61 results on '"Corwin AL"'
Search Results
2. Genetic, Antigenic and Serologic Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from Indonesia
- Author
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Anthony Rl, Hayes Cg, Francine E. McCutchan, Hupudio H, R R Graham, Kevin R. Porter, Corwin Al, Thomas C. VanCott, Ertono S, Mascola, Widodo S, Ewing D, Donald S. Burke, and Wignall Fs
- Subjects
Male ,Genotype ,HIV Antigens ,Sequence analysis ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Immunology ,HIV Envelope Protein gp120 ,Biology ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Neutralization ,Virus ,Serology ,Neutralization Tests ,Risk Factors ,Virology ,HIV Seropositivity ,parasitic diseases ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Typing ,Serotyping ,Clade ,Phylogeny ,Infectivity ,Binding Sites ,Immune Sera ,virus diseases ,Peptide Fragments ,Military Personnel ,Indonesia ,CD4 Antigens ,DNA, Viral ,HIV-1 ,Female - Abstract
To examine the genetic and antigenic characteristics of HIV-1 in Indonesia, samples from 19 HIV-positive volunteers were studied. By a combination of PCR typing and DNA sequence analysis, 12 of the 19 volunteers were determined to be infected with HIV-1 clade B and seven with clade E. Six of the seven Indonesian clade E isolates were from volunteers associated with the Indonesian Military during a peacekeeping mission in Cambodia. Infectivity reduction neutralization assays showed that the Indonesian E viruses were effectively neutralized by Thailand clade E HIV-1 antisera but not by U.S. clade B antisera. The Indonesian clade B virus tested was neutralized by U.S. clade B antisera and not by the Thailand E antisera. Using a previously described serologic typing ELISA based on clade B and E V3 peptides, genetic clade was accurately determined in eight of eight sera tested. This is the first report of the genetic and antigenic analysis of HIV-1 isolates from Indonesia. The data indicate that at least two genetic and antigenic HIV-1 clades (clade E and B) circulate in Indonesia.
- Published
- 1997
3. Correction article: The burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera in North Jakarta, Indonesia: findings from 24 months surveillance
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Agtini, MD, Soeharno, R, Lesmana, M, Punjabi, NH, Simanjuntak, C, Wangsasaputra, F, Nurdin, D, Pulungsih, SP, Rofiq, A, Santoso, H, Pujarwoto, H, Sjahrurachman, A, Sudarmono, P, von Seidlein, L, Deen, JL, Ali, M, Lee, H, Ryun Kim, D, Han, O, Park, JK, Suwandono, A, Ingerani, I, Oyofo, BA, Campbell, JR, Beecham, HJ, Corwin, AL, and Clemens, JD
- Subjects
GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) - Abstract
This is a correction of an earlier submitted article.
- Published
- 2007
4. Genetic, antigenic and serologic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from Indonesia
- Author
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Porter, KR, Mascola, JR, Hupudio, H, Ewing, D, VanCott, TC, Anthony, RL, Corwin, AL, Widodo, S, Ertono, S, McCutchan, FE, Burke, DS, Hayes, CG, Wignall, FS, Graham, RR, Porter, KR, Mascola, JR, Hupudio, H, Ewing, D, VanCott, TC, Anthony, RL, Corwin, AL, Widodo, S, Ertono, S, McCutchan, FE, Burke, DS, Hayes, CG, Wignall, FS, and Graham, RR
- Abstract
To examine the genetic and antigenic characteristics of HIV-1 in Indonesia, samples from 19 HIV-positive volunteers were studied. By a combination of PCR typing and DNA sequence analysis, 12 of the 19 volunteers were determined to be infected with HIV-1 clade B and seven with clade E. Six of the seven Indonesian clade E isolates were from volunteers associated with the Indonesian Military during a peacekeeping mission in Cambodia. Infectivity reduction neutralization assays showed that the Indonesian E viruses were effectively neutralized by Thailand clade E HIV-1 antisera but not by U.S. clade B antisera. The Indonesian clade B virus tested was neutralized by U.S. clade B antisera and not by the Thailand E antisera. Using a previously described serologic typing ELISA based on clade B and E V3 peptides, genetic clade was accurately determined in eight of eight sera tested. This is the first report of the genetic and antigenic analysis of HIV-1 isolates from Indonesia. The data indicate that at least two genetic and antigenic HIV-1 clades (clade E and B) circulate in Indonesia.
- Published
- 1997
5. HIV and peacekeeping operations in Cambodia
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Ertono S, Hudoyo H, Soeprapto W, Kevin R. Porter, Mascola J, Gunawan S, and Corwin Al
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Diarrhea ,United Nations ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,HIV Infections ,medicine.disease_cause ,Environmental protection ,Environmental health ,HIV Seropositivity ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Mass Screening ,Medicine ,Mass screening ,business.industry ,Follow up studies ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Hiv seropositivity ,Malaria ,Military personnel ,Military Personnel ,Population Surveillance ,HIV-1 ,Cambodia ,business ,Follow-Up Studies ,Peacekeeping - Published
- 1995
6. Consecutive parthenogenetic births in a spotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari.
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Harmon TS, Kamerman TY, Corwin AL, and Sellas AB
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- Animals, Female, Genotype, Microsatellite Repeats, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Parthenogenesis, Skates, Fish genetics, Skates, Fish physiology
- Abstract
Genetic evidence is given to support consecutive parthenogenesis in a spotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari using nuclear microsatellite genotyping. To date, only a handful of births involving the parthenogenesis process in chondrichthyans have been verified using microsatellite markers and even fewer verified as recurring births. This appears to be the first documented case of this process occurring in a myliobatid species., (© 2015 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.)
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- 2016
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7. Detecting Spread of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Beyond China.
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Millman AJ, Havers F, Iuliano AD, Davis CT, Sar B, Sovann L, Chin S, Corwin AL, Vongphrachanh P, Douangngeun B, Lindblade KA, Chittaganpitch M, Kaewthong V, Kile JC, Nguyen HT, Pham DV, Donis RO, and Widdowson MA
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- Animals, Asia, Southeastern epidemiology, China epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks, Geography, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, Influenza in Birds virology, Influenza, Human virology, Population Surveillance, Poultry, Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype, Influenza in Birds epidemiology, Influenza in Birds transmission, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Influenza, Human transmission
- Abstract
During February 2013-March 2015, a total of 602 human cases of low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) were reported; no autochthonous cases were reported outside mainland China. In contrast, since highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) reemerged during 2003 in China, 784 human cases in 16 countries and poultry outbreaks in 53 countries have been reported. Whether the absence of reported A(H7N9) outside mainland China represents lack of spread or lack of detection remains unclear. We compared epidemiologic and virologic features of A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) and used human and animal influenza surveillance data collected during April 2013-May 2014 from 4 Southeast Asia countries to assess the likelihood that A(H7N9) would have gone undetected during 2014. Surveillance in Vietnam and Cambodia detected human A(H5N1) cases; no A(H7N9) cases were detected in humans or poultry in Southeast Asia. Although we cannot rule out the possible spread of A(H7N9), substantial spread causing severe disease in humans is unlikely.
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- 2015
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8. Introducing seasonal influenza vaccine in low-income countries: an adverse events following immunization survey in the Lao People's Democratic Republic.
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Phengxay M, Mirza SA, Reyburn R, Xeuatvongsa A, Winter C, Lewis H, Olsen SJ, Tsuyuoka R, Khanthamaly V, Palomeque FS, Bresee JS, Moen AC, and Corwin AL
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- Chronic Disease, Female, Health Personnel, Humans, Immunization Programs, Laos, Male, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Seasons, Self Report, Influenza Vaccines adverse effects, Influenza, Human prevention & control, Vaccination adverse effects
- Abstract
Objective: In 2012, Lao PDR introduced seasonal influenza vaccine in pregnant women, persons aged ≥50 years, persons with chronic diseases, and healthcare personnel. We assessed adverse events following immunization (AEFI)., Methods: We used a multistage randomized cluster sample design to interview vaccine recipients., Findings: Between April and May 2012, 355,902 were vaccinated. Of 2089 persons interviewed, 261 (12·5%) reported one or more AEFI. The most commonly reported AEFIs were local reactions. No hospitalizations or deaths were reported; 16% sought medical care. Acceptance and awareness of vaccination were high., Conclusions: Following the introduction of seasonal influenza vaccine in Lao PDR, self-reported adverse events were mild., (© 2015 The Authors. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2015
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9. Enteric fever burden in North Jakarta, Indonesia: a prospective, community-based study.
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Punjabi NH, Agtini MD, Ochiai RL, Simanjuntak CH, Lesmana M, Subekti D, Oyofo BA, von Seidlein L, Deen J, Shin S, Acosta C, Wangsasaputra F, Pulungsih SP, Saroso S, Suyeti S, R S, Sudarmono P, Syarurachman A, Suwandono A, Arjoso S, Beecham HJ 3rd, Corwin AL, and Clemens JD
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Incidence, Indonesia epidemiology, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Salmonella paratyphi A drug effects, Salmonella typhi drug effects, Seasons, Typhoid Fever microbiology, Typhoid Fever pathology, Young Adult, Salmonella paratyphi A isolation & purification, Salmonella typhi isolation & purification, Typhoid Fever epidemiology
- Abstract
Introduction: We undertook a prospective community-based study in North Jakarta, Indonesia, to determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, seasonality, etiologic agent, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of enteric fever., Methodology: Following a census, treatment centre-based surveillance for febrile illness was conducted for two-years. Clinical data and a blood culture were obtained from each patient., Results: In a population of 160,261, we detected 296 laboratory-confirmed enteric fever cases during the surveillance period, of which 221 (75%) were typhoid fever and 75 (25%) were paratyphoid fever. The overall incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid cases was 1.4, and 0.5 per thousand populations per year, respectively. Although the incidence of febrile episodes evaluated was highest among children under 5 years of age at 92.6 per thousand persons per year, we found that the burden of typhoid fever was greatest among children between 5 and 20 years of age. Paratyphoid fever occurred most commonly in children and was infrequent in adults., Conclusion: Enteric fever is a public health problem in North Jakarta with a substantial proportion due to paratyphoid fever. The results highlight the need for control strategies against enteric fever.
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- 2013
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10. Training fish and aquatic invertebrates for husbandry and medical behaviors.
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Corwin AL
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- Animal Husbandry, Animals, Veterinary Medicine, Behavior, Animal, Conditioning, Operant, Fishes, Invertebrates
- Abstract
Fishes and aquatic invertebrates are highly diverse groups of animals that are well adapted to their aquatic environments. For the past 200 years, researchers have been studying the learning potential of fishes and have shown them to be extensive. By using these animals' abilities to learn, caretakers can use operant conditioning with an emphasis on positive reinforcement to train behaviors aiding in dietary management, capture techniques, and medical procedures. Training fishes and aquatic invertebrates can help advance the care and well-being of these species in human care., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2012
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11. Etiology of acute, non-malaria, febrile illnesses in Jayapura, northeastern Papua, Indonesia.
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Punjabi NH, Taylor WRJ, Murphy GS, Purwaningsih S, Picarima H, Sisson J, Olson JG, Baso S, Wangsasaputra F, Lesmana M, Oyofo BA, Simanjuntak CH, Subekti D, Corwin AL, and Richie TL
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- Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bacteremia complications, Bacteremia epidemiology, Bacteremia microbiology, Bacteremia mortality, Bacterial Infections epidemiology, Bacterial Infections microbiology, Bacterial Infections mortality, Central Nervous System Infections complications, Central Nervous System Infections epidemiology, Central Nervous System Infections etiology, Central Nervous System Infections mortality, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Papua New Guinea epidemiology, Virus Diseases epidemiology, Virus Diseases mortality, Virus Diseases virology, Young Adult, Bacterial Infections complications, Fever epidemiology, Fever etiology, Virus Diseases complications
- Abstract
We conducted a prospective, inpatient fever study in malaria-endemic Papua, Indonesia to determine non-malaria fever etiologies. Investigations included malaria blood films, blood culture, paired serologic samples analysis for dengue, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, scrub typhus, murine typhus, and spotted fever group rickettsia. During 1997-2000, 226 patients (127 males and 99 females) 1-80 years of age (median age = 25 years) were enrolled. Positive blood cultures (n = 34, 15%) were obtained for Salmonella Typhi (n = 13), Escherichia coli (n = 8), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 6), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 5), Streptococcus pyogenes (n = 1), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 1). Twenty (8.8%) patients were positive for leptospirosis by polymerase chain reaction. Eighty (35.4%) of 226 patients had ≥ 1 positive serology, diagnostic for 15 rickettsial and 9 dengue cases. Acid-fast bacilli-positive sputum was obtained from three patients. Most common confirmed (81 of 226, 35.8%)/suspected diagnoses were typhoid fever (n = 41), pneumonia (n = 29), leptospirosis (n = 28), urinary tract infections (n = 20), rickettsioses (n = 19), dengue (n = 17), and meningitis/encephalitis (n = 15). There were 17 deaths, 7 (46.7%) were caused by meningitis/encephalitis. Multiple positive serologic results and few confirmed diagnoses indicate the need for improved diagnostics.
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- 2012
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12. Effects of full-stream carbon filtration on the development of head and lateral line erosion syndrome (HLLES) in ocean surgeon.
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Stamper MA, Kittell MM, Patel EE, and Corwin AL
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- Animals, Filtration instrumentation, Filtration methods, Seawater chemistry, Time Factors, Carbon chemistry, Filtration veterinary, Fish Diseases prevention & control, Perciformes, Water Purification methods
- Abstract
Head and lateral line erosion syndrome (HLLES) is a common but very poorly understood disease of marine aquarium fish. One suspected etiology is the use of granulated activated carbon (GAC) to filter the water. Seventy-two ocean surgeons Acanthurus bahianus were distributed among three carbon-negative control systems and three GAC-treated systems such that each tank contained approximately the same total body mass. Each replicate system was made up of two 250-L circular tanks with a common filtration system (6 fish per tank, 12 fish per replicate system). The GAC-treated tanks were exposed to full-stream, extruded coconut shell activated carbon, which produced a mean total organic carbon content of 0.4 mg/L. The results of this study indicate that extruded coconut shell activated carbon filtering at full-stream rates can cause HLLES-type lesions in ocean surgeons. The HLLES developed exponentially over 15 d, beginning in the chin region. This was followed by pitting in the cheek region, which expanded until erosions coalesced. Once the carbon was discontinued, the processes reversed in a mean time of 49 d. As the lesions healed, they reverted from the coalesced to the pitted stage and then darkened before returning to normal.
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- 2011
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13. Climatic factors associated with epidemic dengue in Palembang, Indonesia: implications of short-term meteorological events on virus transmission.
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Bangs MJ, Larasati RP, Corwin AL, and Wuryadi S
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- Animals, Arthropod Vectors growth & development, Arthropod Vectors parasitology, Humans, Incidence, Indonesia epidemiology, Meteorological Concepts, Population Surveillance, Dengue Virus pathogenicity, Disease Outbreaks, Rain, Severe Dengue epidemiology, Severe Dengue transmission, Temperature, Tropical Climate
- Abstract
An extensive outbreak of dengue fever and dengue hemorhagic fever occurred in the city of Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia from late 1997 through March/April 1998. All surveyed administrative areas (kelurahan) in Palembang were found to be 'permissive' for dengue virus transmission; and all areas that had Aedes (subgenus Stegomyia) larval mosquitoes in abundance experienced increased cases of DHF during the epidemic. The Aedes House Index (HI) for combined Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus was recorded every 3 months before, during, and after the epidemic. Ten surveyed sentinel sites (October-December 1997) immediately preceding the epidemic peak had a combined HI of 25% (range 10-50.8%). Entomological surveys during the peak epidemic period (January-April) showed a combined HI of 23.7% (range: 7.6-43.8%). Kelurahans with the highest numbers of reported dengue cases had an HI exceeding 25%; however, there was no discernable relationship between elevated HI and increased risk of DHF incidence. Despite the unusual climatic conditions during late 1997 created throughout the region by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the house indices during both wet and dry months remained above 23% for the 4 quarterly (3-month) periods surveyed in the second half of 1997 and first half of 1998. Rainfall returned to near normal monthly levels shortly before the reported increase in human cases. However, mean ambient air temperatures continued above normal (+0.6 to 1.2 degrees C) and were sustained over the months leading up to and during the epidemic. Evidence suggests that an ENSO-driven increase in ambient temperature had a marked influence on increased virus transmission by the vector population. We explore the apparent associations of entomological and climatic effects that precipitated the epidemic before the influx of reported human cases.
- Published
- 2006
14. Evaluation of diagnostic assays for hepatitis E virus in outbreak settings.
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Myint KS, Endy TP, Gibbons RV, Laras K, Mammen MP Jr, Sedyaningsih ER, Seriwatana J, Glass JS, Narupiti S, and Corwin AL
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- Cross-Sectional Studies, DNA, Viral analysis, Hepatitis E immunology, Hepatitis E virus genetics, Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques methods, Immunoenzyme Techniques standards, Retrospective Studies, Disease Outbreaks, Hepatitis Antibodies blood, Hepatitis E diagnosis, Hepatitis E epidemiology, Hepatitis E virus isolation & purification
- Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of hepatitis. We evaluated five HEV antibody diagnostic assays by using outbreak specimens. The Abbott immunoglobulin G (IgG), Genelabs IgG, and Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) IgM assays were about 90% sensitive; the Abbott IgG and WRAIR total Ig and IgM assays were more than 90% specific.
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- 2006
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15. The burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera in North Jakarta, Indonesia: findings from 24 months surveillance.
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Agtini MD, Soeharno R, Lesmana M, Punjabi NH, Simanjuntak C, Wangsasaputra F, Nurdin D, Pulungsih SP, Rofiq A, Santoso H, Pujarwoto H, Sjahrurachman A, Sudarmono P, von Seidlein L, Deen JL, Ali M, Lee H, Kim DR, Han O, Park JK, Suwandono A, Ingerani, Oyofo BA, Campbell JR, Beecham HJ, Corwin AL, and Clemens JD
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Cholera microbiology, Dysentery, Bacillary microbiology, Female, Humans, Incidence, Indonesia epidemiology, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Seasons, Time Factors, Cholera epidemiology, Diarrhea epidemiology, Dysentery, Bacillary epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: In preparation of vaccines trials to estimate protection against shigellosis and cholera we conducted a two-year community-based surveillance study in an impoverished area of North Jakarta which provided updated information on the disease burden in the area., Methods: We conducted a two-year community-based surveillance study from August 2001 to July 2003 in an impoverished area of North Jakarta to assess the burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera. At participating health care providers, a case report form was completed and stool sample collected from cases presenting with diarrhoea., Results: Infants had the highest incidences of diarrhoea (759/1,000/year) and cholera (4/1,000/year). Diarrhea incidence was significantly higher in boys under 5 years (387/1,000/year) than girls under 5 years (309/1,000/year; p < 0.001). Children aged 1 to 2 years had the highest incidence of shigellosis (32/1,000/year). Shigella flexneri was the most common Shigella species isolated and 73% to 95% of these isolates were resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and tetracycline but remain susceptible to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. We found an overall incidence of cholera of 0.5/1,000/year. Cholera was most common in children, with the highest incidence at 4/1,000/year in those less than 1 year of age. Of the 154 V. cholerae O1 isolates, 89 (58%) were of the El Tor Ogawa serotype and 65 (42%) were El Tor Inaba. Thirty-four percent of patients with cholera were intravenously rehydrated and 22% required hospitalization. V. parahaemolyticus infections were detected sporadically but increased from July 2002 onwards., Conclusion: Diarrhoea causes a heavy public health burden in Jakarta particularly in young children. The impact of shigellosis is exacerbated by the threat of antimicrobial resistance, whereas that of cholera is aggravated by its severe manifestations.
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- 2005
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16. Endemic coastal malaria in the Thousand Islands District, near Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Maguire JD, Tuti S, Sismadi P, Wiady I, Basri H, Krisin, Masbar S, Projodipuro P, Elyazar IR, Corwin AL, and Bangs MJ
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- Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Animals, Anopheles, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Emigration and Immigration, Female, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Infant, Insect Vectors, Malaria, Falciparum epidemiology, Malaria, Vivax epidemiology, Male, Parasite Egg Count, Parasitemia epidemiology, Population Surveillance methods, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, Disease Outbreaks, Endemic Diseases, Malaria epidemiology
- Abstract
Objectives: To conduct malaria surveillance near Jakarta where only imported malaria has been described over the past two decades and to characterize endemicity and risk to heavily populated peri-urban locations., Methods: Standard cross-sectional malariometric surveys and mosquito collections at the Thousand Islands District and developing peri-urban areas of Jakarta., Results: During October 2000 outbreak investigations in the Tidung Island group, the slide positive rate was 47% (38%Plasmodium falciparum, 7%P. vivax, and 2% mixed infections) among 733 persons screened. Very few parasitemic inhabitants were symptomatic (<1%), and native residents were more commonly infected than immigrants (odds ratio 1.72), consistent with endemic autochthonous transmission. Adult and larval mosquito collections detected Anopheles sundaicus. In June 2001, prevalence of parasitemia at Pari Island, where sampling was adequate for comparison, remained high, 32%vs. 43% previously. Among 1377 individuals screened at nearby Tangerang District, a heavily populated mainland suburb dominated by fishponds through which many islanders travel to Jakarta, only 19 malaria infections were identified, all imported from Pari Island. Entomological surveillance in Tangerang identified An. subpictus, An. vagus, and An. barbirostris, all considered minor malaria vectors on Java., Conclusions: Malaria is endemic in the Tidung Island group. Imported malaria occurs in the heavily populated Tangerang District where coastal development is increasing and vector breeding sites and demographic patterns lend increasingly to malaria importation and risk of emergent malaria. Careful attention to the impact of coastal development activities on vector populations and efforts to prevent introduction of An. sundaicus are warranted.
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- 2005
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17. A large outbreak of probable rotavirus in Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia.
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Corwin AL, Subekti D, Sukri NC, Willy RJ, Master J, Priyanto E, and Laras K
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- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Disease Outbreaks, Rotavirus Infections epidemiology
- Abstract
An outbreak of acute diarrheal disease was reported in Kupang, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, in August 2002. An investigative team carried out a retrospective historical review of records, and a case-control study involving data and specimen collections. Etiologic determination involving stool specimens was based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, with a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction performed for serotyping purposes. Two thousand six hundred probable cases were identified from hospital records during the outbreak months of June, July, August, and September 2002. Previous enteric outbreaks were recognized from the same months in the preceding years and all annual outbreak episodes following a period of prolonged, low rainfall. In contrast to previous outbreaks discerned from trend analysis, the overwhelming burden of disease fell upon the pediatric population versus the young and old in previous outbreak instances. Rotavirus was found to be the causative etiology, with serotype 1 predominating.
- Published
- 2005
18. Tracking the re-emergence of epidemic chikungunya virus in Indonesia.
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Laras K, Sukri NC, Larasati RP, Bangs MJ, Kosim R, Djauzi, Wandra T, Master J, Kosasih H, Hartati S, Beckett C, Sedyaningsih ER, Beecham HJ 3rd, and Corwin AL
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alphavirus Infections immunology, Antibodies, Viral blood, Chikungunya virus immunology, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Immunoglobulin G blood, Immunoglobulin M blood, Indonesia epidemiology, Middle Aged, RNA, Viral analysis, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Risk Factors, Seasons, Alphavirus Infections epidemiology, Chikungunya virus isolation & purification, Disease Outbreaks
- Abstract
Twenty-four distinct outbreaks of probable chikungunya (CHIK) etiology were identified throughout Indonesia from September 2001 to March 2003, after a near 20-year hiatus of epidemic CHIK activity in the country. Thirteen outbreak reports were based on clinical observations alone, and 11 confirmed by serological/virological methods. Detailed epidemiological profiles of two investigated outbreaks in Bogor and Bekasi are presented. Human sera were screened using an ELISA for IgM and IgG anti-CHIK antibodies. Additionally, reverse transcriptase PCR and virus isolation were attempted for virus identification. The mean age of cases was 37 +/- 18 years in Bogor and 33 +/- 20 years in Bekasi. There was no outstanding case-clustering, although outbreak-affected households were observed to be geographically grouped within villages. The attack rates in Bogor and Bekasi were 2.8/1000 and 6.7/1000 inhabitants respectively. Both outbreaks started in the rainy season following increased Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus densities.
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- 2005
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19. Influenza surveillance in Indonesia: 1999-2003.
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Beckett CG, Kosasih H, Ma'roef C, Listiyaningsih E, Elyazar IR, Wuryadi S, Yuwono D, McArdle JL, Corwin AL, and Porter KR
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- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Antigens, Viral immunology, Antigens, Viral isolation & purification, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromatography methods, Dogs, Female, Humans, Immunologic Tests methods, Indonesia epidemiology, Influenza A virus genetics, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza B virus genetics, Influenza B virus isolation & purification, Influenza, Human genetics, Kidney cytology, Kidney virology, Male, RNA, Viral genetics, Reagent Kits, Diagnostic standards, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Sentinel Surveillance, Time
- Abstract
Although influenza is recognized for its worldwide importance, little is known about the disease from tropical countries like Indonesia. From August 1999 through January 2003, a surveillance study was conducted in clinics at 6 sentinel locations. Adults (age, >14 years) and children (age, 4-14 years) presenting with respiratory symptoms suggestive of influenza were asked to enroll in the study. Nasal and pharyngeal swabs were examined by virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, and rapid immunochromatographic tests. A total of 3079 specimens were collected from 1544 participants. Influenza infection was confirmed in 172 volunteers (11.1%) presenting with influenza-like illness. Influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B viruses were detected at all sites. Peak prevalence tended to coincide with the respective rainy seasons, regardless of location. In light of the recent epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome, continued influenza surveillance would be useful in strengthening the infrastructure of the Indonesian public health system.
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- 2004
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20. Prevalence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in hospitalized acute diarrhea patients in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
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Subekti DS, Lesmana M, Tjaniadi P, Machpud N, Sriwati, Sukarma, Daniel JC, Alexander WK, Campbell JR, Corwin AL, Beecham HJ 3rd, Simanjuntak C, and Oyofo BA
- Subjects
- Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Child, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea microbiology, Escherichia coli drug effects, Escherichia coli Infections epidemiology, Escherichia coli Infections microbiology, Female, Fimbriae Proteins metabolism, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Prevalence, Rectum microbiology, Seasons, Specimen Handling methods, Bacterial Toxins metabolism, Diarrhea epidemiology, Enterotoxins metabolism, Escherichia coli isolation & purification, Escherichia coli Proteins, Hospitalization
- Abstract
The relationship between enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea was examined in a study conducted in two hospitals from June 2000 to May 2001 in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. A total of 489 hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea were enrolled, and their rectal swabs were screened for enteric bacterial pathogens. Toxins, colonization factor antigens (CFAs), in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility and seasonal distribution patterns associated with ETEC were ascertained. The diagnosis of ETEC infection and CFAs association were performed with GM-1 ELISA and Dot blot immunoassays. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was isolated from the rectal swabs of 14.9% of the patients. The distribution of toxins among the ETEC strains found was ST in 51 (69.9%), while LT and ST/LT were found in 28.8% and 1.3% respectively. The highest isolation rate for ETEC was found among children between the ages of 1 and 15 years. Colonization factor antigens were identified in 28.8% of the ETEC strains. A high prevalence of CFA was found among the rectal swabs of patients with ST isolates. High frequency of resistance to ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and cephalothin was displayed among the ETEC strains. All ETEC strains were susceptible to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. The results of this study document the prevalence of ETEC in hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Data generated in this study depicts the prevalence of ETEC diarrhea and CFA types among diarrhea patients in the tourist city of Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
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- 2003
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21. Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens associated with diarrheal patients in Indonesia.
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Tjaniadi P, Lesmana M, Subekti D, Machpud N, Komalarini S, Santoso W, Simanjuntak CH, Punjabi N, Campbell JR, Alexander WK, Beecham HJ 3rd, Corwin AL, and Oyofo BA
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Gram-Negative Bacteria pathogenicity, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections epidemiology, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections microbiology, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Infant, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Middle Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Diarrhea epidemiology, Diarrhea microbiology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Gram-Negative Bacteria drug effects
- Abstract
The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for 2,812 bacterial pathogens isolated from diarrheal patients admitted to hospitals in several provinces in the cities of Jakarta, Padang, Medan, Denpasar, Pontianak, Makassar, and Batam, Indonesia were analyzed from 1995 to 2001 to determine their changing trends in response to eight antibiotics: ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cephalothin, ceftriaxone, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. Vibrio cholerae O1 (37.1%) was the pathogen most frequently detected, followed by Shigella spp. (27.3%), Salmonella spp. (17.7%), V. parahaemolyticus (7.3%), Salmonella typhi (3.9%), Campylobacter jejuni (3.6%), V. cholerae non-O1 (2.4%), and Salmonella paratyphi A (0.7%). Of the 767 Shigella spp. isolated, 82.8% were S. flexneri, 15.0% were S. sonnei, and 2.2% were S. dysenteriae (2.2%). The re-emergence of Shigella dysenteriae was noted in 1998, after an absence of 15 years. Shigella spp. were resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A were susceptible to all antibiotics tested, while Salmonella spp. showed various resistance patterns according to species grouping. A small number of V. cholerae O1 were resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline; however, they were still sensitive to ceftriaxon, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. Similar results were shown for V. cholerae non-O1. Campylobacter jejuni showed an increased frequency of resistance to ceftriaxone, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, but was susceptible to erythromycin. This study shows that except for C. jejuni and V. parahaemolyticus, which appeared to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, the majority of the enteric pathogens tested were still susceptible to fluoroquinolones.
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- 2003
22. Transmission of epidemic dengue hemorrhagic fever in easternmost Indonesia.
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Sukri NC, Laras K, Wandra T, Didi S, Larasati RP, Rachdyatmaka JR, Osok S, Tjia P, Saragih JM, Hartati S, Listyaningsih E, Porter KR, Beckett CG, Prawira IS, Punjabi N, Suparmanto SA, Beecham HJ, Bangs MJ, and Corwin AL
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- Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Infant, Male, Rain, Retrospective Studies, Seasons, Severe Dengue transmission, Sex Distribution, Temperature, Disease Outbreaks, Severe Dengue epidemiology
- Abstract
In April 2001, a second suspected outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the easternmost region of Indonesia was investigated in Merauke, a town located in the southeastern corner of Papua, by the Indonesian Ministry of Health and the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2. Principal case criteria of hemorrhagic disease provided for a study enrollment of 15 clinically acute and 37 convalescing subjects. Additionally, 32 comparable age/sex controls were selected from neighboring households. Laboratory diagnosis involved three testing methodologies: virus isolation by cell culture, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, and serologic assays. Antibody (IgM) to dengue virus was detected in 27% of the acute clinical cases, 30% of the convalescing cases, and only 3% of the matched controls. Dengue 3 was the only viral serotype detected from acute serum samples by the RT-PCR. The mean +/- SD age of the acute and convalescing cases was 7.8 +/- 5.4 years. Overall hospital records accounted for 172 suspected outbreak cases, all urban residents of Merauke with no recent travel history outside the area. The estimated outbreak-associated case fatality rate among all suspected dengue cases was 1.2%. A seven-year retrospective review of hospital records in Merauke showed negligible disease reporting involving hemorrhagic disease prior to the outbreak.
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- 2003
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23. Surveillance of bacterial pathogens of diarrhea disease in Indonesia.
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Oyofo BA, Lesmana M, Subekti D, Tjaniadi P, Larasati W, Putri M, Simanjuntak CH, Punjabi NH, Santoso W, Muzahar, Sukarma, Sriwati, Sarumpaet S, Abdi M, Tjindi R, Ma'ani H, Sumardiati A, Handayani H, Campbell JR, Alexander WK, Beecham HJ 3rd, and Corwin AL
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- Adolescent, Campylobacter isolation & purification, Child, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea microbiology, Female, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections microbiology, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Salmonella isolation & purification, Seasons, Shigella isolation & purification, Vibrio isolation & purification, Diarrhea epidemiology, Gram-Negative Bacteria isolation & purification, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections epidemiology, Population Surveillance
- Abstract
Emerging or reemerging infections due to bacterial disease may be a local, regional or global problem. Bacterial acute gastroenteritis is a potential cause of substantial morbidity in travelers and deployed U.S. military personnel. A surveillance study was conducted over a two-year period in Indonesia among 6760 patients with debilitating diarrheal diseases. Of the 6,760 patients, 587 (9%) of the patient stools were positive for bacteria. The proportions of bacteria isolated from the 587 patients were: Shigella flexneri (39%), Salmonella spp. (26%), Vibrio spp. (17%), S. sonnei (7%), Campylobacter jejuni (4.4%), Salmonella typhi (3%) and S. dysenteriae (2.3%). Shigella flexneri was the most prevalent pathogen isolated, over Vibrio spp. No V. cholerae was isolated in the cities of Pontianak, Padang or Batam in Indonesia. Shigella dysenteriae reemergence was noted in Bali, Kalimantan, Batam and Jakarta after an absence of 15 years. Isolation of a high proportion of S. flexneri, and Vibrio spp. occurred during the rainy months. All bacterial isolates were susceptible to quinolones, with the exception of C. jejuni and Salmonella spp., which were resistant to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and nalidixic acid. Our findings highlight the decline of V. cholerae, the rise of S. flexneri and the reemergence of S. dysenteriae in Indonesia. The study also documents the emergence of quinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp. in the Indonesia archipelago.
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- 2002
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24. Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhea in community and hospital patients in Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Oyofo BA, Subekti D, Tjaniadi P, Machpud N, Komalarini S, Setiawan B, Simanjuntak C, Punjabi N, Corwin AL, Wasfy M, Campbell JR, and Lesmana M
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- Acute Disease, Adult, Animals, Child, Diarrhea epidemiology, Diarrhea parasitology, Digestive System microbiology, Digestive System parasitology, Digestive System pathology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Endemic Diseases classification, Endemic Diseases prevention & control, Endemic Diseases statistics & numerical data, Hospitalization, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Residence Characteristics, Diarrhea microbiology
- Abstract
The prevalence of bacteria, parasite and viral pathogens in 3875 patients with diarrhea in community and hospital settings from March 1997 through August 1999 in Jakarta, Indonesia was determined using routine bacteriology and molecular assay techniques. Bacterial pathogens isolated from hospital patients were, in decreasing frequency, Vibrio cholerae O1, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni, while S. flexneri, V. cholerae O1, Salmonella spp. and C. jejuni were isolated from the community patients. V. cholerae O1 was isolated more frequently (P<0.005) from the hospital patients than the community patients. Overall, bacterial pathogens were isolated from 538 of 3875 (14%) enrolled cases of diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were detected in 218 (18%) of 1244 rectal swabs. A small percentage of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (1%) and of Clostridium difficile (1.3%) was detected. Parasitic examination of 389 samples resulted in 43 (11%) positives comprising Ascaris lumbricoides (1.5%), Blastocystis hominis (5.7%), Giardia lamblia (0.8%), Trichuris trichiura (2.1%) and Endolimax nana (0.5%). Rotavirus (37.5%), adenovirus (3.3%) and Norwalk-like virus (17.6%) were also detected. Antimicrobial resistance was observed among some isolates. Bacterial isolates were susceptible to quinolones, with the exception of some isolates of C. jejuni which were resistant to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin. Data obtained from this community- and hospital-based study will enable the Indonesian Ministry of Health to plan relevant studies on diarrheal diseases in the archipelago.
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- 2002
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25. The importance of leptospirosis in Southeast Asia.
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Laras K, Cao BV, Bounlu K, Nguyen TK, Olson JG, Thongchanh S, Tran NV, Hoang KL, Punjabi N, Ha BK, Ung SA, Insisiengmay S, Watts DM, Beecham HJ, and Corwin AL
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- Adolescent, Adult, Asia, Southeastern epidemiology, Base Sequence, Cross-Sectional Studies, DNA Primers, Demography, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Humans, Leptospira genetics, Leptospira immunology, Male, Middle Aged, Molecular Epidemiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Leptospirosis epidemiology
- Abstract
The importance of leptospirosis in Southeast Asia was assessed in conjunction with other studies supported by the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 (US NAMRU-2), Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia. These included studies of hospital-based, acute clinical jaundice in Indonesia, Lao PDR, and Socialist Republic of Vietnam; nonmalarial fever in Indonesia; and hemorrhagic fever in Cambodia. Background prevalence estimates of leptospiral infection were obtained by a cross-sectional, community-based study in Lao PDR. Laboratory testing methods involved serology, microscopic agglutination test, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Suggestive evidence of recent leptospiral infections was detected in 17%, 13%, and 3% of patients selected on the basis of non-hepatitis A through E jaundice, nonmalarial fever, and hemorrhagic fever (in the absence of acute, dengue viral infections). Leptospiral IgG antibody, reflective of prior infections, was detected in 37% of human sera, collected in Lao PDR. The predominant leptospiral serogroups identified from cases with clinical jaundice were Hurstbridge, Bataviae, and Icterohaemorrhagiae tonkini LT 96 69. Among the nonmalarial febrile cases, Bataviae was the most frequently recognized serogroup. Pyrogenes and Hurstbridge were the principal serogroups among the hemorrhagic fever case subjects. These findings further attest to the relative importance of clinical leptospirosis in Southeast Asia. The wide spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms associated with probable, acute, leptospiral infections contributes to the potential of significant underreporting.
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- 2002
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26. First documented outbreak of hepatitis E virus transmission in Java, Indonesia.
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Sedyaningsih-Mamahit ER, Larasati RP, Laras K, Sidemen A, Sukri N, Sabaruddin N, Didi S, Saragih JM, Myint KS, Endy TP, Sulaiman A, Campbell JR, and Corwin AL
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Hepatitis E transmission, Humans, Immunoglobulin G analysis, Indonesia epidemiology, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Disease Outbreaks, Hepatitis E epidemiology
- Abstract
A suspected hepatitis outbreak occurred in Bondowoso District, East Java Province, Indonesia, in March-May 1998. An investigation was initiated in April 1998, involving a retrospective review of hospital records, a community-based cross-sectional study, and a health service-based case detection and household follow-up. Sera and epidemiological information were collected from 962 individuals: 235 from 3 outbreak-affected communities along the same rural stretch of river, 101 from community controls living distant from the river, 151 cases detected in health centres, 141 family members of the cases, and 334 subjects from neighbouring families. The prevalence of acute hepatitis E virus (HEV), based on anti-HEV IgM, total antibody (Ig) to HEV and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), was significantly (P < 0.00001) higher (52.4%) among the outbreak communities than among the community controls (3%). The background prevalence of HEV, based on anti-HEV IgG, was also significantly (P < 0.00001) higher (47%) among the outbreak communities than among the community controls (3%). None of the 476 sera screened for anti-HAV (hepatitis A virus) IgM was positive. These results indicate that HEV was the aetiological agent responsible for the outbreak. The overall attack rate (AR) for the 3 outbreak-affected communities surveyed was 19%, with AR determined on the basis of clinically recognized, acute jaundice illness. The usage of river water as primary source for bathing, human-waste disposal, and drinking purposes differed significantly (P < 0.00001) between the communities in outbreak areas and those in non-outbreak areas. There is no significant influence attributed to 'boiling water' on acute HEV. No climatic influences (flooding or drought) predisposed this instance of epidemic HEV transmission. This outbreak represents the first documented evidence of epidemic HEV transmission in Java, Indonesia.
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- 2002
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27. Characterization of Norwalk-like virus associated with gastroenteritis in Indonesia.
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Subekti DS, Tjaniadi P, Lesmana M, Simanjuntak C, Komalarini S, Digdowirogo H, Setiawan B, Corwin AL, Campbell JR, Porter KR, and Oyofo BA
- Subjects
- Acute Disease, Base Sequence, Child, Child, Preschool, Feces virology, Humans, Indonesia, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Molecular Sequence Data, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Caliciviridae Infections virology, Gastroenteritis virology, Norovirus classification, Norovirus genetics
- Abstract
Norwalk Virus and Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) are reportedly responsible for 2.5-4.0% of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis (NBAG) worldwide. To help clarify the impact of NLVs on NBAG in Indonesia, stool specimens from 102 patients, 74 with NBAG and 28 with BAG, were screened for the presence of NLVs, using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. The specimens were subtyped using prototype-specific oligonucleotide probes and were sequenced and compared with published NLV sequences. Of the 102 specimens examined, 31 (30%) were found to be positive for NLVs. Type-specific probe analysis of the RT-PCR products indicated that 31 isolates hybridized to UK1 (Taunton agent) and UK3/4 (Hawaii agent/Snow Mountain agent) prototype strains. The results of this study indicate that prototype strains of NV or NLVs co-circulate in Indonesia and contribute to the overall level of acute gastroenteritis throughout the region., (Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)
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- 2002
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28. Hepatitis C among child transfusion and adult renal dialysis patients in Indonesia.
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Chanpong GF, Laras K, Sulaiman HA, Soeprapto W, Purnamawati S, Sukri N, Sie A, Tan R, Campbell JR, and Corwin AL
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Hepacivirus immunology, Hepatitis C epidemiology, Hepatitis C Antibodies blood, Renal Dialysis adverse effects, Transfusion Reaction
- Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence among high-risk pediatric and adult patients was evaluated. The study included 269 adults and 150 children in a case-control research design. Risk factors of HCV exposure in Indonesia were assessed among adult renal dialysis patients and pediatric patients who received multiple blood transfusions. A high prevalence of anti-HCV was found among the adult renal dialysis patients, measured by second-generation electroimmunoassay tests. Family members of dialysis patients, who served as a comparison group for dialysis patients, were found to have a 9.0% seroprevalence. The prevalence of anti-HCV among pediatric patients with hematological disorders was found to be 39.0%. The comparison group seroprevalence (pediatric patients and family members) was 4.3% among sera available for confirmatory testing. Patients with history of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] = 7.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.06-15.51, P = 0.0001), blood transfusion (OR = 6.85, 95% CI: 3.95-11.88, P = 0.0001), circumcision (OR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.43-3.99, P = 0.0001), or marital partner/family member history of jaundice (OR = 3.62, 95% CI: 1.97-6.62, P = 0.0001) were found to have an increased odds of HCV exposure compared with individuals without similar histories.
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- 2002
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29. Cholera in Indonesia in 1993-1999.
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Simanjuntak CH, Larasati W, Arjoso S, Putri M, Lesmana M, Oyofo BA, Sukri N, Nurdin D, Kusumaningrum RP, Punjabi NH, Subekti D, Djelantik S, Sukarma, Sriwati, Muzahar, Lubis A, Siregar H, Mas'ud B, Abdi M, Sumardiati A, Wibisana S, Hendarwanto, Setiawan B, Santoso W, Putra E, Sarumpaet S, Ma'ani H, Lebron C, Soeparmanto SA, Campbell JR, and Corwin AL
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Cholera microbiology, Diarrhea microbiology, Female, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Rain, Seasons, Cholera epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks, Population Surveillance methods, Vibrio cholerae isolation & purification
- Abstract
Cholera-specific surveillance in Indonesia was initiated to identify the introduction of the newly recognized Vibrio cholerae non-O1, O139 serotype. Findings from seven years (1993-1999) of surveillance efforts also yielded regional profiles of the importance of cholera in both epidemic and sporadic diarrheal disease occurrence throughout the archipelago. A two-fold surveillance strategy was pursued involving 1) outbreak investigations, and 2) hospital-based case recognition. Rectal swabs were transported to Jakarta for culture and isolates were characterized by serotypic identification. Outbreak findings showed that V. cholerae O1, Ogawa serotype, was the predominant etiology in all 17 instances of investigated epidemic transmission. Monitoring of eight hospitals representing seven provinces provided 6,882 specimens, of which 9% were culture positive for V. cholerae: 589 (9%) for O1 and 20 (< 1%) for non-O1 strains. Proportional representation of V. cholerae O1 among cases of sporadic diarrheal illness was variable, ranging from 13% in Jakarta to < 1% in Batam. Overall, 98% of V. cholerae O1 cases were the Ogawa serotype. There was no instance of non-O1, O139 serotype introduction in either epidemic or sporadic disease form. Anti-microbial drug susceptibility was consistently demonstrated, both temporally and spatially, except against colistin. Evidence is provided that epidemic and sporadic cholera occurrence in western Indonesia is associated with periods of low rainfall. Conversely, in the more eastern portion of the country, heavy rainfall may have contributed to epidemic cholera transmission.
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- 2001
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30. Toxins and colonization factor antigens of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among residents of Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Oyofo BA, Subekti DS, Svennerholm AM, Machpud NN, Tjaniadi P, Komalarini TS, Setiawan B, Campbell JR, Corwin AL, and Lesmana M
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- Adolescent, Adult, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea epidemiology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Escherichia coli isolation & purification, Escherichia coli pathogenicity, Escherichia coli Infections epidemiology, Feces microbiology, Female, Gangliosides, Humans, Immunoblotting, Indonesia epidemiology, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Bacterial Proteins analysis, Bacterial Toxins analysis, Diarrhea microbiology, Enterotoxins analysis, Escherichia coli immunology, Escherichia coli Infections microbiology, Escherichia coli Proteins, Fimbriae Proteins
- Abstract
Infection caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) poses a serious health problem among children and adults in developing countries. Colonization of the small intestinal mucosa by ETEC strains is mediated by antigenically specific fimbriae, also known as colonization factor antigens (CFA). The significance of this study arises from reports that active and passive immunization with ETEC strains harboring CFAs has previously been shown to induce protective immunity against diarrhea in animal models. The aim of this study was to determine toxin-associated CFAs of ETEC isolated from a diarrheal disease case-control study in Jakarta, Indonesia. Thirteen hundred and twenty-three diarrheic and control patients with lactose-fermenting colonies were screened by ganglioside GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (GM1-ELISA) for heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxins. Two hundred and forty-six (19%) ETEC isolates identified by GM1-ELISA for the LT/ST toxins were screened for CFAs by Dot blot assay using monoclonal antibodies against CFA/I, II, and IV and against the putative colonization antigens (PCF) PCFO159, PCFO166, CS7, and CS17. Of the 246 ETEC isolates, 177 (72%) elaborated ST, 56 (23%) produced LT, while 13 (5%) elicited both the ST and LT toxins. CFA testing of the 246 ETEC isolates showed that 21 (8%) expressed CFA/I, 3 (1%) exhibited CFA/II, 14 (6%) elaborated CFA/IV, while 7 (3%) expressed PCFO159 and PCFO159 plus CS5. No CFAs or PCFs could be associated with 201 (82%) of the ETEC strains. This report documents the types of CFAs associated with ETEC strains in Jakarta, Indonesia. These data may help current research efforts on the development of CFA-based vaccines for humans against ETEC and provide additional information for future ETEC vaccine trials in Southeast Asia.
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- 2001
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31. The economic imperative of Nipah virus surveillance in Indonesia.
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Arjoso S, Wuryadi S, Windyaningsih C, Winoto IL, Heriyanto A, Ksiazek TG, Campbell JR, Burans JP, and Corwin AL
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- Agricultural Workers' Diseases epidemiology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Indonesia epidemiology, Paramyxoviridae Infections epidemiology, Swine Diseases epidemiology, Agricultural Workers' Diseases economics, Disease Outbreaks economics, Paramyxoviridae Infections economics, Paramyxovirinae, Swine Diseases economics
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- 2001
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32. Prevalence of HIV infection in Cambodia: implications for the future.
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Fraser Chanpong GM, Putri M, Oum S, Sam An U, Bunheng M, Ashley J, Campbell JR, and Corwin AL
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- Adolescent, Adult, Cambodia epidemiology, Child, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Seroprevalence
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- 2001
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33. Epidemic dengue transmission in southern Sumatra, Indonesia.
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Corwin AL, Larasati RP, Bangs MJ, Wuryadi S, Arjoso S, Sukri N, Listyaningsih E, Hartati S, Namursa R, Anwar Z, Chandra S, Loho B, Ahmad H, Campbell JR, and Porter KR
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dengue transmission, Female, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Rain, Temperature, Urban Health statistics & numerical data, Dengue epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks
- Abstract
An outbreak of dengue fever (DF), dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) in the city of Palembang, south Sumatra, Indonesia was investigated to (i) validate epidemic occurrence, (ii) confirm dengue virus aetiology and associated serotype(s), (iii) provide a demonstrable measure of community impact, and (iv) identify causative relationship (if any) with climatic El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences. Trend analysis based on a 6-year retrospective review of hospital records demonstrates a 3-fold increase in clinical cases for the outbreak period (January-April 1998), relative to historical records. In the 2 hospitals surveyed, the monthly mean number of outbreak-related dengue cases over 4 months was 833 (range 650-995 cases/month); the mean monthly value for the previous 72 months was 107 (range 14-779 cases/month). An apparent trend in epidemic transmission was observed, evolving from a 5-year cyclic phenomenon to an annual occurrence, often indistinguishable from one year to the next. The proportional distribution of clinical outbreak cases into DF, DHF and DSS diagnostic categories was 24%, 66%, and 10%, respectively. The population aged 10-19 years accounted for the largest (35%) proportion of hospitalized DHF cases, followed by children aged 5-9 years (25%) and children aged 4 years (16%). Serum samples obtained during acute illness from 221 hospitalized patients were examined using serology, RT-PCR, and virus isolation in cell culture: 59% of samples had laboratory evidence of a dengue infection. All 4 dengue virus serotypes (DEN 1-4) were identified in epidemic circulation, with DEN 3 predominating (43%). DEN 1 was the principal serotype associated with less severe dengue illness, suggesting that virulence may be, in part, a function of infecting serotype. The climatic influence of ENSO on rainfall and temperature in the months leading up to and during the outbreak was dramatic, and is likely to contribute to favourable outbreak conditions.
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- 2001
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34. Shigella spp. surveillance in Indonesia: the emergence or reemergence of S. dysenteriae.
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Subekti D, Oyofo BA, Tjaniadi P, Corwin AL, Larasati W, Putri M, Simanjuntak CH, Punjabi NH, Taslim J, Setiawan B, Djelantik AA, Sriwati L, Sumardiati A, Putra E, Campbell JR, and Lesmana M
- Subjects
- Adult, Child, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Humans, Indonesia, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Shigella dysenteriae drug effects, Shigella dysenteriae isolation & purification
- Abstract
From June 1998 through November 1999, Shigella spp. were isolated in 5% of samples from 3,848 children and adults with severe diarrheal illness in hospitals throughout Indonesia. S. dysenteriae has reemerged in Bali, Kalimantan, and Batam and was detected in Jakarta after a hiatus of 15 years.
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- 2001
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35. Genotypic analysis of hepatitis C virus in blood donors in Indonesia.
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Inoue Y, Sulaiman HA, Matsubayashi K, Julitasari, Iinuma K, Ansari A, Laras K, and Corwin AL
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- 5' Untranslated Regions chemistry, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Base Sequence, Child, DNA Primers chemistry, DNA, Viral chemistry, Electrophoresis, Agar Gel, Female, Genotype, Hepacivirus chemistry, Hepacivirus classification, Hepatitis C virology, Humans, Indonesia, Male, Middle Aged, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, RNA, Viral blood, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Blood Donors, Genetic Variation genetics, Hepacivirus genetics, Hepatitis C transmission
- Abstract
A study was conducted to describe the genetic diversity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a population of positive blood donors from throughout Indonesia. Repeat analysis by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of 102 anti-HCV positive samples showed that 67 gave HCV-specific positive signals by the PCR for the 5'-untranslated genomic region of HCV. Further genotypic analysis on 64 HCV RNA-positive samples indicated that 57 belonged to the following individual genotypes: 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, and 3b. The predominant HCV genotypes in this donor population were 1b (57.8%), 2a (17.2%), and 3b (10.9%). The core sequences of the 4 indeterminate samples when aligned with published sequences of various HCV genotypes showed a range of homology from 16.16% to 78.67%. Comparative analysis of genotypic representation from other anti-HCV-positive study populations, including polytransfused pediatric and adult renal dialysis groups, is now being carried out to determine the potential genotypic association with mechanistic HCV spread.
- Published
- 2000
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36. Shipboard impact of a probable Norwalk virus outbreak from coastal Japan.
- Author
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Corwin AL, Soderquist R, Edwards M, White A, Beecham J, Mills P, Larasati RP, Subekti D, Ansari T, Burans J, and Oyofo B
- Subjects
- Adult, Case-Control Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Feces virology, Gastroenteritis virology, Humans, Japan epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Norwalk virus genetics, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ships, United States, Caliciviridae Infections epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks, Gastroenteritis epidemiology, Military Personnel statistics & numerical data, Norwalk virus isolation & purification
- Abstract
Norwalk virus has been implicated in shipboard diarrheal disease outbreaks throughout Asia. A large outbreak of suspected Norwalk virus was investigated on a U.S. Naval aircraft carrier following the clinical recognition of 450 cases of gastroenteritis over a 2-week period (September 14-28, 1997) during coastal exercises. A random sampling of 44 cases from 450 personnel who sought medical attention was compared with 19 controls. Junior enlisted sailors and marines comprised 97% of all cases. There was no evidence of shipboard geographic clustering of cases. Furthermore, no single food type was associated with illness on the basis of comparative analysis (cases versus controls). Principal case signs and symptoms reported included watery stools (89%), nausea (82%), and vomiting (77%). Anecdotal reports indicated > 50% of the cases received rehydration therapy. An absence of fever was also noted in 32% of the cases and only 5% had blood in their stools. The mean duration of illness was 37 hr, with a range of 3-96 hr. Laboratory findings based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization methods showed that 21 (72%) of 29 patients had evidence of the UK2 prototype of the Norwalk virus. A cross-sectional study of 131 crew members from the ships population (n = 4,200) showed an attack rate of 44%. Attack rate is a variant of an incident rate applied to a narrowly defined population observed for a limited period of time, such as during an outbreak. The numerator is people who get sick and the denominator is people (population) at risk. An extrapolation of these findings suggests as many as 1,806 sailors may have been affected during the outbreak, of which only 26% (of the 57 outbreak related cases) where identified from sick call records. There was no difference in the mean ages between outbreak and non-outbreak affected crewmen, or geographic clustering based on berthing or work spaces. Outbreak-related cases reported signs and symptoms of watery-stools (79%), nausea (65%), and vomiting (47%). The mean duration of illness was 28 hr, ranging from 2 to 96 hr. Thirty-one percent of outbreak affected cases reported a sick call visit. Loss of work was reported by 39% of the outbreak affected population. This report documents the epidemic potential of Norwalk virus and the associated impact on fleet operational readiness. Additionally, that this outbreak occurred against a background of 3 other consecutive gastroenteritis outbreaks onboard the same ship (March 1997, February/March 1998, and June 1998), all sharing the same clinical and epidemiologic profiles, suggests possible shipboard persistence of Norwalk virus over time, despite periodic ship-wide disinfection efforts.
- Published
- 1999
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37. Norwalk-like virus and bacterial pathogens associated with cases of gastroenteritis onboard a US Navy ship.
- Author
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Oyofo BA, Soderquist R, Lesmana M, Subekti D, Tjaniadi P, Fryauff DJ, Corwin AL, Richie E, and Lebron C
- Subjects
- Acute Disease, Diarrhea epidemiology, Diarrhea parasitology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Feces microbiology, Feces parasitology, Gastroenteritis epidemiology, Gastroenteritis parasitology, Humans, Incidence, Norwalk virus genetics, RNA, Viral genetics, RNA, Viral isolation & purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ships, United States epidemiology, Caliciviridae Infections epidemiology, Diarrhea microbiology, Gastroenteritis microbiology, Military Personnel, Norwalk virus isolation & purification
- Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis is a potential cause of substantial morbidity in U.S. military personnel during deployment. This study investigated the microbial causes of diarrhea in U.S. troops on exercises in Southeast Asia aboard the U.S.S. Germantown from March through May 1996. A total of 49 (7%) patients with diarrhea reported to sick call during a 3-month deployment involving 721 personnel. Diarrheal samples from 49 patients were subjected to bacterial and parasitologic examination, but sufficient samples from only 47 of 49 were available for analysis of the presence of Norwalk-like virus (NLV). Of the 49 diarrhea cases, 10 (20.4%) appeared to be due to bacterial etiology alone, 10 (20.4%) due to bacteria and the prototype Taunton agent (TNA), 11 (22.4%) due to TNA only, and 4 (8.0%) due to parasites. Norwalk-like virus RNA was present in 21 (45%) of 47 stool samples from the diarrhea cases, 10 with bacterial etiologies and 11 without bacterial or parasitic etiologies. No pathogen was detected in 14 (29%) of the cases. Four of the controls showed the presence of parasitic organisms. Of the 11 cases in which enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was isolated, 8 were positive for colonization factor antigen (CFA/IV), and 3 were CFA-negative. The bacterial pathogens tested were all susceptible to gentamicin, and furadantin, but were resistant to ceftriaxone and norfloxacin, including 75% of the Campylobacter spp. These data support the view that the major cause of diarrhea for troops deployed in this geographic area is most likely NLVs.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. The unique riverine ecology of hepatitis E virus transmission in South-East Asia.
- Author
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Corwin AL, Tien NT, Bounlu K, Winarno J, Putri MP, Laras K, Larasati RP, Sukri N, Endy T, Sulaiman HA, and Hyams KC
- Subjects
- Adult, Asia, Southeastern epidemiology, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Hepatitis Antibodies immunology, Hepatitis E epidemiology, Hepatitis E virus immunology, Hot Temperature, Humans, Immunoglobulin G analysis, Male, Prevalence, Topography, Medical, Water Microbiology, Ecology, Hepatitis E transmission, Water Supply
- Abstract
The ecology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) transmission in South-East Asia was assessed from a review of 6 published and 3 unpublished NAMRU-2 reports of hepatitis outbreak investigations, cross-sectional prevalence studies, and hospital-based case-control studies. Findings from Indonesia and Viet Nam show epidemic foci centred in jungle, riverine environments. In contrast, few cases of acute, clinical hepatitis from cities in Indonesia, Viet Nam and Laos could be attributed to HEV. When communities in Indonesia were grouped into areas of low (< 40%), medium (40-60%), and high (> 60%) prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies, uses of river water for drinking and cooking, personal washing, and human excreta disposal were all significantly associated with high prevalence of infection. Conversely, boiling of river drinking water was negatively associated with higher prevalence (P < 0.01). The protective value of boiling river water was also shown in sporadic HEV transmission in Indonesia and in epidemic and sporadic spread in Viet Nam. Evidence from Indonesia indicated that the decreased dilution of HEV in river water due to unusually dry weather contributed to risk of epidemic HEV transmission. But river flooding conditions and contamination added to the risk of HEV infection in Viet Nam. These findings attest to a unique combination of ecological and environmental conditions predisposing to epidemic HEV spread in South-East Asia.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Prevalence of enteric hepatitis A and E viruses in the Mekong River delta region of Vietnam.
- Author
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Hau CH, Hien TT, Tien NT, Khiem HB, Sac PK, Nhung VT, Larasati RP, Laras K, Putri MP, Doss R, Hyams KC, and Corwin AL
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Disease Reservoirs, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Fresh Water, Hepatitis Antibodies analysis, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Vietnam epidemiology, Hepatitis A epidemiology, Hepatitis E epidemiology, Hepatitis E virus immunology, Hepatovirus immunology, Water Microbiology
- Abstract
A study of antibody prevalence for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) was carried out in southwestern Vietnam in an area adjacent to a known focus of epidemic HEV transmission. The purpose of this investigation was first to provide a prevalence measure of hepatitis infections, and second to determine the outbreak potential of HEV as a function of the susceptible population. Blood specimens collected from 646 persons in randomly selected village hamlets were examined by an ELISA for anti-HEV IgG and anti-HAV IgG. The prevalences of anti-HEV IgG and anti-HAV IgG were 9% and 97%, respectively. There was a significant increase (P < 0.01) in age-specific anti-HEV IgG. A notable increase in anti-HAV IgG prevalence (P < 0.0001) occurred between child populations 0-4 (64%) and 5-9 (95%) years of age. No evidence of familial clustering of anti-HEV IgG-positive individuals was detected, and household crowding was not associated with the spread of HEV. Boiling of water was found to be of protective value against HEV transmission. A relatively low prevalence of anti-HEV indicates considerable HEV outbreak potential, against a background of 1) poor, water-related hygiene/sanitation, 2) dependence on a (likely human/animal waste)-contaminated Mekong riverine system, and 3) periodic river flooding.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Acute jaundice in Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic.
- Author
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Bounlu K, Insisiengmay S, Vanthanouvong K, Saykham, Widjaja S, Iinuma K, Matsubayashi K, Laras K, Putri MP, Endy TP, Vaughn DW, Raengsakulrach B, Hyams KC, Hayden M, Scheffel C, and Corwin AL
- Subjects
- Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Hepatitis Antibodies blood, Hepatitis, Viral, Human blood, Hepatitis, Viral, Human epidemiology, Hepatitis, Viral, Human immunology, Humans, Jaundice blood, Jaundice immunology, Laos epidemiology, Male, Risk Factors, Hepatitis, Viral, Human virology, Jaundice epidemiology, Jaundice virology
- Abstract
Analysis of serum samples from patients with acute jaundice by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction testing provided the first profile of this condition in Vientiane, Lao PDR, in 1995 and 1996. In a case-control, hospital-based study, evidence of acute infections due to hepatitis A and B viruses was found in 14% and 10% of cases, respectively. Hepatitis E virus, however, did not appear to contribute to clinically recognized acute jaundice. Similarly, antibody to hepatitis C virus was recognized in almost equal proportions of cases (8%) and controls (6%), thus representing probable background infections. The detection of hepatitis G virus marks the first report of this virus in Lao PDR. The large proportion (21%) of new leptospiral infections in cases without acute hepatitis A or B was notable. This finding suggests significant regional underreporting of leptospirosis as a cause of acute jaundice. The limited laboratory diagnostic capabilities for confirming a differential diagnosis of leptospirosis contribute to the lack of attention paid to this important health problem.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Impact of epidemic influenza A-like acute respiratory illness in a remote jungle highland population in Irian Jaya, Indonesia.
- Author
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Corwin AL, Simanjuntak CH, Ingkokusumo G, Sukri N, Larasati RP, Subianto B, Muslim HZ, Burni E, Laras K, Putri MP, Hayes C, and Cox N
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Infant, Influenza, Human virology, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Rural Population, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza, Human epidemiology
- Abstract
A suspected epidemic of unknown etiology was investigated in April/May 1996 in the remote jungle highlands of easternmost Indonesia. Trend analysis demonstrates the area-wide occurrence of a major respiratory infection outbreak in November 1995 through February 1996. The monthly mean rate of respiratory infection episodes for the peak outbreak months (2,477 episodes/100,000 persons) was significantly higher (P < .0001) than for the 34 months leading up to the outbreak (109 episodes/100,000 persons). Notable were the high attack rates, particularly among adults: 202 episodes/1,000 persons aged 20-50 years in one community. Excess morbidity attributed to the outbreak was an estimated 4,338 episodes. The overall case-fatality rate was 15.1% of outbreak cases. Laboratory evidence confirmed the circulation of influenza A/Taiwan/1/86-like viruses in the study population, and high hemagglutination inhibition titer responses were indicative of recent infections. Historical documents from neighboring Papua New Guinea highlight the role of influenza A virus in repeated area outbreaks.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Short report: surveillance of rickettsial infections in Indonesian military personnel during peace keeping operations in Cambodia.
- Author
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Corwin AL, Soeprapto W, Widodo PS, Rahardjo E, Kelly DJ, Dasch GA, Olson JG, Sie A, Larasati RP, and Richards AL
- Subjects
- Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Cambodia epidemiology, Indonesia, Prevalence, Military Personnel, Rickettsia Infections epidemiology
- Abstract
Indonesian peacekeepers in Cambodia provided a unique study population to estimate the threat of rickettsial exposure to Rickettsia typhi (murine typhus), Orientia tsutsugamushi, (scrub typhus), and R. conorii (spotted fever) for the region. Prescreening prevalence measure showed a large proportion (36%) of soldiers with antibodies to R. typhi. Predeployment prevalence for antibodies to O. tsutsugamushi was 8%, with no evidence of background R. conorii infections. Actual seroconversions of R. typhi (3) and O. tsutsugamushi (1), attributed to exposure(s) in Cambodia, translated into annualized incidence rates of 24 and 8 per 1,000 per year, respectively. Surveillance of rickettsial infections and/or disease is particularly warranted in Cambodia with recent recognition of drug-resistant scrub typhus in neighboring Thailand.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Short report: evidence of worldwide transmission of hepatitis G virus.
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Corwin AL, Hyams KC, Kim JP, Wages J, Doss R, Sulaiman A, Mitchell B, Arthur R, Bassily S, Punjabi NH, Laras K, Duc DD, and Watts D
- Subjects
- Humans, Flaviviridae isolation & purification, Global Health, Hepatitis, Viral, Human transmission, Hepatitis, Viral, Human virology
- Abstract
Hepatitis G virus (HGV) has been recently documented in the Americas, Europe, and Australia. Distinct risk populations from North Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia were screened for HGV, in addition to hepatitis B and C viruses. First time recognition of HGV is described from Egypt and Indonesia. Notable is the high proportion of HGV positive individuals among multiply transfused children, ranging from 24% of those sampled from Egypt to 32% in Indonesia. Also, data from Peru suggest the likely association of HGV infection with progressive liver disease. Hepatitis G virus should be considered a world-wide health concern.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Seroepidemiologic evidence for murine and scrub typhus in Malang, Indonesia.
- Author
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Richards AL, Soeatmadji DW, Widodo MA, Sardjono TW, Yanuwiadi B, Hernowati TE, Baskoro AD, Roebiyoso, Hakim L, Soendoro M, Rahardjo E, Putri MP, Saragih JM, Strickman D, Kelly DJ, Dasch GA, Olson JG, Church CJ, and Corwin AL
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Infant, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Rodent Diseases epidemiology, Rural Population, Scrub Typhus veterinary, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Shrews, Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne veterinary, Urban Population, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Orientia tsutsugamushi immunology, Rickettsia typhi immunology, Scrub Typhus epidemiology, Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne epidemiology
- Abstract
Indonesian military personnel stationed in Malang, East Java were among troops deployed to central Cambodia as part of the United Nations' Transition Authority Cambodia peace-keeping operation in 1992. Predeployment blood samples obtained from a cohort of Indonesian soldiers indicated a high prevalence of antibodies to antigens of Rickettsia typhi or Orientia (formerly Rickettsia) tsutsugamushi, the etiologic agents for murine and scrub typhus, respectively. To evaluate the potential risk of these rickettsial diseases in the Malang area, a subsequent seroepidemiologic survey was conducted. This study involved civilian personnel residing within one of three Malang kelurahans (neighborhoods) representing urban, suburban, and rural communities. The heads-of-households from 197 homes completed a detailed epidemiologic survey. In addition, blood samples were collected from 464 individuals residing within the households surveyed. Examination of civilian blood samples disclosed that 34.7% and 1.3% of the study participants were seroreactive to R. typhi and O. tsutsugamushi, respectively. These results were similar to those obtained earlier from the military samples. In addition, assessment of 78 blood samples obtained from peridomestic rodents trapped from within or near the households surveyed showed that 28 were reactive to R. typhi antigens and four were reactive to O. tsutsugamushi antigens. These data indicate that military and civilian personnel living in the Malang area of East Java are at risk of infection with rickettsiae that are antigenically indistinguishable from those that cause murine and scrub typhus.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. The first reported outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Irian Jaya, Indonesia.
- Author
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Richards AL, Bagus R, Baso SM, Follows GA, Tan R, Graham RR, Sandjaja B, Corwin AL, and Punjabi N
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Antibodies, Viral blood, Child, Child, Preschool, Dengue diagnosis, Dengue immunology, Dengue virology, Dengue Virus classification, Dengue Virus immunology, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin G blood, Immunoglobulin M blood, Indonesia epidemiology, Infant, Male, Viremia virology, Dengue epidemiology, Dengue Virus isolation & purification, Disease Outbreaks
- Abstract
During the months of September 1993 through February 1994, an outbreak of hemorrhagic fever occurred in the city of Jayapura, the provincial capital of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Seventy-two patients (age range = 1-41 years) with suspected dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) were enrolled into the outbreak investigation conducted during October-November 1993. The pediatric patient population consisted of 36 individuals ages 1-12 years of age with a similar male to female ratio. From clinical histories obtained from the children diagnosed with DHF (n = 23), the predominant complaints were fever (100%), headache (96.7%), vomiting (47.8%), abdominal pain (39.1%), back/bone pain (39.1%), cough (39.1%), sore throat (21.7%), convulsions (17.4%), and eye pain (13.0%). Clinical findings of the same pediatric patients included a positive tourniquet test result (100%), thrombocytopenia (100%), hemoconcentration (100%), skin petechiae (43.5%), epistaxis (39.1%), and maculopapular rash (26%). All four of the children diagnosed with DHF grade IV had hepatomegaly, pleural effusion, ascites, cold perspiration, and confusion. Serologic data demonstrated that a majority (46 of 70, 68.7%) of the individuals assessed did not have significant levels of IgM specific for dengue viruses at the time of their admission. However, the nine successful dengue virus isolations were only from these serononreactive cases (19.6%). From the other patients assessed, 11.4% had a primary (or first exposure) serologic response to dengue virus antigen (predominantly IgM); 17.1% had a secondary (or subsequent exposure) serologic response to the same dengue antigens (predominantly IgG response) and 5.7% (four adults) had indeterminate serologic data that could not differentiate between reactivity to dengue or Japanese encephalitis virus antigen preparations. Virus culture of blood samples produced nine dengue virus isolates: DEN- 1 (2), DEN-2 (1), and DEN-3 (6). Japanese encephalitis and influenza viruses were not isolated from blood and pharyngeal specimens, respectively, from any of the patients. Thus, this first reported outbreak of DHF in Irian Jaya, Indonesia was found to be attributed to dengue viruses types 1, 2, and 3.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Genetic, antigenic and serologic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from Indonesia.
- Author
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Porter KR, Mascola JR, Hupudio H, Ewing D, VanCott TC, Anthony RL, Corwin AL, Widodo S, Ertono S, McCutchan FE, Burke DS, Hayes CG, Wignall FS, and Graham RR
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Binding Sites, CD4 Antigens metabolism, DNA, Viral analysis, DNA, Viral chemistry, Female, Genotype, HIV Antigens immunology, HIV Envelope Protein gp120 chemistry, HIV Envelope Protein gp120 genetics, HIV Envelope Protein gp120 immunology, HIV Seropositivity epidemiology, HIV-1 genetics, HIV-1 immunology, Humans, Immune Sera immunology, Indonesia epidemiology, Male, Military Personnel, Molecular Sequence Data, Neutralization Tests, Peptide Fragments chemistry, Peptide Fragments genetics, Peptide Fragments immunology, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Risk Factors, Serotyping, HIV Seropositivity virology, HIV-1 classification
- Abstract
To examine the genetic and antigenic characteristics of HIV-1 in Indonesia, samples from 19 HIV-positive volunteers were studied. By a combination of PCR typing and DNA sequence analysis, 12 of the 19 volunteers were determined to be infected with HIV-1 clade B and seven with clade E. Six of the seven Indonesian clade E isolates were from volunteers associated with the Indonesian Military during a peacekeeping mission in Cambodia. Infectivity reduction neutralization assays showed that the Indonesian E viruses were effectively neutralized by Thailand clade E HIV-1 antisera but not by U.S. clade B antisera. The Indonesian clade B virus tested was neutralized by U.S. clade B antisera and not by the Thailand E antisera. Using a previously described serologic typing ELISA based on clade B and E V3 peptides, genetic clade was accurately determined in eight of eight sera tested. This is the first report of the genetic and antigenic analysis of HIV-1 isolates from Indonesia. The data indicate that at least two genetic and antigenic HIV-1 clades (clade E and B) circulate in Indonesia.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Acute viral hepatitis in Hanoi, Viet Nam.
- Author
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Corwin AL, Dai TC, Duc DD, Suu PI, Van NT, Ha LD, Janick M, Kanti L, Sie A, Soderquist R, Graham R, Wignall SF, and Hyams KC
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Hepacivirus isolation & purification, Hepatitis B virus isolation & purification, Hepatitis E virus isolation & purification, Hepatitis, Viral, Human physiopathology, Hepatitis, Viral, Human transmission, Hepatovirus isolation & purification, Humans, Immunoglobulin G blood, Immunoglobulin M blood, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Vietnam, Hepatitis, Viral, Human virology
- Abstract
A study of acute hepatitis was conducted in Hanoi, Viet Nam, from January 1993 to February 1995; 188 sera from clinical hepatitis cases were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin (Ig) M anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV), IgM anti-hepatitis B core antigen (HBc), IgG anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV), IgG anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) and IgM anti-HEV. Additionally, 187 sera from control subjects, matched by age, sex and month of admission, with no recent history of hepatitis, were tested for comparative purposes. There was serological evidence of recent HAV (29%) and hepatitis B virus (24%) infection in 53% of cases (2 mixed infections), compared with 2% of controls. HCV infections were detected in 10% of cases (with no IgM anti-HAV or IgM anti-HBc) and in 1% of control sera. There was no significant difference in the proportion of IgG anti-HEV positive sera between cases (in the absence of IgM anti-HAV or IgM anti-HBc) (21%) and controls (14%); 3% of all case sera were IgM anti-HEV positive. Younger cases (< 20 years) were more likely to have recent HAV infections (41%) than those aged > or = 20 years (21%) (P < 0.01). In contrast, a higher percentage of adult cases had IgM anti-HBc, IgG anti-HCV and IgG anti-HEV (in the absence of recent HAV or HBV infection) than did children. No seasonal trend in hepatitis admissions was detected, nor an association between water-borne infections (HAV and HEV) and the warmer months. Hepatitis patients lived throughout Hanoi and surrounding areas, with no identifiable geographical clustering, regardless of serological marker.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. A waterborne outbreak of hepatitis E virus transmission in southwestern Vietnam.
- Author
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Corwin AL, Khiem HB, Clayson ET, Pham KS, Vo TT, Vu TY, Cao TT, Vaughn D, Merven J, Richie TL, Putri MP, He J, Graham R, Wignall FS, and Hyams KC
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Hepatitis Antibodies blood, Hepatitis E complications, Hepatitis E immunology, Hepatitis E virus immunology, Humans, Immunoglobulin G blood, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Vietnam epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks, Hepatitis E epidemiology, Water Microbiology, Water Supply standards
- Abstract
A hepatitis outbreak affecting primarily adults occurred in southwestern Vietnam, along the Hau river bordering Cambodia, in June and July 1994. One month after the outbreak, sera and epidemiologic information were collected from 150 subjects: 50 patient cases, 50 matched, healthy community controls, and 50 geographic controls living 50 km upriver. The prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to hepatitis E virus (HEV) was significantly (P < 0.001) higher (76%) among cases than among the matched (38%) and geographic (38%) control populations. Immunoglobulin M to HEV was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot in 16% of sera collected from patients one month after the outbreak. Hepatitis E virus RNA was detected with the polymerase chain reaction in 6% of sera from patients; RNA was not detected in either control group. These results indicate that HEV was the etiologic agent responsible for the outbreak. Children were under-represented among clinical cases. River water served as the principal source for drinking and bathing among most (96%) of the case and control study populations. Boiling of drinking water was negatively associated (P < 0.05) with IgG anti-HEV seropositivity. Unusually heavy rainfall likely contributed to conditions that favored the outbreak. This is the first recognized outbreak of epidemic HEV transmission in Indo-China.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Prevalence of hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralizing antibodies to arboviruses in horses of java.
- Author
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Widjaja S, Soekotjo W, Hartati S, Jennings GB, and Corwin AL
- Subjects
- Alphavirus Infections prevention & control, Animals, Encephalitis, Japanese prevention & control, Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests veterinary, Horse Diseases epidemiology, Horse Diseases virology, Indonesia, Neutralization Tests veterinary, Prevalence, Viral Plaque Assay veterinary, Alphavirus Infections veterinary, Antibodies, Viral analysis, Chikungunya virus immunology, Disease Reservoirs veterinary, Encephalitis Virus, Japanese immunology, Encephalitis, Japanese veterinary, Horses virology
- Abstract
A study was conducted to measure the prevalence of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralizing antibodies against two arboviruses (Chikungunya and Japanese encephalitis virus) in horses of Java, Indonesia. Blood specimens were collected from a sample of 112 horses at two stables: Pulo Mas, a racing track-horse complex, located in a residential area in North Jakarta, and Pamulang, a riding school, located in a rural environment of West Jaya. Sera were tested by the HI assay and plaque reduction neutralization test. JEV antibodies were detected by HI in 58 (52%) of the horses, while only 11 (10%) had Chikungunya antibodies by HI. The proportion of Pamulang horses infected with JEV (66%) was significantly higher than found among Pulo Mas horses (40%) screened (p < 0.01). Of the 58 horses with JEV antibodies by HI, 52 (90%) were found to have specific neutralization antibodies to JEV. HI and neutralization tests on horse sera indicated that the risk to alpha virus infections was minimal in horses surveyed from Java. However, there was a high risk of JEV infection among the same population.
- Published
- 1995
50. Low risk of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus in Somalia.
- Author
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Watts DM, Corwin AL, Omar MA, and Hyams KC
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Hepacivirus immunology, Hepatitis C epidemiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Somalia epidemiology, Hepatitis Antibodies blood, Hepatitis C transmission, Sexually Transmitted Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
The prevalence in Somalia of antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was determined in a survey of 236 female prostitutes, 80 sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic patients, 79 male soldiers, and 43 tuberculosis patients. Of 98 (22%) serum samples repeatedly anti-HCV reactive by first and second generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, only 8 (1.8%) were anti-HCV positive by immunoblot assay (RIBA-2). Anti-HCV seropositivity by immunoblot assay was not associated with any risk group or with positive syphilis serology (found in 18% of subjects) or antibody to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (in 1.4% of subjects). These data indicate that sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus is not common in Somalia among sexually active populations, including female prostitutes and other groups at high risk of STDs and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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