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In 2005, the Swedish Crime Prevention Agency published a report about the link between immigration and crime. Since then, no comprehensive study has been conducted even though Sweden has experienced a large influx of migrants in combination with a rising crime rate. This study conducted by Göran Adamson and Tino Sanandaji is the first purely descriptive scientific investigation on the matter in fifteen years. The investigation (from 2002 to 2017) covers seven distinct categories of crime, and distinguishes between seven regions of origin. Based on 33 per cent of the population (2017), 58 per cent of those suspect for total crime on reasonable grounds are migrants. Regarding murder, manslaughter and attempted murder, the figures are 73 per cent, while the proportion of robbery is 70 per cent. Non-registered migrants are linked to about 13 per cent of total crime. Given the fact that this group is small, crime propensity among non-registered migrants is significant., Author(s): Göran Adamson [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412716.7, 0000 0000 8970 3706, Institutionen för Individ och Samhälle, West University, , Gustava Melins gata 2, 461 32, Trollhättan, Sweden Are Racist [...]

Although Brazil remains severely affected by civil violence, the state of Sao Paulo has made significant inroads into fighting criminality. In the last decade, Sao Paulo has witnessed a 70 percent decline in homicide rates, a result that policy-makers attribute to a series of crime-reducing measures implemented by the state government. While recent academic studies seem to confirm this downward trend, no estimation of the total impact of state policies on homicide rates currently exists. The present article fills this gap by employing the synthetic control method to compare these measures against an artificial Sao Paulo. The results indicate a large drop in homicide rates in actual Sao Paulo when contrasted with the synthetic counterfactual, with about 20,000 lives saved during the period. The theoretical usefulness of the synthetic control method for public policy analysis, the role of the Primeiro Comando da Capital as a moderating variable, and the practical implications of the security measures taken by the Sao Paulo State government are also discussed. Apesar de o Brasil permanecer gravemente afetado pela violencia civil, o estado de Sao Paulo tem realizado progressos significativos no combate ao crime. Na ultima decada, Sao Paulo testemunhou uma queda de 70% em suas taxas de homicidio, um resultado que formuladores de politicas publicas atribuem a uma serie de medidas de redugao de criminalidade adotadas pelo governo estadual. Embora estudos academicos recentes paregam confirmar esta tendencia de baixa, ainda nao ha estimativas do impacto total das politicas estatais sobre a taxa de homicidios. O presente artigo visa preencher tal lacuna ao empregar o metodo de controle sintetico para comparar tais medidas contra um Sao Paulo artificial. Os resultados indicam uma grande queda nas taxas de homicidio quando contrastadas com o contrafactual sintetico, com cerca de 20,000 vidas salvas durante o periodo. A utilidade teorica do controle sintetico para a analise de politicas publicas, o papel do Primeiro Comando da Capital como variavel moderadora, e as implicates praticas das medidas de seguranza adotadas pelo governo do estado de Sao Paulo tambem sao discutidas., Introduction Brazil has long been ravaged by an undeclared civil war. According to the Citizen Council on Public Security and Criminal Justice, a Mexican think tank, nineteen of the fifty [...]

Recent events have fueled a public perception that there is a high rate of criminal activity within and near urban parks and trails. This study examines two years (2021-2022) of crime reports from the City of Atlanta, Georgia to examine this perception. The data found was categorized into homicide, rape, and aggravated assault. Geographic analysis of point locations shows that 15.5% of all crimes recorded during the time period occurred within 300 feet of the parks. Since 18.8% of Atlanta is greenspace, there appears to be a lower rate of criminal activity associated with parks and trails. Additional statistical analyses reveal the geographic patterns of crime near selected parks and trails. Efforts to publicize and account for crime in parks serves both to highlight safety awareness and to discourage recreational use of public spaces. There has been an implementation of police portals within the parks and community organizations to help encourage utilization of parks. The goal of this study is to help characterize the social dangers of urban spaces and evaluate whether parks and trails encourage criminal behaviors., Acknowledgements Georgia College History & Geography Department Recommended Citation Authors Shannon Northen (*), Georgia College and State University Follow Doug Oetter, Georgia College and State University Follow Northen (*), Shannon [...]

An analysis of current trends suggests that the delivery of policing services in Canada is fundamentally shifting. In 2011, the Province of Alberta established the Law Enforcement Framework, which includes Calgary Transit peace officers who are responsible for the safety and security needs of transit customers and employees. This article examines the role of Calgary Transit peace officers and makes recommendations for their incorporation into a broader model of nodal governance in order to ensure that the Calgary Police Service maintains a legitimate, coordinating role for the provision of public safety in the City of Calgary. Une analyse des tendances actuelles laisse entendre que la prestation des services de police au Canada est en train de se modifier fondamentalement. En 2011, la province de l'Alberta a etabli le Law Enforcement Framework (cadre d'application de la loi), qui implique les agents de la paix de Calgary Transit a repondre aux besoins des clients et employes en matiere de surete et de securite. Cette etude examine le role des agents de la paix de Calgary Transit et fait des recommandations pour qu'on les incorpore a un plus vaste modele de gouvernance nodale afin que les services de police de Calgary continuent d'assurer un role legitime et de coordination, dans la prestation de la securite publique dans la ville de Calgary., Introduction In 1996, David Bayley and Clifford Shearing observed that policing in North America had reached a watershed moment. With the growing trend toward 'privatized' or 'pluralized' policing and increasing [...]

The use of firearms is a common means of suicide. We examined the effect of a policy change in the Israeli Defense Forces reducing adolescents' access to firearms on rates of suicide. Following the policy change, suicide rates decreased significantly by 40%. Most of this decrease was due to decrease in suicide using firearms over the weekend. There were no significant changes in rates of suicide during weekdays. Decreasing access to firearms significantly decreases rates of suicide among adolescents. The results of this study illustrate the ability of a relatively simple change in policy to have a major impact on suicide rates.

A single social phenomenon (such as crime, unemployment, or birthrate) can be observed through temporal series corresponding to units at different levels (i.e., cities, regions, and countries). Units at a given local level may follow a collective trend imposed by external conditions, but also may display fluctuations of purely local origin. The local behavior is usually computed as the difference between the local data and a global average (e.g, a national average), a viewpoint that can be very misleading. We propose here a method for separating the local dynamics from the global trend in a collection of correlated time series. We take an independent component analysis approach in which we do not assume a small average local contribution in contrast with previously proposed methods. We first test our method on synthetic series generated by correlated random walkers. We then consider crime rate series (in the United States and France) and the evolution of obesity rate in the United States, which are two important examples of societal measures. For the crime rates in the United States, we observe large fluctuations in the transition period of mid-70s during which crime rates increased significantly, whereas since the 80s, the state crime rates are governed by external factors and the importance of local specificities being decreasing. In the case of obesity, our method shows that external factors dominate the evolution of obesity since 2000, and that different states can have different dynamical behavior even if their obesity prevalence is similar. time series analysis | global trend | crime rate | obesity | independent component analysis doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910259107

Constructionist theories suggest the national rise in female violence arrests may be policy generated because arrest statistics are produced by violent behavior and changing official responses (e.g., net-widening enforcement policies). Normative theories attribute the rise to female behavior changes (e.g., in response to increased freedoms or hardships). We examine whether any narrowing of the arrest gender gap is borne out across offense types of varying measurement reliability, in victimization data, and across two post-arrest criminal justice stages. Advanced time-series analyses over 1980 through 2003 support the constructionist position. First, all sources show little or no increase in women's rates for the more reliably measured offenses of homicide and robbery, and for rape. Second, the assault gender gap narrows for arrests, but holds stable in victimization data. And, third, the assault gender gap narrows moderately for convictions, but is stable for imprisonment, indicating spill-over effects of more expansive arrest policies. Several factors have produced greater female representation in 'criminal assault' arrests including (1) proactive policing targeting and formally responding to minor violence and in private contexts, (2) interventionist developmental epistemologies that blur distinctions among violence types and circumstances, (3) the rise of social movements recognizing 'hidden' victims, (4) law and order political messages stressing greater accountability, and (5) the somewhat greater decline in male compared to female violence in the late 1990s. The problem of women's violence is largely a social construction. Rather than women becoming more violent, changes in the management of violence increasingly mask differences in the violence levels of women and men. Keywords: crime rates, methodology, sex differences, social change, social control, trends, violence.