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The aim of this study is to validate an instrument to evaluate the teaching of mathematics through mathematical processes using a structural equation model. To that end, we have administered the instrument to 95 in-service Spanish teachers and we have also analysed the presence of mathematical processes (problem solving, reasoning and proof, communication, connections and representation) in teaching practice. The descriptive statistics obtained through a quantitative study show that all the items perform similarly in each of the processes, obtaining medium to high scores. A change in this trend is only detected in some of the items of the mathematical process “connections”, which measure if mathematical knowledge is related to other disciplines. The results obtained from the exploratory factor analysis show a high coefficient for all the processes (higher than 0.72), as well as a significant p value, and the results obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis show an internal consistency of the items of each construct, with values greater than 0.8.

Rationale: Mechanical signaling through cell-matrix interactions plays a major role in progressive vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) is an interstitial collagenase involved in regulating inflammation and fibrosis of the lung and systemic vasculature, but its role in PAH pathogenesis remains unexplored. Objectives: To evaluate MMP-8 as a modulator of pathogenic mechanical signaling in PAH. Methods: MMP-8 levels were measured in plasma from pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients and controls by ELISA. MMP-8 vascular expression was examined in lung tissue from PAH patients and rodent models of PH. MMP-8-/- and MMP-8+/+ mice were exposed to normobaric hypoxia or normoxia for 4-8 weeks. PH severity was evaluated by right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), echocardiography, pulmonary artery (PA) morphometry and immunostaining. Proliferation, migration, matrix component expression, and mechanical signaling were assessed in MMP-8-/- and MMP-8+/+ pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Measurements and Main Results: MMP-8 expression was significantly increased in plasma and PAs of PH patients compared to controls and induced in the pulmonary vasculature in rodent PH models. Hypoxia-exposed MMP-8-/- mice had significant mortality, increased RVSP, severe RV dysfunction, and exaggerated vascular remodeling compared to MMP-8+/+ mice. MMP-8-/- PASMCs demonstrated exaggerated proliferation and migration mediated by altered matrix protein expression, elevated integrin-β3 levels, and induction of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and downstream Yes-associated protein/Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ) activity. Conclusions: MMP-8 is a novel protective factor upregulated in the pulmonary vasculature during PAH pathogenesis. MMP-8 opposes pathologic mechanobiological feedback by altering matrix composition and disrupting integrin-β3/FAK and YAP/TAZ-dependent mechanical signaling in PASMCs.

This article presents the results of an internal reliability analysis of a questionnaire designed to evaluate the presence of mathematical processes in the practices used to teach and learn mathematics. After validating the instrument by means of expert judgement in a prior study, 20 expert evaluators administered the instrument to 95 teachers of preschool and primary education in the Community of Murcia (Spain). The data obtained was analysed with the R-3.1.0 statistical package on an i686-pc-linux-gnu (32-bit) platform. Based on standardised scores, the Cronbach alpha shows a good level of internal consistency (median alpha coefficient .789 for Preschool and .86 for Primary), with the lowest level corresponding to the process of "representation" in preschool, with a value of .74, which is still considered to be an acceptable level of internal consistency Cet article présente les résultats de l’analyse de la fiabilité interne d’un questionnaire qui a été construit pour évaluer la présence de processus mathématiques dans les pratiques d’enseignement et d’apprentissage des mathématiques. L’instrument a été administré à 95 enseignants de l’éducation infantile et primaire de la Communauté de Murcie (Espagne). Les données obtenues ont été analysées avec le logiciel statistique R Version 3.1.0 sur une plate-forme i686-pc -linux -gnu (32-bit). L’alpha de Cronbach, basé sur des scores normalisés, montre que la cohérence interne est bonne (coefficient alpha moyen .789 dans l’éducation infantile et .86 dans éducation primaire), la plus faible valeur correspondant au processus «représentation» dans l’éducation de la petite enfance, d’une valeur .74, qui peut également être évaluée comme une cohérence interne acceptable Este artículo presenta los resultados del análisis de la fiabilidad interna de un cuestionario que ha sido construido para evaluar la presencia de los procesos matemáticos en las prácticas de enseñanzaaprendizaje de las matemáticas. Una vez validado el instrumento mediante juicio de expertos en un estudio previo, 20 expertos evaluadores administran el instrumento a 95 maestros de colegios de Educación Infantil y Primaria de la Comunidad de Murcia (España). Los datos obtenidos han sido analizados con el paquete estadístico R versión 3.1.0 sobre una plataforma i686- pc-linux-gnu (32-bit). El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, basado en puntuaciones estandarizadas, muestra que la consistencia interna es buena (coeficiente alfa medio .789 en Infantil y .86 en Primaria), siendo el valor más bajo el correspondiente al proceso “representación” en Educación Infantil, con un valor de .74, que puede valorarse también como una consistencia interna aceptable

Este artículo presenta los resultados del análisis de la fiabilidad interna de un cuestionario que ha sido construido para evaluar la presencia de los procesos matemáticos en las prácticas de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las matemáticas. Una vez validado el instrumento mediante juicio de expertos en un estudio previo, 20 expertos evaluadores administran el instrumento a 95 maestros de colegios de Educación Infantil y Primaria de la Comunidad de Murcia (España). Los datos obtenidos han sido analizados con el paquete estadístico R versión 3.1.0 sobre una plataforma i686-pc-linux-gnu (32-bit). El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, basado en puntuaciones estandarizadas, muestra que la consistencia interna es buena (coeficiente alfa medio .789 en Infantil y .86 en Primaria), siendo el valor más bajo el correspondiente al proceso “representación” en Educación Infantil, con un valor de .74, que puede valorarse también como una consistencia interna aceptable. This article presents the results of an internal reliability analysis of a questionnaire designed to evaluate the presence of mathematical processes in the practices used to teach and learn mathematics. After validating the instrument by means of expert judgement in a prior study, 20 expert evaluators administered the instrument to 95 teachers of preschool and primary education in the Community of Murcia (Spain). The data obtained was analysed with the R-3.1.0 statistical package on an i686-pc-linux-gnu (32-bit) platform. Based on standardised scores, the Cronbach alpha shows a good level of internal consistency (median alpha coefficient .789 for Preschool and .86 for Primary), with the lowest level corresponding to the process of “representation” in preschool, with a value of .74, which is still considered to be an acceptable level of internal consistency.

Pulmonary arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor for mortality in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and plays a critical role in PH pathophysiology. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated arterial stiffening early in experimental PH, along with evidence for a mechanobiological feedback loop by which arterial stiffening promotes further cellular remodeling behaviors (Liu F, Haeger CM, Dieffenbach PB, Sicard D, Chrobak I, Coronata AM, Suárez Velandia MM, Vitali S, Colas RA, Norris PC, Marinković A, Liu X, Ma J, Rose CD, Lee SJ, Comhair SA, Erzurum SC, McDonald JD, Serhan CN, Walsh SR, Tschumperlin DJ, Fredenburgh LE. JCI Insight 1: e86987, 2016). Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin signaling have been implicated in stiffness-mediated regulation, with prostaglandin activity inversely correlated to matrix stiffness and remodeling behaviors in vitro, as well as to disease progression in rodent PH models. The mechanism by which mechanical signaling translates to reduced COX-2 activity in pulmonary vascular cells is unknown. The present work investigated the transcriptional regulators Yes-associated protein (YAP) and WW domain-containing transcription regulator 1 (WWTR1, a.k.a., TAZ), which are known drivers of downstream mechanical signaling, in mediating stiffness-induced changes in COX-2 and prostaglandin activity in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). We found that YAP/TAZ activity is increased in PAH PASMCs and experimental PH and is necessary for the development of stiffness-dependent remodeling phenotypes. Knockdown of YAP and TAZ markedly induces COX-2 expression and downstream prostaglandin production by approximately threefold, whereas overexpression of YAP or TAZ reduces COX-2 expression and prostaglandin production to near undetectable levels. Together, our findings demonstrate a stiffness-dependent YAP/TAZ-mediated positive feedback loop that drives remodeling phenotypes in PASMCs via reduced COX-2 and prostaglandin activity. The ability to interrupt this critical mechanobiological feedback loop and enhance local prostaglandin activity via manipulation of YAP/TAZ signaling presents a highly attractive novel strategy for the treatment of PH.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text., Objectives: Mesenchymal stromal cells are being investigated as a cell-based therapy for a number of disease processes, with promising results in animal models of systemic inflammation and sepsis. Studies are ongoing to determine ways to further improve the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells. A gas molecule that improves outcome in experimental sepsis is carbon monoxide. We hypothesized that preconditioning of mesenchymal stromal cells with carbon monoxide ex vivo would promote further therapeutic benefit when cells are administered in vivo after the onset of polymicrobial sepsis in mice. Design: Animal study and primary cell culture. Setting: Laboratory investigation. Subjects: BALB/c mice. Interventions: Polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Mesenchymal stromal cells, mesenchymal stromal cells-conditioned with carbon monoxide, fibroblasts, or fibroblasts-conditioned with carbon monoxide were delivered by tail vein injections to septic mice. The mice were assessed for survival, bacterial clearance, and the inflammatory response during sepsis in each of the groups. Mesenchymal stromal cells were also assessed for their ability to promote bacterial phagocytosis by neutrophils, the production of specialized proresolving lipid mediators, and their importance for mesenchymal stromal cells function using gene silencing. Measurements and Main Results: Ex vivo preconditioning with carbon monoxide allowed mesenchymal stromal cells to be administered later after the onset of sepsis (6 hr), and yet maintain their therapeutic effect with increased survival. Carbon monoxide preconditioned mesenchymal stromal cells were also able to alleviate organ injury, improve bacterial clearance, and promote the resolution of inflammation. Mesenchymal stromal cells exposed to carbon monoxide, with docosahexaenoic acid substrate, produced specialized proresolving lipid mediators, particularly D-series resolvins, which promoted survival. Silencing of lipoxygenase pathways (5-lipoxygenase and 12/15-lipoxygenase), which are important enzymes for specialized proresolving lipid mediator biosynthesis, resulted in a loss of therapeutic benefit bestowed on mesenchymal stromal cells by carbon monoxide. Conclusions: Taken together, these data suggest that production of specialized proresolving lipid mediators contribute to improved mesenchymal stromal cell efficacy when exposed to carbon monoxide, resulting in an improved therapeutic response during sepsis.

Sepsis represents a systemic inflammatory response caused by microbial infection in blood. Herein, we present a novel comprehensive approach to mitigate inflammatory responses through broad spectrum removal of pathogens, leukocytes and cytokines based on biomimetic cell margination. Using a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), we performed extracorporeal blood filtration with the developed microfluidic blood margination (μBM) device. Circulating bacteremia, leukocytes and cytokines in blood decreased post-filtration and significant attenuation of immune cell and cytokine responses were observed 3–5 days after intervention, indicating successful long-term immunomodulation. A dose-dependent effect on long-term immune cell count was also achieved by varying filtration time. As proof of concept for human therapy, the μBM device was scaled up to achieve ∼100-fold higher throughput (∼150 mL h⁻¹). With further multiplexing, the μBM technique could be applied in clinical settings as an adjunctive treatment for sepsis and other inflammatory diseases., United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (N66001-11-1-4182)

This article reviews the main contemporary international references on numerical knowledge acquisition in the kindergarten stage. Secondly it analyzes the instructions curricular in two countries-one Spanish-speaking Latin America (Chile) and one European (Spain) - to determine the extent to assume international benchmarks while comparing the curricula of both countries. Finally, it presents a proposal for intervention in the classroom that the combination of different learning contexts and processes to investigate mathematical teaching practices and most effective in promoting and numeracy of children from the earliest ages En este artículo se revisan en primer lugar los principales referentes internacionales contemporáneos sobre la adquisición de conocimientos numéricos en la etapa de Educación Infantil. En segundo lugar se analizan las instrucciones curriculares de dos países de habla hispana -uno latinoamericano (Chile) y otro europeo (España)- para determinar en qué medida se asumen los referentes internacionales y a la vez contrastar los currículums de ambos países. Finalmente se presenta una propuesta de intervención en el aula que parte de la combinación entre diferentes contextos de aprendizaje y los procesos matemáticos para indagar en las prácticas docentes más ajustadas y eficaces para favorecer la alfabetización numérica de los niños de las primeras edades

Background: Isoflurane may be protective in preclinical models of lung injury, but its use in patients with lung injury remains controversial and the mechanism of its protective effects remains unclear. The authors hypothesized that this protection is mediated at the level of alveolar tight junctions and investigated the possibility in a two-hit model of lung injury that mirrors human acute respiratory distress syndrome. Methods: Wild-type mice were treated with isoflurane 1 h after exposure to nebulized endotoxin (n = 8) or saline control (n = 9) and then allowed to recover for 24 h before mechanical ventilation (MV; tidal volume, 15 ml/kg, 2 h) producing ventilator-induced lung injury. Mouse lung epithelial cells were similarly treated with isoflurane 1 h after exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Cells were cyclically stretched the following day to mirror the MV protocol used in vivo. Results: Mice treated with isoflurane following exposure to inhaled endotoxin and before MV exhibited significantly less physiologic lung dysfunction. These effects appeared to be mediated by decreased vascular leak, but not altered inflammatory indices. Mouse lung epithelial cells treated with lipopolysaccharide and cyclic stretch and lungs harvested from mice after treatment with lipopolysaccharide and MV had decreased levels of a key tight junction protein (i.e., zona occludens 1) that was rescued by isoflurane treatment. Conclusions: Isoflurane rescued lung injury induced by a two-hit model of endotoxin exposure followed by MV by maintaining the integrity of the alveolar–capillary barrier possibly by modulating the expression of a key tight junction protein.

Wetted area is an important factor in the production of blueberries. The effects of the number of drip laterals (wetted area) and irrigation frequency on fruit production were evaluated in two seasons in a mature field of northern highbush blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘ Brigitta ’). The field was located on a sandy soil in south-central Chile. Seven-year-old plants were irrigated from Sept. to April with two, four or six drip laterals per row, either four or six days per week. All treatments received the same amount of water per week for a total of 532 mm per season, according to the irrigation schedule established by the grower. During the 2008–2009 season the volume of water applied through irrigation plus precipitation corresponded to 90% of the theoretical crop evapotranspiration ( ETc ), and in the 2009–2010 season (until harvest) it was 122% of the ETc . Blueberry production on sandy soil was affected by the number of drip laterals per row, and total berry yield was the greatest when plants were irrigated with four drip laterals per row. The two irrigation frequencies evaluated did not affect the blueberry production under drip irrigation, although a barely noticeable trend of greater yield was observed under the irrigation treatments of six days per week, compared with those that were irrigated only four days per week. An interaction effect was observed between irrigation frequency and number of laterals on the percentage of exportable fruit (caliber ≥10 mm). Plants irrigated four days per week produced a significantly larger percentage of exportable fruit, compared with those irrigated six days per week. Nevertheless, when plants were irrigated six days per week the increase in number of drip laterals per row increased the percentage of exportable fruit. Therefore, it is recommended to use four drip laterals per row for commercial production of highbush blueberry in sandy soils.

The contemporary orientations, about mathematical education, indicate the need to favour the acquisition of mathematical competitions from the first ages. It is exposed, besides the fact that in these ages the numerical knowledge is key for other mathematical learnings, and there is emphasized the importance of the mathematical processes to achieve thus a better performance in the daily life. With the intention of analysing the practices of education of the number of the teachers of the first ages (4-8 years), and to investigate on the presence of the mathematical processes, an instrument has been designed by specific indicators that allow to analyse the presence (or not) of these processes in the above mentioned practices. The instrument of analysis includes five categories that represent five mathematical processes proposed by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM, 2000): resolution of problems, reasoning and test, communication, connections and representation. For each of the categories there contribute seven indicators of evaluation, elaborated from the contributions realized by the NCTM (2000), Alsina (2011) and the Departament d’Enseyament de la Generalitat de Catalunya (2013). The analysis of the information is going to allow to describe, first, the strengths and weaknesses in the practices of education learning of the mathematical processes; and secondly, relevant information is going to be obtained to return it to the teachers, to discuss and to give them specific support in relation to the necessary knowledge for the pedagogy of the notion of number in childhood.

Aims: Sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response to infection, represents the leading cause of death in critically ill patients. However, the pathogenesis of sepsis remains incompletely understood. Carbon monoxide (CO), when administered at low physiologic doses, can modulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation in pre-clinical tissue injury models, though its mechanism of action in sepsis remains unclear. Results: CO (250 ppm) inhalation increased the survival of C57BL/6J mice injured by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) through the induction of autophagy, the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and by decreasing the levels of bacteria in blood and vital organs, such as the lung and liver. Mice deficient in the autophagic protein, Beclin 1 (Becn1+/−) were more susceptible to CLP-induced sepsis, and unresponsive to CO therapy, relative to their corresponding wild-type (Becn1+/+) littermate mice. In contrast, mice deficient in autophagic protein microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3B (LC3B) (Map1lc3b−/−) and their corresponding wild-type (Map1lc3b+/+) mice showed no differences in survival or response to CO, during CLP-induced sepsis. CO enhanced bacterial phagocytosis in Becn1+/+ but not Becn1+/− mice in vivo and in corresponding cultured macrophages. CO also enhanced Beclin 1-dependent induction of macrophage protein signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule, a regulator of phagocytosis. Innovation: Our findings demonstrate a novel protective effect of CO in sepsis, dependent on autophagy protein Beclin 1, in a murine model of CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis. Conclusion: CO increases the survival of mice injured by CLP through systemic enhancement of autophagy and phagocytosis. Taken together, we suggest that CO gas may represent a novel therapy for patients with sepsis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 20, 432–442.

Oxidative stress resulting from inflammatory responses that occur during acute lung injury and sepsis can initiate changes in mitochondrial function. Autophagy regulates cellular processes in the setting of acute lung injury, sepsis, and oxidative stress by modulating the immune response and facilitating turnover of damaged cellular components. We have shown that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) improve survival in murine models of sepsis by also regulating the immune response. However, the effect of autophagy on MSCs and MSC mitochondrial function during oxidative stress is unknown. This study investigated the effect of depletion of autophagic protein microtubule–associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) and beclin 1 (BECN1) on the response of MSCs to oxidative stress. MSCs were isolated from wild-type (WT) and LC3B−/− or Becn1+/− mice. MSCs from the LC3B−/− and Becn1+/− animals had increased susceptibility to oxidative stress–induced cell death as compared with WT MSCs. The MSCs depleted of autophagic proteins also had impaired mitochondrial function (decreased intracellular ATP, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production) under oxidative stress as compared with WT MSCs. In WT MSCs, carbon monoxide (CO) preconditioning enhanced autophagy and mitophagy, and rescued the cells from oxidative stress–induced death. CO preconditioning was not able to rescue the decreased survival of MSCs from the LC3B−/− and Becn1+/− animals, further supporting the tenet that CO exerts its cytoprotective effects via the autophagy pathway.

Pulmonary arterial (PA) stiffness is associated with increased mortality in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH); however, the role of PA stiffening in the pathogenesis of PH remains elusive. Here, we show that distal vascular matrix stiffening is an early mechanobiological regulator of experimental PH. We identify cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) suppression and corresponding reduction in prostaglandin production as pivotal regulators of stiffness-dependent vascular cell activation. Atomic force microscopy microindentation demonstrated early PA stiffening in experimental PH and human lung tissue. Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) grown on substrates with the stiffness of remodeled PAs showed increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis, exaggerated contraction, enhanced matrix deposition, and reduced COX-2-derived prostanoid production compared with cells grown on substrates approximating normal PA stiffness. Treatment with a prostaglandin I2 analog abrogated monocrotaline-induced PA stiffening and attenuated stiffness-dependent increases in proliferation, matrix deposition, and contraction in PASMC. Our results suggest a pivotal role for early PA stiffening in PH and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of interrupting mechanobiological feedback amplification of vascular remodeling in experimental PH.

In this thesis practices of teaching and learning of the concept of number of teachers of children between 4 and 8 years are analyzed, observing and analyzing the presence of the five mathematical processes: Resolution problems, reasoning and proof, communication, connections and representation. To perform this study the research question arises: how mathematical processes are present in the practices of teaching and learning of the concept of number of teachers of children between 4 and 8 years? This question derived objectives: To describe the teaching-learning strategies used by the teachers in relation to elemental mathematical processes in learning the notion of number in children between 4 and 8 years, En esta tesis doctoral se analizan las prácticas de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la noción de número de maestras de niños entre 4 y 8 años, observando y analizando la presencia de los cinco procesos matemáticos: Resolución de problemas, Razonamiento y prueba, Comunicación, Conexiones y Representación. Para realizar dicho estudio se plantea la pregunta de investigación: ¿de qué manera están presentes los procesos matemáticos en las prácticas de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la noción de número de las maestras de niños entre 4 y 8 años? De esta pregunta derivan los objetivos: describir las estrategias de enseñanza-aprendizaje utilizadas por el maestro de infantil y elemental en relación a los procesos matemáticos en el aprendizaje de la noción de número en los niños entre los 4 y 8 años

Circadian rhythms are known to regulate immune responses in healthy animals, but it is unclear whether they persist during acute illnesses where clock gene expression is disrupted by systemic inflammation. Here we use a genome-wide approach to investigate circadian gene and metabolite expression in the lungs of endotoxemic mice and find that novel cellular and molecular circadian rhythms are elicited in this setting. The endotoxin-specific circadian programme exhibits unique features, including a divergent group of rhythmic genes and metabolites compared with the basal state and a distinct periodicity and phase distribution. At the cellular level, endotoxin treatment also alters circadian rhythms of leukocyte counts within the lung in a bmal1-dependent manner, such that granulocytes rather than lymphocytes become the dominant oscillating cell type. Our results show that inflammation produces a complex re-organization of cellular and molecular circadian rhythms that are relevant to early events in lung injury.

Este artículo presenta el proceso de diseño, construcción y validación de un instrumento para evaluar la presencia de los procesos matemáticos en las prácticas de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las matemáticas en Educación Infantil. Si bien es cierto que en los últimos años diversos organismos internacionales han señalado la importancia de trabajar los contenidos a través de los procesos desde las primeras edades, no existen instrumentos específicos para evaluar su presencia en las prácticas docentes. Por esta razón, considerando los estándares de procesos matemáticos que propone el Consejo Nacional de Profesores de Matemáticas de Estados Unidos, se ha construido un instrumento cuyo principal objetivo es evaluar la presencia de estos procesos en las prácticas de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las matemáticas en Educación Infantil; es decir, que permita aportar evidencias sobre la presencia de la resolución de problemas, el razonamiento y la prueba, la comunicación, las conexiones y la representación.

Abstract 3058 Rationale: Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is a late, non-infectious pulmonary complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The prevalence is estimated to be between 5–10% after allogeneic HSCT with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. We were interested in assessing quantitative radiologic characterization of airway remodeling in these subjects. Objectives: To examine quantitative measurements of airway morphology and their correlation with lung function in a cohort of patients who underwent HSCT and developed BOS. Methods: All patients who underwent an allogeneic HSCT at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital (n=1854) between January 1st 2000 and June 30th2010 were screened for the development of BOS using modified NIH diagnostic criteria. Clinically acquired high resolution CT (HRCT) scans of the chest were collected. Discrete measures of airway wall area were performed in a total of 16 manually selected airways in the right and left upper and lower lobes using Airway Inspector ( www.airwayinspector.org ). From these measures, the square root of wall area of a 10-mm luminal perimeter (Pi10) was calculated. Spearman correlation was used to assess the relationship between square root of wall area at Pi10 and pulmonary function measures. Paired t-test was used for within group comparisons. Analyses were performed with SAS v. 9.2. Measurements and Main Results: Within our cohort 89 cases of BOS were identified of which 37 patients had HRCT scans available for analysis. 33 patients had pulmonary function tests within 30 days of the HRCT ( Table 1 ). Ten of the 37 BOS patients had a HRCT scan at or prior to transplantation and a HRCT scan available after the diagnosis of BOS. Square root of wall area at Pi10 correlated significantly with FEV1(r = 0.636, p Fig. 1 ), and when adjusted for age, sex and total lung capacity, the correlations remained significant (p Fig 2 ). Conclusions: On HRCT scan BOS is characterized by central airway dilation, the degree of which is correlated to decrements in lung function. Future studies will examine whether chest CT assessment of central airway dilation can be used as a sensitive and specific tool for diagnosis and staging of BOS. Table 1 . Correlation coefficients (r Values) of the univariate regression analysis for square root of wall area at Pi10 with pulmonary function tests. FVC indicates forced vital capacity; FEV1, 1-second forced expiratory volume; FEF25–75 %, forced expiratory flow between 25–75%; VC, vital capacity; IC, inspiratory capacity; ERV, end residual volume; TLC, total lung capacity; RV, residual volume; DLCO,carbon monoxide diffusion capacity PFT r value FVC % 0.546 0.001 FEV1 % 0.636 FEV1/FVC 0.343 NS FEF25–75 % 0.578 0.0004 VC % 0.595 0.002 IC % 0.602 0.002 ERV % −0.353 NS TLC % 0.219 NS RV % −0.561 0.002 RV/TLC % −0.736 DLCO % –0.175 NS Download : Download high-res image (127KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 1 . A. Graphs of the relationship between Square root of wall area at Pi10 and FEV1 (r = 0.636, p Download : Download high-res image (187KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 2 . A. Ten BOS patients with Pre BOS diagnosis HRCT scans (on or before transplant) and post diagnosis BOS HRCT scan. * Pre BOS vs. BOS p B. Representative image of pre-transplant CT scan and post diagnosis BOS CT scan demonstrating airway dilation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.