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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent condition with a large impact on public health, but remains largely undetected among individual patients. MRI proton density fraction (MRI-PDFF) is the gold standard method for measuring liver fat content, but might be regarded as “overkill” for this diffuse liver disease process. There is a pressing current medical need for simpler non-invasive approaches to measure and track liver fat content over time, for which emerging unilateral permanent magnet MR technology is uniquely suited. In this study, we evaluate the potential of the barrel magnet system first described by Utsuzawa and Fukushima in 2017 to quantify liver fat content. We tested this novel unilateral MR system in oil-water suspensions and subsequently with ex vivo tissue samples from normal and fatty duck livers. In oil-water suspensions, the system provided good linear agreement between fat signal amplitudes derived from Bayesian analysis of MR signals and known oil content. Clear differences in water and fat signal amplitudes were also observed between normal and fatty liver samples. The ability to discriminate differences in fat content as little as 5% demonstrates clear potential clinical relevance for medical management of NAFLD using a scaled-up system designed for human studies.

New magnetic resonance (MR) molecular imaging techniques offer the potential for noninvasive, simultaneous quantification of metabolic and perfusion parameters in tumors. This study applied a three-dimensional dynamic dual-agent hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging approach with 13C-pyruvate and 13C-urea to investigate differences in perfusion and metabolism between low- and high-grade tumors in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer. Dynamic MR data were corrected for T1 relaxation and RF excitation and modeled to provide quantitative measures of pyruvate to lactate flux (kPL) and urea perfusion (urea AUC) that correlated with TRAMP tumor histologic grade. kPL values were relatively higher for high-grade TRAMP tumors. The increase in kPL flux correlated significantly with higher lactate dehydrogenase activity and mRNA expression of Ldha, Mct1, and Mct4 as well as with more proliferative disease. There was a significant reduction in perfusion in high-grade tumors that associated with increased hypoxia and mRNA expression of Hif1α and Vegf and increased ktrans, attributed to increased blood vessel permeability. In 90% of the high-grade TRAMP tumors, a mismatch in perfusion and metabolism measurements was observed, with low perfusion being associated with increased kPL. This perfusion-metabolism mismatch was also associated with metastasis. The molecular imaging approach we developed could be translated to investigate these imaging biomarkers for their diagnostic and prognostic power in future prostate cancer clinical trials. Cancer Res; 77(12); 3207–16. ©2017 AACR.

Although hyperpolarization (HP) greatly increases the sensitivity of 13C MR, the usefulness of HP in vivo is limited by the short lifetime of HP agents. To address this limitation, we developed an echo-planar (EPI) sequence with spectral-spatial radiofrequency (SSRF) pulses for fast and efficient metabolite-specific imaging of HP [1-13C]pyruvate and [1-13C]lactate at 4.7 T. The spatial and spectral selectivity of each SSRF pulse was verified using simulations and phantom testing. EPI and CSI imaging of the rat abdomen were compared in the same rat after injecting HP [1-13C]pyruvate. A procedure was also developed to automatically set the SSRF excitation pulse frequencies based on real-time scanner feedback. The most significant results of this study are the demonstration that a greater spatial and temporal resolution is attainable by metabolite-specific EPI as compared with CSI, and the enhanced lifetime of the HP signal in EPI, which is attributable to the independent flip angle control between metabolites. Real-time center frequency adjustment was also highly effective for minimizing off-resonance effects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of metabolite-specific HP 13C EPI at 4.7 T. In conclusion, metabolite-specific EPI using SSRF pulses is an effective way to image HP [1-13C]pyruvate and [1-13C]lactate at 4.7 T.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to directly compare two isotopic metabolic imaging approaches, hyperpolarized (HP) (13)C MRI and deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI), for imaging specific closely-related segments of cerebral glucose metabolism at 4.7 T. METHODS: Comparative HP (13)C and DMI neuroimaging experiments were conducted consecutively in normal rats during the same scanning session. Localized conversions of [1-(13)C]pyruvate and [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose to their respective downstream metabolic products were measured by spectroscopic imaging, using an identical 2D CSI sequence with parameters optimized for the respective experiments. To facilitate direct comparison, a pair of substantially-equivalent 2.5-cm double-tuned X / (1)H RF surface coils was developed. For improved results, multi-dimensional low-rank reconstruction was applied to denoise the raw DMI data. RESULTS: Localized conversion of HP [1-(13)C]pyruvate to [1-(13)C]lactate, and [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose to [3,3-(2)H(2)]lactate and Glx-d (glutamate and glutamine), was detected in rat brain by spectroscopic imaging at 4.7 T. The SNR and spatial resolution of HP (13)C MRI was superior to DMI but limited to a short time window, while the lengthy DMI acquisition yielded maps of not only lactate but also Glx production, albeit with relatively poor spectral discrimination between metabolites at this field strength. Across the individual rats, there was an apparent inverse correlation between cerebral production of HP [1-(13)C]lactate and Glx-d, along with a trend toward increased [3,3-(2)H(2)]lactate. CONCLUSION: HP (13)C MRI and DMI are both feasible at 4.7 T and have significant potential for metabolic imaging of specific segments of glucose metabolism.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate hyperpolarization and in vivo imaging of [(15)N]carnitine, a novel endogenous MRI probe with long signal lifetime. METHODS: L-[(15)N]carnitine-d(9) was hyperpolarized by the method of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) followed by rapid dissolution. T(1) signal lifetimes were estimated in aqueous solution and in vivo following intravenous injection in rats, using a custom-built dual-tuned (15)N/(1)H radiofrequency coil at 4.7 T. (15)N chemical shift imaging (CSI) and (15)N fast spin echo (FSE) images of rat abdomen were acquired three minutes after [(15)N]carnitine injection. RESULTS: Estimated T(1)’s of [(15)N]carnitine at 4.7 T were 210 s (in H(2)O) and 160 s (in vivo), with an estimated polarization level of 10%. Remarkably, the [(15)N]carnitine coherence was detectable in rat abdomen for five minutes after injection for the non-localized acquisition. No downstream metabolites were detected on localized or non-localized (15)N spectra. Diffuse liver enhancement was detected on (15)N FSE imaging three minutes after injection, with mean hepatic SNR of 18 ± 5 at a spatial resolution of 4 mm x 4 mm. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the feasibility of hyperpolarizing and imaging the biodistribution of HP [(15)N]carnitine.

HyperpolarizedImage hyperpolarized [1-Prospective technical development.A total of 13 healthy volunteers (8 male), 21-64 years (median 36).A 3 T. Proton: TTransmit magnetic field was measured. Variations in main magnetic field (ΔBLinear regression, one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, paired t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparisons tests. P ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant.Proton ΔBWhole-abdomen coverage with hyperpolarized carbon-13 MRI was feasible despite technical challenges. Multiecho gradient echo2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.

PURPOSE: To use fiducial markers containing manganese 55 to rapidly localize carbon 13 ((13)C) RF coils for correcting images for B(1) variation. METHODS: Hollow high-density polyethylene spheres were filled with 3M sodium permanganate and affixed to a rectangular (13)C-tuned RF coil. The relative positions of the markers and coil conductors were mapped using CT. Marker positions were measured by MRI using a series of 1D projections and automated peak detection. Once the coil location was determined, coil sensitivity was estimated using a quasistatic calculation. Simulations were performed to determine the minimum number of projections required for robust localization. Phantom experiments were used to confirm the accuracy of marker localization as well as the calculated coil sensitivity. Finally, in vivo validation was performed using hyperpolarized (13)C pyruvate in a rat model. RESULTS: In simulations, our algorithm was accurate in determining marker positions when at least 6 projections were used (RMSE 1.4 ± 0.9 mm). These estimates were verified in phantom experiments, where markers locations were determined with an RMS accuracy of 1.3 mm. A minimum SNR of 4 was required for automated detection to perform accurately. Computed coil sensitivity had a median error of 17% when taken over the entire measured area and 5.7% over a central region. In a rat, correction for nonuniform reception and flip angle was able to normalize the signals arising from asymmetrically positioned kidneys. CONCLUSION: Manganese 55 fiducial markers are an inexpensive and reliable method for rapidly localizing (13)C RF coils and correcting (13)C images for B(1) variation without user intervention.

Alterations in renal metabolism are associated with both physiological and pathophysiologic events. The existing noninvasive analytic tools including medical imaging have limited capability for investigating these processes, which potentially limits current understanding of kidney disease and the precision of its clinical diagnosis. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI is a new medical imaging modality that can capture changes in the metabolic processing of certain rapidly metabolized substrates, as well as changes in kidney function. Here we describe experimental protocols for renal metabolic [1-13C]pyruvate and functional 13C-urea imaging step-by-step. These methods and protocols are useful for investigating renal blood flow and function as well as the renal metabolic status of rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

Existing clinical markers for renal disease are limited. Hyperpolarized (HP) 13C MRI is based on the technology of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and provides new avenues for imaging kidney structure, function, and most notably, renal metabolism, addressing some of these prior limitations. Changes in kidney structure and function associated with kidney disease can be evaluated using [13C]urea, a metabolically inert tracer. Metabolic changes can be assessed using [1-13C]pyruvate and a range of other rapidly metabolized small molecules, which mainly probe central carbon metabolism. Results from numerous preclinical studies using a variety of these probes demonstrated that this approach holds great potential for monitoring renal disease, although more work is needed to bridge intelligently into clinical studies. Here we introduce the general concept of HP 13C MRI and review the most relevant probes and applications to renal disease, including kidney cancer, diabetic nephropathy and ischemic kidney injury.This chapter is based upon work from the PARENCHIMA COST Action, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

Hyperpolarized 13C MR is a novel medical imaging modality with substantially different signal dynamics as compared to conventional 1H MR, thus requiring new methods for processing the data in order to access and quantify the embedded metabolic and functional information. Here we describe step-by-step analysis protocols for functional renal hyperpolarized 13C imaging. These methods are useful for investigating renal blood flow and function as well as metabolic status of rodents in vivo under various experimental physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.

Alterations in renal metabolism are associated with both physiological and pathophysiologic events. The existing noninvasive analytic tools including medical imaging have limited capability for investigating these processes, which potentially limits current understanding of kidney disease and the precision of its clinical diagnosis. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI is a new medical imaging modality that can capture changes in the metabolic processing of certain rapidly metabolized substrates, as well as changes in kidney function. Here we describe experimental protocols for renal metabolic [1-13C]pyruvate and functional 13C-urea imaging step-by-step. These methods and protocols are useful for investigating renal blood flow and function as well as the renal metabolic status of rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

Existing clinical markers for renal disease are limited. Hyperpolarized (HP) 13C MRI is based on the technology of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and provides new avenues for imaging kidney structure, function, and most notably, renal metabolism, addressing some of these prior limitations. Changes in kidney structure and function associated with kidney disease can be evaluated using [13C]urea, a metabolically inert tracer. Metabolic changes can be assessed using [1-13C]pyruvate and a range of other rapidly metabolized small molecules, which mainly probe central carbon metabolism. Results from numerous preclinical studies using a variety of these probes demonstrated that this approach holds great potential for monitoring renal disease, although more work is needed to bridge intelligently into clinical studies. Here we introduce the general concept of HP 13C MRI and review the most relevant probes and applications to renal disease, including kidney cancer, diabetic nephropathy and ischemic kidney injury.This chapter is based upon work from the PARENCHIMA COST Action, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

As in conventional 1H MRI, T1 and T2 relaxation times of hyperpolarized (HP) 13C nuclei can provide important biomedical information. Two new approaches were developed for simultaneous T1 and T2 mapping of HP 13C probes based on balanced steady state free precession (bSSFP) acquisitions: a method based on sequential T1 and T2 mapping modules, and a model-based joint T1/T2 approach analogous to MR fingerprinting. These new methods were tested in simulations, HP 13C phantoms, and in vivo in normal Sprague-Dawley rats. Non-localized T1 values, low flip angle EPI T1 maps, bSSFP T2 maps, and Bloch-Siegert B1 maps were also acquired for comparison. T1 and T2 maps acquired using both approaches were in good agreement with both literature values and data from comparative acquisitions. Multiple HP 13C compounds were successfully mapped, with their relaxation time parameters measured within heart, liver, kidneys, and vasculature in one acquisition for the first time.

Acceleration of dynamic 2D (T2 Mapping) and 3D hyperpolarized 13C MRI acquisitions using the balanced steady-state free precession sequence was achieved with a specialized reconstruction method, based on the combination of low rank plus sparse and local low rank reconstructions. Methods were validated using both retrospectively and prospectively undersampled in vivo data from normal rats and tumor-bearing mice. Four-fold acceleration of 1–2 mm isotropic 3D dynamic acquisitions with 2–5 s temporal resolution and two-fold acceleration of 0.25–1 mm2 2D dynamic acquisitions was achieved. This enabled visualization of the biodistribution of [2-13C]pyruvate, [1-13C]lactate, [13C, 15N2]urea, and HP001 within heart, kidneys, vasculature, and tumor, as well as calculation of high resolution T2 maps.

Oxidative stress is a critical feature of several common neurologic disorders. The brain is well adapted to neutralize oxidative injury by maintaining a high steady-state concentration of small-molecule intracellular antioxidants including glutathione in astrocytes and ascorbic acid in neurons. Ascorbate-derived imaging probes for hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography have been used to study redox changes (antioxidant depletion and reactive oxygen species accumulation) in vivo. In this study, we applied these imaging probes to the normal rat brain and a rat model of glutathione depletion. We first studied hyperpolarized [1-13C]dehydroascorbate in the normal rat brain, demonstrating its robust conversion to [1-13C]vitamin C, consistent with rapid transport of the oxidized form across the blood-brain barrier. We next showed that the kinetic rate of this conversion decreased by nearly 50% after glutathione depletion by diethyl maleate treatment. Finally, we showed that dehydroascorbate labeled for positron emission tomography, namely [1-11C]dehydroascorbate, showed no change in brain signal accumulation after diethyl maleate treatment. These results suggest that hyperpolarized [1-13C]dehydroascorbate may be used to non-invasively detect oxidative stress in common disorders of the brain.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of in vivo 13 C->1 H hyperpolarization transfer, which has significant potential advantages for detecting the distribution and metabolism of hyperpolarized 13 C probes in a clinical MRI scanner. METHODS A standalone pulsed 13 C RF transmit channel was developed for operation in conjunction with the standard 1 H channel of a clinical 3T MRI scanner. Pulse sequences for 13 C power calibration and polarization transfer were programmed on the external hardware and integrated with a customized water-suppressed 1 H MRS acquisition running in parallel on the scanner. The newly developed RF system was tested in both phantom and in vivo polarization transfer experiments in 1 JCH -coupled systems: phantom experiments in thermally polarized and hyperpolarized [2-13 C]glycerol, and 1 H detection of [2-13 C]lactate generated from hyperpolarized [2-13 C]pyruvate in rat liver in vivo. RESULTS Operation of the custom pulsed 13 C RF channel resulted in effective 13 C->1 H hyperpolarization transfer, as confirmed by the characteristic antiphase appearance of 1 H-detected, 1 JCH -coupled doublets. In conjunction with a pulse sequence providing 190-fold water suppression in vivo, 1 H detection of hyperpolarized [2-13 C]lactate generated in vivo was achieved in a rat liver slice. CONCLUSION The results show clear feasibility for effective 13 C->1 H hyperpolarization transfer in a clinical MRI scanner with customized heteronuclear RF system.

Purpose The bSSFP acquisition enables high spatiotemporal resolution for hyperpolarized 13C MRI at 3T, but is limited by spectral contamination from adjacent resonances. The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for in vivo dynamic high resolution imaging of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate and [1-13C]lactate generated in vivo at 3T by simplifying the spectrum through the use of selective suppression pulses. Methods Spectral suppression pulses were incorporated into the bSSFP sequence for suppression of [1-13C]alanine and [1-13C]pyruvate-hydrate signals, leaving only the pyruvate and lactate resonances. Subsequently, the bSSFP pulse width, time-bandwidth, and repetition time were optimized for imaging these dual resonances. Results The spectral suppression reduced both the alanine and pyruvate-hydrate signals by 85.5 ± 4.9% and had no significant effect on quantitation of pyruvate to lactate conversion (liver: P = 0.400, kidney: P = 0.499). High resolution (2 × 2 mm2 and 3 × 3 mm2) sub-second 2D coronal projections and 3D 2.5 mm isotropic images were obtained in rats and tumor-bearing mice with 1.8-5 s temporal resolution, allowing for calculation of lactate-to-pyruvate ratios and kPL. Conclusion The developed framework presented here shows the capability for dynamic high resolution volumetric hyperpolarized bSSFP imaging of pyruvate-to-lactate conversion on a clinical 3T MR scanner.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the hyperpolarized ketone body 13 C-acetoacetate (AcAc) and its conversion to 13 C-β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) in vivo, catalyzed by β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH), as a novel direct marker of mitochondrial redox state. Methods [1,3-13 C2 ]AcAc was synthesized by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester, and hyperpolarized via dissolution DNP. Cold storage under basic conditions resulted in sufficient chemical stability for use in hyperpolarized (HP) MRI studies. Polarizations and relaxation times of HP [1,3-13 C2 ]AcAc were measured in a clinical 3T MRI scanner, and 8 rats were scanned by dynamic HP 13 C MR spectroscopy of a slab through the kidneys. Four rats were scanned after acute treatment with high dose metformin (125 mg/kg, intravenous), which is known to modulate mitochondrial redox via inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. An additional metformin-treated rat was scanned by abdominal 2D CSI (8 mm × 8 mm). Results Polarizations of 7 ± 1% and 7 ± 3%, and T1 relaxation times of 58 ± 5 s and 52 ± 3 s, were attained at the C1 and C3 positions, respectively. Rapid conversion of HP AcAc to βOHB was detected in rat kidney in vivo, via the C1 label. The product HP βOHB was resolved from closely resonating acetate. Conversion to βOHB was also detected via 2D CSI, in both kidney as well as liver regions. Metformin treatment resulted in a significant increase (40%, P = 0.01) of conversion of HP AcAc to βOHB. Conclusion Rapid conversion of HP AcAc to βOHB was observed in rat kidney in vivo and is a promising new non-invasive marker of mitochondrial redox state. Magn Reson Med 79:1862-1869, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

A robust and selective late-stage deuteration methodology was applied to 13C-enriched amino and alpha hydroxy acids to increase spin–lattice relaxation constant T1 for hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging. For the five substrates with 13C-labeling on the C1-position ([1-13C]alanine, [1-13C]serine, [1-13C]lactate, [1-13C]glycine, and [1-13C]valine), significant increase of their T1 was observed at 3 T with deuterium labeling (+26%, 22%, +16%, +25% and +29%, respectively). Remarkably, in the case of [2-13C]alanine, [2-13C]serine and [2-13C]lactate, deuterium labeling led to a greater than four fold increase in T1. [1-13C,2-2H]alanine, produced using this method, was applied to in vitro enzyme assays with alanine aminotransferase, demonstrating a kinetic isotope effect.

PURPOSE Although 1 H spin coupling is generally avoided in probes for hyperpolarized (HP) 13 C MRI, enzymatic transformations of biological interest can introduce large 13 C-1 H couplings in vivo. The purpose of this study was to develop and investigate the application of 1 H decoupling for enhancing the sensitivity for detection of affected HP 13 C metabolic products. METHODS A standalone 1 H decoupler system and custom concentric 13 C/1 H paddle coil setup were integrated with a clinical 3T MRI scanner for in vivo 13 C MR studies using HP [2-13 C]dihydroxyacetone, a novel sensor of hepatic energy status. Major 13 C-1 H coupling JCH = ∼150 Hz) is introduced after adenosine triphosphate-dependent enzymatic transformation of HP [2-13 C]dihydroxyacetone to [2-13 C]glycerol-3-phosphate in vivo. Application of WALTZ-16 1 H decoupling for elimination of large 13 C-1 H couplings was first tested in thermally polarized glycerol phantoms and then for in vivo HP MR studies in three rats, scanned both with and without decoupling. RESULTS As configured, 1 H-decoupled 13 C MR of thermally polarized glycerol and the HP metabolic product [2-13 C]glycerol-3-phosphate was achieved at forward power of approximately 15 W. High-quality 3-s dynamic in vivo HP 13 C MR scans were acquired with decoupling duty cycle of 5%. Application of 1 H decoupling resulted in sensitivity enhancement of 1.7-fold for detection of metabolic conversion of [2-13 C]dihydroxyacetone to HP [2-13 C]glycerol-3-phosphate in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Application of 1 H decoupling provides significant sensitivity enhancement for detection of HP 13 C metabolic products with large 1 H spin couplings, and is therefore expected to be useful for preclinical and potentially clinical HP 13 C MR studies. Magn Reson Med 80:36-41, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

New magnetic resonance (MR) molecular imaging techniques offer the potential for noninvasive, simultaneous quantification of metabolic and perfusion parameters in tumors. This study applied a three-dimensional dynamic dual-agent hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging approach with 13C-pyruvate and 13C-urea to investigate differences in perfusion and metabolism between low- and high-grade tumors in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer. Dynamic MR data were corrected for T1 relaxation and RF excitation and modeled to provide quantitative measures of pyruvate to lactate flux (kPL) and urea perfusion (urea AUC) that correlated with TRAMP tumor histologic grade. kPL values were relatively higher for high-grade TRAMP tumors. The increase in kPL flux correlated significantly with higher lactate dehydrogenase activity and mRNA expression of Ldha, Mct1, and Mct4 as well as with more proliferative disease. There was a significant reduction in perfusion in high-grade tumors that associated with increased hypoxia and mRNA expression of Hif1α and Vegf and increased ktrans, attributed to increased blood vessel permeability. In 90% of the high-grade TRAMP tumors, a mismatch in perfusion and metabolism measurements was observed, with low perfusion being associated with increased kPL. This perfusion-metabolism mismatch was also associated with metastasis. The molecular imaging approach we developed could be translated to investigate these imaging biomarkers for their diagnostic and prognostic power in future prostate cancer clinical trials. Cancer Res; 77(12); 3207–16. ©2017 AACR.

Purpose To investigate acute changes in glucose metabolism in liver and kidneys in vivo after a bolus injection of either fructose or glucose, using hyperpolarized [2-13 C]dihydroxyacetone. Methods Spatially registered, dynamic, multislice MR spectroscopy was acquired for the metabolic products of [2-13 C]dihydroxyacetone in liver and kidneys. Metabolism was probed in 13 fasted rats at three time points: 0, 70, and 140 min. At 60 min, rats were injected intravenously with fructose (n = 5) or glucose (n = 4) at 0.8 g/kg to initiate acute response. Controls (n = 4) did not receive a carbohydrate challenge. Results Ten minutes after fructose infusion, levels of [2-13 C]phosphoenolpyruvate and [2-13 C]glycerol-3-phosphate halved in liver: 51% (P = 0.0010) and 47% (P = 0.0001) of baseline, respectively. Seventy minutes later, levels returned to baseline. The glucose challenge did not alter the signals significantly, nor did repeated administration of the dihydroxyacetone imaging bolus. In kidneys, no statistically significant changes were detected after sugar infusion other than a 20% increase of the glycerol-3-phosphate signal between 10 and 80 min after fructose injection (P = 0.0028). Conclusion Hyperpolarized [2-13 C]dihydroxyacetone detects a real-time, transient metabolic response of the liver to an acute fructose challenge. Observed effects possibly include ATP depletion and changes in the unlabeled pool sizes of glycolytic intermediates. Magn Reson Med 77:65-73, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

Despite a number of studies addressing the pathophysiology of hepatic IRI, a gold standard test for early diagnosis and evaluation of IRI remains elusive. This study investigated the metabolic alterations in a rat model of hepatic IRI using the in vivo hyperpolarized ¹³C MRS and metabolic imaging.HyperpolarizedThe hepatic IRI-induced rats showed significantly higher ratios of [1-The levels of [1

As in conventional (1)H MRI, T(1) and T(2) relaxation times of hyperpolarized (HP) (13)C nuclei can provide important biomedical information. Two new approaches were developed for simultaneous T(1) and T(2) mapping of HP (13)C probes based on balanced steady state free precession (bSSFP) acquisitions: a method based on sequential T(1) and T(2) mapping modules, and a model-based joint T(1)/T(2) approach analogous to MR fingerprinting. These new methods were tested in simulations, HP (13)C phantoms, and in vivo in normal Sprague-Dawley rats. Non-localized T(1) values, low flip angle EPI T(1) maps, bSSFP T(2) maps, and Bloch-Siegert B(1) maps were also acquired for comparison. T(1) and T(2) maps acquired using both approaches were in good agreement with both literature values and data from comparative acquisitions. Multiple HP (13)C compounds were successfully mapped, with their relaxation time parameters measured within heart, liver, kidneys, and vasculature in one acquisition for the first time.

Hyperpolarized 13 C MRI takes advantage of the unprecedented 50 000-fold signal-to-noise ratio enhancement to interrogate cancer metabolism in patients and animals. It can measure the pyruvate-to-lactate conversion rate, kPL , a metabolic biomarker of cancer aggressiveness and progression. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate kPL reliably. In this study, three sequence components and parameters that modulate kPL estimation were identified and investigated in model simulations and through in vivo animal studies using several specifically designed pulse sequences. These factors included a magnetization spoiling effect due to RF pulses, a crusher gradient-induced flow suppression, and intrinsic image weightings due to relaxation. Simulation showed that the RF-induced magnetization spoiling can be substantially improved using an inputless kPL fitting. In vivo studies found a significantly higher apparent kPL with an additional gradient that leads to flow suppression (kPL,FID-Delay,Crush /kPL,FID-Delay = 1.37 ± 0.33, P

Purpose Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequences can provide superior signal-to-noise ratio efficiency for hyperpolarized (HP) carbon-13 (13C) magnetic resonance imaging by efficiently utilizing the nonrecoverable magnetization, but managing their spectral response is challenging in the context of metabolic imaging. A new spectrally selective bSSFP sequence was developed for fast imaging of multiple HP 13C metabolites with high spatiotemporal resolution. Theory and Methods This novel approach for bSSFP spectral selectivity incorporates optimized short-duration spectrally selective radiofrequency pulses within a bSSFP pulse train and a carefully chosen repetition time to avoid banding artifacts. Results The sequence enabled subsecond 3D dynamic spectrally selective imaging of 13C metabolites of copolarized [1-13C]pyruvate and [13C]urea at 2-mm isotropic resolution, with excellent spectral selectivity (∼100:1). The sequence was successfully tested in phantom studies and in vivo studies with normal mice. Conclusion This sequence is expected to benefit applications requiring dynamic volumetric imaging of metabolically active 13C compounds at high spatiotemporal resolution, including preclinical studies at high field and, potentially, clinical studies.Magn Reson Med, 2016. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PURPOSE Hyperpolarized 13 C MRI is a powerful tool for studying metabolism, but can lack tissue specificity. Gadoxetate is a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent that is selectively taken into hepatocytes. The goal of this project was to investigate whether gadoxetate can be used to selectively suppress the hyperpolarized signal arising from hepatocytes, which could in future studies be applied to generate specificity for signal from abnormal cell types. METHODS Baseline gadoxetate uptake kinetics were measured using T1 -weighted contrast enhanced imaging. Relaxivity of gadoxetate was measured for [1-13 C]pyruvate, [1-13 C]lactate, and [1-13 C]alanine. Four healthy rats were imaged with hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate using a three-dimensional (3D) MRSI sequence prior to and 15 min following administration of gadoxetate. The lactate:pyruvate ratio and alanine:pyruvate ratios were measured in liver and kidney. RESULTS Overall, the hyperpolarized signal decreased approximately 60% as a result of pre-injection of gadoxetate. In liver, the lactate:pyruvate and alanine:pyruvate ratios decreased 42% and 78%, respectively (P

Purpose The purpose of this study was to characterize tissue-specific alterations in metabolism of hyperpolarized (HP) gluconeogenic precursors 13 C-lactate and 13 C-pyruvate by rat liver and kidneys under conditions of fasting or insulin-deprived diabetes. Methods Seven normal rats were studied by MR spectroscopic imaging of both HP 13 C-lactate and 13 C-pyruvate in both normal fed and 24 h fasting states, and seven additional rats were scanned after induction of diabetes by streptozotocin (STZ) with insulin withdrawal. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expression levels were also measured in liver and kidney tissues of the STZ-treated rats. Results Multiple sets of significant signal modulations were detected, with graded intensity in general between fasting and diabetic states. An approximate two-fold reduction in the ratio of 13 C-bicarbonate to total 13 C signal was observed in both organs in fasting. The ratio of HP lactate-to-alanine was markedly altered, ranging from a liver-specific 54% increase in fasting, to increases of 69% and 92% in liver and kidney, respectively, in diabetes. Diabetes resulted in a 40% increase in renal lactate signal. STZ resulted in 5.86-fold and 2.73-fold increases in PEPCK expression in liver and kidney, respectively. Conclusion MRI of HP 13 C gluconeogenic precursors may advance diabetes research by clarifying organ-specific roles in abnormal diabetic metabolism. Magn Reson Med 77:1429-1437, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PURPOSE To develop a specialized multislice, single-acquisition approach to detect the metabolites of hyperpolarized (HP) [2-13 C]dihydroxyacetone (DHAc) to probe gluconeogenesis in vivo, which have a broad 144 ppm spectral range (∼4.6 kHz at 3T). A novel multiband radio-frequency (RF) excitation pulse was designed for independent flip angle control over five to six spectral-spatial (SPSP) excitation bands, each corrected for chemical shift misregistration effects. METHODS Specialized multiband SPSP RF pulses were designed, tested, and applied to investigate HP [2-13 C]DHAc metabolism in kidney and liver of fasted rats with dynamic 13 C-MR spectroscopy and an optimal flip angle scheme. For comparison, experiments were also performed with narrow-band slice-selective RF pulses and a sequential change of the frequency offset to cover the five frequency bands of interest. RESULTS The SPSP pulses provided a controllable spectral profile free of baseline distortion with improved signal to noise of the metabolite peaks, allowing for quantification of the metabolic products. We observed organ-specific differences in DHAc metabolism. There was two to five times more [2-13 C]phosphoenolpyruvate and about 19 times more [2-13 C]glycerol 3-phosphate in the liver than in the kidney. CONCLUSION A multiband SPSP RF pulse covering a spectral range over 144 ppm enabled in vivo characterization of HP [2-13 C]DHAc metabolism in rat liver and kidney. Magn Reson Med 77:1419-1428, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PURPOSE Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enables the acquisition of 13 C magnetic resonance data with a high sensitivity. Recently, metabolically inactive hyperpolarized 13 C-labeled compounds have shown to be potentially useful for perfusion imaging. The purpose of this study was to validate hyperpolarized perfusion imaging methods by comparing with conventional gadolinium (Gd)-based perfusion MRI techniques and pathology. METHODS Dynamic 13 C data using metabolically inactive hyperpolarized bis-1,1-(hydroxymethyl)-[1-13 C]cyclopropane-d8 (HMCP) were obtained from an orthotopic human glioblastoma (GBM) model for the characterization of tumor perfusion and compared with standard Gd-based dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI data and immunohistochemical analysis from resected brains. RESULTS Distinct HMCP perfusion characteristics were observed within the GBM tumors compared with contralateral normal brain tissue. The perfusion parameters obtained from the hyperpolarized HMCP data in tumor were strongly correlated with normalized peak height measured from the DSC images. The results from immunohistochemical analysis supported these findings by showing a high level of vascular staining for tumor that exhibited high levels of hyperpolarized HMCP signal. CONCLUSION The results from this study have demonstrated that hyperpolarized HMCP data can be used as an indicator of tumor perfusion in an orthotopic xenograft model for GBM. Magn Reson Med 77:841-847, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

A calibrationless parallel imaging technique developed previously for (1)H MRI was modified and tested for hyperpolarized (13)C MRI for applications requiring large FOV and high spatial resolution. The technique was demonstrated with both retrospective and prospective under-sampled data acquired in phantom and in vivo rat studies. A 2-fold acceleration was achieved using a 2D symmetric EPI readout equipped with random blips on the phase encode dimension. Reconstructed images showed excellent qualitative agreement with fully sampled data. Further acceleration can be achieved using acquisition schemes that incorporate multi-dimensional under-sampling.

Magnetic resonance (MR) based hyperpolarized (HP) (13)C metabolic imaging is under active pursuit as a new clinical diagnostic method for cancer detection, grading, and monitoring of therapeutic response. Following the tremendous success of metabolic imaging by positron emission tomography (PET), which already plays major roles in clinical oncology, the added value of HP (13)C MRI is emerging. Aberrant glycolysis and central carbon metabolism is a hallmark of many forms of cancer. The chemical transformations associated with these pathways produce metabolites ranging in general from 3 to 6 carbons, and are dependent on the redox state and energy charge of the tissue. The significant changes in chemistry associated with flux through these pathways imply HP imaging can take advantage of the underlying chemical shift information encoded into an MR experiment to produce images of the injected substrate as well as its metabolites. However, imaging of HP metabolites poses unique constraints on pulse sequence design related to detection of X-nuclei, decay of the HP magnetization due to T(1), and the consumption of HP signal by the inspection pulses. Advancements in the field continue to depend critically on customization of MRI systems and pulse sequences for optimized detection of HP (13)C signals, focused largely on extracting the maximum amount of information during the short lifetime of the HP magnetization. From a clinical perspective, the success of HP (13)C MRI of cancer will largely depend upon the utility of HP pyruvate for the detection of lactate pools associated with the Warburg effect, though several other agents are also under investigation, with novel agents continually being formulated. In this review, the salient aspects of HP (13)C imaging will be highlighted, with an emphasis on both technological challenges and the biochemical aspects of HP experimental design.

A robust and selective late-stage deuteration methodology was applied to (13)C-enriched amino and alpha hydroxy acids to increase spin-lattice relaxation constant T(1) for hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance imaging. For the five substrates with (13)C-labeling on the C1-position ([1-(13)C]alanine, [1-(13)C]serine, [1-(13)C]lactate, [1-(13)C]glycine, and [1-(13)C]valine), significant increase of their T(1) was observed at 3T with deuterium labeling (+26%, 22%, +16%, +25% and +29%, respectively). Remarkably, in the case of [2-(13)C]alanine, [2-(13)C]serine and [2-(13)C]lactate, deuterium labeling led to a greater than four fold increase in T(1). [1-(13)C,2-(2)H]alanine, produced using this method, was applied to in vitro enzyme assays with alanine aminotransferase, demonstrating a kinetic isotope effect.

The type 2 diabetic phenotype results from mixed effects of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance, but the relative contributions of these two distinct factors remain poorly characterized, as do the respective roles of the gluconeogenic organs. The purpose of this study was to investigate localized in vivo metabolic changes in liver and kidneys of contrasting models of diabetes mellitus (DM): streptozotocin (STZ)-treated wild-type Zucker rats (T1DM) and Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats (T2DM). Intermediary metabolism was probed using hyperpolarized (HP) [1-13C]pyruvate MRI of the liver and kidneys. These data were correlated with gene expression data for key mediators, assessed using rtPCR. Increased HP [1-13C]lactate was detected in both models, in association with elevated gluconeogenesis as reflected by increased expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. In contrast, HP [1-13C]alanine diverged between the two models, increasing in ZDF rats, while decreasing in the STZ-treated rats. The differences in liver alanine paralleled differences in key lipogenic mediators. Thus, HP [1-13C]alanine is a marker that can identify phenotypic differences in kidneys and liver of rats with T1DM vs. T2DM, non-invasively in vivo. This approach could provide a powerful diagnostic tool for characterizing tissue metabolic defects and responses to treatment in diabetic patients with ambiguous systemic manifestations.

Acceleration of dynamic 2D (T(2) Mapping) and 3D hyperpolarized (13)C MRI acquisitions using the balanced steady-state free precession sequence was achieved with a specialized reconstruction method, based on the combination of low rank plus sparse and local low rank reconstructions. Methods were validated using both retrospectively and prospectively undersampled in vivo data from normal rats and tumor-bearing mice. Four-fold acceleration of 1–2 mm isotropic 3D dynamic acquisitions with 2–5 s temporal resolution and two-fold acceleration of 0.25–1 mm(2) 2D dynamic acquisitions was achieved. This enabled visualization of the biodistribution of [2-(13)C]pyruvate, [1-(13)C]lactate, [(13)C, (15)N(2)]urea, and HP001 within heart, kidneys, vasculature, and tumor, as well as calculation of high resolution T(2) maps.

PURPOSE: The bSSFP acquisition enables high spatiotemporal resolution for hyperpolarized (13)C MRI at 3T, but is limited by spectral contamination from adjacent resonances. The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for in vivo dynamic high resolution imaging of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate and [1-(13)C]lactate generated in vivo at 3T by simplifying the spectrum through the use of selective suppression pulses. METHODS: Spectral suppression pulses were incorporated into the bSSFP sequence for suppression of [1-(13)C]alanine and [1-(13)C]pyruvate-hydrate signals, leaving only the pyruvate and lactate resonances. Subsequently, the bSSFP pulse width, time-bandwidth, and repetition time were optimized for imaging these dual resonances. RESULTS: The spectral suppression reduced both the alanine and pyruvate-hydrate signals by 85.5 ± 4.9% and had no significant effect on quantitation of pyruvate to lactate conversion (liver: P = 0.400, kidney: P = 0.499). High resolution (2 × 2 mm(2) and 3 × 3 mm(2)) sub-second 2D coronal projections and 3D 2.5 mm isotropic images were obtained in rats and tumor-bearing mice with 1.8-5 s temporal resolution, allowing for calculation of lactate-to-pyruvate ratios and k(PL). CONCLUSION: The developed framework presented here shows the capability for dynamic high resolution volumetric hyperpolarized bSSFP imaging of pyruvate-to-lactate conversion on a clinical 3T MR scanner.

The goal of this project was to develop and apply techniques for T2 mapping and 3D high resolution (1.5 mm isotropic; 0.003 cm3) 13C imaging of hyperpolarized (HP) probes [1-13C]lactate, [1-13C]pyruvate, [2-13C]pyruvate, and [13C,15N2]urea in vivo. A specialized 2D bSSFP sequence was implemented on a clinical 3T scanner and used to obtain the first high resolution T2 maps of these different hyperpolarized compounds in both rats and tumor-bearing mice. These maps were first used to optimize timings for highest SNR for single time-point 3D bSSFP acquisitions with a 1.5 mm isotropic spatial resolution of normal rats. This 3D acquisition approach was extended to serial dynamic imaging with 2-fold compressed sensing acceleration without changing spatial resolution. The T2 mapping experiments yielded measurements of T2 values of greater than 1 s for all compounds within rat kidneys/vasculature and TRAMP tumors, except for [2-13C]pyruvate which was ~730 ms and ~320 ms, respectively. The high resolution 3D imaging enabled visualization the biodistribution of [1-13C]lactate, [1-13C]pyruvate, and [2-13C]pyruvate within different kidney compartments as well as in the vasculature. While the mouse anatomy is smaller, the resolution was also sufficient to image the distribution of all compounds within kidney, vasculature, and tumor. The development of the specialized 3D sequence with compressed sensing provided improved structural and functional assessments at a high (0.003 cm3) spatial and 2 s temporal resolution in vivo utilizing HP 13C substrates by exploiting their long T2 values. This 1.5 mm isotropic resolution is comparable to 1H imaging and application of this approach could be extended to future studies of uptake, metabolism, and perfusion in cancer and other disease models and may ultimately be of value for clinical imaging.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become highly prevalent, now considered the most common liver disease in the western world. Approximately one-third of patients with NASH develop non-alchoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), histologically defined by lobular and portal inflammation, and accompanied by marked oxidative stress. Patients with NASH are at increased risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and diagnosis currently requires invasive biopsy. In animal models of NASH, particularly the methionine-choline deficient (MCD) model, profound changes are seen in redox enzymes and key intracellular antioxidants. To study antioxidant status in NASH non-invasively, we applied the redox probe hyperpolarized [1-13C] dehydroascorbic acid (HP DHA), which is reduced to Vitamin C (VitC) rapidly in the normal liver. In MCD mice, we observed a significant decrease in HP DHA to VitC conversion that accompanied hepatic fat deposition. When these animals were subsequently placed on a normal diet, resonance ratios reverted to those seen in control mice. These findings suggest that HP DHA, a potentially clinically translatable imaging agent, holds special promise in imaging NASH and other metabolic syndromes, to monitor disease progression and response to targeted therapies.

13C steady state free precession (SSFP) magnetic resonance imaging and effective spin-spin relaxation time (T2) mapping were performed using hyperpolarized [13C] urea and [13 C,15N2] urea injected intravenously in rats. 15N labeling gave large T2 increases both in solution and in vivo due to the elimination of a strong scalar relaxation pathway. The T2 increase was pronounced in the kidney, with [13 C,15 N2] urea giving T2 values of 6.3±1.3 s in the cortex and medulla, and 11±2 s in the renal pelvis. The measured T2 in the aorta was 1.3±0.3 s. [13C] urea showed shortened T2 values in the kidney of 0.23±0.03 s compared to 0.28±0.03 s measured in the aorta. The enhanced T2 of [13C,15N2] urea was utilized to generate large signal enhancement by SSFP acquisitions with flip angles approaching the fully refocused regime. Projection images at 0.94 mm in-plane resolution were acquired with both urea isotopes, with [13C,15 N2] urea giving a greater than four-fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio over [13C] urea.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Persistent oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated across diverse forms of AKI and in the transition to CKD. In this study, we applied hyperpolarized (HP) 13C dehydroascorbate (DHA) and 13C pyruvate MR spectroscopy to investigate the renal redox capacity and mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, respectively, in a murine model of AKI at baseline, and 7 days after unilateral ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Compared to the contralateral sham-operated kidneys, the kidneys subjected to IRI showed a significant decrease in the HP 13C Vitamin C/(Vitamin C+DHA) ratio, consistent with a decrease in redox capacity. The kidneys subjected to IRI also showed a significant decrease in the HP 13C bicarbonate/pyruvate ratio, consistent with impaired PDH activity. The IRI kidneys showed a significantly higher HP 13C lactate/pyruvate ratio at day 7 compared to baseline, although the 13C lactate/pyruvate ratio was not significantly different between the IRI and the contralateral sham-operated kidneys at day 7. Arterial spin labeling MRI demonstrated significantly reduced perfusion in the IRI kidneys. Renal tissue analysis showed corresponding increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduced PDH activity in the IRI kidneys. Our results show the feasibility of HP 13C MR for the noninvasive assessment of oxidative stress and mitochondrial PDH activity following renal ischemia reperfusion injury.

Purpose To demonstrate simultaneous hyperpolarization and imaging of three 13C-labeled perfusion MRI contrast agents with dissimilar molecular structures ([13C]urea, [13C]hydroxymethyl cyclopropane, and [13C]t-butanol) and correspondingly variable chemical shifts and physiological characteristics, and to exploit their varying diffusibility for simultaneous measurement of vascular permeability and perfusion in initial preclinical studies. Methods Rapid and efficient dynamic multislice imaging was enabled by a novel pulse sequence incorporating balanced steady state free precession excitation and spectral-spatial readout by multiband frequency encoding, designed for the wide, regular spectral separation of these compounds. We exploited the varying bilayer permeability of these tracers to quantify vascular permeability and perfusion parameters simultaneously, using perfusion modeling methods that were investigated in simulations. “Tripolarized” perfusion MRI methods were applied to initial preclinical studies with differential conditions of vascular permeability, in normal mouse tissues and advanced transgenic mouse prostate tumors. Results Dynamic imaging revealed clear differences among the individual tracer distributions. Computed permeability maps demonstrated differential permeability of brain tissue among the tracers, and tumor perfusion and permeability were both elevated over values expected for normal tissues. Conclusion Tripolarized perfusion MRI provides new molecular imaging measures for specifically monitoring permeability, perfusion, and transport simultaneously in vivo. Magn Reson Med 72:1599–1609, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The development of hyperpolarized technology utilizing dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has enabled the rapid measurement of 13 C metabolism in vivo with very high SNR. However, with traditional DNP equipment, consecutive injections of a hyperpolarized compound in an animal have been subject to a practical minimum time between injections governed by the polarization build-up time, which is on the order of an hour for [1- 13 C]pyruvate. This has precluded the monitoring of metabolic changes occurring on a faster time scale. In this study, we demonstrated the ability to acquire in vivo dynamic magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and 3D magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) data in normal rats with a 5 min interval between injections of hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]pyruvate using a prototype, sub-Kelvin dynamic nuclear polarizer with the capability to simultaneously polarize up to 4 samples and dissolve them in rapid succession. There were minimal perturbations in the hyperpolarized spectra as a result of the multiple injections, suggesting that such an approach would not confound the investigation of metabolism occurring on this time scale. As an initial demonstration of the application of this technology and approach for monitoring rapid changes in metabolism as a result of a physiological intervention, we investigated the pharmacodynamics of the anti-cancer agent dichloroacetate (DCA), collecting hyperpolarized data before administration of DCA, 1 min after administration, and 6 min after administration. Dramatic increases in 13 C-bicarbonate were detected just 1 min (as well as 6 min) after DCA administration.

Metabolic imaging of hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate co-polarized with [13C]urea by dynamic nuclear polarization with rapid dissolution is a promising new method for assessing tumor metabolism and perfusion simultaneously in vivo. Novel pulse sequences are required to enable dynamic imaging of multiple 13C spectral lines with high spatiotemporal resolution. The goal of this study was to investigate a new frequency-specific approach for rapid metabolic imaging of multiple 13C resonances using the spectral selectivity of steady-state free precession pulse (SSFP) trains. Methods developed in simulations were implemented in a dynamic frequency-cycled balanced SSFP pulse sequence on a 14.1-T animal magnetic resonance imaging scanner. This acquisition was tested in thermal and hyperpolarized phantom imaging studies and in a transgenic mouse with prostate cancer.