following Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction with Endobronchial Valves
- Author
-
Criner, G. J., Dransfield, M. T., Sciurba, F. C., Shah, P. L., Wahidi, M., Armstrong, B., Slebos, D., and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC)
- Published
- 2020
10. Safety of Nintedanib in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Global Pharmacovigilance Data
- Author
-
Lasky, J. A., Criner, G. J., Lazarus, H. M., Kohlbrenner, V., Bender, S., Richeldi, Luca, Richeldi L. (ORCID:0000-0001-8594-1448), Lasky, J. A., Criner, G. J., Lazarus, H. M., Kohlbrenner, V., Bender, S., Richeldi, Luca, and Richeldi L. (ORCID:0000-0001-8594-1448)
- Abstract
Introduction: The safety and tolerability of nintedanib in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have been characterized using data from clinical trials. Methods: We further characterized the safety and tolerability of nintedanib in patients with IPF in clinical practice using the global pharmacovigilance database. The database included spontaneously reported adverse events and data collected via solicited reporting in patients treated with nintedanib from 15 October 2014 to 15 October 2018. Adverse events were coded using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities. Cumulative exposure to nintedanib was estimated on the basis of sales data. Results: Cumulative exposure to nintedanib was estimated as 60,107 patient-years. Diarrhea was the most frequent event (301.6 events per 1000 patient-years). Most (97.0%) diarrhea events were non-serious. The median (25th, 75th percentile) time to onset of the first diarrhea event was 60 (11, 182) days. Elevated liver enzyme or bilirubin levels were reported at a rate of 31.5 events per 1000 patient-years. Bleeding was reported at a rate of 36.8 events per 1000 patient-years; 81.0% of events were non-serious. Major cardiovascular adverse events were reported at a rate of 13.4 events per 1000 patient-years and myocardial infarction at a rate of 4.3 events per 1000 patient-years. Gastrointestinal perforation was reported at a rate of 1.0 event per 1000 patient-years. Conclusions: On the basis of pharmacovigilance data collected over 4 years, the safety profile of nintedanib in patients with IPF was consistent with that observed in clinical trials and described in the product label, with no new safety concerns observed. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
- Published
- 2020
11. LONG-TERM AZITHROMYCIN DECREASES COPD EXACERBATIONS
- Author
-
ALBERT, R K, CONNETT, J, BAILEY, W C, CASABURI, R, COOPER, J AD, JR, CRINER, G J, CURTIS, J L, DRANSFIELD, M T, HAN, M K, LAZARUS, S C, MAKE, B, MARCHETTI, N, MARTINEZ, F J, MADINGER, N E, MCEVOY, C, NIEWOEHNER, D E, PORSASZ, J, PRICE, C S, REILLY, J, SCANLON, P D, SCIURBA, F C, SCHARF, S M, WASHKO, G R, WOODRUFF, P G, and ANTHONISEN, N R
- Published
- 2013
12. 1048 Prevalence Of Positional Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) In Patients With OSA-COPD Overlap Syndrome
- Author
-
Rani, S, primary, Rengan, R, primary, Mandal, M, primary, Ramzy, J, primary, VegaSanchez, M, primary, Jaffe, F, primary, Solar, X, primary, D’Alonzo, G, primary, Criner, G J, primary, Chatila, W, primary, Shariff, T, primary, Weaver, S, primary, and Krachman, S, primary
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Benralizumab for the Prevention of COPD Exacerbations
- Author
-
Criner, G. J., Celli, B. R., Brightling, C. E., Agusti, A., Papi, A., Singh, D., Sin, D. D., Vogelmeier, C. F., Sciurba, F. C., Bafadhel, M., Backer, V., Kato, M., Ramirez-Venegas, A., Wei, Y. -F., Bjermer, L., Shih, V. H., Jison, M., O'Quinn, S., Makulova, N., Newbold, P., Goldman, M., Martin, U. J., GALATHEA Study Investigators, TERRANOVA Study Investigators, Otto, Burghuber, Bernhard, Forstner, Gerhard, Köberl, Bernd, Lamprecht, Judith, Löffler-Ragg, Horst, Olschewski, Michael, Studnicka, Francois, Beaucage, Guy, Chouinard, Anthony, Dechant, Anthony, Dowell, Jacques, Hebert, Sohail, Khattak, Kieran, Killian, William, Killorn, Andy, Lam, Francois, Maltais, Darcy, Marciniuk, Lyle, Melenka, Bonavuth, Pek, Jeremy, Road, Donald, Sin, Alain, Vaugeois, Brandie, Walker, Tomas, Dvorak, Stanislav, Holub, Otakar, Hokynar, Vitezslav, Kolek, Daniela, Kopecka, Jan, Krepelka, Jaroslav, Mares, Josef, Veverka, Vladimir, Zindr, Sabine, Ballenberger, Rolf, Dichmann, Christian, Geßner, Margret, Jandl, Claus, Keller, Joachim, Kirschner, Marc, Kornmann, Petra, Mikloweit, Ingomar, Naudts, Axel, Overlack, Isabelle, Schenkenberger, Volker, Schlegel, Lutz Von Versen, Claus Franz Vogelmeier, Stefan, Zielen, István, Albert, Beatrix, Bálint, Mária Csilla Hangonyi, Teréz, Kecskés, Anikó, Kurucz, Balázs, Medgyasszay, Lajos, Molnár, János, Mucsi, Márta, Papp, Magdolna, Póczi, Éva, Radeczky, Zsolt Pápai Székely, Csilla, Szabó, Gyöngyi, Szabó, Melinda, Szabó, Alfredo Antonio Chetta, Giuseppe Di Maria, Giulio, Donazzan, Federica, Meloni, Elisabetta, Pace, Pierluigi, Paggiaro, Alberto, Papi, Ricciardolo, Fabio Luigi Massimo, Antonio, Spanevello, Fumiaki, Aoki, Ryosuke, Eda, Takeo, Endo, Yasushi, Fukushima, Kenichi, Gemba, Naoki, Hagimoto, Hiromasa, Harada, Yasuko, Harada, Norihiko, Hata, Osamu, Hataji, Nobuo, Hatakeyama, Takahiko, Horiguchi, Gen, Ideura, Motoyasu, Iikura, Azusa, Ikegami, Shirou, Imokawa, Yoshikazu, Inoue, Takeshi, Isobe, Ryoji, Ito, Susumu, Iwata, Tadashi, Kamei, Motokazu, Kato, Hideki, Katsura, Yuji, Kawarada, Norio, Kihara, Masaharu, Kinoshita, Takashi, Kinoshita, Tomoo, Kishaba, Hideo, Kita, Arihiro, Kiyosue, Shigeru, Komatsu, Kazuki, Konishi, Sekiya, Koyama, Makoto, Kudo, Kazuhiko, Machida, Hironi, Makita, Hiroto, Matsuse, Naoki, Miyazawa, Hiroyuki, Nakamura, Yuji, Nakatani, Kazuyuki, Nishimura, Takashi, Nishimura, Junichi, Ogawa, Hiroyuki, Ohbayashi, Tetsuro, Ohdaira, Tsukasa, Ohnishi, Kazuhiko, Oki, Masahiko, Saito, Kenji, Sakamoto, Osamu, Sakamoto, Hisakuni, Sekino, Noriharu, Shijubo, Masaharu, Shinkai, Hideo, Soto, Yoshitaka, Sugawara, Noriaki, Suko, Hisaho, Takahashi, Masamitsu, Takahashi, Tsuneyuki, Takahashi, Hiroshi, Tanaka, Hiroyuki, Taniguchi, Tadayuki, Terada, Takao, Tochigi, Kazuyo, Tohyama, Hirokazu, Tokuyasu, Keisuke, Tomii, Tomomasa, Tsuboi, Mitsuyoshi, Utsugi, Katsumaru, Yamamoto, Michiko, Yamamoto, Shuichi, Yano, Makoto, Yoshida, Frank, Custers, Richard, Dekhuijzen, Remco, Djamin, Jan Willem Van Dan Berg, Lowie, Vanfleteren, Pascal, Wielders, Bogusława, Cimoszko, Anna, Doboszyńska, Andrzej, Dyczek, Andrzej, Fal, Krystyna, Folcik, Łukasz, Goliński, Marek, Jutel, Andrzej, Kolczyński, Piotr, Kuna, Ewa, Łączyńska, Wojciech, Machowiak, Maciej, Marczak, Joanna, Markiewicz, Janusz, Milanowski, Grzegorz, Mincewicz, Maria, Nittner-Marszalska, Wojciech, Papiewski, Małgorzata, Pawlukiewicz, Witold, Pomiećko, Barbara, Rewerska, Cezary, Rybacki, Wojciech, Skucha, Ewa, Trębas-Pietraś, Ewa, Uhryn, Małgorzata, Żurowska-Gębala, Laurentia, Andrei, Traian, Mihaescu, Stefan, Mihaicuta, Eniko Vera Pall, Ioan, Petrui, Angelica, Savu, Claudia, Toma, Ana, Trailescu, Vladimir, Abrosimov, Nataliya, Astafyeva, Evgenyi, Bazdyrev, Nadezhda, Berdnikova, Laura, Bolieva, Ekaterina, Bukreeva, Valery, Chistyakov, Anna, Galustyan, Halida, Gantseva, Svetlana, Goncharova, Sergey, Grigoriev, Galina, Ignatova, Inna, Ilyashevich, Nadezhda, Izmozherova, Magomed, Kamalov, Yaroslava, Khovaeva, Natalia, Kuzubova, Lyudmila, Kvitkova, Liudmila, Lenskaya, Igor, Leshchenko, Olga, Magnitskaya, Boris, Molotilov, Artem, Molotkov, Svetlana, Myasoedova, Sergey, Nedogoda, Vladimir, Nosov, Marina, Osipenko, Andrey, Peskov, Veronika, Popova, Oksana, Ratushnay, Irina, Ryzhova, Olga, Shangina, Natalia, Shaporova, Evgeny, Shmelev, Lybov, Shpagina, Alexander, Shutkin, Yuri, Shvarts, Mikhail, Smirnov, Irina, Stitsenko, Maksim, Vasilev, Arkadiy, Vertkin, Elena, Vishneva, Alexander, Vizel, Anna, Zateyschikova, Mohamed, Abdool-Gaffar, Ismail, Abdullah, Axel, Bruning, Nyda, Fourie, Michael, Greenblatt, Mohammed, Tayob, Venter, K, An Soo Jang, Kwan Ho Lee, Sang Haak Lee, Sook Young Lee, Suk Joong Yong, Kwang Ha Yoo, Soo Taek Uh, Ramón Agüero Balbín, David Ramos Barbón, Álvar Agustí García-Navarro, José Luis Velasco Garrido, Sergi Pascual Guardia, Eduard Monso Molas, Luis De Teresa Parreño, Borja García-Cosio Piqueras, German Peces-Barba Romero, Myriam Calle Rubio, Fernando Sánchez-Toril López, Alicia Marín Tapia, Heidi Martin Braschler, Martin, Brutsche, Michael, Grob, Jörg, Leuppi, Daiana, Stolz, Alexander, Turk, Nawar, Bakerley, Mona, Bafadhel, Christopher, Brightling, Rekha, Chaudhuri, Gourab, Choudhury, Graham, Devereux, Imran, Hussain, Kai, Lee, William, Macnee, Ravindran, Mahadeva, Matthew, Masoli, Monica, Nordstrom, Manish, Patel, Allan, Reid, Dinesh, Saralaya, Tariq, Sethi, Sukh Dave Singh, Anthony, G de Soyza, Tom, Wilkinson, Alice, Turner, Helen, Ward, Chandar, Abboy, Ivan, Ackerman, Idalia, Acosta, Arun, Adlakha, Bassil, Aish, Mohamed, Ali, Charles, Andrews, Robby, Ayoub, Anil, Badhwar, Dennis, Bassetti, Sherif El Bayadi, Richard, Beasley, Shashi, Bellam, Jonathan, Bernstein, Maria, Blahey, Scott, Bloom, Eugene, Bleecker, Wesley, Bray, Johnathan, Brewer, Robert, Buynak, William, Calhoun, Edward, Campbell, Anthony, Captain, Birjis, Chinoy, Kenneth, Chinsky, Geoffrey, Chupp, Arsenio, Columbie, Clinton, Corder, Gerard, Criner, Humberto, Cruz, Edward, Cullen, Kevin, Deboer, Michael, Denenberg, Mark, Dransfield, Leonard, Dunn, Miles, Elmore, David, Erb, Faisal, Fakih, Gary, Ferguson, Charles, Fogarty, Mark, Freed, Stephen, Fritz, David, Fuentes, Shariar, Cohen-Gadol, Robert, Garver, John, Given, Luis Ramos Gonez, Raul Ebran Gonzalez, Robert, Gordon, Gregory, Gottschlich, Donald, Graham, David, Grant, Gary, Greenwald, James, Greenwald, Kenneth, Haft, Gregory, Hammond, Nadia, Hansel, Jeffrey, Harris, Humberto, Hernandez, Marvin, Heuer, Albrecht, Heyder, David, Hill, Willis, Holloway, Octavian, Ioachimescu, Richard, Jackson, Ajay, Jain, Nan, Jiang, Thomas, Kaelin, Adolfo, Kaplan, Mitchell, Kaye, Akram, Khan, Yekaterina, Khronusova, Ryan, Klein, Joel, Kline, Firas, Koura, Ritsu, Kuno, Ware, Kuschner, Jean Claude Labissiere, David Laman Jr, John, Lee, Mitchell, Lee, Lawrence, Levinson, Njira, Lugogo, Mador, M, Nathaniel, Marchetti, Rafael, Martinez, Richard, Martinez, Peter, Mattar, David, Maybee, Dennis, Mcgraw, Michael, Mcguire, Curtis, Mello, Aaron, Milstone, John, Mitchell, Wendy, Moore, Timothy, Moriarty, Cheta, Nand, Brooke, Nevins, Ikeadi, Ndukwu, Rachel, Nisbet, David, Nyanjom, Maria, Nualart, Thomas, O'Brien, Mikhail, Palatnik, Gnyandev, Patel, Amit, Patel, Guido, Perez, Christopher, Perry, Michael, Pfeffer, Krishna, Pudi, Marina, Raikhel, Murali, Ramaswamy, Joe, Ramsdell, Donato, Ricci, Gary, Richmond, Eugene, Ryan, Fadi, Saba, Boris, Sagalovich, C Andrew Schroeder, Timothy, Scialla, Frank, Sciurba, Amit, Shah, Nirav, Shah, Zeeshan, Shaikh, Akhtar, Siddiqui, Barry, Sigal, Thomas, Siler, Howard, Silverboard, William, Sims, Clyde, Southwell, Selwyn, Spangenthal, Peruvemba, Sriram, James, Stocks, Tony, Su, John, Suen, Robert, Sussman, Horia, Tatu, Antonio, Terrelonge, Alan, Thomas, Mario, Torres, Rodolfo, Trejo, Miguel, Trevino, Banks, Turner, Manuel, Villareal, Janine, Vintch, Neal, Warshoff, Jan, Westerman, Philip, Wexler, Thomas, Yunger, Amir, Zeki, Mariano Fernandez Acquier, Norma, Aramayo, German, Arce, Juan, Belloni, Víctor, Cambursano, Carlos De La Vega, Fernando Rodriguez Chariarse, Pedro, Elias, Marcelo, Fernández, Ana, Lopez, Andrea, Medina, María, Otaola, Maria Salazan Saez, Maria De Salvo, Fernando, Scherbovsky, Ana, Stok, Jorge, Taborda, Alberto, Tolcachier, Fernando, Verra, Carlos, Victorio, Rita Gisela Delgado Vizcarra, Philip, Bardin, Peter, Bremner, Martin, Phillips, John, Upham, Peter, Wark, Antoine, Bolly, Alain, Delobbe, Peter, Driesen, Eduard, Janssens, Wim, Janssens, Olivier, Michel, Bernard, Vandooren, Martti, Antila, Jussara, Fiterman, Carlos, Fritscher, Jorge, Hetzel, Jose, Jardim, Waldo De Mattos, Rafael, Martins, Maria Eunice De Oliveira, Andreia, Pez, Maria, Sales, Rafael, Stelmach, Priscila, Wolff, Svetla, Andreeva, Reneta, Antonova, Ana, Dancheva, Yuliya, Ivanova, Slavcho, Ivanov, Hristo, Metev, Iveta, Naydenova, Tatyana, Petkova, Galina, Petrova, Kostadinka, Sotirova, Mariyana, Stoyanova, Rumen, Tiholov, Iliyana, Valkanova, Oleg, Yakov, Rosa, Feijoo, Juana, Pavie, Patricia, Schönffeldt, Absalon, Silva, Victor, Martinez, David, Espinosa, Alejandro, Londono, Dora, Molina, Gonzalo, Prada, Andrés, Rico, Gregorio Sanchez Vallejo, Alvaro, Urbina, Ana, Vanegas, Maria, Villegas, Josip, Aralica, Gordana, Stjepanovic, Vibeke, Backer, Uffe, Bødtger, Christian, Meyer, Læge Sven Nielsen, Anders Loekke Ottesen, Ingrid, Titlestad, Nathalie, Bautin, Arnaud, Bourdin, Pascal, Chanez, Francis, Couturaud, Antoine, Cuvelier, Gilles, Devouassoux, Pierre-Olivier, Girodet, Jean-François, Muir, Jean-Louis, Pépin, Alain, Proust, Azzedine, Yaici, Yochai, Adir, Gershon, Fink, Zvi, Fridlender, Gabriel, Izbicki, Mordechai, Kramer, Yehuda, Schwartz, Juan Moreno Hoyos Abril, Ricardo Campos Cerda, Efraín Montaño Gonzalez, Ricardo Ramirez Terrones, Rodolfo Posadas Valay, Alejandra, Ramirez-Venegas, Paul, Dawkins, Syed, Hussain, Benedict, Brockway, John, Richmond, Colin, Helm, Catherina, Chang, Jørn, Ahlqvist, Terje, Tollåli, Tadeusz, Tomala, Socorro, Castro, William, Chavez, Octavio, Cubas, Rolando, Estrella, Efrain, Felix, Ronal, Gamarra, Alfredo, Guerreros, Alberto, Matsuno, Danilo, Salazar, Miguel, Tsukayama, Albert Albay Jr, Teresita, Aquino, Tito, Atienza, Joven Roque Gonong, Ronnie, Samoro, Joel, Santiaguel, Beata, Asankowicz-Bargiel, Ewa, Pisarczyk-Bogacka, Renata, Bijata-Bronisz, Marta, Chełmińska, Małgorzata, Dobryniewska, Anna, Olech-Cudzik, Tomasz, Fijołek, Krzysztof, Filipek, Agata, Kot, Bożena, Kucińska, Krzysztof, Lis, Elżbieta, Rybicka-Liszewska, Marzenna, Tarnowska-Matusiak, Robert, Mróz, Piotr, Napora, Wojciech, Naumnik, Artur, Niemiec, Władysław, Pierzchała, Grzegorz, Przybylski, Katarzyna, Styka, Danuta, Wrońska, Branislava, Milenkovic, Dobrivoje, Novkovic, Matijaz, Flezar, Niksa, Segota, Snezana Ulcar Kostic, Albert, Klobucar, Leif, Bjermer, Dan, Curiac, Christer, Janson, Pekka, Koskinen, Lundback, Bo, Åke, Olsson, Shih-Lung, Cheng, Ming-Lin, Ho, Jeng-Yuan, Hsu, Wu-Huei, Hsu, Ping-Hung, Kuo, Chin-Chou, Wang, Yu-Feng, Wei, Kuang-Yao, Yang, Watchara, Boonsawat, Somchai, Chantarothorn, Warangkana, Keeratichananont, Kittipong, Maneechotesuwan, Kanok, Pipatvech, Piamlarp, Sangsayunh, Sibel, Arinc, Sermin, Borekci, Arzu Kaner Erturk, Filiz, Kosar, Hakan, Gunen, Ismail, Hanta, Pinar Akin Kabalak, Tunc Alp Demir, Sibel, Nayci, Serir Aktogu Ozkan, Abdullah, Sayiner, Esra, Uzaslan, Viktor, Blazhko, Volodymyr, Gavrysyuk, Olena, Golub, Liudmyla, Iashyna, Tetiana, Ilashchuk, Volodymyr, Koshlia, Olena, Krakhmalova, Vitali, Kryvenko, Lesia, Kuryk, Olena, Levchenko, Yuriy, Mostovoy, Mykola, Ostrovskyy, Tetyana, Pertseva, Olena, Piura, Nadiya, Rudnytska, Ganna, Stupnytska, Nataliia, Velychko, Oleh, Yakovenko, Lilia Rodriguez Ables, Roger, Abrahams, Jose, Alvarez, Fernando, Arencibia, Chander, Arora, Samir, Arora, Francis, Averill, Kwabena, Ayesu, Stephen, Basheda, Steven, Bauer, Jose, Bautista, Matthew, Beacom, Hernando, Bernal, Subodh, Bhuchar, J'Cinda, Bitters, John, Burk, Elizabeth, Burkett, James, Cain, Robert, Call, Christopher, Chappel, Bartolome, Celli, Tom, Christensen, Jeremy, Cole, Jerome, Daniel, Nguyen, Dang, Enrique, Davis, Samuel, Deleon, Robert, Deluca, Ernesto, Diaz, Anthony, Dimarco, Calvin, Dixon, Ankur, Doshi, Hugh, Durrence, Alain, Eid, John, Elsen, Herbon, Fleming, May, Flores, Scott, Franczek, Gregory, Funk, Stuart, Garay, Bernard, Garcia, Joseph, Graif, Carl, Griffin, Yamirka Duardo Guerra, David, Headley, Mitzie, Hewitt, Susan, Hole, Robert, Holladay, Ira, Horowitz, Yu-Luen, Hsu, Jonathan, Ilowite, Stephen, Jones, Ravindra, Kashyap, Edward, Kerwin, Ahtaram, Khan, Nicole, Kimzey, James, Krainson, Flory, Kreutter, Kannappan, Krishnaswamy, Shahrukh, Kureishy, Albert, Lai, Alex, Lechin, Daria, Lee, Marcus, Lee, Williams, Leeds, Joseph, Lillo, Edward, Lisberg, Lawrence, Madoff, Narendra, Maheskwari, Mujibur, Majumder, Sashi, Makam, Douglas, Mapel, Matthew, Mardiney, Jennifer, Martin, Isaac, Melamed, Elvin, Mendez, Stuart, Millstone, Joseph, Montes, Lee, Morrow, Frank, Murphy, Dany, Obeid, France, Occy, Godson, Oguchi, Juan, Ortiz, Francisco, Padron, Ward, Paine, James, Pearle, Enrique, Pelayo, Vandely, Perez, David, Pham, Carlos, Piniella, Kevin, Pritchett, Padmashri, Rastogi, Stephen, Ryan, Syed, Rehman, Jackson, Rhudy, Eustace, Riley, James, Riser, Clifford, Risk, Emory, Robinette, Christopher, Roney, Gary, Ruoff, David, Russian, Mercedes, Samson, Jay, Sandberg, Jose, Santiago, William, Sargeant, Alan, Schecter, Jeffrey, Scott, Ilia, Segal, Sudhir, Sehgal, Frederic, Seifer, Sudhir, Sekhsaria, Richard, Sellman, Paul, Shapero, Jeffrey, Shea, Lawrence, Sher, John, Sibille, Jawed, Siddiqui, Toniya, Singh, Deren, Sinkowitz, Denise, Smyth, Daniel, Soteres, Daniel, Sousa, Ralph, Steele, Thomas, Stern, Jose, Suarez, Sever, Surdulescu, Ricardo, Tan, Tonny, Tanus, Raymond, Tidman, Aurelio, Torres-Consuegra, Barry, Troyan, John, Updegrove, Sanjay, Vadgama, Armando, Pineda-Velez, Eduardo, Viera, Andrew, Wachtel, Ralph, Wade, Jimin, Wang, Dave, Webster, Paul, Weinberg, Terry, Wells, Jeffrey, White, Bram, Wieskopf, Hugh, Windom, Patrick, Wright, David, Wyatt, Bassam, Yousef, Zahid, Zafar, Chau, Ngo, Huong, Le, Lan, Nguyen, Thanh, Nguyen, Nhung, Nguyen, SALAS, Danielle, Temple University [Philadelphia], Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), University of Leicester, University of Barcelona, Università degli Studi di Ferrara = University of Ferrara (UniFE), University of Manchester [Manchester], St. Paul’s Hospital - University of British Columbia [Vancouver, BC, Canada] (SPH-UBC), Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Oxford, Bispebjerg University Hospital [Copenhagen, Denmark] (BUH), Kishiwada City Hospital [Osaka, Japan] (KCH), Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias [México, Mexico], I-Shou University [Kaohsiung, Taiwan] (ISU), Lund University [Lund], AstraZeneca [Gaithersburg, MD, USA] (AZ), Hypoxie et PhysioPathologie (HP2), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and Otto Burghuber, Bernhard Forstner, Gerhard Köberl, Bernd Lamprecht, Judith Löffler-Ragg, Horst Olschewski, Michael Studnicka, Francois Beaucage, Guy Chouinard, Anthony Dechant, Anthony Dowell, Jacques Hebert, Sohail Khattak, Kieran Killian, William Killorn, Andy Lam, Francois Maltais, Darcy Marciniuk, Lyle Melenka, Bonavuth Pek, Jeremy Road, Donald Sin, Alain Vaugeois, Brandie Walker, Tomas Dvorak, Stanislav Holub, Otakar Hokynar, Vitezslav Kolek, Daniela Kopecka, Jan Krepelka, Jaroslav Mares, Josef Veverka, Vladimir Zindr, Sabine Ballenberger, Rolf Dichmann, Christian Geßner, Margret Jandl, Claus Keller, Joachim Kirschner, Marc Kornmann, Petra Mikloweit, Ingomar Naudts, Axel Overlack, Isabelle Schenkenberger, Volker Schlegel, Lutz Von Versen, Claus Franz Vogelmeier, Stefan Zielen, István Albert, Beatrix Bálint, Mária Csilla Hangonyi, Teréz Kecskés, Anikó Kurucz, Balázs Medgyasszay, Lajos Molnár, János Mucsi, Márta Papp, Magdolna Póczi, Éva Radeczky, Zsolt Pápai Székely, Csilla Szabó, Gyöngyi Szabó, Melinda Szabó, Alfredo Antonio Chetta, Giuseppe Di Maria, Giulio Donazzan, Federica Meloni, Elisabetta Pace, Pierluigi Paggiaro, Alberto Papi, Fabio Luigi, Massimo Ricciardolo, Antonio Spanevello, Fumiaki Aoki, Ryosuke Eda, Takeo Endo, Yasushi Fukushima, Kenichi Gemba, Naoki Hagimoto, Hiromasa Harada, Yasuko Harada, Norihiko Hata, Osamu Hataji, Nobuo Hatakeyama, Takahiko Horiguchi, Gen Ideura, Motoyasu Iikura, Azusa Ikegami, Shirou Imokawa, Yoshikazu Inoue, Takeshi Isobe, Ryoji Ito, Susumu Iwata, Tadashi Kamei, Motokazu Kato, Hideki Katsura, Yuji Kawarada, Norio Kihara, Masaharu Kinoshita, Takashi Kinoshita, Tomoo Kishaba, Hideo Kita, Arihiro Kiyosue, Shigeru Komatsu, Kazuki Konishi, Sekiya Koyama, Makoto Kudo, Kazuhiko Machida, Hironi Makita, Hiroto Matsuse, Naoki Miyazawa, Hiroyuki Nakamura, Yuji Nakatani, Kazuyuki Nishimura, Takashi Nishimura, Junichi Ogawa, Hiroyuki Ohbayashi, Tetsuro Ohdaira, Tsukasa Ohnishi, Kazuhiko Oki, Masahiko Saito, Kenji Sakamoto, Osamu Sakamoto, Hisakuni Sekino, Noriharu Shijubo, Masaharu Shinkai, Hideo Soto, Yoshitaka Sugawara, Noriaki Suko, Hisaho Takahashi, Masamitsu Takahashi, Tsuneyuki Takahashi, Hiroshi Tanaka, Hiroyuki Taniguchi, Tadayuki Terada, Takao Tochigi, Kazuyo Tohyama, Hirokazu Tokuyasu, Keisuke Tomii, Tomomasa Tsuboi, Mitsuyoshi Utsugi, Katsumaru Yamamoto, Michiko Yamamoto, Shuichi Yano, Makoto Yoshida, Frank Custers, Richard Dekhuijzen, Remco Djamin, Jan Willem Van Dan Berg, Lowie Vanfleteren, Pascal Wielders, Bogusława Cimoszko, Anna Doboszyńska, Andrzej Dyczek, Andrzej Fal, Krystyna Folcik, Łukasz Goliński, Marek Jutel, Andrzej Kolczyński, Piotr Kuna, Ewa Łączyńska, Wojciech Machowiak, Maciej Marczak, Joanna Markiewicz, Janusz Milanowski, Grzegorz Mincewicz, Maria Nittner-Marszalska, Wojciech Papiewski, Małgorzata Pawlukiewicz, Witold Pomiećko, Barbara Rewerska, Cezary Rybacki, Wojciech Skucha, Ewa Trębas-Pietraś, Ewa Uhryn, Małgorzata Żurowska-Gębala, Laurentia Andrei, Traian Mihaescu, Stefan Mihaicuta, Eniko Vera Pall, Ioan Petrui, Angelica Savu, Claudia Toma, Ana Trailescu, Vladimir Abrosimov, Nataliya Astafyeva, Evgenyi Bazdyrev, Nadezhda Berdnikova, Laura Bolieva, Ekaterina Bukreeva, Valery Chistyakov, Anna Galustyan, Halida Gantseva, Svetlana Goncharova, Sergey Grigoriev, Galina Ignatova, Inna Ilyashevich, Nadezhda Izmozherova, Magomed Kamalov, Yaroslava Khovaeva, Natalia Kuzubova, Lyudmila Kvitkova, Liudmila Lenskaya, Igor Leshchenko, Olga Magnitskaya, Boris Molotilov, Artem Molotkov, Svetlana Myasoedova, Sergey Nedogoda, Vladimir Nosov, Marina Osipenko, Andrey Peskov, Veronika Popova, Oksana Ratushnay, Irina Ryzhova, Olga Shangina, Natalia Shaporova, Evgeny Shmelev, Lybov Shpagina, Alexander Shutkin, Yuri Shvarts, Mikhail Smirnov, Irina Stitsenko, Maksim Vasilev, Arkadiy Vertkin, Elena Vishneva, Alexander Vizel, Anna Zateyschikova, Mohamed Abdool-Gaffar, Ismail Abdullah, Axel Bruning, Nyda Fourie, Michael Greenblatt, Mohammed Tayob, K Venter, An Soo Jang, Kwan Ho Lee, Sang Haak Lee, Sook Young Lee, Suk Joong Yong, Kwang Ha Yoo, Soo Taek Uh, Ramón Agüero Balbín, David Ramos Barbón, Álvar Agustí García-Navarro, José Luis Velasco Garrido, Sergi Pascual Guardia, Eduard Monso Molas, Luis De Teresa Parreño, Borja García-Cosio Piqueras, German Peces-Barba Romero, Myriam Calle Rubio, Fernando Sánchez-Toril López, Alicia Marín Tapia, Heidi Martin Braschler, Martin Brutsche, Michael Grob, Jörg Leuppi, Daiana Stolz, Alexander Turk, Nawar Bakerley, Mona Bafadhel, Christopher Brightling, Rekha Chaudhuri, Gourab Choudhury, Graham Devereux, Imran Hussain, Kai Lee, William MacNee, Ravindran Mahadeva, Matthew Masoli, Monica Nordstrom, Manish Patel, Allan Reid, Dinesh Saralaya, Tariq Sethi, Sukh Dave Singh, Anthony G de Soyza, Tom Wilkinson, Alice Turner, Helen Ward, Chandar Abboy, Ivan Ackerman, Idalia Acosta, Arun Adlakha, Bassil Aish, Mohamed Ali, Charles Andrews, Robby Ayoub, Anil Badhwar, Dennis Bassetti, Sherif El Bayadi, Richard Beasley, Shashi Bellam, Jonathan Bernstein, Maria Blahey, Scott Bloom, Eugene Bleecker, Wesley Bray, Johnathan Brewer, Robert Buynak, William Calhoun, Edward Campbell, Anthony Captain, Birjis Chinoy, Kenneth Chinsky, Geoffrey Chupp, Arsenio Columbie, Clinton Corder, Gerard Criner, Humberto Cruz, Edward Cullen, Kevin Deboer, Michael Denenberg, Mark Dransfield, Leonard Dunn, Miles Elmore, David Erb, Faisal Fakih, Gary Ferguson, Charles Fogarty, Mark Freed, Stephen Fritz, David Fuentes, Shariar Cohen-Gadol, Robert Garver, John Given, Luis Ramos Gonez, Raul Ebran Gonzalez, Robert Gordon, Gregory Gottschlich, Donald Graham, David Grant, Gary Greenwald, James Greenwald, Kenneth Haft, Gregory Hammond, Nadia Hansel, Jeffrey Harris, Humberto Hernandez, Marvin Heuer, Albrecht Heyder, David Hill, Willis Holloway, Octavian Ioachimescu, Richard Jackson, Ajay Jain, Nan Jiang, Thomas Kaelin, Adolfo Kaplan, Mitchell Kaye, Akram Khan, Yekaterina Khronusova, Ryan Klein, Joel Kline, Firas Koura, Ritsu Kuno, Ware Kuschner, Jean Claude Labissiere, David Laman Jr, John Lee, Mitchell Lee, Lawrence Levinson, Njira Lugogo, M Mador, Nathaniel Marchetti, Rafael Martinez, Richard Martinez, Peter Mattar, David Maybee, Dennis McGraw, Michael McGuire, Curtis Mello, Aaron Milstone, John Mitchell, Wendy Moore, Timothy Moriarty, Cheta Nand, Brooke Nevins, Ikeadi Ndukwu, Rachel Nisbet, David Nyanjom, Maria Nualart, Thomas O'Brien, Mikhail Palatnik, Gnyandev Patel, Amit Patel, Guido Perez, Christopher Perry, Michael Pfeffer, Krishna Pudi, Marina Raikhel, Murali Ramaswamy, Joe Ramsdell, Donato Ricci, Gary Richmond, Eugene Ryan, Fadi Saba, Boris Sagalovich, C Andrew Schroeder, Timothy Scialla, Frank Sciurba, Amit Shah, Nirav Shah, Zeeshan Shaikh, Akhtar Siddiqui, Barry Sigal, Thomas Siler, Howard Silverboard, William Sims, Clyde Southwell, Selwyn Spangenthal, Peruvemba Sriram, James Stocks, Tony Su, John Suen, Robert Sussman, Horia Tatu, Antonio Terrelonge, Alan Thomas, Mario Torres, Rodolfo Trejo, Miguel Trevino, Banks Turner, Manuel Villareal, Janine Vintch, Neal Warshoff, Jan Westerman, Philip Wexler, Thomas Yunger, Amir Zeki, Mariano Fernandez Acquier, Norma Aramayo, German Arce, Juan Belloni, Víctor Cambursano, Carlos De La Vega, Fernando Rodriguez Chariarse, Pedro Elias, Marcelo Fernández, Ana Lopez, Andrea Medina, María Otaola, Maria Salazan Saez, Maria De Salvo, Fernando Scherbovsky, Ana Stok, Jorge Taborda, Alberto Tolcachier, Fernando Verra, Carlos Victorio, Rita Gisela Delgado Vizcarra, Philip Bardin, Peter Bremner, Martin Phillips, John Upham, Peter Wark, Antoine Bolly, Alain Delobbe, Peter Driesen, Eduard Janssens, Wim Janssens, Olivier Michel, Bernard Vandooren, Martti Antila, Jussara Fiterman, Carlos Fritscher, Jorge Hetzel, Jose Jardim, Waldo De Mattos, Rafael Martins, Maria Eunice De Oliveira, Andreia Pez, Maria Sales, Rafael Stelmach, Priscila Wolff, Svetla Andreeva, Reneta Antonova, Ana Dancheva, Yuliya Ivanova, Slavcho Ivanov, Hristo Metev, Iveta Naydenova, Tatyana Petkova, Galina Petrova, Kostadinka Sotirova, Mariyana Stoyanova, Rumen Tiholov, Iliyana Valkanova, Oleg Yakov, Rosa Feijoo, Juana Pavie, Patricia Schönffeldt, Absalon Silva, Victor Martinez, David Espinosa, Alejandro Londono, Dora Molina, Gonzalo Prada, Andrés Rico, Gregorio Sanchez Vallejo, Alvaro Urbina, Ana Vanegas, Maria Villegas, Josip Aralica, Gordana Stjepanovic, Vibeke Backer, Uffe Bødtger, Christian Meyer, Læge Sven Nielsen, Anders Loekke Ottesen, Ingrid Titlestad, Nathalie Bautin, Arnaud Bourdin, Pascal Chanez, Francis Couturaud, Antoine Cuvelier, Gilles Devouassoux, Pierre-Olivier Girodet, Jean-François Muir, Jean-Louis Pépin, Alain Proust, Azzedine Yaici, Yochai Adir, Gershon Fink, Zvi Fridlender, Gabriel Izbicki, Mordechai Kramer, Yehuda Schwartz, Juan Moreno Hoyos Abril, Ricardo Campos Cerda, Efraín Montaño Gonzalez, Ricardo Ramirez Terrones, Rodolfo Posadas Valay, Alejandra Ramirez-Venegas, Paul Dawkins, Syed Hussain, Benedict Brockway, John Richmond, Colin Helm, Catherina Chang, Jørn Ahlqvist, Terje Tollåli, Tadeusz Tomala, Socorro Castro, William Chavez, Octavio Cubas, Rolando Estrella, Efrain Felix, Ronal Gamarra, Alfredo Guerreros, Alberto Matsuno, Danilo Salazar, Miguel Tsukayama, Albert Albay Jr, Teresita Aquino, Tito Atienza, Joven Roque Gonong, Ronnie Samoro, Joel Santiaguel, Beata Asankowicz-Bargiel, Ewa Pisarczyk-Bogacka, Renata Bijata-Bronisz, Marta Chełmińska, Małgorzata Dobryniewska, Anna Olech-Cudzik, Tomasz Fijołek, Krzysztof Filipek, Agata Kot, Bożena Kucińska, Krzysztof Lis, Elżbieta Rybicka-Liszewska, Marzenna Tarnowska-Matusiak, Robert Mróz, Piotr Napora, Wojciech Naumnik, Artur Niemiec, Władysław Pierzchała, Grzegorz Przybylski, Katarzyna Styka, Danuta Wrońska, Branislava Milenkovic, Dobrivoje Novkovic, Matijaz Flezar, Niksa Segota, Snezana Ulcar Kostic, Albert Klobucar, Leif Bjermer, Dan Curiac, Christer Janson, Pekka Koskinen, Bo Lundback, Åke Olsson, Shih-Lung Cheng, Ming-Lin Ho, Jeng-Yuan Hsu, Wu-Huei Hsu, Ping-Hung Kuo, Chin-Chou Wang, Yu-Feng Wei, Kuang-Yao Yang, Watchara Boonsawat, Somchai Chantarothorn, Warangkana Keeratichananont, Kittipong Maneechotesuwan, Kanok Pipatvech, Piamlarp Sangsayunh, Sibel Arinc, Sermin Borekci, Arzu Kaner Erturk, Filiz Kosar, Hakan Gunen, Ismail Hanta, Pinar Akin Kabalak, Tunc Alp Demir, Sibel Nayci, Serir Aktogu Ozkan, Abdullah Sayiner, Esra Uzaslan, Viktor Blazhko, Volodymyr Gavrysyuk, Olena Golub, Liudmyla Iashyna, Tetiana Ilashchuk, Volodymyr Koshlia, Olena Krakhmalova, Vitali Kryvenko, Lesia Kuryk, Olena Levchenko, Yuriy Mostovoy, Mykola Ostrovskyy, Tetyana Pertseva, Olena Piura, Nadiya Rudnytska, Ganna Stupnytska, Nataliia Velychko, Oleh Yakovenko, Lilia Rodriguez Ables, Roger Abrahams, Bassil Aish, Jose Alvarez, Fernando Arencibia, Chander Arora, Samir Arora, Francis Averill, Kwabena Ayesu, Stephen Basheda, Steven Bauer, Jose Bautista, Matthew Beacom, Richard Beasley, Hernando Bernal, Subodh Bhuchar, J'Cinda Bitters, John Burk, Elizabeth Burkett, James Cain, Robert Call, Christopher Chappel, Bartolome Celli, Tom Christensen, Jeremy Cole, Jerome Daniel, Nguyen Dang, Enrique Davis, Samuel Deleon, Robert DeLuca, Ernesto Diaz, Anthony DiMarco, Calvin Dixon, Ankur Doshi, Hugh Durrence, Alain Eid, John Elsen, Herbon Fleming, May Flores, Charles Fogarty, Scott Franczek, Stephen Fritz, Gregory Funk, Stuart Garay, Bernard Garcia, Luis Ramos Gonez, Gregory Gottschlich, Joseph Graif, Carl Griffin, Yamirka Duardo Guerra, David Headley, Mitzie Hewitt, Susan Hole, Robert Holladay, Ira Horowitz, Yu-Luen Hsu, Jonathan Ilowite, Stephen Jones, Ravindra Kashyap, Edward Kerwin, Ahtaram Khan, Nicole Kimzey, James Krainson, Flory Kreutter, Kannappan Krishnaswamy, Shahrukh Kureishy, Albert Lai, Alex Lechin, Daria Lee, Marcus Lee, Williams Leeds, Joseph Lillo, Edward Lisberg, Lawrence Madoff, Narendra Maheskwari, Mujibur Majumder, Sashi Makam, Douglas Mapel, Matthew Mardiney, Jennifer Martin, David Maybee, Isaac Melamed, Elvin Mendez, Stuart Millstone, Joseph Montes, Lee Morrow, Frank Murphy, Dany Obeid, France Occy, Godson Oguchi, Juan Ortiz, Francisco Padron, Ward Paine, James Pearle, Enrique Pelayo, Vandely Perez, David Pham, Carlos Piniella, Kevin Pritchett, Padmashri Rastogi, Stephen Ryan, Syed Rehman, Jackson Rhudy, Eustace Riley, James Riser, Clifford Risk, Emory Robinette, Christopher Roney, Gary Ruoff, David Russian, Mercedes Samson, Jay Sandberg, Jose Santiago, William Sargeant, Alan Schecter, Frank Sciurba, Jeffrey Scott, Ilia Segal, Sudhir Sehgal, Frederic Seifer, Sudhir Sekhsaria, Richard Sellman, Paul Shapero, Jeffrey Shea, Lawrence Sher, John Sibille, Jawed Siddiqui, William Sims, Toniya Singh, Deren Sinkowitz, Denise Smyth, Daniel Soteres, Daniel Sousa, Ralph Steele, Thomas Stern, Jose Suarez, Sever Surdulescu, Ricardo Tan, Tonny Tanus, Raymond Tidman, Aurelio Torres-Consuegra, Barry Troyan, John Updegrove, Sanjay Vadgama, Armando Pineda-Velez, Eduardo Viera, Andrew Wachtel, Ralph Wade, Jimin Wang, Dave Webster, Paul Weinberg, Terry Wells, Jeffrey White, Bram Wieskopf, Hugh Windom, Patrick Wright, David Wyatt, Bassam Yousef, Zahid Zafar, Chau Ngo, Huong Le, Lan Nguyen, Thanh Nguyen, Nhung Nguyen
- Subjects
Male ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Anti-asthmatic Agent ,law.invention ,Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ,Leukocyte Count ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Monoclonal ,Receptors ,Medicine ,Anti-Asthmatic Agents ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Humanized ,COPD Exacerbations ,benralizumab ,clinical trials ,COPD ,Subcutaneous ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,anti–IL-5Rα ,Benralizumab ,Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy ,[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Female ,Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage ,Chronic Obstructive ,Benralizumab COPD exacerbations ,Injections, Subcutaneous ,Socio-culturale ,Aged ,Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ,Double-Blind Method ,Eosinophils ,Humans ,Patient Acuity ,Receptors, Interleukin-5 ,Antibodies ,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ,Injections ,Pulmonary Disease ,03 medical and health sciences ,Phase III ,Anti-Asthmatic Agents/administration & dosage ,In patient ,business.industry ,Eosinophils/metabolism ,medicine.disease ,Clinical trial ,Receptors, Interleukin-5/antagonists & inhibitors ,chemistry ,Multicenter study ,randomized controlled trial ,Immunology ,Interleukin-5 ,business - Abstract
BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of benralizumab, an interleukin-5 receptor alpha-directed cytolytic monoclonal antibody, for the prevention of exacerbations in patients with moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are not known.METHODS: In the GALATHEA and TERRANOVA trials, we enrolled patients with COPD (at a ratio of approximately 2:1 on the basis of eosinophil count [≥220 per cubic millimeter vs. RESULTS: In GALATHEA, the estimates of the annualized exacerbation rate were 1.19 per year (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 1.36) in the 30-mg benralizumab group, 1.03 per year (95% CI, 0.90 to 1.19) in the 100-mg benralizumab group, and 1.24 per year (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.42) in the placebo group; the rate ratio as compared with placebo was 0.96 for 30 mg of benralizumab (P = 0.65) and 0.83 for 100 mg of benralizumab (P = 0.05). In TERRANOVA, the estimates of the annualized exacerbation rate for 10 mg, 30 mg, and 100 mg of benralizumab and for placebo were 0.99 per year (95% CI, 0.87 to 1.13), 1.21 per year (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.37), 1.09 per year (95% CI, 0.96 to 1.23), and 1.17 per year (95% CI, 1.04 to 1.32), respectively; the corresponding rate ratios were 0.85 (P = 0.06), 1.04 (P = 0.66), and 0.93 (P = 0.40). At 56 weeks, none of the annualized COPD exacerbation rate ratios for any dose of benralizumab as compared with placebo reached significance in either trial. Types and frequencies of adverse events were similar with benralizumab and placebo.CONCLUSIONS: Add-on benralizumab was not associated with a lower annualized rate of COPD exacerbations than placebo among patients with moderate to very severe COPD, a history of frequent moderate or severe exacerbations, and blood eosinophil counts of 220 per cubic millimeter or greater (Funded by AstraZeneca [GALATHEA and TERRANOVA] and Kyowa Hakko Kirin [GALATHEA]; GALATHEA and TERRANOVA ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02138916 and NCT02155660.).
- Published
- 2019
14. Weaning units: lessons from North America?
- Author
-
Subbe, C. P., Criner, G. J., and Baudouin, S. V.
- Published
- 2007
15. Preventing Clinically Important Deterioration (CID) of COPD with Single-inhaler Triple Therapy Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium/Vilanterol:A Prospective Analysis of the IMPACT Trial
- Author
-
Han, M. K., Criner, G. J., Dransfield, M. T., Halpin, D. M. G., Jones, C. E., Kilbride, S., Lange, P., Lipson, D. A., Lomas, D. A., Martinez, F. J., Naya, I., Pascoe, S. J., Wise, R. A., Singh, D., Han, M. K., Criner, G. J., Dransfield, M. T., Halpin, D. M. G., Jones, C. E., Kilbride, S., Lange, P., Lipson, D. A., Lomas, D. A., Martinez, F. J., Naya, I., Pascoe, S. J., Wise, R. A., and Singh, D.
- Published
- 2019
16. InforMing the PAthway of COPD Treatment (The IMPACT Study):Single Inhaler Triple Therapy (Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium/Vilanterol) Versus Fluticasone Furoate/Vilanterol and Umeclidinium/Vilanterol in Patients With COPD: An Analysis Based on Baseline COPD Medication Use
- Author
-
Singh, D., Criner, G. J., Dransfield, M. T., Halpin, D. M. G., Han, M. K., Jones, C. E., Kilbride, S., Lange, P., Lomas, D. A., Martinez, F. J., Pascoe, S. J., Wise, R. A., Lipson, D. A., Singh, D., Criner, G. J., Dransfield, M. T., Halpin, D. M. G., Han, M. K., Jones, C. E., Kilbride, S., Lange, P., Lomas, D. A., Martinez, F. J., Pascoe, S. J., Wise, R. A., and Lipson, D. A.
- Published
- 2019
17. COPD Assessment Test (CAT) Score Is Associated with Risk of Future Exacerbation: An Analysis from the IMPACT Trial
- Author
-
Stiegler, M. A., Thomashow, B., Criner, G. J., Dransfield, M. T., Halpin, D. M. G., Han, M. K., Jones, C. E., Kilbride, S., Lange, P., Lomas, D. A., Martinez, F. J., Singh, D., Tabberer, M., Wise, R. A., Lipson, D. A., Stiegler, M. A., Thomashow, B., Criner, G. J., Dransfield, M. T., Halpin, D. M. G., Han, M. K., Jones, C. E., Kilbride, S., Lange, P., Lomas, D. A., Martinez, F. J., Singh, D., Tabberer, M., Wise, R. A., and Lipson, D. A.
- Published
- 2019
18. Acute Respiratory Failure after Lung Volume Reduction Surgery.
- Author
-
Chatila, W, Furukawa, S, and Criner, G J
- Published
- 2001
19. Correlation of Changes in Quality of Life after Lung Volume Reduction Surgery with Changes in Lung Function, Exercise, and Gas Exchange.
- Author
-
Leyenson, V, Furukawa, S, Kuzma, A M, Cordova, F, Travaline, J, and Criner, G J
- Published
- 2001
20. The GOLD Summit on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in low- and middle-income countries
- Author
-
Halpin, D. M. G., primary, Celli, B. R., additional, Criner, G. J., additional, Frith, P., additional, López Varela, M. V., additional, Salvi, S., additional, Vogelmeier, C. F., additional, Chen, R., additional, Mortimer, K., additional, Montes de Oca, M., additional, Aisanov, Z., additional, Obaseki, D., additional, Decker, R., additional, and Agusti, A., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Assessment of Respiratory Muscle Strength
- Author
-
Sexauer, W. P., primary, Criner, G. J., additional, and Kelsen, S. G., additional
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Effect of bullectomy on diaphragm strength.
- Author
-
Travaline, J M, Addonizio, V P, and Criner, G J
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. The comparative effects of elastase-induced emphysema on costal and crural diaphragm and parasternal intercostal muscle contractility.
- Author
-
Kelsen, S G, Sexauer, W P, Mardini, I A, and Criner, G J
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Increased oxygen pulse after LVRS is associated with reduced dynamic hyperinflation
- Author
-
Lammi, M R, Ciccolella, D, Marchetti, N, Kohler, M, Criner, G J, University of Zurich, and Lammi, M R
- Subjects
2740 Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,610 Medicine & health ,10178 Clinic for Pneumology - Published
- 2012
25. Treatment of Persistent Pulmonary Air Leaks Using Endobronchial Valves
- Author
-
Travaline, John M., Mckenna, Rj J. R., DE GIACOMO, Tiziano, Venuta, Federico, Hazelrigg, S. R., Boomer, M., Criner, G. J., and Endobronchial Valve For Persistent Air Leak Group
- Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,Male ,Leak ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Bronchi ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine ,Risk Assessment ,Severity of Illness Index ,Interquartile range ,Severity of illness ,Bronchoscopy ,medicine ,Humans ,Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ,Aged ,Bronchus ,business.industry ,Endobronchial valve ,Pneumothorax ,Prostheses and Implants ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,Chest tube ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Treatment Outcome ,Pulmonary valve ,Anesthesia ,Chronic Disease ,Female ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Background Prolonged pulmonary air leaks are a significant source of frustration for patients and physicians. When conventional therapy fails, an alternative to prolonged chest tube drainage or surgery is needed. Bronchoscopic blockage of a bronchus can be performed with the hope of accelerating closure of the air leak by reducing the flow of air through the leak. To our knowledge, this article presents the largest series of patients with prolonged air leaks treated with an endobronchial valve. Methods With Internal Review Board approval, endobronchial valves were compassionately placed using flexible bronchoscopy in patients with prolonged air leaks at 17 international sites. Results Between December 2002 and January 2007, 40 patients (15 women; mean age +/- SD, 60 +/- 14 years) were treated with one to nine endobronchial valves per patient. The air leaks had recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax (n = 21), postoperative (n = 7), iatrogenic (n = 6), first-time spontaneous pneumothorax (n = 4), bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (n = 1), and trauma (n = 1) etiologies. Nineteen patients (47.5%) had a complete resolution of the air leak, 18 (45%) had a reduction, 2 had no change, and 1 had no reported outcome. The mean time from valve insertion to chest tube removal was 21 days (median, 7.5 days; interquartile range [IQR], 3 to 29 days) and from valve procedure to hospital discharge was 19 +/- 28 days (median, 11 days; IQR, 4 to 27 days). Conclusions Use of endobronchial valves is an effective, nonsurgical, minimally invasive intervention for patients with prolonged pulmonary air leaks.
- Published
- 2009
26. COPD Exacerbations Not Prevented with Simvastatin in STATSCOPE Study
- Author
-
Mosley, M., primary and Criner, G. J., additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Lowering the Influence of Exacerbations in COPD
- Author
-
Parry, N., primary and Criner, G. J., additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Ambulatory Home Oxygen: What Is the Evidence for Benefit, and Who Does It Help?
- Author
-
Criner, G. J., primary
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Low CD4/CD8 Ratio in Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Is Associated with Lung Allograft Rejection
- Author
-
Shenoy, K. V., primary, Solomides, C., additional, Cordova, F., additional, Rogers, T. J., additional, Ciccolella, D., additional, and Criner, G. J., additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Biologic lung volume reduction therapy for advanced homogeneous emphysema
- Author
-
Refaely, Y., primary, Dransfield, M., additional, Kramer, M. R., additional, Gotfried, M., additional, Leeds, W., additional, Mclennan, G., additional, Tewari, S., additional, Krasna, M., additional, and Criner, G. J., additional
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Introduction: National Emphysema Treatment Trial: The State-of-the-Art of the Evaluation and Treatment of Emphysema
- Author
-
Criner, G. J., primary and Sternberg, A. L., additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. New Concepts in the Pathobiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Author
-
Kim, V., primary, Rogers, T. J., additional, and Criner, G. J., additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Cardiac Disease in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Author
-
Falk, J. A., primary, Kadiev, S., additional, Criner, G. J., additional, Scharf, S. M., additional, Minai, O. A., additional, and Diaz, P., additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Comorbidities in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Author
-
Chatila, W. M., primary, Thomashow, B. M., additional, Minai, O. A., additional, Criner, G. J., additional, and Make, B. J., additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. National Emphysema Treatment Trial: The Major Outcomes of Lung Volume Reduction Surgery in Severe Emphysema
- Author
-
Criner, G. J., primary and Sternberg, A. L., additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Lung Transplantation and Lung Volume Reduction Surgery versus Transplantation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Author
-
Patel, N., primary, DeCamp, M., additional, and Criner, G. J., additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Assessment Tools for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Do Newer Metrics Allow For Disease Modification?
- Author
-
Mahler, D. A., primary and Criner, G. J., additional
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Framing the Forum: Medical Ethics in Large-Scale, Interventional Respiratory Clinical Trials
- Author
-
Criner, G. J., primary
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. The Impact of Alemtuzumab and Basiliximab Induction on Patient Survival and Time to Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome in Double Lung Transplantation Recipients
- Author
-
Furuya, Y., Jayarajan, S. N., Taghavi, S., Cordova, F. C., Patel, N., Shiose, A., Leotta, E., Criner, G. J., Guy, T. S., Wheatley, G. H., Kaiser, L. R., and Toyoda, Y.
- Abstract
We examined the effect of alemtuzumab and basiliximab induction therapy on patient survival and freedom from bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) in double lung transplantation. The United Network for Organ Sharing database was reviewed for adult double lung transplant recipients from 2006 to 2013. The primary outcome was risk‐adjusted all‐cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included time to BOS. There were 6117 patients were identified, of whom 738 received alemtuzumab, 2804 received basiliximab, and 2575 received no induction. Alemtuzumab recipients had higher lung allocation scores compared with basiliximab and no‐induction recipients (41.4 versus 37.9 versus 40.7, p < 0.001) and were more likely to require mechanical ventilation before to transplantation (21.7% versus 6.5% versus 6.2%, p < 0.001). Median survival was longer for alemtuzumab and basiliximab recipients compared with patients who received no induction (2321 versus 2352 versus 1967 days, p = 0.001). Alemtuzumab (hazard ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.67–0.95, p = 0.009) and basiliximab induction (0.88, 0.80–0.98, p = 0.015) were independently associated with survival on multivariate analysis. At 5 years, alemtuzumab recipients had a lower incidence of BOS(22.7% versus 55.4 versus 55.9%), and its use was independently associated with lower risk of developing BOSon multivariate analysis. While both induction therapies were associated with improved survival, patients who received alemtuzumab had greater median freedom from BOS. While the use of either alemtuzumab or basiliximab induction confer a survival benefit over no induction therapy, the use of alemtuzumab prolongs time to bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in double lung transplant recipients. Burlingham et al's editorial is on page 2247.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Bilateral Lung Volume Reduction Surgery to Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Author
-
Criner, G J, primary, Cordova, F C, additional, Furukawa, S, additional, Kuzma, A M, additional, Travaline, J M, additional, Leyenson, V, additional, and O'Brien, G, additional
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Blunted expression of mi R-199a-5p in regulatory T cells of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease compared to unaffected smokers.
- Author
-
Chatila, W. M., Criner, G. J., Hancock, W. W., Akimova, T., Moldover, B., Chang, J.‐K., Cornwell, W., Santerre, M., and Rogers, T. J.
- Subjects
- *
GENE expression , *OBSTRUCTIVE lung diseases , *T cells , *CIGARETTE smokers , *REVERSE transcriptase polymerase chain reaction , *TRANSFORMING growth factors-beta - Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) is characterized by an abnormal regulatory T cell ( Treg) response and increases in T helper type 1 ( Th1) and Th17 cell responses. It is unclear if dysregulation of micro RNAs (mi RNA) within Treg cells contributes to the abnormal inflammatory response in COPD. In this study, we aimed to compare the mi RNA profile of COPD Treg cells with that of healthy controls and to explore the function of differentially expressed mi RNAs. We first obtained Treg and T effector cells (Teff) from peripheral blood of non-smokers, unaffected current smokers and COPD current smokers. Then, we assessed their mi RNA expression by microarray analysis followed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT- PCR) validation of particular mi RNAs. Six and 96 mi RNAs were expressed differentially in COPD Treg cells versus Treg cells of healthy non-smokers and healthy smokers, whereas no differences were found in mi RNA expression in Teff cells. We found that mi R-199a-5p was repressed by approximately fourfold in Treg cells of COPD patients compared to healthy smokers ( P < 0·05). In addition, mi R-199a-5p was over-expressed in Treg cells compared to Teff cells ( P < 0·001) and had significant over-representation of its target genes in the Treg transcriptome, being associated with the transforming growth factor ( TGF)-β activation pathway ( P < 0·01). We also confirmed the function of mi R-199a5p in an in-vitro loss-of-function cell model running TaqMan® arrays of the human TGF-β pathway. These findings suggest that the abnormal repression of mi R-199a-5p in patients with COPD compared to unaffected smokers may be involved in modulating the adaptive immune balance in favour of a Th1 and Th17 response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Simvastatin for the Prevention of Exacerbations in Moderate-to-Severe COPD.
- Author
-
Criner, G. J., Connett, J. E., Aaron, S. D., Albert, R. K., Bailey, W. C., Casaburi, R., Cooper Jr., J. A. D., Curtis, J. L., Dransfield, M. T., Han, M. K., Make, B., Marchetti, N., Martinez, F. J., Niewoehner, D. E., Scanlon, P. D., Sciurba, F. C., Scharf, S. M., Sin, D. D., Voelker, H., and Washko, G. R.
- Subjects
- *
SIMVASTATIN , *ANTICHOLESTEREMIC agents , *LOW density lipoproteins , *PLACEBOS , *DRUG side effects , *THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
The article presents a study on the effectiveness of simvastatin in preventing exacerbations in a large, multicenter, randomized trial, Topics discussed include patients excluded in the study, a comparison of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the simvastatin-treated patients and those who received placebo, and the number of nonfatal serious adverse events per person-year.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Effect of lung volume on the respiratory action of the canine sternomastoid
- Author
-
Muza, S. R., primary, Criner, G. J., additional, and Kelsen, S. G., additional
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Anterior mediastinal mass in a young man.
- Author
-
Travaline, J M, primary, Criner, G J, additional, Ming, P M, additional, and Kueppers, F, additional
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Structure of parasternal intercostal muscles in the adult hamster: topographic effects
- Author
-
Kelsen, S. G., primary, Bao, S., additional, Thomas, A. J., additional, Mardini, I. A., additional, and Criner, G. J., additional
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Effect of lung volume on the respiratory action of the canine pectoral muscles
- Author
-
Muza, S. R., primary, Criner, G. J., additional, and Kelsen, S. G., additional
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Quality of life in survivors of prolonged mechanical ventilatory support.
- Author
-
Chatila W, Kreimer DT, Criner GJ, Chatila, W, Kreimer, D T, and Criner, G J
- Published
- 2001
48. Surgery for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the place for lung volume reduction and transplantation.
- Author
-
Cordova, Francis C., Criner, Gerard J., Cordova, F C, and Criner, G J
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Correlation of changes in quality of life after lung volume reduction surgery with changes in lung function, exercise, and gas exchange.
- Author
-
Leyenson, Vadim, Furukawa, Satoshi, Kuzma, Anne Marie, Cordova, Francis, Travaline, John, Criner, Gerard J., Leyenson, V, Furukawa, S, Kuzma, A M, Cordova, F, Travaline, J, and Criner, G J
- Subjects
QUALITY of life ,OBSTRUCTIVE lung diseases ,LUNG surgery ,RESPIRATORY obstructions - Abstract
Study Objectives: To evaluate correlations between improvement in quality of life (QOL) in patients with severe COPD before and after they undergo lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) with changes in pulmonary function tests, gas exchange, exercise performance, and alterations in medical management.Design: Case-series analysis.Setting: University hospital.Patients: Forty-two patients (mean [+/- SD] age, 56+/-8 years; 53% women) with severe airflow obstruction (FEV(1), 0.62+/-0.2 L), and moderate to severe hyperinflation (total lung capacity [TLC], 6.9+/-1.7 L).Intervention and Measurements: All patients underwent bilateral LVRS via median sternotomy. Measurements of lung function, symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing, the total distance the patient was able to walk in 6 min in a corridor, and sickness impact profile (SIP) scores were made before and 3 months after LVRS. SIP scores are inversely proportional to the level of function and QOL.Results: Compared to baseline, FEV(1) increased (0.87+/-0.3 vs. 0.62+/-0.2 L, respectively; p<0.01) while residual volume significantly decreased (3.2+/-1.8 vs. 6.3+/-1.2 L, respectively; p<0.004) at 3 months post-LVRS. On cardiopulmonary exercise testing, values increased from baseline to post-LVRS for total exercise time (9.0+/-2.2 vs. 6.0+/-1.5 min, respectively; p = 0.045), maximum oxygen uptake (VO(2)) (16+/-3 vs. 11+/-2 mL/kg/min, respectively; p = 0.01), and maximum minute ventilation (VE) (33+/-9 vs. 28+/-5 L/min, respectively; p = 0.03). The percentage change in the oxygen cost of breathing (VO2/VE ratio) from low to high workloads during exercise was significantly lower after LVRS (p = 0.002). There was no significant change in oxygenation after LVRS (PaO(2)/fraction of inspired oxygen, 331+/-27 vs. 337+/-39, respectively; p = 0.76), but PaCO(2) tended to be lower (41+/-9 vs. 48+/-6 mm Hg, respectively; p = 0.07). Overall SIP scores were significantly lower after LVRS than before (8+/-4 vs. 15+/-2, respectively; p = 0.002). Changes in SIP scores correlated with the change in VO2/VE ratio from low to high workloads, with patients having the smallest changes in VO2/VE ratio having the smallest changes in SIP scores after LVRS (r = 0.6; p = 0.01). Improved or lower SIP scores also tended to correlate with a reduction in residual volume/TLC ratio (r = 0.45; p = 0.09), and there was a linear correlation with a statistically significant Pearson r value with decreased steroid requirements (r = 0.7; p = 0.001). Moreover, changes in psychological SIP subscore tended to correlate with diminished oxygen requirements post-LVRS (r = 0.45; p = 0.09). However, there was no significant correlation between changes in SIP scores and routine measurements of lung function, exercise performance, or gas exchange.Conclusion: There is an association between an improvement in QOL and reduced hyperinflation after LVRS. Reduced hyperinflation may lead to more efficient work of breathing during exercise and, therefore, to an increased ability to perform daily activities. Changes in QOL scores correlate best with behaviorally based variables that directly affect the patient's well-being, such as systemic steroid administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Quantitation of regional ventilation during the washout phase of lung scintigraphy: measurement in patients with severe COPD before and after bilateral lung volume reduction surgery.
- Author
-
Travaline, John M., Maurer, Alan H., Charkes, David, Urbain, Jean Luc, Furukawa, Satoshi, J., Criner, Gerard, Travaline, J M, Maurer, A H, Charkes, N D, Urbain, J L, Furukawa, S, and Criner, G J
- Subjects
LUNG surgery ,RESPIRATORY organ surgery ,AIRWAY (Anatomy) ,RESPIRATION - Abstract
Study Objectives: We sought to investigate the effect of lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) on regional lung ventilation.Design: Retrospective analysis of routinely acquired data before and after LVRS.Setting: Large, urban, university medical center.Patients: Twenty-nine patients with severe emphysema.Intervention: Bilateral LVRS.Measurements and Results: (133)Xe washout curves during lung scintigraphy exhibit a biphasic pattern (the first component of the washout curve [m(r)] corresponds to an initial rapid phase in washout that reflects larger airways emptying, and the second component [m(s)] reflects a slower phase of washout that is attributed to gas elimination via smaller airways). We analyzed six standardized regions of the lung (upper, mid, and lower zones of the right and left lung), and calculated m(r) and m(s) for each lung region. The mean (+/- SE) baseline FEV(1) was 0.69+/-0.04 L, total lung capacity (TLC) was 139 +/-4% predicted, and the residual volume (RV)/TLC ratio was 65+/-2%. The mean improvement in FEV(1) 3 months post-LVRS was 38%. Post-LVRS, m(r) and m(s) increased in 79 and 74 lung regions, respectively, and there was no relationship with respect to lung regions that had or had not been operated on. The increase in m(s), however, significantly correlated with the increase in FEV(1) (r = 0.66; p<0.0001) and the decrease in RV/TLC (r = -0.67; p<0.0001). An increase in m(s) also correlated with a decrease in PaCO(2) (r = -0.39; p = 0.03), but m(r) showed no relationship with any parameter.Conclusions: Small airways ventilation in lung regions that had and had not been operated on is associated with a greater improvement in lung mechanics following LVRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.