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Macrophages, the most abundant cells that participate in tumour progression, are the subject of a number of anticancer therapy approaches. Our previous results revealed that an extract of the fungus Coriolus versicolor (CV) has anti-cancer and immunomodulatory properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether CV extract-treated triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells can release factors that can reprogram macrophages from pro-tumourigenic to anti-cancer subtypes. RAW 264.7 macrophages were cultured in a conditioned medium (CM) from non-treated 4T1 breast cancer cells (CM-NT) or CV extract-stimulated cells (CM-CV). After treatment, the following macrophage properties were evaluated: cell viability; M1/M2 phenotype (enzyme activities: iNOS and arginase 1; and expression of CD molecules: CD80 and CD163); cytokine concentrations: IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, TGF-β, MCP-1 and VEGF; migration level; and ROS production. The results revealed that, compared with normal cells, TNBC cells stimulated with CV extract create a microenvironment that promotes a decrease in macrophage viability and migration, intracellular ROS production, and pro-angiogenic cytokine production (VEGF and MCP-1). Moreover, CM-CV decreased the expression of M2 macrophage markers (arginase 1 and CD163; IL-10 and TGF-β) but upregulated the expression of M1 cell markers (iNOS and CD80; IL-6 and TNF-α). We concluded that CV extract modifies the tumour microenvironment and changes macrophage polarisation toward functioning as an anti-tumour agent. Therefore, it is promising to use in the treatment of TNBC-associated macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This study aims to decipher the mechanism of the anti-aging effect of puerarin. [Methods] A mouse model of D-galactose-induced subacute aging was established. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by measuring oxidative stress indicators in the serum, liver, and spleen. The spatial learning and memory ability of mice was assessed by the Morris water maze test. Pathological changes in the hippocampus of mice were observed by Nissl staining. The oxidative stress indicators of the brain tissue were measured to comprehensively investigate the effect of the fermentation products of Puerariae lobatae Radix (FP) on brain aging. Micro-CT scanning was performed to study the effect of FP on femoral motor ability in aging mice. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the histological changes of the testis and thymus in mice. [Results] Compared with the model group, the FP intervention reduced the MDA content (P<0.001) and increased the GSH content (P<0.001) and SOD activity (P<0.05) in the serum. Meanwhile, it reduced the MDA content (P<0.05), increased the GSH content (P<0.01), and had no significant effect on the SOD activity in the liver. It reduced the MDA content (P<0.05), increased the SOD activity (P<0.001), and had no significant effect on the GSH content in the spleen. The results indicated that FP delayed the antioxidant function decline in the liver and spleen of aging mice by improving the antioxidant capacity of the serum. The FP group showed a decrease of 62.18% in the total distance traveled at the end of training (P<0.000 1) and an increase in the number of platform traversals (P<0.000 1). Furthermore, FP reduced the MDA content (P<0.001) and increased the GSH content and SOD activity (P<0.05) in the brain tissue, ameliorated the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, and increased the femur volume fraction, thus delaying the femur aging of mice. In addition, the histological structure abnormalities of the testis and thymus of the mice were ameliorated in the FP group. [Conclusion] FP can delay the brain tissue structure and function decline, motor coordination decline of the femur, antioxidant function decline of the liver and spleen, and degenerative changes in the thymus and testis in aging mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free formaldehyde is released due to the addition of aldehyde-based adhesives during the production of fiberboard. This is harmful to human health and pollutes the environment, and for that reason binderless fiberboard has become a research hotspot. There have been reports about pretreatments with white-rot fungi or lignocellulase to produce binderless fiberboard, but there have been no such reports about optimizing the bio-pretreatment conditions. In this study, poplar wood shavings were used for fiberboard production, and the bio-pretreatment conditions with Coriolus versicolor were studied using response surface methodology. After single-factor optimization, the central levels of bran, molasses, and magnesium sulfate were obtained. Further optimization was carried out using Box-Behnken design to study the influence of the factors. A second-order polynomial equation was obtained, and the low p-value (0.001) implied that the model was highly significant. The optimized bio-pretreatment conditions for modulus of rupture (MOR) of the fiberboard were obtained by ridge analysis as 3.021 g of bran, 8.907 g of molasses, and 0.27 g of magnesium sulfate. Under the optimized conditions, MOR of fiberboard reached 27.21±0.64 MPa, which was 2.2 times that of the control fiberboard. Bio-pretreatment with C. versicolor should be a good choice to produce a high-strength binderless fiberboard.

In recent years, the research potential in utilizing biochars as adsorbents in adsorption processes has grown due to their eco‐friendly and economical nature. However, biochar often possesses a negative surface charge that limits its affinity for binding anions. Nitric acid washing and pretreatment with Coriolus versicolor can break down the lignocellulosic structure in cotton stalk waste, facilitating the subsequent impregnation of Mg and Fe metal oxides. These pretreatment steps can lead to the production of diverse and functionalized biochars with higher adsorption capacities. In this study, cotton stalk waste was first washed with diluted nitric acid and then subjected to biological pretreatment by incubation with C. versicolor, followed by impregnation with Mg and Fe to obtain CV‐CS/Fe and CV‐CS/Mg biochars. The results showed that the applied pretreatments altered the physicochemical properties and significantly increased the phosphorus adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacities of CV‐CS/Fe and CV‐CS/Mg biochars were found to be 277.88 and 507.01 mg g−1, respectively. The results indicate that the incorporation of multiple metal oxide impregnates enhances P adsorption. Furthermore, in the kinetic study, pseudo‐first‐order and pseudo‐second‐order models provided a well fit, determining chemical adsorption as the main adsorption mechanism for phosphorus adsorption. The biochars demonstrated compatibility with Langmuir–Freundlich models. Overall, the findings suggest the possibility of synthesizing biochars with improved adsorptive properties through pretreatment, and these engineered biochars hold promising potential as effective adsorbents in the field. Practitioner Points: Eco‐friendly, natural, and economical biochar was synthesized.Biochar was produced via Coriolus versicolor pretreatment.High adsorption capacities of CV‐PS/Mg biochars were found to be 507.01 mg g−1.Adsorption capacities of biochars can be improved by pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for virtually all cervical cancers in women. HPV infection and persistency may lead to different-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions that can result in high-grade lesions and cancer. The objective was to prospectively evaluate the results of using a Coriolus-versicolor-based vaginal gel (Papilocare®) on HPV-dependent low-grade cervical lesion repair in a real-life scenario. HPV-positive women _ 25 years with ASCUS/LSIL cervical cytology results and concordant colposcopy images were included, receiving the vaginal gel one cannula/day for 21 days (first month) + one cannula/alternate days (five months). A 6-month second treatment cycle was prescribed when needed. Repair of the cervical low-grade lesions through cytology and colposcopy, HPV clearance, and level of satisfaction, and tolerability were evaluated. In total, 192 and 201 patients accounted for the total and safety analyses, respectively, and 77.1% repaired cervical lesions at 6 or 12 months (76.0% for high-risk HPV). Additionally, 71.6% achieved HPV clearance throughout the study’s duration (70.6% for high-risk HPV). Satisfaction level was rated 7.9 and 7.5 out of 10 at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Only three mild–moderate product-related adverse events were reported, and all of them were resolved by the end of the study. In our study, we observed higher regression rates of low-grade cervical lesions in women treated with Papilocare® vaginal gel than spontaneous regression rates reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Simple Summary: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for virtually all cervical cancers in women. Although in the case of low-grade lesions the conventional approach is watchful waiting, some infections may lead to different-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions that can result in high-grade lesions and cancer. In this context, Papilocare® is a vaginal gel that combines components with moisturizing, tissue regeneration, and microbiota-balancing properties with ingredients that have positive effects on HPV-dependent cervical lesions and HPV clearance. According to the results obtained in this observational study with real-world data, most participants repaired their cervical lesions and cleared HPV through Papilocare® treatment, with a good treatment tolerability, adherence, and satisfaction rates, regardless of being infected with high-risk HPV, age over 40 years or both of them. Data reported in this study strengthen the role of the vaginal gel Papilocare® as a complementary action to the simple watchful waiting approach in HPV-related low-grade cervical lesions management. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for virtually all cervical cancers in women. HPV infection and persistency may lead to different-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions that can result in high-grade lesions and cancer. The objective was to prospectively evaluate the results of using a Coriolus-versicolor-based vaginal gel (Papilocare®) on HPV-dependent low-grade cervical lesion repair in a real-life scenario. HPV-positive women ≥ 25 years with ASCUS/LSIL cervical cytology results and concordant colposcopy images were included, receiving the vaginal gel one cannula/day for 21 days (first month) + one cannula/alternate days (five months). A 6-month second treatment cycle was prescribed when needed. Repair of the cervical low-grade lesions through cytology and colposcopy, HPV clearance, and level of satisfaction, and tolerability were evaluated. In total, 192 and 201 patients accounted for the total and safety analyses, respectively, and 77.1% repaired cervical lesions at 6 or 12 months (76.0% for high-risk HPV). Additionally, 71.6% achieved HPV clearance throughout the study's duration (70.6% for high-risk HPV). Satisfaction level was rated 7.9 and 7.5 out of 10 at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Only three mild–moderate product-related adverse events were reported, and all of them were resolved by the end of the study. In our study, we observed higher regression rates of low-grade cervical lesions in women treated with Papilocare® vaginal gel than spontaneous regression rates reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6 year old Wheaten Terrier mix with a history of collapse and lethargy was referred for evaluation of pericardial effusion. The echocardiogram identified pericardial effusion and a right auricular mass. No sign of metastasis was noted at this time in thoracic radiographs and abdominal ultrasounds. The patient underwent the right auriculectomy via right lateral thoracotomy. Several metastatic masses were located in the visceral aspect of the pericardium at the time of surgery and were all excised. The right auricular mass and pericardial masses were diagnosed as hemangiosarcoma with a sign of metastasis. The patient recovered from surgery uneventfully and was discharged the sixth day after surgery. The patient received doxorubicin followed by cyclophosphamide, piroxicam and Coriolus versicolor extract postoperatively. Pulmonary metastases were noted 229 days and the dog was euthanized 318 days after surgery. No clinical signs were noted until 309 days postoperatively.

Coriolus versicolor (CV) is a common species from the Polyporaceae family that has been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for over 2000 years. Among well-described and most active compounds identified in CV are polysaccharopeptides, such as polysaccharide peptide (PSP) and Polysaccharide-K (PSK, krestin), which, in some countries, are already used as an adjuvant agent in cancer therapy. In this paper, research advances in the field of anti-cancer and anti-viral action of CV are analyzed. The results of data obtained in in vitro and in vivo studies using animal models as well as in clinical research trials have been discussed. The present update provides a brief overview regarding the immunomodulatory effects of CV. A particular focus has been given to the mechanisms of direct effects of CV on cancer cells and angiogenesis. A potential use of CV compounds in anti-viral treatment, including therapy against COVID-19 disease, has also been analyzed based on the most recent literature. Additionally, the significance of fever in viral infection and cancer has been debated, providing evidence that CV affects this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common groups of viruses. Almost all sexually active people can be included in the risk group of HPV infection. Numerous studies indicate a significant prevalence of HPV with a high oncogenic risk, especially among women under 30 years of age. The course of HPV depends on the state of the immune system and can be transient, latent or persistent. A significant role belongs to the state of local immunity and vaginal microbiota. Long-term persistence of HPV in the tissues of the lower part of the genital tract organs provokes the development of precancer and cancer processes. The objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of a vaginal gel based on Coriolus versicolor in the treatment of low-grade cervical lesions caused by HPV. Materials and methods. This study involved 91 HPV-positive women with low-grade pap smear lesions who had regular colposcopy. Women were randomized (in a 1:1:1 ratio) to three treatment groups: A treatment, B treatment, and a control group (expectant approach). Results. Since the state of the immune system largely determines the course of HPV infection, the modern approach to the treatment of HPV-associated diseases involves the use of local intravaginal antiviral and immunomodulatory therapy, which promotes the elimination of pathogens and ensures full epithelization of the cervix, reducing the frequency of recurrence, which preserves women’s reproductive health. The percentage of patients with a normal Pap smear and serial colposcopy in 6 months was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (84.9% vs. 64.5%, respectively; p=0.031; this difference was even more prominent in the high-risk subgroup of HPV-infected women (87.8% vs. 56.0% for the treatment and control groups, respectively; p=0.003). Significant differences were also observed at 3 months in the overall sample of patients (78.0% vs. 54.8% for the treatment and control groups, respectively; p=0.023) and the subgroup of high-risk HPV-infected women (79.5% vs. 52 .0%, respectively; p=0.017). Conclusions. Treatment with a Coriolus versicolor vaginal gel has demonstrated greater clinical benefit than a standard expectant approach in clinical practice for patients with total and high risk of HPV infection for the treatment efficacy of HPVrelated cervical lesions and removal of all HPV strains from the organism after one six-month period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial sepsis induces the production of excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, resulting in tissue injury and hyperinflammation. Patients recovering from sepsis have increased rates of central nervous system (CNS) morbidities, which are linked to long-term cognitive impairment, such as neurodegenerative pathologies. This paper focuses on the tissue injury and hyperinflammation observed in the acute phase of sepsis and on the development of long-term neuroinflammation associated with septicemia. Here we evaluate the effects of Coriolus versicolor administration as a novel approach to treat polymicrobial sepsis. Rats underwent cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), and Coriolus versicolor (200 mg/kg in saline) was administered daily by gavage. Survival was monitored, and tissues from vital organs that easily succumb to infection were harvested after 72 h to evaluate the histological changes. Twenty-eight days after CLP, behavioral analyses were performed, and serum and brain (hippocampus) samples were harvested at four weeks from surgery. Coriolus versicolor increased survival and reduced acute tissue injury. Indeed, it reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bloodstream, leading to a reduced chronic inflammation. In the hippocampus, Coriolus versicolor administration restored tight junction expressions, reduce cytokines accumulation and glia activation. It also reduced toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome components expression. Coriolus versicolor showed antioxidant activities, restoring glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and reducing lipid peroxidation, nitrite and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Importantly, Coriolus versicolor reduced amyloid precursor protein (APP), phosphorylated-Tau (p-Tau), pathologically phosphorylated tau (PHF1), phosphorylated tau (Ser202 and Thr205) (AT8), interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) expression, and β-amyloid accumulation induced by CLP. Indeed, Coriolus versicolor restored synaptic dysfunction and behavioral alterations. This research shows the effects of Coriolus versicolor administration on the long-term development of neuroinflammation and brain dysfunction induced by sepsis. Overall, our results demonstrated that Coriolus versicolor administration was able to counteract the degenerative process triggered by sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomasz J&eogon;drzejewski,1 Justyna Soboci&nacute;ska,1 Ma&lstrok;gorzata Pawlikowska,1 Artur Dzialuk,2 Sylwia Wrotek1 1Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland; 2Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, 85-090, PolandCorrespondence: Tomasz J&eogon;drzejewski, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Str., Torun, 87-100, Poland, Tel +48 56 611 25 18, Email tomaszj@umk.pl Artur Dzialuk, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 10 Powsta&nacute;ców Wielkopolskich Ave., Bydgoszcz, 85-090, Poland, Tel +48 52 34 19 281, Email dzialuk@ukw.edu.plPurpose: Extract from the fungus Coriolus versicolor (CV) is classified as an immunological response modifier. Previously, we have shown that this extract induces interleukin 6 (IL-6)-related extension of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever. This study investigated the effect of CV extract on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the expression of components of signal transduction pathways leading to the secretion of cytokines from RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with different doses of LPS.Methods: RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with CV extract alone or co-treated with CV extract and LPS. The level of IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the culture media was measured using ELISA. Protein expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, phosphorylated IκB (p-IκB), CD14 glycoprotein and phospho-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K) was evaluated using Western blot. The effects of TLR4, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and p-PI3K on cytokine secretion were estimated using inhibitors: TAK-242, JSH-23 and LY294002.Results: CV extract itself stimulates the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α and increases the expression of TLR4, p-IκB and p-PI3K. The presence of CV extract during the treatment of cells with lower concentrations of LPS (10 and 100 ng/mL) increases the cytokine production. Co-stimulation of cells with CV extract and LPS at a higher dose (500 ng/mL) decreases the secretion of cytokines. This effect is related to the changes in the expression of TLR4, CD14 glycoprotein, p-IκB and p-PI3K.Conclusion: This is the first report showing that the CV extract-induced production of cytokines is mediated by the PI3K signalling pathway. This extract acts antagonistically or additively with LPS on the production of IL-6 and TNF-α, depending on the LPS concentration. Our results are helpful for illustrating the mechanisms for the immunostimulatory effect of CV extract in inflammatory processes.Keywords: Coriolus versicolor, pro-inflammatory cytokines, Toll-like receptor 4, phosphorylated IκB, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, CD14 glycoprotein

Macrophages, the most abundant cells that participate in tumour progression, are the subject of a number of anticancer therapy approaches. Our previous results revealed that an extract of the fungus Coriolus versicolor (CV) has anti-cancer and immunomodulatory properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether CV extract-treated triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells can release factors that can reprogram macrophages from pro-tumourigenic to anti-cancer subtypes. RAW 264.7 macrophages were cultured in a conditioned medium (CM) from non-treated 4T1 breast cancer cells (CM-NT) or CV extract-stimulated cells (CM-CV). After treatment, the following macrophage properties were evaluated: cell viability; M1/M2 phenotype (enzyme activities: iNOS and arginase 1; and expression of CD molecules: CD80 and CD163); cytokine concentrations: IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, TGF-β, MCP-1 and VEGF; migration level; and ROS production. The results revealed that, compared with normal cells, TNBC cells stimulated with CV extract create a microenvironment that promotes a decrease in macrophage viability and migration, intracellular ROS production, and pro-angiogenic cytokine production (VEGF and MCP-1). Moreover, CM-CV decreased the expression of M2 macrophage markers (arginase 1 and CD163; IL-10 and TGF-β) but upregulated the expression of M1 cell markers (iNOS and CD80; IL-6 and TNF-α). We concluded that CV extract modifies the tumour microenvironment and changes macrophage polarisation toward functioning as an anti-tumour agent. Therefore, it is promising to use in the treatment of TNBC-associated macrophages., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Research background. In the recent years, considerable attention has been given to selenium status since its deficiency is linked with various disorders and affects at least 13% of world population. Additionally, mushrooms are known to possess pronounced capacity for absorption of various micronutrients, including Se, from soil/substrate. Here, we investigate the possibility of using Se-rich zeolitic tuff as a supplement for production of selenized mushroom. Furthermore, the impact of the enrichment on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and biological potential of Coriolus versicolor medicinal mushroom is studied. Experimental approach. Se(IV)- and Se(VI)-modified natural zeolitic tuff from the Serbian deposit Zlatokop was used as supplement for mushroom cultivation. To examine the effectiveness of selenium enrichment, we determined total selenium with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), together with the activity of antioxidant enzymes in fresh fruiting bodies and biological potential of methanolic extracts. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the appropriate tests for: inhibition of lipid peroxidation, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, Fe(III)-reducing antioxidant power assay and ability of chelating Fe2+ ions. The antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens was measured by broth microdilution assay. Additionally, chemical composition of the prepared extracts was studied using UV-Vis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results and conclusions. Content of selenium detected in biofortified C. versicolor was even 470 times higher than in control on dry mass basis ((140.7±3.8) vs (0.3±0.1) µg/g), proving that Se-rich zeolitic tuff is an excellent supplement for mushroom production. Furthermore, the results of monitoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes revealed that most of the Se-enriched mushrooms exhibited higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and lower glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities than control. Due to higher amounts of enzymes, which can quickly catalyze the reduction of superoxide radicals, the quality of selenium-enriched mushrooms is preserved for a longer period of time. Investigation of biological potential indicated that Se-enriched mushroom methanolic extracts, generally, expressed enhanced antioxidant properties. Additionally, extracts showed antibacterial activity against all tested pathogenic microorganisms. Novelty and scientific contribution. Cultivation of mushrooms on Se-enriched zeolitic tuff is a new technological approach for obtaining Se-fortified food/supplements with enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

In the PALOMA trial, Papilocare® demonstrated efficacy in repairing low-grade cervical lesions related to human papillomavirus (HPV). This sub-analysis aimed to evaluate its efficacy in repairing these cervical lesions and clearing HPV in women aged older than 40 years. This was a multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, controlled clinical trial. Patients with low-degree HPV-dependent cervical lesions receiving 6-month treatment with the vaginal gel were compared to those with a watchful waiting approach. Among the 41 women analyzed (aged 47.7 years), 31 presented high-risk (HR) oncogenic HPV subtypes, and 14 had 16-18-31 HPV genotypes. After 6 months, normalized cytology and concordant colposcopy were achieved by a greater percentage of treated women. The difference was significant in the total population (92.3% vs. 50.0%, p = 0.007), and HR-HPV subpopulation (90.5% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.003). In the HR HPVs-16-18-31 subpopulation, the values were 75.0% and 40.0% (p = 0.293). In the total population, 61.5% of treated patients obtained HPV clearance, compared to 50.0% in the control group. Regarding the HR-HPV subpopulation, these values were 66.7% and 44.4%, respectively. Papilocare® demonstrated significant efficacy in repairing low-degree HPV-related cervical lesions and a positive trend to clear HPV in women older than 40 years old in comparison to the watchful waiting approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteases are ubiquitously present and are among the largest groups of commercially important enzymes. Here, we investigated a wood-rot basidiomycete Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd [Syn. Coriolus versicolor (L.) Quél.; Polyporus versicolor (L.) Fr.] as a source of the enzyme serine protease, its production, and optimized to obtain a higher yield of the enzyme. The significant variables with optimized values for maximum production of the enzyme were temperature (30°C), incubation time (120 h) and wheat bran (10 g). The yield increased by 30.76% by statistically optimizing the media. The optimized temperature and pH for the maximum protease activity was 50°C and pH 7.0, respectively. The enzyme was purified through ion exchange (using DEAE cellulose 52 resin) and gel filtration chromatography (using Superdex 200 column). The purified enzyme had a retention time of 7 min in RP-HPLC. The enzyme was stable at a broad range of temperature (30-60°C) and pH (5.0-8.0) with a half-life of 58.72 min, Vmax of 37.17 µM min/mL and Km of 0.657 mg/mL. Its activity was enhanced by Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ ions and SDS surfactant. These properties make this enzyme a valuable candidate for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cheese whey (CW) protein and lactose fractions were individually valorized in the direction of functional food development, employing a newly isolated Trametes versicolor strain from Kefalonia Island (Greece). Methods: T. versicolor growth was evaluated on solid-state fermentations, using potato dextrose agar (PDA), whereas submerged fermentations were employed under static and agitated conditions, using pure lactose and CW-lactose fraction as fermentation media. Subsequently, whey protein fraction was utilized for edible films production supplemented by the freeze-dried fungal biomass. Edible films properties were further characterized concerning their thickness, water-related properties, protein composition and antioxidant capacity. Results: T. versicolor presented a high growth rate (7.5 mm/day) on PDA. Submerged fermentations showed that T. versicolor assimilated lactose; however a slower consumption rate was observed in agitated cultures, compared to static cultures. The highest biomass production of 26 g/L was achieved in the CW-based medium, showing a protein content of 19.8%. Enrichment of whey protein films by T. versicolor biomass presented lower water vapor permeability and higher antioxidant capacity, compared to control films. Conclusion: The development of a novel CW biorefinery scheme was shown in this study, employing medicinal mushrooms for biomass production to create added-value food products towards a zero-food waste strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriolus is the dried fruiting body of Coriolus versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Quel. C. versicolor (CV) is a worldwide-distributed fungus, which is common and widely used in primitive forests in the northern hemisphere. Polysaccharide, as the main active ingredient in CV, has a variety of biological activities, such as promoting immune function, antivirus, antitumor, anti-diabetes, and so on. However, Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide (CVP) faces the problems of a single extraction method, lack of research on separation and purification, and the research on structural characterization is limited to the primary structure. Furthermore, the existing research results have not been systematically reviewed. Therefore, this paper summarizes the research status of CVP in terms of extraction technology, separation and purification, structural characterization, and pharmacological activity in recent years, in order to provide a theoretical basis for in-depth research, development, and utilization of CVP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial sepsis induces the production of excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, resulting in tissue injury and hyperinflammation. Patients recovering from sepsis have increased rates of central nervous system (CNS) morbidities, which are linked to long-term cognitive impairment, such as neurodegenerative pathologies. This paper focuses on the tissue injury and hyperinflammation observed in the acute phase of sepsis and on the development of long-term neuroinflammation associated with septicemia. Here we evaluate the effects of Coriolus versicolor administration as a novel approach to treat polymicrobial sepsis. Rats underwent cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), and Coriolus versicolor (200 mg/kg in saline) was administered daily by gavage. Survival was monitored, and tissues from vital organs that easily succumb to infection were harvested after 72 h to evaluate the histological changes. Twenty-eight days after CLP, behavioral analyses were performed, and serum and brain (hippocampus) samples were harvested at four weeks from surgery. Coriolus versicolor increased survival and reduced acute tissue injury. Indeed, it reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bloodstream, leading to a reduced chronic inflammation. In the hippocampus, Coriolus versicolor administration restored tight junction expressions, reduce cytokines accumulation and glia activation. It also reduced toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome components expression. Coriolus versicolor showed antioxidant activities, restoring glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and reducing lipid peroxidation, nitrite and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Importantly, Coriolus versicolor reduced amyloid precursor protein (APP), phosphorylated-Tau (p-Tau), pathologically phosphorylated tau (PHF1), phosphorylated tau (Ser202 and Thr205) (AT8), interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) expression, and β-amyloid accumulation induced by CLP. Indeed, Coriolus versicolor restored synaptic dysfunction and behavioral alterations. This research shows the effects of Coriolus versicolor administration on the long-term development of neuroinflammation and brain dysfunction induced by sepsis. Overall, our results demonstrated that Coriolus versicolor administration was able to counteract the degenerative process triggered by sepsis.

Research background. In the recent years, considerable attention has been given to selenium status since its deficiency is linked with various disorders and affects at least 13 % of world population. Additionally, mushrooms are known to possess pronounced capacity for absorption of various micronutrients, including Se, from soil/substrate. Here, we investigate the possibility of using Se-rich zeolitic tuff as a supplement for production of selenized mushroom. Furthermore, the impact of the enrichment on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and biological potential of Coriolus versicolor medicinal mushroom is studied. Experimental approach. Se(IV)- and Se(VI)-modified natural zeolitic tuff from the Serbian deposit Zlatokop was used as supplement for mushroom cultivation. To examine the effectiveness of selenium enrichment, we determined total selenium with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), together with the activity of antioxidant enzymes in fresh fruiting bodies and biological potential of methanolic extracts. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the appropriate tests for: inhibition of lipid peroxidation, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, Fe(III)-reducing antioxidant power assay and ability of chelating Fe2+ ions. The antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens was measured by broth microdilution assay. Additionally, chemical composition of the prepared extracts was studied using UV-Vis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results and conclusions. Content of selenium detected in biofortified C. versicolor was even 470 times higher than in control on dry mass basis ((140.7±3.8) vs (0.3±0.1) µg/g), proving that Se-rich zeolitic tuff is an excellent supplement for mushroom production. Furthermore, the results of monitoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes revealed that most of the Se-enriched mushrooms exhibited higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and lower glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities than control. Due to higher amounts of enzymes, which can quickly catalyze the reduction of superoxide radicals, the quality of selenium-enriched mushrooms is preserved for a longer period of time. Investigation of biological potential indicated that Se-enriched mushroom methanolic extracts, generally, expressed enhanced antioxidant properties. Additionally, extracts showed antibacterial activity against all tested pathogenic microorganisms. Novelty and scientific contribution. Cultivation of mushrooms on Se-enriched zeolitic tuff is a new technological approach for obtaining Se-fortified food/supplements with enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with CCA (copper, chromium and arsenic) and ACQ (copper quaternary ammonium), which are widely used wood preservatives, xylan has poor durability and stability, and its control effect on wood rot bacteria is not ideal, so it cannot meet the production conditions of new biomass wood preservatives. Using water-soluble nano xylan as raw material and glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent, cationic hyperbranched polymer was crosslinked to nano xylan through crosslinking action of glutaraldehyde to prepare modified nano xylan biological antibacterial agent. The antibacterial properties of different concentrations of modified nano xylan bioantiseptic agents against Coriolus versicolor were compared through wood preservative test, and the growth of mycelia after wood decayed was observed, compared with the nano xylan solution, the results showed that the modified nano xylan biological antibacterial agent had a good inhibitory effect on Coriolus versicolor at a lower concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A successfully implemented screening program for cervical cancer is essential for detecting cervical intraepithelial lesions which offer the possibility of appropriate management and monitoring, implicitly the limitation of the progression to an invasive form of cancer. For different grades of squamous intraepithelial lesions, the use of vaginal tablets or applicators based on various natural substances as hyaluronic acid, beta-glucan and Coriolus Versicolor is possible with the purpose of expectative management or prior and post excisional intervention. We present the incidence trend of abnormal Pap smear results for the last five years in the University Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, with a summary of the literature regarding the biochemical mechanism of the main natural components from vaginal tablets used in the management of precancerous cervical lesions HPV induced and we share our personal experience with three clinical cases that benefited from this therapy. As there is a therapeutic window between the Pap-smear result, colposcopy and preparing for intervention, local treatment with natural components is a suitable choice as it is easy to use, inexpensive and efficient. The conclusion we reached is that the vaginal treatment with natural substances can be useful in terms of improving the local inflammatory process on the one hand and lubricating and regenerating tissues with the improvement of subsequent procedural performance on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Coriolus versicolor is a well-known edible and medicinal fungus containing polysaccharides and polysaccharopeptides, which have been proven to possess interesting bioactivities, especially antitumor and immunomodulatory activities. A facile and sensitive method for the monosaccharide composition analysis of polysaccharides in C. versicolor has been developed by employing precolumn derivatization ultra-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA). The hydrolysis conditions of polysaccharides from C. versicolor and the optimization of the sample precolumn derivatization with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) were comprehensively studied. The LODs of the quantity of monosaccharides were in the range of 3.1–4.6 ng. The PMP-labeled mixture of monosaccharides could be successfully separated by UPLC and detected by a PDA detector under optimized conditions. The mobile phase of the elution system was chosen as acetonitrile and 25 mm K2HPO4 (pH 6.5) with the Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column, and the column temperature was set at 35 °C. The C. versicolor polysaccharides mainly consist of mannose (Man), glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), fucose (Fuc), trace rhamnose (Rha), ribose (Rib), glucuronic acid (GlcA), galacturonic acid (GalA), xylose (Xyl), and arabinose (Ara), and the content of Glc is the highest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriolus is the dried fruiting body of Coriolus versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Quel. C. versicolor (CV) is a worldwide-distributed fungus, which is common and widely used in primitive forests in the northern hemisphere. Polysaccharide, as the main active ingredient in CV, has a variety of biological activities, such as promoting immune function, antivirus, antitumor, anti-diabetes, and so on. However, Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide (CVP) faces the problems of a single extraction method, lack of research on separation and purification, and the research on structural characterization is limited to the primary structure. Furthermore, the existing research results have not been systematically reviewed. Therefore, this paper summarizes the research status of CVP in terms of extraction technology, separation and purification, structural characterization, and pharmacological activity in recent years, in order to provide a theoretical basis for in-depth research, development, and utilization of CVP.

Introduction: A Coriolus versicolor-based vaginal gel is available for treating women with cervical uterine high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection through re-epithelizing and re-balancing microbiota actions. Methods: A longitudinal retrospective observational study was performed to evaluate efficacy and safety of the gel. Women treated with Coriolus versicolor-based vaginal gel were compared with women not treated with the gel. Both groups were monitored for HPV infection by an HPV DNA test, Pap smear (cytology) and colposcopy at baseline and after 6 months. Results: Overall, 183 high-risk HPV positive women were enrolled (97 treated and 86 controls). After 6 months, the HPV DNA test became negative in 67.0% versus 37.2% of treated and controls, respectively (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, 76.1% versus 40.8% registered a colposcopy improvement (p = 0.0005) and 60.4% versus 40.8% showed a remission (p = 0.05), for treated versus controls, respectively. Regarding to cytology, 78.5% of treated versus 37.7% of controls registered an improvement, while 70.8% of treated versus 34.8% of controls had a remission (p < 0.0001 for both variables). At multivariate analyses adjusted for age, smoking habit, and use of estroprogestinic pill, compared to controls, women treated with the gel showed a significantly higher likelihood to experience the clearence of HPV DNA (OR 4.81; 95% 2.43–9.53), and remission at colposcopy (OR 2.30; 95% 1.00–5.31), and cytology (OR 5.13; 95% 2.40–10.96) at 6 months. No adverse event was reported during the follow-up. Conclusions: The use of a Coriolus versicolor-based vaginal gel in high-risk HPV patients is safe and effective based on all examined tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriolus versicolor is an edible medicinal mushroom in China. Two polysaccharides, named as CVPn and CVPa were separated from the dried fruiting bodies of Coriolus versicolor by water extraction and ethanol precipitation. Their chemical structures were well elucidated with overall consideration of monosaccharide composition, methylation analysis and 1D/2D-NMR spectra data. The bioactivities on RAW 264.7 macrophages cells were evaluated, and further structure-bioactivity relationships were concluded. With molecular weight of 29.7 kDa for CVPn and 50.8 kDa for CVPa, the two isolated polysaccharides were both composed of (l → 4)-β-/(1 → 3)-β- d -glucopyranosyl group as backbone with branches attached at O-6 site. Comparing to CVPn, CVPa with relative high molecular weight and less branches showed significant induction of NO production, obvious augmentation of iNOS and TNF-α mRNA expression level, and phagocytosis on RAW 264.7 cells. These results clarified that CVP polysaccharides with less branches and high molecular weight possessed enhanced immunomodulatory ability, and this finding could be a reference for the utilization of Coriolus versicolor. • Two polysaccharides with Mw of 29.7 and 50.8 kDa were firstly and fully elucidated. • CVPn and CVPa were composed of (l → 4)-β-/(1 → 3)-β- d -glucopyranosyl group as backbone. • CVPa had significant bioactivities on RAW 264.7 vis-à-vis CVPn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: The tumour microenvironment is rich in multiple cells that influence cancer development. Among them, macrophages are the most abundant immune cells, which secrete factors involved in carcinogenesis. Since protein-bound polysaccharides (PBP) from the Coriolus versicolor fungus are believed to inhibit the growth of cancers, in the present study, we investigated whether these PBP influence crosstalk between triple-negative 4T1 breast cancer cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods: 4T1 cells were cultured in conditioned media (CM) collected after: stimulation of the macrophages with PBP (CM-PBP) or incubation of non-treated macrophages (CM-NT). A co-cultured model of both cell lines was also employed to investigate the crosstalk between the cells. Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. The levels of cytokines and chemokines were determined by ELISA methods. Commercial assay kits were used to assess the activity of both arginase 1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the level of cell migration. Results: The results revealed that CMNT promotes proliferation and migration of 4T1 cells, and increases the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF, MCP-1) by cancer cells. In contrast, CM-PBP inhibits 4T1 cell growth and migration, decreases the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF, MCP-1) and upregulates the production of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α) with certain anti-tumoral properties Moreover, PBP-treated CM significantly decreases the level of M2 macrophage markers (arginase 1 activity, IL-10 and TGF-β concentrations), but upregulates iNOS activity and IL-6 and TNF-α production, which are M1 cell markers. Conclusion: The results suggest that PBP suppress the favourable tumour microenvironment by inhibiting the crosstalk between 4T1 cells and macrophages through the regulation of production of angiogenic and inflammatory mediators, and modulating the M1/M2 macrophage subtype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: The induction of necroptosis, a form of caspase-independent cell death, represents one of the most promising anticancer therapeutic modalities, as necroptosis serves as an alternative way to eliminate apoptosis-resistant tumor cells. Here, we investigated whether protein-bound polysaccharides (PBPs) derived from the fungus Coriolus versicolor (CV) induce the necroptotic death pathway in breast cancer and melanoma cells. Methods: MCF-7 and SKMel-188 cells were exposed to PBPs either alone or in combination with necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), GSK’872 or necrosulfonamide (NSA), pharmacological inhibitors of the kinases receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase (RIPK1), receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), respectively, which are involved in necroptotic processes. The effects of cellular treatment with these inhibitors were quantified by measuring cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation via 3-(4,5-dimethyl2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assays, respectively. The morphological changes induced in these cells were detected using holotomographic (HT) microscopy. Activation of the TNF-α/TNFR1 pathway in the PBP-stimulated cells was evaluated using TNF-α-neutralizing antibody, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence-based assays. Results: PBPs showed effective antitumor activity against MCF-7 and SKMel-188 cells. Cotreatment of the cells with Nec-1, GSK’872 or NSA abrogated PBP-induced cell death, and the cells were protected against membrane rupture. Moreover, breast cancer cell death caused by PBPs was mediated by induced activation of the TNF-α/ TNFR1 pathway. Interestingly, the melanoma cells did not express TNF-α or TNFR1 after PBP stimulation; instead, PBPs triggered intracellular ROS generation, which was partially diminished by the inhibitors Nec-1, GSK’872 and NSA. Conclusion: These results suggest that PBPs from the fungus CV induce RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis in breast cancer and melanoma cells, providing novel insights into the molecular effects of PBPs on cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of Coriolus versicolor medicinal mushroom to grow and accumulate selenium during submerged cultivation in a selenium‐fortified medium is examined in this paper. For selenium supplementation, commercial selenium yeast was used. Control, nonenriched sample and reference cultures cultivated in the medium enriched with commercial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also prepared. The mushroom demonstrated a high ability to accumulate selenium from the added source (around 970 and 1,300 µg/g of dry mycelium weight for samples enriched with selenium in a concentration of 10 and 20 mg Se/L, respectively). The addition of selenium significantly (p ≤.05) increased the biomass yield, whereas the addition of nonenriched yeast had no significant (p ≤.05) impact. Furthermore, regression analysis showed statistically significant (p ≤.05) and positive correlations between the content of Se and Fe (r =.92), Se and Cu (r =.92), Se and Mn (r =.98), and Se and Sr (r =.96), suggesting that selenium incorporation was followed by incorporation of these elements, and led to mineral enrichment of the obtained mycelium. Methanol extracts prepared from mycelium biomass demonstrated a better inhibitory effect on Gram‐positive bacterial strains with minimal inhibitory concentrations between <0.3125 and 40 mg/ml. The obtained results showed that selenium yeast could be used for obtaining a potential novel food supplement: mushroom biomass with high selenium content and enhanced mineral composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriolus versicolor (C. versicolor) is a higher fungi or mushroom which is now known by its accepted scientific names as Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd. Many studies have shown that β-glucans from C. versicolor have various physiological activities, including activating macrophages to protect against Salmonella infection. However, whether β-glucans have antiviral effects has not been reported. Hence, the objective of this study was to confirm whether β-glucans could boost the immune response to combat influenza virus in mouse and chick models. The results show that β-glucans induced the expression of Dectin-1, costimulatory molecules (CD80/86) and cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-β and IL-10 in murine bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs). In addition, orally administered β-glucans reduced weight loss, mortality and viral titers in the lungs of mice infected with influenza virus and attenuated pathological lung damage caused by the virus in the mice. Orally administered β-glucans improved survival and reduced lung viral titers in chickens infected with H9N2 avian influenza virus. These results suggest that β-glucans have a significant antiviral effect. Therefore, β-glucans could become a potential immunomodulator against influenza virus.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran polisakarida krestin (PSK) dengan waktu pemberian yang berbeda terhadap hitung jenis leukosit mencit yang diinfeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Penelitian ini menggunakan 30 ekor mencit betina dewasa jenis Mus musculus strain BALB/C, berumur 8-10 minggu, berat badan berkisar 25-30 g. Polisakarida krestin (PSK) diisolasi dari Coriolus versicolor yang diperoleh dari alam. Infeksi menggunakan Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv (ATCC 27294 T). Hewan percobaan dikelompokkan menjadi 6 kelompok sebagai berikut: kelompok I, hanya diberi akuades; kelompok II, hanya pemberian PSK; kelompok III, hanya dengan infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis; kelompok IV, pemberian PSK sebelum infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis; kelompok V, pemberian PSK sesudah infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis; kelompok VI, pemberian PSK sebelum dan sesudah infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pemberian PSK dilakukan selama 7 hari berturut-turut melalui gavage. Infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis dilakukan sebanyak 2 kali dengan selang waktu 1 minggu melalui intraperitoneal. Hitung jenis leukosit dilakukan dengan mengelompokan masing-masing jenis leukosit dalam 100 sel leukosit pada apusan darah, dan data hasil pengamatan dianalisis dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis, kemudian untuk mengetahui signifikansi dilanjutkan dengan uji Mann-Whitney. Secara keseluruhan penelitian menunjukkan presentase jenis leukosit dengan jumlah tertinggi adalah neutrofil. Pada kelompok VI presentase monosit dan neutrofil meningkat melebihi normal, sedangkan presentase limfosit menurun, dan presentase basofil dan eosinofil tidak mengalami perubahan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah PSK meningkatkan jumlah leuksosit mencit jenis neutrofil dan monosit pada waktu sebelum dan sesudah infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Background: Cancer incidence and mortality rates keep rising globally. Coriolus versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum related natural products are commonly applied as a complementary therapeutic option for different stages and types of cancers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the products for cancer therapy.Methods: Randomized controlled trials were identified by systematic search over seven databases from inceptions to May 10, 2019. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the study quality. Meta-analyses were performed to pool hazard ratio (HR), risk ratio (RR), mean differences (MD), and 95% CI using random-effects models. The sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses. Publication bias was detected by Funnel plots, Begg’s test, and Egger’s test.Results: Twenty-three trials involving 4,246 cancer patients were included in this work. C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products were significantly associated with lower risks of mortality (HR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.94) and higher total efficacy (RR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.55), but not associated with control rate (RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.14) compared with control treatment. There was no significant difference between C. versicolor related natural products and control treatment in the effect on relapse-free survival (HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.55). Compared with control treatment, C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products had a favorable effect on elevated levels of CD3 (MD: 9.03%; 95% CI: 2.10, 16.50) and CD4 (MD: 9.2%; 95% CI: 1.01, 17.39), but had no effect on the levels of CD8 (MD: −5.52%; 95% CI: −23.17, 12.13), CD4/CD8 (MD: 0.73; 95% CI:-0.45, 1.91), or NK(MD: 5.87%; 95% CI: −1.06, 12.8).Conclusion: In this meta-analysis, we found that C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products might have potential benefits on the overall survival and quality of life in cancer patients.

Coriolus versicolor (CV) is a traditional medicine and food mushroom. Our previous study demonstrated that CV extract exhibited anti-hyperglycemia and anti-insulin resistance effects. However, the effect of CV on cardiac function in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of CV on cardiac function in diabetes mellitus (DM) rats. We found that the cardiac dysfunction of DM rats was markedly improved by CV extract treatment. CV extract administration significantly attenuated cardiac fibrosis in DM rats, which was accompanied by suppressed transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)/Smad signaling as indicated by decreased levels of TGF-β1, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3 and increased Smad7 expression. Moreover, CV extract treatment significantly alleviated cardiac inflammation as shown by decreased levels of NLRP3 receptor, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in DM rats at least partly due to the inhibition of the NF-κB. In addition, high-glucose treatment induced cardiac fibrosis and increased cardiac inflammation in cardiac fibroblast cells, but these effects were ameliorated by CV extract treatment. Therefore, we conclude that the protective effect of CV on DCM is associated with the suppression of TGF-β1/Smad signaling and attenuation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, suggesting that CV extract may be a potential therapeutic agent for DCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Integrative Medicine Service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center developed and maintains About Herbs (www.aboutherbs.com), which provides summaries of research data including purported uses, adverse effects, and herb-drug interactions for about 284 dietary supplements. Using Google Analytics, we found the website registered more than 26,317,000 hits since November 2002. The 10 most searched-for herbs/supplements of 2018 are chaga mushroom, turmeric, ashwagandha, reishi mushroom, graviola, Active Hexose-Correlated Compound, boswellia, dandelion, green tea, and Coriolus versicolor. Here we discuss their safety, herb-drug interactions, and appropriate uses in the oncology setting, based on literature searches in PubMed. Over the past 16 years, the evidence for use of these supplements is based mostly on preclinical findings, with few well-designed studies and limited trials conducted in cancer patients. It is important to familiarize health care professionals about popular supplements, so patients can be informed to make decisions that maximize benefits and minimize risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND The ability of Coriolus versicolor medicinal mushroom to accumulate and transform selenium from selenourea and sodium selenite into an organic form – l‐selenomethionine – during growth in liquid medium is examined in this paper. Additionally, the impact of supplementation on biological activity of the selenated mushroom methanol extracts, as well as their chemical composition, is studied. RESULTS: Selenium accumulation was more efficient with sodium selenite application, but biomass yield was significantly lower (1.89 g DW L−1) compared to samples enriched with selenourea (4.48 g DW L−1). Mushroom sample obtained after growing in liquid medium with selenourea had significantly higher l‐selenomethionine content compared to the sample grown in medium with sodium selenite. Selenium‐enriched methanol extracts of C. versicolor mushroom showed improved antimicrobial and antioxidant activities compared to non‐enriched extract. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that C. versicolor mushroom cultivated in liquid culture enriched with selenourea can be used for the production of novel food supplements with improved selenium bioavailability. More than 30% of total accumulated selenium from selenourea is transformed into l‐selenomethionine. Differences in biological activity of methanol extracts can be explained not only by different selenium content but also by the differences in chemical composition of extracts. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer incidence and mortality rates keep rising globally. Coriolus versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum related natural products are commonly applied as a complementary therapeutic option for different stages and types of cancers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the products for cancer therapy. Methods: Randomized controlled trials were identified by systematic search over seven databases from inceptions to May 10, 2019. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the study quality. Meta-analyses were performed to pool hazard ratio (HR), risk ratio (RR), mean differences (MD), and 95% CI using random-effects models. The sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses. Publication bias was detected by Funnel plots, Begg's test, and Egger's test. Results: Twenty-three trials involving 4,246 cancer patients were included in this work. C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products were significantly associated with lower risks of mortality (HR : 0.82; 95% CI : 0.72, 0.94) and higher total efficacy (RR : 1.30; 95% CI : 1.09, 1.55), but not associated with control rate (RR : 1.05; 95% CI : 0.96, 1.14) compared with control treatment. There was no significant difference between C. versicolor related natural products and control treatment in the effect on relapse-free survival (HR : 1.19; 95% CI : 0.91, 1.55). Compared with control treatment, C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products had a favorable effect on elevated levels of CD3 (MD : 9.03%; 95% CI : 2.10, 16.50) and CD4 (MD : 9.2%; 95% CI : 1.01, 17.39), but had no effect on the levels of CD8 (MD : −5.52%; 95% CI : −23.17, 12.13), CD4/CD8 (MD : 0.73; 95% CI :-0.45, 1.91), or NK(MD : 5.87%; 95% CI : −1.06, 12.8). Conclusion: In this meta-analysis, we found that C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products might have potential benefits on the overall survival and quality of life in cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endotoxin tolerance is defined as a reduced endotoxin-induced fever following repeated injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Clinical examples of endotoxin tolerance include sepsis or cystic fibrosis. This state is characterized by inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines production and decrease in nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation. Extract from Coriolus versicolor (CV) fungus is classified as a biological response modifier, which exhibits various biological activities, including immunopotentiating properties. The aim of study was to examine the effect of CV extract injection on body core temperature of Wistar rats during LPS-induced endotoxin tolerance. Body temperature was measured using biotelemetry. CV extract was injected intraperitoneally (100 mg kg−1) 2 h prior to the first LPS peritoneal administration (50 μg/kg). Endotoxin tolerance was induced by three consecutive daily injections of LPS at the same dose. We also investigated the influence of CV extract pre-injection on the properties of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from LPS-treated rats in response to LPS stimulation ex vivo. PBMCs were isolated 2 h after the first LPS injection. After 24 h pre-incubation, the cells were stimulated with LPS (1 μg ml−1) for 4 h. Our results revealed that CV extract partially prevents endotoxin tolerance through maintaining febrile response in rats following consecutive exposure to LPS. This state was accompanied by the ability of PBMCs isolated from rats injected with CV extract and LPS to release larger amounts of interleukin 6 and greater NF-κB activation in response to LPS stimulation ex vivo compared with the cells derived from rats injected only with LPS. Data also showed that CV extract augmented mitogenic effect of LPS on PBMCs and caused increase in reactive oxygen species generation. We concluded that CV extract, by a modifying effect on body temperature during endotoxin tolerance, can be consider as the immunostimulating agent, which prevents the non-specific refractoriness described in patients with sepsis or ischemia. • Coriolus versicolor (CV) extract attenuates established endotoxin tolerance in rats. • Injection of CV extract maintains febrile response during endotoxin tolerance. • CV extract injection has a immunostimulating effect on the 'LPS tolerant' PBMCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SDU Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design / Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi is the property of Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The immune modulating effects of selected herbs deserve careful studies to gain evidence-based support for their further development. We have been working hard on many items of medicinal herbs to gain insight into their immunomodulatory effects relevant to cancer treatment in particular, while infection control is not excluded. Nine of them have been selected to give the results of our exploration on their biological, particularly immunomodulatory activities. Since Hong Kong people especially favor one medicinal mushroom, viz. Coriolus versicolor, a number of clinical trials using Coriolus for cancer-related studies are included in this review. While immune modulation platforms are being built for relevant studies, a brief account on the research targets and related procedures are given.

Converting M2 macrophages into an M1 phenotype in the tumor microenvironment, provides a new direction for tumor treatment. Here, we further report CVPW-1, a new polysaccharide of 1.03 × 106 Da that was isolated from Coriolus versicolor. Its monosaccharide was composed of mannose, glucose, and galactose at a ratio of 1.00:8.73:1.68. The backbone of CVPW-1 was composed of (1 → 3)-linked α-D-Glcp residues and (1 → 3,6)-linked α-D-Glcp residues that branched at O-6. The branch consisted of (1 → 6)-linked α-D-Glcp residues and (1 → 4)-linked α-D-Glap, and some branches were terminated with (1→)-linked β-D-Manp residues according to the results of HPLC, FT-IR, GC–MS, 1D and 2D NMR. Meanwhile, CVPW-1 could polarize M2 macrophages to M1 phenotype in vitro by binding to TLR4 and inducing the activation of Akt, JNK and NF-κB. This process involved reversing the functional inhibition of CD8+ T lymphocytes by inhibiting the expression of TREM2 in M2 macrophages. The in vivo experiments showed that oral administration of CVPW-1 could inhibit the growth of tumor in mice and polarize TAMs to M1 phenotype. Thus, the novel polysaccharide CVPW-1 from Coriolus versicolor might activate a variety of immune cells and then play an anti-tumor role. These results demonstrated that CVPW-1 could be developed as a potential immuno-oncology treatment reagent. [Display omitted] • CVPW-1 is a novel homogeneous polysaccharide compound. • CVPW-1 could polarize M2 macrophages to M1-type and inhibit its TREM2 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coriolus versicolor (CV) is a common mushroom with antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory properties. The existence of these properties has been extensively proven mainly using CV extract; research on the biomass form is scarce. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the safety of the CV biomass form, as it is commonly used as a food supplement. Design: CV biomass powder was dissolved in distilled water and administered daily (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g/kg live weight) in single doses by gavage to both female and male Charles River albino rats. Results: No adverse or lethal effects were observed as a consequence of the daily administration of CV biomass. In addition, compared with the control group, no abnormal findings were observed at necropsy and histopathological examination. Conclusions: A safe profile of CV biomass for human consumption can be inferred from the absence of any remarkable adverse effects in rats.