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Offender readiness is important to the success of substance abuse and therapeutic programs. Prisons provide a variety of programs, including reentry, vocational, and creative programs that have been shown to improve reentry success. And yet, the concept of program readiness has not been examined in these contexts. We explore the development of a broader measure of program readiness. Toward this goal, we developed a preliminary generalized program readiness measure for correctional programming more broadly. Results supported a two-factor measure, desire for help and recognition of program needs. These findings support continued research and development of a generalized program readiness measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents serious errors, corrections and omissions in the New York Times coverage of the Israel-Hamas war in Gaza from October 2023 to June 2024. The Times was selected for investigation since it is one of the most influential newspapers in the world. Errors were identified by external sources, corrections were late, vague and evasive. Omissions created false context and reporting, and lacked transparency. Among the explored case studies and issues: Al-Ahli Hospital explosion, civilian casualties, misquoting Israeli leaders, employing questionable journalists, and internal newsroom testimonials. The findings reveal misleading repeated errors, inadequate corrections, significant omissions, and poor editorial supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated whether corrections can combat climate disinformation. Using a preregistered quota-based online experiment in Germany (N = 1401), we tested how the effectiveness of disinformation correction in reducing climate misperceptions was influenced by correction placement (prebunking or debunking) and correction type (focused on facts, logic, or the combination of both). We investigated how populist radical-right (PRR) attitudes moderate the effect of disinformation correction and whether correction alleviates the negative effects of disinformation on efficacy beliefs to mitigate climate change (EBMCC) through reduced misperceptions. All debunking conditions and the logic-focused prebunking condition significantly reduced climate misperceptions. Prebunking was only effective under the logic-focused correction condition. We found no moderating effect of PRR attitudes on climate misperceptions, suggesting that corrections similarly benefitted all participants. In addition, a significant indirect effect of corrections was observed on EBMCC via climate misperceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-directed violence (SDV) comprises both suicide and self-injury and represents a pressing problem among incarcerated persons. Negative impacts of SDV in correctional settings also extend to behavioral health clinicians (BHCs) (e.g., job turnover). Correctional SDV risk assessment and management standards include staff training as part of the comprehensive approach. The Core Competency Model for Corrections (CCM-C) is a novel, evidence-informed training program for BHCs covering both clinician self-management and clinical care skills. Methods: This pilot trial is a type 3 hybrid implementation–effectiveness approach. It will employ a wait-list control sequential cross-over design. Participants (N = 50–100) will be BHCs employed by the North Carolina Department of Adult Corrections. Following stratification for years of clinical experience, BHCs will be randomly assigned to (1) a training group that receives CCM-C immediately and (2) a wait-list control receiving CCM-C approximately 6 weeks later. Electronically administrated survey evaluation will occur across baseline and two follow-up (i.e., 2 weeks after each training session) time points. Discussion: The primary outcome is feasibility assessed through collaboration with a Corrections Advisory Panel and feedback from BHCs. Secondary effectiveness outcomes that will be evaluated over time include SDV-related knowledge, attitudes, stigma, and intent to use training content. We will examine a tertiary outcome, namely compassion fatigue. Clinical trial limitations and impacts are discussed. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT06359574. This study was registered on 04/05/2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: We estimated the prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the Norwegian, Danish and Swedish prison populations and compared the prevalence of SUDs in the national prison populations with country‐specific general population prevalence rates. Design: A multi‐national cohort study using data from the National Prison Registries linked to the National Patient Registries in Norway, Denmark and Sweden. Setting and participants: We used data from the PriSUD‐Nordic study, including national prison populations aged 19 years and older in Norway (2010–19), Denmark (2010–18) and Sweden (2010–13). A total of 119 507 Individuals (108 971 men and 10 536 women) contributing to 191 549 incarcerations were included in the study (Norway: 45432 men; 5429 women, Denmark: 42 162 men; 3370 women, Sweden: 21 377 men; 1737 women). Measurement: We calculated a study prevalence and prevalence at entry to prison for all types of SUDs before imprisonment each consecutive year of observation in each prison population. We also extracted country‐specific 1‐year prevalence rates from the Global Burden of Diseases database to calculate comparative national prevalence ratios. Findings The study prevalence of any SUD was approximately 40% [Norway: 44.0%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 43.6–44.5%; Denmark: 39.9%, CI = 39.5–40.4%; Sweden: 39.1%, CI = 38.4–39.7%] in all three countries. Women had a significantly higher study prevalence of any SUD compared with men (Norway: 55.8 versus 42.6%, P < 0.001; Denmark 43.1 versus 39.7%, P = 0.004; Sweden: 51.7 versus 38.0%, P < 0.001). Prevalence estimates were higher for SUDs among people in prison than in the general population. We observed an increasing proportion of people with SUDs entering prison in Norway (P = 0.003), while the proportion was more stable in Denmark and Sweden. Conclusions: Substance use disorders (SUDs) appear to be highly prevalent among the Scandinavian prison populations compared with the general population, especially among women. In Norway, there was a relative increase in SUDs from 2010 to 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All 50 state Departments of Corrections (DOC) provide some form of handbook to inmates upon their incarceration. Handbooks specify, in part, the rules, regulations, responsibilities, and consequences of behavior critical for upholding safety, security, and order within correctional institutions. Considering the vital importance of these documents to the inmate and the institution, it is essential they be written at a level accessible and understandable to incarcerees. The present multi-method study first assessed the purpose of inmate handbooks. Qualitative results suggest handbooks serve as informational guides regarding the facility's rules. Moreover, a significant portion of the handbooks emphasize that inmates bear the responsibility of understanding and adhering to the instructions outlined in the provided guide. Next, quantitative analysis of 74 inmate handbooks from DOCs in 49 US states was completed, utilizing three established readability metrics (the Flesch Readability Scale, the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, and the SMOG index), to determine whether handbooks are suitably written for their intended inmate audience. All 74 reviewed handbooks significantly exceeded a reasonable expectation of readability given the likely literacy and education levels of inmates. Recommendations are provided for the improvement of inmate handbook readability drawing on the empirical findings of the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North Dakota Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation has developed two methods of working with lowliteracy students. One is testing for accommodations for GED testing. The other is integrating the STAR literacy program for adult readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Improving access to high-quality healthcare for individuals in correctional settings is critical to advancing health equity in the United States. Compared to the general population, criminal-legal involved individuals experience higher rates of chronic health conditions and poorer health outcomes. Implementation science frameworks and strategies offer useful tools to integrate health interventions into criminal-legal settings and to improve care. A review of implementation science in criminal-legal settings to date is necessary to advance future applications. This systematic review summarizes research that has harnessed implementation science to promote the uptake of effective health interventions in adult criminal-legal settings. METHODS: A systematic review of seven databases (Academic Search Premier, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, Social Work Abstracts, ProQuest Criminal Justice Database, ProQuest Sociological Abstracts, MEDLINE/PubMed) was conducted. Eligible studies used an implementation science framework to assess implementation outcomes, determinants, and/or implementation strategies in adult criminal-legal settings. Qualitative synthesis was used to extract and summarize settings, study designs, sample characteristics, methods, and application of implementation science methods. Implementation strategies were further analyzed using the Pragmatic Implementation Reporting Tool. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies met inclusion criteria. Studies implemented interventions to address infectious diseases (n=9), substance use (n=6), mental health (n=5), co-occurring substance use and mental health (n=2), or other health conditions (n=2). Studies varied in their operationalization and description of guiding implementation frameworks/taxonomies. Sixteen studies reported implementation determinants and 12 studies measured implementation outcomes, with acceptability (n=5), feasibility (n=3), and reach (n=2) commonly assessed. Six studies tested implementation strategies. Systematic review results were used to generate recommendations for improving implementation success in criminal-legal contexts. CONCLUSIONS: The focus on implementation determinants in correctional health studies reflects the need to tailor implementation efforts to complex organizational and inter-agency contexts. Future studies should investigate policy factors that influence implementation success, design, and test implementation strategies tailored to determinants, and investigate a wider array of implementation outcomes relevant to criminal-legal settings, health interventions relevant to adult and juvenile populations, and health equity outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: A study protocol (CRD42020114111) was registered with Prospero.

Abstract Background Self-directed violence (SDV) comprises both suicide and self-injury and represents a pressing problem among incarcerated persons. Negative impacts of SDV in correctional settings also extend to behavioral health clinicians (BHCs) (e.g., job turnover). Correctional SDV risk assessment and management standards include staff training as part of the comprehensive approach. The Core Competency Model for Corrections (CCM-C) is a novel, evidence-informed training program for BHCs covering both clinician self-management and clinical care skills. Methods This pilot trial is a type 3 hybrid implementation–effectiveness approach. It will employ a wait-list control sequential cross-over design. Participants (N = 50–100) will be BHCs employed by the North Carolina Department of Adult Corrections. Following stratification for years of clinical experience, BHCs will be randomly assigned to (1) a training group that receives CCM-C immediately and (2) a wait-list control receiving CCM-C approximately 6 weeks later. Electronically administrated survey evaluation will occur across baseline and two follow-up (i.e., 2 weeks after each training session) time points. Discussion The primary outcome is feasibility assessed through collaboration with a Corrections Advisory Panel and feedback from BHCs. Secondary effectiveness outcomes that will be evaluated over time include SDV-related knowledge, attitudes, stigma, and intent to use training content. We will examine a tertiary outcome, namely compassion fatigue. Clinical trial limitations and impacts are discussed. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT06359574. This study was registered on 04/05/2024.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent impact on psychological work, Division 41 of the American Psychological Association convened a taskforce to provide guidance to its membership regarding the use of technology for practice and research at the intersection of psychology and law. Drawing from existing research in psychology-law and beyond, as well as the first-hand experience of taskforce members, this document outlines foundational guidance to apply technology to forensic and correctional work while acknowledging these settings provide unique challenges to ethical practice. The recommendations provide support for psychologists involved in assessment, treatment, training, and research. However, these recommendations may not exhaustively apply to all areas of psycholegal practice or all forms of technology. Further, these recommendations are intended to be consulted in conjunction with other professional practice guidelines, emerging research, and policy changes that impact the integration of technologies into this work.

Abstract Fake news can have enduring effects on memory and beliefs. An ongoing theoretical debate has investigated whether corrections (fact-checks) should include reminders of fake news. The familiarity backfire account proposes that reminders hinder correction (increasing interference), whereas integration-based accounts argue that reminders facilitate correction (promoting memory integration). In three experiments, we examined how different types of corrections influenced memory for and belief in news headlines. In the exposure phase, participants viewed real and fake news headlines. In the correction phase, participants viewed reminders of fake news that either reiterated the false details (complete) or prompted recall of missing false details (partial); reminders were followed by fact-checked headlines correcting the false details. Both reminder types led to proactive interference in memory for corrected details, but complete reminders produced less interference than partial reminders (Experiment 1). However, when participants had fewer initial exposures to fake news and experienced a delay between exposure and correction, this effect was reversed; partial reminders led to proactive facilitation, enhancing correction (Experiment 2). This effect occurred regardless of the delay before correction (Experiment 3), suggesting that the effects of partial reminders depend on the number of prior fake news exposures. In all experiments, memory and perceived accuracy were better when fake news and corrections were recollected, implicating a critical role for integrative encoding. Overall, we show that when memories of fake news are weak or less accessible, partial reminders are more effective for correction; when memories of fake news are stronger or more accessible, complete reminders are preferable.

Guided by the premise that an individual's safety may be more at risk when their routines, personal attributes, or lack of guardianship influence their opportunity for exposure to violence, we examined the factors that influenced victimization risks and safety perceptions among a representative sample of respondents incarcerated at a large Midwestern jail. Results showed that vulnerable individuals such as those who were victimized prior to their incarceration, and those who antagonized others such as those who perpetrated assault, were threatened more often, were more at risk of assault victimization, and perceived more dangerous conditions. Conversely, females and individuals with greater self-control were less likely to have experienced victimization and generally felt safer in jail. Our results illustrate the importance of identifying and protecting individuals who might experience greater safety risks during jail incarceration and should be interpreted alongside research and policy aimed at improving safety and welfare within correctional institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrective service agencies worldwide have started to introduce body-worn cameras (BWCs) in prisons as part of correctional officers' personal protective equipment. Like the policing context, this technology is often introduced in haste, with little consideration of the privacy and ethical concerns that may be raised through this more intensive form of prisoner surveillance. No studies to date have explored the decision-making of correctional officers around BWCs. Thus, this article details a mixed-methods study of correctional officers' use of BWCs in Queensland, Australia. This study demonstrates how correctional officers exercise their discretion around BWC use, including how and in what situations they activate their camera and the ways they navigate the use of this technology amidst prisoner privacy and security concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much is unknown about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the carceral experience. Firsthand accounts, however, can illuminate how the virus traveled through correctional institutions and how operational changes intended to mitigate virus transmission altered daily life for incarcerated people. Analyzing semi-structured interviews with 53 individuals released from state prisons, county jails, and halfway houses in a northeastern U.S. state between October 2020 and June 2021, this study explores the shifting conditions of confinement in the early months of the pandemic, as well as how incarcerated individuals experienced the pandemic in terms of their mental and physical health, safety, and trust in correctional institutions. Interviewees described the spread of COVID-19 in correctional environments and how it led to several pandemic-related changes, such as stoppages or adjustments to programs, visits, recreation time, and movement around the facility. The data ultimately suggest that pandemic lockdown measures, instituted to prevent virus transmission, led to environments akin to solitary confinement and compromised the ability of incarcerated individuals to connect with loved ones, exacerbated their fears about contracting the virus, and further eroded their trust in correctional institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial examines how the COVID-19 pandemic influences public trust in authorities, including government, police, and corrections, considering factors such as fear, perceptions of fairness, and prior interactions.

One of the biggest cases of prisoners (WBP) in correctional institutions throughout Indonesia is Narcotics Cases. The number of prisoners in Indonesia ranks 7th in the World after the United States, China, Brazil, India, Russia, and Turkey which is around 275,518 WBP. As the prison capacity can only accommodate 140,424 WBP so that the overcapacity experienced is around 96%, while other data shows more than 158,000 WBP as narcotics cases (60%). The same thing is also experienced by the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of South Sumatra with a total of 20 Technical Implementation Units (UPT) of Correctional Institutions (Lapas) and State Detention Centers (Rutan). At the South Sumatra Ministry of Law and Human Rights regional office, there are two special narcotics prisons, namely the Banyuasin narcotics prison and the Muara Beliti narcotics prison. The Banyuasin narcotics prison is the closest to the capital of South Sumatra province, which has a capacity of 484 WBP and is filled with 851 WBP narcotics cases. With such large numbers, it is important to encourage and maximize the Revitalization of Correctional Administration program to optimize the guidance of prisoners based on their level of risk keeping in mind the principle of legal protection and respect for human rights based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The Directorate General of Corrections made a breakthrough to optimize the guidance of prisoners by implementing the Correctional Implementation Revitalization policy stipulated in the Ministry of Law and Human Rights Regulation Number 35 of 2018, concerning the correctional implementation revitalization policy which discusses the Determination of Super Maximum Security, Maximum Security, Medium Security, and Minimum Security Pilot Project Correctional Institutions. The application of the latest rules of Corrections, namely Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning corrections, where the correctional concept has an inseparable goal from an integrated criminal justice system organized by the government as part of the law enforcement process in the context of services as well as coaching and mentoring for social reintegration. It does not yet have a real model and concept and is felt by the community related to the Empowerment of Narcotics Case Prisoners in the context of realizing social reintegration. It can also be seen from the data in the South Sumatra Regional Office that there are more dealers than users, which is very funny and unreasonable if you think about it in a healthy and rational root of narcotics crime that has long survived and experienced an increasing trend; however, consumers or users are less than the market, namely sellers in terms of cases. Narcotics crimes that have high economic value, makes it difficult for people to find jobs or earn money further leading them to commit drug abuse crimes. For this reason, it cannot be underestimated related to the condition of community powerlessness, which is one of the factors for entering the realm of narcotics abuse. This then becomes a fundamental question in a society where the role of the Government lies in paying attention to and empowering prisoners to be independent. They should also be responsible for restoring the unity of life, living, and livelihood of prisoners where they are a generation of nations that must be saved by the state because their freedom of movement has been taken away by the State. It is important and urgent to gain the attention of the government regarding the empowerment of prisoners in the context to systematics, processes, models, harmonious and accountable concepts, synergy, and collaboration to achieve WBP goals so as not to repeat the crime of narcotics abuse; and can independently play an active role in the community environment and support the National development process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probation remains at the forefront in relation to criminal justice supervision strategies. Many variations of probation exist, including intensive forms of community supervision for individuals classified as higher risk. Debate remains ongoing as to the efficacy of such forms of supervision, but most scholars agree that paired with services and treatment, community supervision at a variety of levels holds promise though the degree to which those under supervision agree remains in question. The current study examines the perceptions of those under an intensive supervision and services program, highlighting the experiences of 90 individuals participating in an intensive supervision with services program. Utilizing flexible coding and thematic analysis of responses to open-ended questions regarding the nature of supervision experiences, the results lend insight into what is perceived to be working – or challenging – regarding participation. Most participants indicated the structure, clarity, and service access promoted overall well-being and potential desistance, though structural challenges and time demands could limit the longer-term effectiveness of this type of supervision. These findings suggest probation programs may incorporate specific components to better supervision outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fake news can have enduring effects on memory and beliefs. An ongoing theoretical debate has investigated whether corrections (fact-checks) should include reminders of fake news. The familiarity backfire account proposes that reminders hinder correction (increasing interference), whereas integration-based accounts argue that reminders facilitate correction (promoting memory integration). In three experiments, we examined how different types of corrections influenced memory for and belief in news headlines. In the exposure phase, participants viewed real and fake news headlines. In the correction phase, participants viewed reminders of fake news that either reiterated the false details (complete) or prompted recall of missing false details (partial); reminders were followed by fact-checked headlines correcting the false details. Both reminder types led to proactive interference in memory for corrected details, but complete reminders produced less interference than partial reminders (Experiment 1). However, when participants had fewer initial exposures to fake news and experienced a delay between exposure and correction, this effect was reversed; partial reminders led to proactive facilitation, enhancing correction (Experiment 2). This effect occurred regardless of the delay before correction (Experiment 3), suggesting that the effects of partial reminders depend on the number of prior fake news exposures. In all experiments, memory and perceived accuracy were better when fake news and corrections were recollected, implicating a critical role for integrative encoding. Overall, we show that when memories of fake news are weak or less accessible, partial reminders are more effective for correction; when memories of fake news are stronger or more accessible, complete reminders are preferable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The majority of incarcerated individuals have experienced traumatic events in their lifetime, contributing to related behavioral health issues, including post-traumatic stress, mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. The purpose of this article is to understand the existing state of the literature through a scoping review on correctional-based programs that address both trauma and behavioral health. Methods: Proquest and EBSCO databases were searched to identify studies focused on trauma and behavioral health that focused on incarcerated adults in the United States. Results: A total of 25 studies evaluating correctional-based programming on trauma and behavioral health problems. Most included studies reported improvement of behavioral health symptoms as a result of the intervention. Discussion: The findings indicated a need for additional research on behavioral health interventions for incarcerated adults with a history of trauma. Specifically, future research should focus on increasing the methodological rigor of intervention studies and expanding the diversity of included samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One under‐researched area within corrections is the connection among (a) past adverse events, particularly in the form of injustices against those who now are incarcerated, (b) crimes committed and then (c) healing from the effects of that past adversity of injustice. Might those who have experienced severe injustices against them develop an anger or a hatred that then is displaced onto others, leading to arrest, conviction and imprisonment? This is not to imply that societies condone illegal behaviour but instead to assist in the healing from the adversity so that future crime is reduced. As a first step in this sequence, the study here examined in detail the kinds of injustices suffered by men in a maximum‐security correctional institution (N = 103) compared with men in a medium‐security environment (N = 37) and in the general public (N = 96). Findings indicated differences between those in the general public and those in the two correctional contexts. The latter two groups had (a) a higher severity of injustices against them (rated by a panel of researchers), (b) a more negative current impact that past injustices are having on them (also rated by a panel of researchers), (c) more reports that the injustices contributed to their choices to harm others, (d) more serious types of hurt (such as sexual abuse), (e) a stronger degree of self‐reported hurt and (f) more injustices from family members. Implications for correctional rehabilitation to reduce the negative psychological effects caused by the injustices of others are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prisons are key institutions for strengthening justice and security and are increasingly targets of international interventions. However, prison reform in conflict-affected settings is understudied. To understand the conditions underpinning successes and pitfalls of international prison reform, this study examines the local conditions under which international prison reform interventions take place. Drawing on unique data from interviews with inmates and staff members in Hargeisa Central Prison and Garowe Prison, we analyse United Nations prison reform cases in Somaliland and Puntland, Somalia. We find that the international prison reform in these contexts not only falls short in delivering on some set objectives but also does not engage with the particularities of local conditions and contexts. Furthermore, existing reform programmes embed a conflict of interest: while the beneficiaries of prison reform are concerned with the mental and physical well-being of inmates, the international actors aim to shape prison practices along international standards and incapacitate a subset of serious offenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that individuals involved in the criminal justice system have higher rates of childhood trauma, including experiences of child sexual abuse (CSA). Studies also suggest that childhood victimization has an impact on the success of mental health treatment for offenders which may contribute to recidivism rates. Accordingly, policymakers and correctional staff can be better informed in choosing appropriate assessments and intervention approaches when they understand the ways in which prior experiences of CSA impact individuals in correctional settings. This special section highlights four novel studies that advance the research examining CSA in incarcerated populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of those incarcerated in the United States meet criteria for a substance use disorder (SUD), the presence of which is associated with recidivism, among other negative outcomes. Treatment of SUD within corrections is limited and complicated by a substantial incidence of co-occurring mental health disorders. Graduate training programs may be equipped to deliver evidence-based treatment for SUD and co-occurring disorders in correctional facilities, but providing treatment in a prison or jail necessitates training beyond that provided in noncorrectional settings. The current work describes a graduate training program for facilitating SUD and co-occurring disorder treatment delivered by trainees in a rural jail setting. We briefly review current literature regarding SUD and co-occurring disorder treatment in corrections and discuss the needs and training benefits of such a program, as well as recommendations for development and the results of pilot data analyses examining the effectiveness of our treatment program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the Israeli criminal justice system and highlight its unique features for both the United States (U.S.) criminal justice sciences and the global criminal justice systems. To accomplish this goal through qualitative methods, this study utilizes recent scholarly research papers written not only by the national scholar of Israel but also by international scholars who have conducted research concerning Israel. Additionally, this study suggests some unique features of Israel’ criminal justice system for the (U.S.) criminal justice systems and other countries' criminal justice systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with disability represent a significant proportion of Australia's prison population; however, little is known about their experiences or the institutional barriers they may face. Drawing from 24 in-depth interviews with 28 participants and one written submission, this article explores the impacts, challenges and consequences of imprisonment for people with disability in Australia. By bringing together disability and criminological research, we highlight the impacts of subjecting people with disability to a 'thoughtless' and ableist prison environment, regime, and culture that simultaneously overlooks, compounds and further punishes their disability. Identifying three key areas of 'institutional thoughtlessness', we offer substantive insight into a group of people in prison often forgotten by researchers and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research on misinformation and corrections has recently proliferated, no systematic structure has guided the examination of conditions under which misinformation is most likely to be recognized and the potential ensuing effects of recognition. The Misinformation Recognition and Response Model (MRRM) provides a framework for investigating the antecedents to and consequences of misinformation recognition. The model theorizes that how people cope with exposure to misinformation and/or intervention messages is conditioned by both dispositional and situational individual characteristics and is part of a process mediated by informational problem identification, issue motivation, and—crucially—recognition of misinformation. Whether or not recognition is activated then triggers differential cognitive coping strategies which ultimately affect consequent cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes. Working to explore the notion of misinformation will be more fruitful if researchers take into consideration how various perspectives fit together and form a larger picture. The MRRM offers guidance on a multi-disciplinary understanding of recognizing and responding to misinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community supervision increased dramatically since the early 2000s. Similar to trends in prison admissions, the increase has not been equal across racial and ethnic groups. In addition to disparities in placement onto supervision, experiences under supervision and outcomes may also be shaped by intersecting identities. Accordingly, this study examined probation outcomes among 4,433 probation cases in 2018 in Kansas. We assess how race and ethnicity impact outcomes among women and men while controlling for criminogenic risk and need, offense, financial stability, and other factors using multilevel modeling. Results indicate that race and ethnicity were unrelated to probation outcomes for women; however, Black men were subject to the worst odds of probation outcomes. Policy and future research implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantages of long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) in schizophrenia are well studied. However, forensic involvement is common in schizophrenia, and incarcerated individuals are often excluded from clinical trials. Nonadherence and oral medication diversion in forensic populations with schizophrenia, and the relationship between antipsychotic nonadherence and crime support LAI utilization in this subset of patients. Yet, federal regulations limit data generation in forensic populations. This review characterizes data on therapeutic outcomes of LAIs in correctional populations with schizophrenia-spectrum diagnoses. A search for primary literature was conducted in PubMed. Favorable effects of LAIs were observed on adherence, psychiatric symptomatology, patient satisfaction, health care costs, and frequency of criminal charges. Data were primarily retrospective and included small samples and individuals with historical versus current forensic involvement. Although limited, available literature and insights into the correctional system suggest advantages to LAI use in forensic populations. Barriers to conducting research in correctional settings must be addressed to facilitate further data generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), or behavior that goes above and beyond the call of duty, is believed to lead to a better functioning organization. The goal of this article was to examine workplace factors that may be associated with OCB among correctional officers using existing scholarship and the job demands-resources theory as a framework. Understanding how to foster OCB in correctional officers, in an era of high levels of dissatisfaction and turnover, is critical for creating a well-functioning prison agency. A sample of correctional officers from Texas and Massachusetts were surveyed for the current study (n = 442). Initial findings indicate some support for the applicability of job demands-resources theory to OCB. Specifically, both leadership support (β =.28, p <.001) and coworker support (β =.12, p <.01) were significantly and positively associated with OCB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide is the leading cause of death in America's jails and the rate of suicide is nearly three times higher in jails than in prisons or the general public. Fatal suicides represent a small proportion of individuals who threaten or attempt suicide while incarcerated, or otherwise engage in serious self-harm. Yet, there is little research to date on the risk factors for jail detainees engaging in suicidal and/or self-harm behavior while incarcerated. Using logistic regression, we examine the risks factors for attempting and threatening suicide and/or self-harm during incarceration using a mixed-sex sample of 736 individuals incarcerated in a large metropolitan jail in the Midwest using the lens of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS). We found support for ITS, as individuals with higher perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness were more likely to attempt and/or threaten suicide and self-harm. Among the measures that proxied the belongingness-burdensomeness construct – mental health issues, drug dependence, direct and indirect victimization in jail, and psychological distress – were all associated with higher odds of threatening or attempting suicide and self-harm. We discuss the need for future research on suicidality and serious self-harm in jail, as well as recommendations for managing those most at-risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesThis meta-review integrates the findings of meta-analyses and systematic reviews to explore the effect of intervention programs on recidivism for juvenile offenders.MethodsThe systematic literature search gathered 48 meta-analyses and systematic reviews from 53 research reports, contributing 56 independent effect sizes for analysis. These effect sizes were statistically integrated, and five moderators of theoretical and methodological importance were tested using meta-regression.ResultsOn average, intervention programs are associated with a significant reduction in recidivism (r Φ = -0.09, p < 0.001) for juvenile offenders who participate in a program compared to those who do not. However, reductions in recidivism significantly vary between the levels of criminal justice system, characteristics of juvenile offenders, types of program modalities, and methodological quality.ConclusionsResults indicate that intervention programs can be an effective approach to reducing recidivism for juvenile offenders, especially when combined with a rehabilitative program modality.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11292-021-09472-z.

California has fundamentally reformed its criminal justice system. Since 2011, the state passed several reforms which reduced its massive prison population. Importantly, this decarceration has not harmed public safety as research finds these measures had no impact on violent crime and only marginal impacts on property crime statewide. The COVID-19 pandemic furthered the state’s trend in decarceration, as California reduced prison and jail populations to slow the spread of the virus. In fact, in terms of month-to-month proportionate changes in the state correctional population, California’s efforts to reduce overcrowding as a means to limit the spread of COVID-19 reduced the correctional population more severely and abruptly than any of the state’s decarceration reforms. Although research suggests the criminal justice reforms did not threaten public safety, there is reason to suspect COVID-mitigation releases did. How are COVID-19 jail downsizing measures and crime trends related in California, if at all? We address this question in the current study. We employ a synthetic control group design to estimate the impact of jail decarceration intended to mitigate COVID-19 spread on crime in California’s 58 counties. Adapting the traditional method to account for the “fuzzy-ness” of the intervention, we utilize natural variation among counties to isolate decarceration’s impact on crime from various other shocks affecting California as a whole. Findings do not suggest a consistent relationship between COVID-19 jail decarceration and violent or property crime at the county level.

BackgroundIn Harper v. Washington (1990), the United States Supreme Court established the right of states to involuntary medicate incarcerated individuals in emergency situations without a court order. The extent to which states have implemented this in correctional facilities has not been well characterized. This exploratory qualitative study sought to identify state and federal corrections policies relating to involuntary psychotropic medication for individuals who are incarcerated and classify them by scope.MethodsState Department of Corrections (DOC) and Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) policies relating to mental health, health services, and security were collected between March and June 2021 and coded using Atlas.ti software. The primary outcome was whether states allowed emergency involuntary use of psychotropic medications; secondary outcomes pertained to use of restraint and "use of force" policies.ResultsOf the 35 states plus the Federal BOP that made policies publicly available, 35 out of 36 (97%) allowed the involuntary use of psychotropic medications in emergency situations. The extent of detail contained in these policies varied, with 11 states providing minimal information to guide use. One state (3%) did not allow public review of "use of restraint" policies, and 7 states (19%) did not allow public review of "use of force" policies.ConclusionsMore explicit criteria for emergency involuntary use of psychotropic medications are needed to better protect individuals who are incarcerated, and states should provide more transparency regarding use of restraint and use of force in corrections.

The expression of concern (EoC) evolved in the neoliberal corrective culture of science to represent an “alert system” for potential problems with papers that might arise at the post-publication stage. One of the problems with EoCs is that they may take months or even years to resolve, while some EoCs remain as such forever. Fairly recently, Elsevier, a publishing giant, introduced a new form of EoCs, or rather, the plain EoC morphed into two types, the temporary EoC, and the permanent EoC. The permanent EoC leaves that paper in a permanent state of unknown use and unclear reliability.

In prior punishment studies, researchers examining food in prisons focused on incarcerated people’s experiences with food insecurity, food nutrition, and access to food, some even connecting food to deprivations as per the “pains of imprisonment” . Others have studied the evolving expectations that correctional officers (CO) care and deliver care to incarcerated people who rely on COs to meet their basic needs (food, clothing, shelter). We, in this article, analyzed interviews with federal COs (n = 101) to reveal how food can become a source of stress for COs in ways remarkably similar but starkly different than how food can stress a prisoner. Departing with the knowledge that COs are responsible for the reproval and supervision of food for incarcerated people within the penitentiary food system. The food system, in turn, affects COs’ abilities to access, produce, and consume their own food while overseeing food delivery, supervision, and reproval among imprisoned people. Policy considerations and recommendations are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLittle is known about the scope of use-of-force incidents in carceral settings, nor the impact of efforts to control it. Correctional agencies have recently begun adopting body-worn cameras (BWCs) to mitigate such incidents and improve institutional management. We conducted a one-year randomized controlled trial of BWCs among the 12 housing units in the Loudoun County Adult Detention Center in Virginia. We collected data on the 97 response-to-resistance (RTR) events that occurred during our study period, including deputies’ control methods (physical controls, restraints, weapons) and residents’ resistance levels (passive, active, aggressive) during these events. Using negative binomial regression, we found a 40% decrease in RTR events in unit-months with BWCs. We also found 37% and 52% reductions in the use of physical controls by deputies and the occurrence of resident active resistance, respectively. We situate these findings in the correctional context and discuss their implications for policy and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical assistance in dying (MAiD) has been legal in Canada since 2016 and some incarcerated patients who are at the end of their lives are eligible for the procedure. Interviews with nine incarcerated men at a federal penitentiary in Canada provide insight into some of the ways that people who are navigating aging and end-of-life in prison think about MAiD. Interview themes are organized around: experience with death and dying; possibilities and barriers related to applications for release from prison at end-of-life; experiences of peer-caregiving in a prison palliative care program; support for MAiD and the expansion of eligibility criteria; what a good death looks like. Themes are contextualized alongside federal guidelines related to end-of-life care (EOLC) and MAiD for prisoners, highlighting that sound policy requires both generalizable principles and attention to nuance. MAiD rests on patient voluntariness, and thus autonomy over EOLC decisions is paramount for prisoners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV disproportionately affects populations experiencing incarceration. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective approach to preventing HIV acquisition among populations at increased risk of acquiring HIV. Yet few, if any, efforts have been made to offer PrEP in correctional settings. Beginning in November 2019, the Rhode Island Department of Corrections (RIDOC) implemented a systemwide PrEP initiation program with linkage to PrEP care in the community upon reentry. Incarcerated individuals identified as being potentially at increased risk of HIV acquisition during standard clinical screenings and medical care were referred to a PrEP care provider for potential PrEP initiation. Of the 309 people who met with a PrEP care provider, 35% (n = 109; 88 men, 21 women) agreed to initiate PrEP while incarcerated. Clinical testing and evaluation were completed for 82% (n = 89; 69 men, 20 women) of those who agreed to initiate PrEP. Of those, 54% (n = 48; 29 men, 19 women) completed the necessary clinical evaluation to initiate PrEP, were determined to be appropriate candidates for PrEP use, and had the medication delivered to a RIDOC facility for initiation. Only 8 people (4 men, 4 women) were successfully linked to a PrEP care provider in the community after release. The RIDOC experience demonstrates notable levels of PrEP interest and moderate levels of PrEP uptake among this population. However, PrEP engagement in care after release and persistence in taking PrEP when in the community were relatively poor, indicating a need to better understand approaches to overcoming barriers to PrEP care in this unique setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores one US residential community corrections facility and the ways that case managers navigate working with transgender women under supervision in a facility that relies on the sex binary for housing placement. Similar to other research on this population in prisons that has been conducted both within and outside of the US context, we find that case managers contend with significant uncertainty in their work with these clients because of a lack of specific and formal training. To contend with that uncertainty, case managers reported relying on Gender Responsive Training and the Prison Rape Elimination Act to guide their understanding of and work with trans clients. However, we also found a great deal of discretion in the ways case managers managed programming for their trans clients that disrupted the gendered organization of the facility. We conclude with specific programmatic recommendations based on these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study tests the relative timing of inmate infractions in the weeks before and after a visit. Method: Our sample is a cohort of 823 male inmates who participated in the Dutch Prison Visitation Study (DPVS) (2017) and had visitation and misconduct data. Using two-level random effects logistic regression models, we examined week-to-week associations between infractions and prison visits, including visits from partners, family, friends, and official visitors. Results: The probability of an infraction is comparable to average levels in anticipation of visits, increases up to 18 percent in the weeks immediately following visits, and then returns to baseline levels. This pattern is found for contraband infractions, but no effects were found for aggressive infractions. Strongest effects were found for family and official visits. When inmates are visited frequently, the risk of infractions postvisit is similar to average levels. Conclusions: The findings show that visits can have harmful effects on inmate infractions. These effects seem to stem from increases in contraband infractions. More research is needed to further understand the mechanism behind visits' effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigates whether men who engage in dual harm while imprisoned are disproportionately involved in committing misconduct during a 1‐year follow‐up period. It also examines whether dual harm is significantly associated with future involvement in misconduct, when other known risk factors for misconduct are considered, and whether this relationship varies depending on the type of misconduct examined. Methods: Drawing on the administrative records of 430 men who were imprisoned during the 1‐year follow‐up period, a combination of descriptive statistics and negative binominal regressions was used to analyse the data. Results: Roughly one‐in‐four men engaged in dual harm while imprisoned and were responsible for over half of all misconduct incidents recorded during the follow‐up period. A significant relationship between dual harm, as well as violence‐only harm compared to no harm, and future involvement in misconduct was also observed even when other known risk factors for misconduct were considered but only for violent and disorder‐related misconduct, demonstrating this relationship varied by harm history and type of misconduct examined. Conclusion: These findings address previous gaps in knowledge, advancing our understanding of the relationship between dual harm and misconduct. Possible explanations for why, compared to no‐harm history, dual harm as well as violence‐only harm was only related to violent and disorder‐related misconduct are offered, alongside possible implications of this research for policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]