Author: "Cooperative Agreement - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Cooperative Agreement ' showing total 130 results

Start Over Author "Cooperative Agreement

130 results on '"Cooperative Agreement '

1. Age- and Gender-Related Differences in Sensitivity to Chlorpyrifos in the Rat Reflect Developmental Profiles of Esterase Activities

Author: Moser, Virginia C., Chanda, Sushmita M., Mortensen, Spencer R., and Padilla, Stephanie
Published: 1998
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. Disentangling land model uncertainty via Matrix-based Ensemble Model Inter-comparison Platform (MEMIP)

Author: Cuijuan Liao, Yizhao Chen, Jingmeng Wang, Yishuang Liang, Yansong Huang, Zhongyi Lin, Xingjie Lu, Yuanyuan Huang, Feng Tao, Danica Lombardozzi, Almut Arneth, Daniel S. Goll, Atul Jain, Stephen Sitch, Yanluan Lin, Wei Xue, Xiaomeng Huang, Yiqi Luo, Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (OVSQ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), This study is supported by the funding from the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 017YFA0604600. YC was supported by National Youth Science Fund of China (Grant No. 41701227). DL is supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Cooperative Agreement 1852977. DL’s computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL)at NCAR. DSG receives support from the ANR CLAND Convergence Institute. We acknowledge the TRENDY v7 modelers other than the ones in the author list, Vivek Arora, Vanessa Haverd, Etsushi Kato, Sebastian Lienert, Julia Nabel, Philippe Peylin, Benjamin Poulter, Matthias Rocher, Hanqin Tian, Anthony Walker, Andy Wilshire and Sönke Zaehle for providing their model outputs and kind helps during the manuscript preparation, and This study is supported by the funding from the National Key Research andDevelopment Program of China under grants 2017YFA0604600. YC was supported by National Youth Science Fund of China (41701227). DL is supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science foundation (NSF) under Cooperative Agreement 1852977. DL’s computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. DSG receives support from the ANR CLAND Convergence Institute
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Earth sciences, Ecology, Soil organic carbon, Ecological Modeling, ddc:550, Uncertainty analysis, Vertical resolved soil biogeochemistry structure, Carbon-nitrogen coupling, Carbon–nitrogen coupling, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Inter-model comparison, QH540-549.5
Abstract: Background Large uncertainty in modeling land carbon (C) uptake heavily impedes the accurate prediction of the global C budget. Identifying the uncertainty sources among models is crucial for model improvement yet has been difficult due to multiple feedbacks within Earth System Models (ESMs). Here we present a Matrix-based Ensemble Model Inter-comparison Platform (MEMIP) under a unified model traceability framework to evaluate multiple soil organic carbon (SOC) models. Using the MEMIP, we analyzed how the vertically resolved soil biogeochemistry structure influences SOC prediction in two soil organic matter (SOM) models. By comparing the model outputs from the C-only and CN modes, the SOC differences contributed by individual processes and N feedback between vegetation and soil were explicitly disentangled. Results Results showed that the multi-layer models with a vertically resolved structure predicted significantly higher SOC than the single layer models over the historical simulation (1900–2000). The SOC difference between the multi-layer models was remarkably higher than between the single-layer models. Traceability analysis indicated that over 80% of the SOC increase in the multi-layer models was contributed by the incorporation of depth-related processes, while SOC differences were similarly contributed by the processes and N feedback between models with the same soil depth representation. Conclusions The output suggested that feedback is a non-negligible contributor to the inter-model difference of SOC prediction, especially between models with similar process representation. Further analysis with TRENDY v7 and more extensive MEMIP outputs illustrated the potential important role of multi-layer structure to enlarge the current ensemble spread and the necessity of more detail model decomposition to fully disentangle inter-model differences. We stressed the importance of analyzing ensemble outputs from the fundamental model structures, and holding a holistic view in understanding the ensemble uncertainty.
Published: 2022

3. Reduced El Niño variability in the mid-Pliocene according to the PlioMIP2 ensemble

Author: Sathyanadh, Anusha, Monteil, Guillaume, Scholze, Marko, Klosterhalfen, Anne, Laudon, Hjalmar, Wu, Zhendong, Gerbig, Christoph, Peters, Wouter, Bastrikov, Vladislav, Nilsson, Mats, Peichl, Matthias, Oldeman, Arthur, Baatsen, Michiel, von Der Heydt, Anna, Dijkstra, Henk, Tindall, Julia, Abe-Ouchi, Ayako, Booth, Alice, Brady, Esther, Chan, Wing-Le, Chandan, Deepak, Chandler, Mark, Contoux, Camille, Feng, Ran, Guo, Chuncheng, Haywood, Alan, Hunter, Stephen, Kamae, Youichi, Li, Qiang, Li, Xiangyu, Lohmann, Gerrit, Lunt, Daniel, Nisancioglu, Kerim, Otto-Bliesner, Bette, Peltier, W, Pontes, Gabriel, Ramstein, Gilles, Sohl, Linda, Stepanek, Christian, Tan, Ning, Zhang, Qiong, Zhang, Zhongshi, Wainer, Ilana, Williams, Charles, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This research has been supported by the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (OCW (grant no. 024.002.001)), The work by Arthur M. Oldeman, Anna S. von der Heydt, Michiel L. J. Baatsen and Henk A. Dijkstra was carried out under the program of the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC), financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW grant no. 024.002.001). Simulations with CCSM4-Utr were performed at the SURFsara Dutch national computing facilities and were sponsored by NWO-EW (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Exact Sciences) (project no. 17189).Alan M. Haywood, Julia C. Tindall and Stephen J. Hunter acknowledge the FP7 Ideas programme from the European Research Council (grant no. PLIO-ESS, 278636), the Past Earth Network (EPSRC grant no. EP/M008.363/1) and the University of Leeds Advanced Research Computing service. Julia C. Tindall was also supported through the Centre for Environmental Modelling and Computation (CEMAC), University of Leeds.Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady and Ran Feng acknowledge that material for their participation is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (cooperative agreement no. 1852977 and NSF OPP grant no. 1418411). Ran Feng is also supported by NSF grant no. 1903650. The CESM project is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation. Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.Ning Tan, Camille Contoux and Gilles Ramstein were granted access to the HPC resources of TGCC under the allocations 2016-A0030107732, 2017-R0040110492 and 2018-R0040110492 (gencmip6) and 2019-A0050102212 (gen2212) provided by GENCI. The IPSL-CM6 team of the IPSL Climate Modelling Centre (https://cmc.ipsl.fr/, last access: 28 April 2021) is acknowledged for having developed, tested, evaluated and tuned the IPSL climate model, as well as having performed and published the CMIP6 experiments.Christian Stepanek acknowledges funding from the Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM. Christian Stepanek and Gerrit Lohmann acknowledge funding via the Alfred Wegener Institute’s research programme Marine, Coastal and Polar Systems.Qiong Zhang acknowledges support from the Swedish Research Council (2013-06476 and 2017-04232). Simulations with EC-Earth were performed on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Centre (NSC).Wing-Le Chan and Ayako Abe-Ouchi acknowledge funding from JSPS (KAKENHI grant no. 17H06104 and MEXT KAKENHI grant no. 17H06323). Their simulations with MIROC4m were performed on the Earth Simulator at JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan.W. Richard Peltier and Deepak Chandan wish to acknowledge that data they have contributed from the CCSM4-UoT model was produced with the support of Canadian NSERC Discovery Grant A9627 t WRP, and they wish to acknowledge the support of the SciNet HPC Consortium for providing computing facilities. SciNet is funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation under the auspices of Compute Canada, the Government of Ontario, the Ontario Research Fund – Research Excellence and the University of Toronto.Zhongshi Zhang and Xiangyu Li acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 42005042), the China Scholarship Council (201804910023) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (project no. 2015M581154). The NorESM simulations benefitted from resources provided by UNINETT Sigma2 – the National Infrastructure for High Performance Computing and Data Storage in Norway.Charles J. R. Williams and Dan Lunt are thankful for NERC grant NE/P01903X/1 and the NEXCS High Performance Computing facility funded by the Natural Environment Research Council and delivered by the Met Office.Gabriel M. Pontes and Ilana Wainer acknowledge the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 2016/23670-0)., Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Meteorology and Air Quality Department [Wageningen] (MAQ), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), and The work by Arthur M. Oldeman, Anna S. von der Heydt, Michiel L. J. Baatsen and Henk A. Dijkstra was carried out under the program of the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC), financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW grant no. 024.002.001). Simulations with CCSM4-Utr were performed at the SURFsara Dutch national computing facilities and were sponsored by NWO-EW (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Exact Sciences) (project no. 17189).Alan M. Haywood, Julia C. Tindall and Stephen J. Hunter acknowledge the FP7 Ideas programme from the European Research Council (grant no. PLIO-ESS, 278636), the Past Earth Network (EPSRC grant no. EP/M008.363/1) and the University of Leeds Advanced Research Computing service. Julia C. Tindall was also supported through the Centre for Environmental Modelling and Computation (CEMAC), University of Leeds.Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady and Ran Feng acknowledge that material for their participation is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (cooperative agreement no. 1852977 and NSF OPP grant no. 1418411). Ran Feng is also supported by NSF grant no. 1903650. The CESM project is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation. Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) NCAR . NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.Ning Tan, Camille Contoux and Gilles Ramstein were granted access to the HPC resources of TGCC under the allocations 2016-A0030107732, 2017-R0040110492 and 2018-R0040110492 (gencmip6) and 2019-A0050102212 (gen2212) provided by GENCI. The IPSL-CM6 team of the IPSL Climate Modelling Centre (https://cmc.ipsl.fr/, last access: 28 April 2021) is acknowledged for having developed, tested, evaluated and tuned the IPSL climate model, as well as having performed and published the CMIP6 experiments.Christian Stepanek acknowledges funding from the Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM. Christian Stepanek and Gerrit Lohmann acknowledge funding via the Alfred Wegener Institute’s research programme Marine, Coastal and Polar Systems.Qiong Zhang acknowledges support from the Swedish Research Council (2013-06476 and 2017-04232). Simulations with EC-Earth were performed on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Centre (NSC).Wing-Le Chan and Ayako Abe-Ouchi acknowledge funding from JSPS (KAKENHI grant no. 17H06104 and MEXT KAKENHI grant no. 17H06323). Their simulations with MIROC4m were performed on the Earth Simulator at JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan.W. Richard Peltier and Deepak Chandan wish to acknowledge that data they have contributed from the CCSM4-UoT model was produced with the support of Canadian NSERC Discovery Grant A9627 t WRP, and they wish to acknowledge the support of the SciNet HPC Consortium for providing computing facilities. SciNet is funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation under the auspices of Compute Canada, the Government of Ontario, the Ontario Research Fund – Research Excellence and the University of Toronto.Zhongshi Zhang and Xiangyu Li acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 42005042), the China Scholarship Council (201804910023) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (project no. 2015M581154). The NorESM simulations benefitted from resources provided by UNINETT Sigma2 – the National Infrastructure for High Performance Computing and Data Storage in Norway.Charles J. R. Williams and Dan Lunt are thankful for NERC grant NE/P01903X/1 and the NEXCS High Performance Computing facility funded by the Natural Environment Research Council and delivered by the Met Office.Gabriel M. Pontes and Ilana Wainer acknowledge the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 2016/23670-0).
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stratigraphy, 0207 environmental engineering, Empirical orthogonal functions, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Environmental protection, Environmental pollution, TD169-171.8, GE1-350, 14. Life underwater, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Spatial structure, Palaeontology, Ensemble average, Paleontology, Environmental sciences, Sea surface temperature, Amplitude, El Niño Southern Oscillation, El Niño, TD172-193.5, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Climate model, OCEANOGRAFIA
Abstract: The mid-Pliocene warm period (3.264–3.025 Ma) is the most recent geological period during which atmospheric CO2 levels were similar to recent historical values (∼400 ppm). Several proxy reconstructions for the mid-Pliocene show highly reduced zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradients in the tropical Pacific Ocean, indicating an El Niño-like mean state. However, past modelling studies do not show these highly reduced gradients. Efforts to understand mid-Pliocene climate dynamics have led to the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP). Results from the first phase (PlioMIP1) showed clear El Niño variability (albeit significantly reduced) and did not show the greatly reduced time-mean zonal SST gradient suggested by some of the proxies. In this work, we study El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability in the PlioMIP2 ensemble, which consists of additional global coupled climate models and updated boundary conditions compared to PlioMIP1. We quantify ENSO amplitude, period, spatial structure and “flavour”, as well as the tropical Pacific annual mean state in mid-Pliocene and pre-industrial simulations. Results show a reduced ENSO amplitude in the model-ensemble mean (−24 %) with respect to the pre-industrial, with 15 out of 17 individual models showing such a reduction. Furthermore, the spectral power of this variability considerably decreases in the 3–4-year band. The spatial structure of the dominant empirical orthogonal function shows no particular change in the patterns of tropical Pacific variability in the model-ensemble mean, compared to the pre-industrial. Although the time-mean zonal SST gradient in the equatorial Pacific decreases for 14 out of 17 models (0.2 ∘C reduction in the ensemble mean), there does not seem to be a correlation with the decrease in ENSO amplitude. The models showing the most “El Niño-like” mean state changes show a similar ENSO amplitude to that in the pre-industrial reference, while models showing more “La Niña-like” mean state changes generally show a large reduction in ENSO variability. The PlioMIP2 results show a reasonable agreement with both time-mean proxies indicating a reduced zonal SST gradient and reconstructions indicating a reduced, or similar, ENSO variability.
Published: 2021

4. Moving Mesh Methods with Upwinding Schemes for Time-Dependent PDEs

Author: Li, Shengtai and Petzold, Linda
Published: 1997
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. Large-scale features of Last Interglacial climate: Results from evaluating the lig127k simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6)-Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4)

Author: Yarrow Axford, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Maria-Vittoria Guarino, Qiong Zhang, Elizabeth B. Isaacs, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Robert A. Tomas, Jeremy S. Hoffman, Zhongshi Zhang, Anne de Vernal, Nicholas K. H. Yeung, Masa Kageyama, Weipeng Zheng, Katrin J. Meissner, Christian Stepanek, Jian Cao, Chris Brierley, Gerrit Lohmann, Anni Zhao, Laurie Menviel, David Salas y Mélia, Polina Morozova, Louise C. Sime, Eric W. Wolff, Ryouta O'ishi, Silvana Ramos Buarque, Emilie Capron, Allegra N. LeGrande, Charles Williams, Marie Sicard, Polychronis C Tzedakis, Pascale Braconnot, Evgeny Volodin, Chuncheng Guo, Esther C. Brady, Xaoxu Shi, Paolo Scussolini, Aline Govin, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Climat et Magnétisme (CLIMAG), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), National Science Foundation, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR: 1852977 Natural Environment Research Council, NERC: NE/S009736/1 Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, NWO: ALWOP.164 Sorbonne Université California Earthquake Authority, CEA Carlsbergfondet École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Royal Society Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, CNES 742224 European Research Council, ERC NE/P01903X/1, ANR-18-BELM-0001-06 312979 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS RSF Social Finance: 20-17-00190 Natural Environment Research Council, NERC: NE/P013279/1 Vetenskapsrådet, VR Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2016-07213, 2013-06476, 2017-04232 Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation, ARCS: JPMXD1300000000 JPMXD1420318865 Australian Research Council, ARC: FT180100606 2016YFC1401401 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, AWI Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN: 17H06104 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Monbusho: 17H06323 Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS: XDB42000000, XDA19060102 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JAMSTEC: 0148-2019-0009 National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC: 91958201and 41376002 National Science Foundation, NSF Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF Akademie der Naturwissenschaften, SCNAT National Science Foundation, NSF: 1852977 National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR, Acknowledgements. Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady and Robert Tomas acknowledge the CESM project, which is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF). This material is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the NSF under Cooperative Agreement No. 1852977. Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. Chris M. Brierley acknowledges the financial support of the Natural Environment Research Council through grant NE/S009736/1. Anni Zhao and Chris M. Brierley would like to thank Rachel Eyles for her sterling work curating the local replica of the PMIP archive at UCL., Charles J. R. Williams acknowledges the financial support of the UK Natural Environment Research Council-funded SWEET project (Super-Warm Early Eocene Temperatures), research grant NE/P01903X/1, and the financial support of the Belmont-funded PACMEDY (PAlaeo-Constraints on Monsoon Evolution and Dynamics) project. Aline Govin acknowledges the support of the French national program LEFE/INSU (CircLIG project) and of the Belmont-funded ACCEDE project (ANR-18-BELM-0001-06). Eric Wolff has received funding from the European Research Council under the Horizon 2020 program research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 742224, WACSWAIN). Eric Wolff is also funded by a Royal Society Professorship. Paolo Scussolini acknowledges funding from the NWO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek) under grant ALWOP.164. Emilie Capron acknowledges financial support from the ChronoCli-mate project, funded by the Carlsberg Foundation. Pascale Bra-connot and Masa Kageyama acknowledge the HPC resources of TGCC allocated to the IPSL CMIP6 project by GENCI (Grand Equipment National de Calcul Intensif) under the allocations 2016-A0030107732, 2017-R0040110492, and 2018-R0040110492 (project gencmip6). This work was undertaken in the framework of the LABEX L-IPSL and the IPSL Climate Graduate School, under the 'Investissements d’avenir' program with the reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-17-EURE-0006. This study benefited from the ES-PRI (Ensemble de Services Pour la Recherche à l’IPSL) computing and data center (https://mesocentre.ipsl.fr, last access: 22 December 2020), which is supported by CNRS, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, and CNES and through national and international projects, including the EU-FP7 Infrastructure project IS-ENES2 (grant no. 312979). Marie Sicard is funded by a scholarship from CEA and 'Convention des Services Climatiques' from IPSL., Laurie Menviel acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council FT180100606. The ACCESS-ESM 1.5 experiments were performed on Raijin at the NCI National Facility at the Australian National University, through awards under the National Computational Merit Allocation Scheme, the Intersect allocation scheme, and the UNSW HPC at NCI Scheme. Qiong Zhang acknowledges the support from the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, grant nos. 2013-06476 and 2017-04232). The EC-Earth simulations are performed on ECMWF’s computing and archive facilities and on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Centre (NSC) partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2016-07213. Weipeng Zheng acknowledges the financial support from National Key R&D Program for Developing Basic Sciences (grant no. 2016YFC1401401), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant nos. XDA19060102 and XDB42000000) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 91958201and 41376002), and the technical support from the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project 'Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility' (EarthLab). Maria Vittoria Guarino and Louise Sime acknowledge the financial support of the NERC research grant NE/P013279/1. Silvana Ramos Buarque and David Salas y Mélia acknowledge Météo-France/DSI for providing computing and data storage resources. Xiaoxu Shi and Christian Stepanek acknowledge computing and data storage resources for the generation of the AWI-ESM-1/AWI-ESM-2 and MPI-ESM-1-2 simulations of Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) granted by its Scientific Steering Committee (WLA) under project ID ba1066. The Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg is acknowledged for development and provision of the MPI-ESM as well as the ECHAM6/JSBACH, which provides the atmosphere and land surface component of AWI-ESM. Gerrit Lohmann acknowledges funding via the Alfred Wegener Institute’s research program PACES2. Christian Stepanek acknowledges funding by the Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM and the Alfred Wegener Institute’s research program PACES2. Xiaoxu Shi acknowledges financial support through the BMBF funded PACMEDY and PalMOD initiatives. Ayako Abe-Ouchi and Ryouta O’ishi acknowledge the financial support from Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) Project (grant JPMXD1300000000), Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II) Project (grant no. JPMXD1420318865), JSPS KAKENHI grant 17H06104 and MEXT KAKENHI grant 17H06323, and the support from JAMSTEC for the use of the Earth Simulator supercomputer. Polina A. Morozova was supported by the state assignment project 0148-2019-0009. Evgeny Volodin was supported by RSF grant 20-17-00190., The authors acknowledge QUIGS (Quaternary Interglacials), a working group of Past Global Changes (PAGES), which in turn received support from the US National Science Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Academy of Sciences, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. We are grateful to the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), which, through its Working Group on Coupled Modelling, coordinated and promoted CMIP6., Financial support. Funding of the publication has been supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation under cooperative agreement no. 1852977., Water and Climate Risk, Wolff, Eric [0000-0002-5914-8531], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: IMPACTS, 010506 paleontology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Orbital forcing, sub-01, EXPERIMENTAL-DESIGN, Stratigraphy, lcsh:Environmental protection, 3705 Geology, POLAR AMPLIFICATION, MIDHOLOCENE, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Environmental pollution, Paleoclimatology, Sea ice, lcsh:TD169-171.8, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, TEMPERATURE, AFRICAN MONSOON, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, 13 Climate Action, Global and Planetary Change, geography, Coupled model intercomparison project, geography.geographical_feature_category, EARTH SYSTEM MODEL, CHRONOLOGY AICC2012, Northern Hemisphere, Paleontology, 37 Earth Sciences, 3709 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Arctic ice pack, ANTARCTIC ICE, 13. Climate action, Climatology, lcsh:TD172-193.5, 3701 Atmospheric Sciences, Climate sensitivity, Environmental science, Climate model, SENSITIVITY
Abstract: The modeling of paleoclimate, using physically based tools, is increasingly seen as a strong out-of-sample test of the models that are used for the projection of future climate changes. New to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) is the Tier 1 Last Interglacial experiment for 127 000 years ago (lig127k), designed to address the climate responses to stronger orbital forcing than the midHolocene experiment, using the same state-of-the-art models as for the future and following a common experimental protocol. Here we present a first analysis of a multi-model ensemble of 17 climate models, all of which have completed the CMIP6 DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) experiments. The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) of these models varies from 1.8 to 5.6 ∘C. The seasonal character of the insolation anomalies results in strong summer warming over the Northern Hemisphere continents in the lig127k ensemble as compared to the CMIP6 piControl and much-reduced minimum sea ice in the Arctic. The multi-model results indicate enhanced summer monsoonal precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere and reductions in the Southern Hemisphere. These responses are greater in the lig127k than the CMIP6 midHolocene simulations as expected from the larger insolation anomalies at 127 than 6 ka. New synthesis for surface temperature and precipitation, targeted for 127 ka, have been developed for comparison to the multi-model ensemble. The lig127k model ensemble and data reconstructions are in good agreement for summer temperature anomalies over Canada, Scandinavia, and the North Atlantic and for precipitation over the Northern Hemisphere continents. The model–data comparisons and mismatches point to further study of the sensitivity of the simulations to uncertainties in the boundary conditions and of the uncertainties and sparse coverage in current proxy reconstructions. The CMIP6–Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) lig127k simulations, in combination with the proxy record, improve our confidence in future projections of monsoons, surface temperature, and Arctic sea ice, thus providing a key target for model evaluation and optimization.
Published: 2021

6. Genome-wide Association Study Identifies HLA-DPB1 as a Significant Risk Factor for Severe Aplastic Anemia

Author: Colm O'hUigin, Stephanie J. Lee, Sonja I. Berndt, Aurelie Vogt, Qing Lan, Susan L. Slager, Shengchao Alfred Li, Stephen J. Chanock, Shahinaz M. Gadalla, Amanda Willis, Belynda Hicks, Stephen R. Spellman, Mary Carrington, Meredith Yeager, Nathaniel Rothman, Mathias Viard, Weiyin Zhou, Michael D. Haagenson, Youjin Wang, Charles C. Chung, Sharon A. Savage, James R. Cerhan, Nicolas Vince, Michael Dean, Laurie Burdett, Veron Ramsuran, Kelvin C. de Andrade, Medhat Askar, Tao Wang, Neal D. Freedman, Yawei Zhang, Lauren R. Teras, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics [Bethesda, MD, États-Unis], National Cancer Institute [Bethesda] (NCI-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Institut de transplantation urologie-néphrologie (ITUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (U1064 Inserm - CRTI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Department of Health Sciences Research [Mayo Clinic] (HSR), Mayo Clinic, Yale School of Public Health (YSPH), American Cancer Society [Atlanta, GA, USA], Baylor University, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center [Seattle] (FHCRC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), This work was supported by the intramural research programof the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI). The Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) is supported primarily by Public Health Service Grant/Cooperative Agreement 5U24CA076518 from the NCI, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Grant/Cooperative Agreement 4U10HL069294 from the NHLBI and the NCI, contract HHSH250201200018C with the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA/ DHHS), and two grants, N00014-17-1-2388 and N0014-17-1-2850, from the Office of Naval Research. The Mayo Clinic Case-Control Study of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (MAYO) study is funded through grants R01 CA92153 and P50 CA97274. TheNCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Case-Control Study (NCI-SEER) study is funded by the Intramural Research Programof theNCI,National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Public Health Service (N01-PC-65064, N01-PC-67008, N01-PC-67009, N01-PC-67010, and N02-PC- 71105). The Population-based Case-Control Study in Connecticut Women (YALE) is funded through the NCI (CA62006 and CA165923). This project has also been funded in part with federal funds from the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, under Contract No. HHSN261200800001E., University of KwaZulu-Natal [Durban, Afrique du Sud] (UKZN), and Le Bihan, Sylvie
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Genome-wide association study, Peptide binding, Severity of Illness Index, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, GWAS, Child, Genetics (clinical), HLA-DP beta-Chains, Phylogeny, Anemia, Aplastic, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], HLA, hematpoietic cell transplantation, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Child, Preschool, Female, Adult, Genetic Markers, Adolescent, Genotype, aplastic anemia, etiology, HLA-DP, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Human leukocyte antigen, Biology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Report, Genetics, medicine, SNP, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Aplastic anemia, Aged, genome-wide association study, HLA-DPB1, Infant, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, Case-Control Studies, Immunology, bone marrow failure
Abstract: International audience; Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is a rare disorder characterized by hypoplastic bone marrow and progressive pancytopenia. The etiology of acquired SAA is not understood but is likely related to abnormal immune responses and environmental exposures. We conducted a genome-wide association study of individuals with SAA genetically matched to healthy controls in discovery (359 cases, 1,396 controls) and validation sets (175 cases, 1,059 controls). Combined analyses identified linked SNPs in distinct blocks within the major histocompatibility complex on 6p21. The top SNP encodes p.Met76Val in the P4 binding pocket of the HLA class II gene HLA-DPB1 (rs1042151A>G, odds ratio [OR] 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50–2.03, p = 1.94 × 10−13) and was associated with HLA-DP cell surface expression in healthy individuals (p = 2.04 × 10−6). Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Val76 is not monophyletic and likely occurs in conjunction with different HLA-DP binding groove conformations. Imputation of HLA-DPB1 alleles revealed increased risk of SAA associated with Val76-encoding alleles DPB1∗03:01, (OR 1.66, p = 1.52 × 10−7), DPB1∗10:01 (OR 2.12, p = 0.0003), and DPB1∗01:01 (OR 1.60, p = 0.0008). A second SNP near HLA-B, rs28367832G>A, reached genome-wide significance (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.22–1.78, p = 7.27 × 10−9) in combined analyses; the association remained significant after excluding cases with clonal copy-neutral loss-of-heterozygosity affecting class I HLA genes (8.6% of cases and 0% of controls). SNPs in the HLA class II gene HLA-DPB1 and possibly class I (HLA-B) are associated with SAA. The replacement of Met76 to Val76 in certain HLA-DPB1 alleles might influence risk of SAA through mechanisms involving DP peptide binding specificity, expression, and/or other factors affecting DP function.
Published: 2020

7. Access to Heteroleptic Fluorido-Cyanido Complexes with a Large Magnetic Anisotropy by Fluoride Abstraction

Author: Stephen Hill, Jun-Liang Liu, Andrei Rogalev, Samuel M. Greer, Itziar Oyarzabal, Jeffrey R. Long, Rodolphe Clérac, Fabrice Wilhelm, Kasper S. Pedersen, Alain Tressaud, Etienne Durand, Abhishake Mondal, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Department of Physics, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering [Berkeley] (CBE), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), the Danish Research Council for Independent Research for a DFF‐Sapere Aude Research Talent grant (4090‐00201), the University of Bordeaux, the ANR, the CNRS, the Region Nouvelle Aquitaine, the MOLSPIN COST action CA15128 and the GdR MCM‐2. Research at the University of California, Berkeley was supported by NSF Grant CHE‐1800252 to J.R.L. A portion of this work was performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, which is supported by the NSF Cooperative Agreement (DMR‐1644779) and the state of Florida. R.C and J.R.L. are grateful to the France‐Berkeley Fund and the CNRS (PICS N°06485) for funding. Support from the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE‐1449440). Support from the NSF (DMR‐1610226 to S.H.) is also acknowledged. I.O. and R.C. are grateful to the Basque Government for a postdoctoral grant of I.O. The X‐ray spectroscopy experiments were performed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, Grenoble, France). Dr. D. Sadhukhan is acknowledged for helpful discussions about the synthesis., Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Facultad de Quimica de San Sebastian, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Universidad del Pais Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea [Espagne] (UPV/EHU), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Chemistry [Berkeley], and K.S.P. and R.C. thank the Danish Research Council for Independent Research for a DFF‐Sapere Aude Research Talent grant (4090‐00201), the University of Bordeaux, the ANR, the CNRS, the Region Nouvelle Aquitaine, the MOLSPIN COST action CA15128 and the GdR MCM‐2. Research at the University of California, Berkeley was supported by NSF Grant CHE‐1800252 to J.R.L. A portion of this work was performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, which is supported by the NSF Cooperative Agreement (DMR‐1644779) and the state of Florida. R.C and J.R.L. are grateful to the France‐Berkeley Fund and the CNRS (PICS N°06485) for funding. S.M.G. acknowledges support from the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE‐1449440). Support from the NSF (DMR‐1610226 to S.H.) is also acknowledged. I.O. and R.C. are grateful to the Basque Government for a postdoctoral grant of I.O. The X‐ray spectroscopy experiments were performed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, Grenoble, France). Dr. D. Sadhukhan is acknowledged for helpful discussions about the synthesis.
Subjects: Ligand field theory, Materials science, 010405 organic chemistry, General Chemistry, General Medicine, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Catalysis, law.invention, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Magnetization, Magnetic anisotropy, Crystallography, chemistry, Transition metal, law, Molecule, Homoleptic, Electron paramagnetic resonance, Fluoride
Abstract: International audience; Silicon-mediated fluoride abstraction is demonstrated as a means of generating the first fluorido-cyanido transition metal complexes. This new synthetic approach is exemplified by the synthesis and characterization of the heteroleptic complexes, trans-[M IV F 4 (CN) 2 ] 2À (M = Re, Os), obtained from their homoleptic [M IV F 6 ] 2À parents. As shown by combined high-field electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetization measurements, the partial substitution of fluoride by cyanide ligands leads to a marked increase in the magnetic anisotropy of trans-[ReF 4 (CN) 2 ] 2À as compared to [ReF 6 ] 2À , reflecting the severe departure from an ideal octahedral (O h point group) ligand field. This methodology paves the way toward the realization of new heteroleptic transition metal complexes that may be used as highly anisotropic building-blocks for the design of high-performance molecule-based magnetic materials.
Published: 2019

8. Evaluation of the influenza sentinel surveillance system in Madagascar, 2009–2014

Author: Julia Guillebaud, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Ariane Halm, Stefano Tempia, Laurence Randrianasolo, Jean-Michel Heraud, Patrice Piola, Lea Randriamampionona, Alain Rakotoarisoa, Ministry of Public Health, Unité d'Epidémiologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Indian Ocean Commission, and This publication was supported by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (cooperative agreements 5U51IP000812-02) and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (cooperative agreement IDESP060001-01-01). AR was supported by the Indian Ocean Field Epidemiology Training Programme.
Subjects: Program evaluation, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, 030231 tropical medicine, Oropharynx, Disease, International Health Regulations, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Informed consent, Nasopharynx, Influenza, Human, Madagascar, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Case report form, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Outbreak, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, medicine.disease, Virology, Data Accuracy, 3. Good health, Lessons from the Field, Preparedness, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Medical emergency, business, Sentinel Surveillance, Program Evaluation
Abstract: Evaluation of influenza surveillance systems is poor, especially in Africa.In 2007, the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar and the Malagasy Ministry of Public Health implemented a countrywide system for the prospective syndromic and virological surveillance of influenza-like illnesses. In assessing this system's performance, we identified gaps and ways to promote the best use of resources. We investigated acceptability, data quality, flexibility, representativeness, simplicity, stability, timeliness and usefulness and developed qualitative and/or quantitative indicators for each of these attributes.Until 2007, the influenza surveillance system in Madagascar was only operational in Antananarivo and the observations made could not be extrapolated to the entire country.By 2014, the system covered 34 sentinel sites across the country. At 12 sites, nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal samples were collected and tested for influenza virus. Between 2009 and 2014, 177 718 fever cases were detected, 25 809 (14.5%) of these fever cases were classified as cases of influenza-like illness. Of the 9192 samples from patients with influenza-like illness that were tested for influenza viruses, 3573 (38.9%) tested positive. Data quality for all evaluated indicators was categorized as above 90% and the system also appeared to be strong in terms of its acceptability, simplicity and stability. However, sample collection needed improvement.The influenza surveillance system in Madagascar performed well and provided reliable and timely data for public health interventions. Given its flexibility and overall moderate cost, this system may become a useful platform for syndromic and laboratory-based surveillance in other low-resource settings.La evaluación de los sistemas de vigilancia de la gripe es escasa, sobre todo en África.En 2007, el Instituto Pasteur de Madagascar y el Ministerio de Salud Pública de Madagascar implementaron un sistema nacional para la futura vigilancia sindrómica y epidemiológica de enfermedades similares a la gripe. Al evaluar el rendimiento de este sistema, se identificaron lagunas y formas de fomentar el mejor uso de los recursos. Se investigaron la aceptación, la calidad de la información, la flexibilidad, la representación, la simplicidad, la estabilidad, el momento y la utilidad, y se desarrollaron indicadores cualitativos y/o cuantitativos para cada uno de estos atributos.Hasta 2007, el sistema de vigilancia de la gripe en Madagascar operaba únicamente en Antananarivo, y las observaciones realizadas no podían extrapolarse al resto del país.En 2014, el sistema abarcaba 34 sitios centinela en todo el país. En 12 sitios, se recogieron muestras nasofaríngeas y/o bucofaríngeas, que se sometieron a pruebas del virus de la gripe. Entre 2009 y 2014 se detectaron 177 718 casos de fiebre, 25 809 (14,5%) de los cuales se clasificaron como casos de enfermedades similares a la gripe. De las 9 192 muestras de pacientes con enfermedades similares a la gripe sometidos a pruebas del virus de la gripe, 3 573 (38,9%) resultaron positivas. La calidad de los datos para todos los indicadores evaluados se categorizó como superior al 90% y el sistema también parecía ser sólido en cuanto a su aceptación, simplicidad y estabilidad. No obstante, la recogida de muestras necesitaba mejorar.El sistema de vigilancia de la gripe en Madagascar obtuvo buenos resultados y ofreció información fiable y oportuna para las intervenciones de salud pública. Dada su flexibilidad y el coste moderado general, este sistema podría convertirse en una plataforma útil para la vigilancia sindrómica y en laboratorios en otros entornos con pocos recursos.ضعف تقييم نظم ترصد الإنفلونزا خاصةً في أفريقيا.نفذ كلاً منحتى عام 2007، تم تشغيل نظام رصد الأنفلونزا في مدغشقر في أنتاناناريفو فقط، وتعذر استقراء الملاحظات للبلد بأكمله.بحلول عام 2014، غطى النظام 34 موقعًا رصديًا في جميع أنحاء البلاد. وتم جمع عينات بلعومية و/أو فموية بلعومية واختبارها لاكتشاف فيروس الإنفلونزا في 12 موقعًا. تم اكتشاف 177,718 حالة حمى في الفترة ما بين عامي 2009 و2014، وتم تصنيف 25,809 (‏14.5‏%) حالة من هذه الحالات على أنها أمراض مماثلة للإنفلونزا. وكان من بين 9192 عينة من المرضى المصابين بأمراض مماثلة للإنفلونزا والتي تم اختبارها لاكتشاف فيروس الإنفلونزا، ثبتت إصابة 3573 (‏38.9‏%) حالة. أشار تصنيف جودة البيانات لجميع المؤشرات التي تم تقييمها إلى نسبة تتعدى 90‏‏%، كما ظهر النظام قويًا فيما يتعلق بالمقبولية والبساطة والاستقرار. ومع ذلك، يلزم إدخال التحسين على عملية جمع العينات.حقق نظام رصد الإنفلونزا في مدغشقر أداءً جيدًا وقدّم بيانات موثوقة وفي الوقت المناسب لإجراء تدخلات الصحة العامة. قد يكون هذا النظام منصة مفيدة لرصد المتلازمات المرضية وعمليات الرصد في المختبرات في المواقع الأخرى قليلة الموارد وذلك بسبب مرونة هذا النظام وتكاليفه المعقولة بشكل عام.对流感监测系统的评估不足，尤其是在非洲。.2007 年，在 2007 年以前，马达加斯加的流感监测系统仅在塔那那利佛运行，并且观察结果无法外推到整个国家。.截止 2014 年，该系统覆盖全国 34 个哨点。我们在 12 个哨点采集了鼻咽和/或口咽样本并进行了流感病毒检测。在 2009 年至 2014 年期间，我们发现了 177 718 宗发热病例，其中 25 809 (14.5%) 宗被归类为流感样疾病病例。在进行流感病毒检测的 9192 个流感样疾病患者的样本中，3573 (38.9%) 个样本的检测结果呈阳性。所有评估指标下的数据质量均超过 90%，并且系统在其可接受性、简单性和稳定性方面似乎也非常卓越。然而，样本采集需要改进。.马达加斯加流感监测系统运行情况良好，并且为公共卫生干预提供可靠、及时的数据。鉴于其灵活性和总体适中的成本，该系统可能会成为其他资源匮乏的地区进行综合征监测和实验室监测的有用平台。.Неудовлетворительная оценка систем эпиднадзора за гриппом, особенно в Африке.В 2007 году Институтом Пастера в Мадагаскаре (До 2007 года система эпиднадзора за гриппом на Мадагаскаре действовала только в Антананариву и полученные результаты наблюдений было невозможно экстраполировать на всю страну.К 2014 году система охватывала 34 поста наблюдения по всей стране. На 12 постах были отобраны и протестированы на наличие вируса гриппа мазки из носоглотки и/или ротоглотки. В период с 2009 по 2014 год было выявлено 177 718 случаев лихорадки, 25 809 (14,5%) из этих случаев были классифицированы как случаи гриппоподобных заболеваний. Из 9192 проб, взятых у пациентов с гриппоподобными заболеваниями и протестированных на наличие вирусов гриппа, 3573 (38,9%) дали положительный результат. Качество данных для всех оцениваемых показателей было классифицировано как превышающее 90%. Система продемонстрировала хорошие показатели с точки зрения своей приемлемости, простоты и стабильности. Тем не менее отбор проб нуждается в улучшении.Система эпиднадзора за гриппом в Мадагаскаре хорошо зарекомендовала себя и позволяла получать надежные и своевременные данные для мероприятий в области общественного здравоохранения. С учетом гибкости и умеренной стоимости этой системы она может стать полезной платформой для синдромного и лабораторного наблюдения в условиях ограниченности ресурсов.
Published: 2017

9. Spread of yellow fever virus outbreak in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2015–16: a modelling study

Author: Kraemer, Moritz U.G., Faria, Nuno R., Reiner, Robert C., Golding, Nick, Nikolay, Birgit, Stasse, Stephanie, Johansson, Michael A., Salje, Henrik, Faye, Ousmane, Wint, G.R. William, Niedrig, Matthias, Shearer, Freya M., Hill, Sarah C., Thompson, Robin N., Bisanzio, Donal, Taveira, Nuno, Nax, Heinrich, Pradelski, Bary S.R., Nsoesie, Elaine O., Murphy, Nicholas R., Bogoch, Isaac I., Khan, Kamran, Brownstein, John S., Tatem, Andrew J., de Oliveira, Tulio, Smith, David L., Sall, Amadou A., Pybus, Oliver G., Hay, Simon I., Cauchemez, Simon, University of Oxford, University of Washington [Seattle], Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery [Oxford, UK], University of Melbourne, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [San Juan], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres Hémorragiques [Dakar, Sénégal], Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Department of Zoology [Oxford], Robert Koch Institute [Berlin] (RKI), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz [Portugal], Université de Lisbonne, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), University of California (UC), Toronto General Hospital Research Institute [Canada] (TGHRI), Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute [Toronto], Harvard University, Flowminder Foundation, University of Southampton, University of KwaZulu-Natal [Durban, Afrique du Sud] (UKZN), Department of Zoology, MUGK receives funding from the International research Consortium on Dengue Risk Assessment Management and Surveillance (IDAMS, European Commission 7th Framework Programme [ 21893 ]). NG is supported by a University of Melbourne McKenzie fellowship . MAJ received partial support from the Models of Infectious Disease Agent Study program (Cooperative Agreement number 1U54GM088558 ). FMS acknowledges funding from the Rhodes Trust . SIH received a grant from the Research for Health in Humanitarian Crises (R2HC) Programme, managed by ELRHA (number 13468 ), which also supported MUGK. The Research for Health in Humanitarian Crises (R2HC) programme aims to improve health outcomes by strengthening the evidence base for public health interventions in humanitarian crises. The £8 million R2HC programme is funded equally by the Wellcome Trust and Department for International Development , with Enhancing Learning and Research for Humanitarian Assistance (ELRHA) overseeing the programme's execution and management. TdO is funded by a Flagship Grant from the Medical Research Council (MRC) of the Republic of South Africa ( MRC-RFA-UFSP-01-2013/UKZN HIVEPI ), by the VIROGENESIS project European Union's Horizon 2020 (number 634650 ), and a Royal Society Newton Advanced Fellowship . SIH is funded by a Senior Research Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust (number 095066 ), and grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ( OPP1119467 , OPP1093011 , OPP1106023 , and OPP1132415 ). HHN and BSRP are funded by the European Research Council through the Advanced Investigator Grant Momentum (number 324247 ). EON is supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (number K01ES025438 ). DLS and AJT are funded by the National Institutes of Health and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (number U10AI089674 ), and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (AJT: number OPP1106427 and 1032350, DLS: number OPP1110495 ). AJT is also supported by a Wellcome Trust Sustaining Health Grant (number 10688/Z/15/Z ). JSB acknowledges funding from the National Institutes of Health (# 5R01LM010812-06 ). This study was made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development Emerging Pandemic Threats Program-2 PREDICT-2 (Cooperative Agreement number AID-OAA-A-14-00102 ), which supports OGP and MUGK. SC acknowledges funding from the French Government's Investissement d'Avenir program , Laboratoire d'Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases' (number ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID ), the NIGMS MIDAS initiative , the AXA Research Fund , and the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement 278433 (PREDEMICS, EU program ZikAlliance)., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), European Project: 281803,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2011-single-stage,IDAMS(2011), European Project: 634650,H2020,H2020-PHC-2014-two-stage,VIROGENESIS(2015), European Project: 324247,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2012-ADG_20120411,MOMENTUM(2013), European Project: 278433,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2011-two-stage,PREDEMICS(2011), Salje, Henrik [0000-0003-3626-4254], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, University of Oxford [Oxford], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California, Harvard University [Cambridge], and University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN)
Subjects: Rural Population, Urban Population, Disease Outbreaks, MESH: Rural Population, Aedes, Yellow Fever, MESH: Immunization Schedule, Animals, Humans, MESH: Animals, MESH: Disease Outbreaks, [MATH]Mathematics [math], MESH: Travel, Immunization Schedule, MESH: Yellow Fever, Travel, Models, Statistical, MESH: Humans, Vaccination, MESH: Aedes, MESH: Vaccination, MESH: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Articles, MESH: Yellow fever virus, MESH: Angola, MESH: Urban Population, Infectious Diseases, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Yellow fever virus, MESH: Models, Statistical
Abstract: Background Since late 2015, an epidemic of yellow fever has caused more than 7334 suspected cases in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including 393 deaths. We sought to understand the spatial spread of this outbreak to optimise the use of the limited available vaccine stock. Methods We jointly analysed datasets describing the epidemic of yellow fever, vector suitability, human demography, and mobility in central Africa to understand and predict the spread of yellow fever virus. We used a standard logistic model to infer the district-specific yellow fever virus infection risk during the course of the epidemic in the region. Findings The early spread of yellow fever virus was characterised by fast exponential growth (doubling time of 5–7 days) and fast spatial expansion (49 districts reported cases after only 3 months) from Luanda, the capital of Angola. Early invasion was positively correlated with high population density (Pearson's r 0·52, 95% CI 0·34–0·66). The further away locations were from Luanda, the later the date of invasion (Pearson's r 0·60, 95% CI 0·52–0·66). In a Cox model, we noted that districts with higher population densities also had higher risks of sustained transmission (the hazard ratio for cases ceasing was 0·74, 95% CI 0·13–0·92 per log-unit increase in the population size of a district). A model that captured human mobility and vector suitability successfully discriminated districts with high risk of invasion from others with a lower risk (area under the curve 0·94, 95% CI 0·92–0·97). If at the start of the epidemic, sufficient vaccines had been available to target 50 out of 313 districts in the area, our model would have correctly identified 27 (84%) of the 32 districts that were eventually affected. Interpretation Our findings show the contributions of ecological and demographic factors to the ongoing spread of the yellow fever outbreak and provide estimates of the areas that could be prioritised for vaccination, although other constraints such as vaccine supply and delivery need to be accounted for before such insights can be translated into policy. Funding Wellcome Trust. ISSN:1473-3099 ISSN:1474-4457
Published: 2017

10. Chemical design of electronic and magnetic energy scales of tetravalent praseodymium materials

Author: Ramanathan, Arun, Kaplan, Jensen, Sergentu, Dumitru-Claudiu, Branson, Jacob A, Ozerov, Mykhaylo, I. Kolesnikov, Alexander, Minasian, Stefan G., Autschbach, Jochen, Freeland, John, Jiang, Zhigang, Mourigal, Martin, La Pierre, Henry S., Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Florida State University [Panama City], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY), Argonne National Laboratory [Lemont] (ANL), and The work of A.R. and H.S.L.P. at Georgia Tech was supported by the Beckman Foundation as part of a Beckman Young Investigator Award to H.S.L.P. The work of J.K. and M.M. at Georgia Tech was supported by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. NSF-DMR-1750186 awarded to M.M. The work of Z.J. at Georgia Tech was supported by the US Department of Energy through Grant No. DE-FG02-07ER46451 awarded to Z.J. Some of this work was performed in part at the Materials Characterization Facility at Georgia Tech, which is jointly supported by the GT Institute for Materials and the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, and is a member of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. ECCS-2025462. This research used resources at the Spallation Neutron Source, a DOE Office of Science User Facility operated by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Use of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. The infrared measurements were performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, which is supported by the National Science Foundation Cooperative Agreement No. DMR-1644779 and the State of Florida. The work of D.-C.S. and J.A. at the University at Buffalo was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Heavy Element Chemistry program, under grant DESC0001136 awarded to J.A. D.-C.S. and J.A. thank the Center for Computational Research (CCR) at the University at Buffalo for providing computational resources. D.-C.S. received research funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 899546. D.-C.S. acknowledges infrastructure support provided through the RECENT AIR grant agreement MySMIS no. 127324. Work of J.A.B. and S.G.M at LBNL was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences of the US Department of Energy (DOE) at LBNL under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. STXM research described in this paper was performed at the Canadian Light Source, which is supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the University of Saskatchewan, the Government of Saskatchewan, Western Economic Diversification Canada, the National Research Council Canada, and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Subjects: [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry
Abstract: International audience; Lanthanides in the trivalent oxidation state are typically described using an ionic picture that leads to localized magnetic moments. The hierarchical energy scales associated with trivalent lanthanides produce desirable properties for e.g., molecular magnetism, quantum materials, and quantum transduction. Here, we show that this traditional ionic paradigm breaks down for praseodymium in the tetravalent oxidation state. Synthetic, spectroscopic, and theoretical tools deployed on several solid-state Pr(4+)-oxides uncover the unusual participation of 4f orbitals in bonding and the anomalous hybridization of the 4f(1) configuration with ligand valence electrons, analogous to transition metals. The competition between crystal-field and spin-orbit-coupling interactions fundamentally transforms the spin-orbital magnetism of Pr(4+), which departs from the J(eff) = 1/2 limit and resembles that of high-valent actinides. Our results show that Pr(4+) ions are in a class on their own, where the hierarchy of single-ion energy scales can be tailored to explore new correlated phenomena in quantum materials.
Published: 2023

11. The E2 glycoprotein holds key residues for Mayaro virus adaptation to the urban Aedes aegypti mosquito

Author: Ferdinand Roesch, Chelsea Cereghino, Lucia Carrau, Alexandra Hardy, Helder Ribeiro-Filho, Annabelle Henrion Lacritick, Cassandra Koh, Jeffrey Marano, Tyler Bates, Pallavi Rai, Christina Chuong, Shamima Akter, Thomas Vallet, Hervé Blanc, Truitt Elliot, Anne M. Brown, Pawel Michalak, Tanya LeRoith, Jesse Bloom, Rafael Elias Marques, Maria-Carla Saleh, Marco Vignuzzi, James Weger-Lucarelli, Virginia Tech [Blacksburg], Populations virales et Pathogenèse - Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), New York University Langone Medical Center (NYU Langone Medical Center), NYU System (NYU), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais = Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Virus et Interférence ARN - Viruses and RNA Interference, George Mason University [Fairfax], Program of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology [Blacksburg] (GBCB), University of Haifa [Haifa], Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center [Seattle] (FHCRC), Howard Hughes Medical Institute [Chevy Chase] (HHMI), Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), This work was funded by the DARPA PREEMPT program administered through DARPA Cooperative Agreement HR001118S0017, this funding was awarded to M-C.S., M.V, and J.W-L. This work also received funding from Laboratoire d'Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) to M-C.S. and M.V. Further support was provided by startup funds awarded to J.W-L by the Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine and a grant from the One Health Research Funding Program awarded to J.W-L and P.M., and ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010)
Subjects: Virology, Immunology, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Genetics, Parasitology, Molecular Biology, Microbiology
Abstract: International audience; Adaptation to mosquito vectors suited for transmission in urban settings is a major driver in the emergence of arboviruses. To better anticipate future emergence events, it is crucial to assess their potential to adapt to new vector hosts. In this work, we used two different experimental evolution approaches to study the adaptation process of an emerging alphavirus, Mayaro virus (MAYV), to Ae. aegypti, an urban mosquito vector of many other arboviruses. We identified E2-T179N as a key mutation increasing MAYV replication in insect cells and enhancing transmission after escaping the midgut of live Ae. aegypti. In contrast, this mutation decreased viral replication and binding in human fibroblasts, a primary cellular target of MAYV in humans. We also showed that MAYV E2-T179N generates reduced viremia and displays less severe tissue pathology in vivo in a mouse model. We found evidence in mouse fibroblasts that MAYV E2-T179N is less dependent on the Mxra8 receptor for replication than WT MAYV. Similarly, exogenous expression of human apolipoprotein receptor 2 and Mxra8 enhanced WT MAYV replication compared to MAYV E2-T179N. When this mutation was introduced in the closely related chikungunya virus, which has caused major outbreaks globally in the past two decades, we observed increased replication in both human and insect cells, suggesting E2 position 179 is an important determinant of alphavirus host-adaptation, although in a virus-specific manner. Collectively, these results indicate that adaptation at the T179 residue in MAYV E2 may result in increased vector competence-but coming at the cost of optimal replication in humans-and may represent a first step towards a future emergence event.Author summary: Mosquito-borne viruses must replicate in both mosquito and vertebrate hosts to be maintained in nature successfully. When viruses that are typically transmitted by forest dwelling mosquitoes enter urban environments due to deforestation or travel, they must adapt to urban mosquito vectors to transmit effectively. For mosquito-borne viruses, the need to also replicate in a vertebrate host like humans constrains this adaptation process. Towards understanding how the emerging alphavirus, Mayaro virus, might adapt to transmission by the urban mosquito vector, Ae. aegypti, we used natural evolution approaches to identify several viral mutations that impacted replication in both mosquito and vertebrate hosts. We show that a single mutation in the receptor binding domain of E2 increased transmission by Ae. aegypti after bypassing the midgut infection barrier but simultaneously reduced replication and pathology in a mouse model. Mechanistic studies suggested that this mutation decreases the dependence of MAYV on human Mxra8 and the putative MAYV receptor human ApoER2 during replication. This suggests MAYV with this mutation alone is unlikely to be maintained in a natural transmission cycle between mosquitoes and humans. Understanding the adaptive potential of emerging viruses is critical to preventing future pandemics.
Published: 2023

12. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences from 33 globally distributed mosquito species for improved metagenomics and species identification

Author: Cassandra Koh, Lionel Frangeul, Hervé Blanc, Carine Ngoagouni, Sébastien Boyer, Philippe Dussart, Nina Grau, Romain Girod, Jean-Bernard Duchemin, Maria-Carla Saleh, Virus et Interférence ARN - Viruses and RNA Interference, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Unité de Virologie / Virology Unit [Phnom Penh], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc [Cayenne, Guyane française], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, and This work was supported by the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency PREEMPT program managed by Dr. Rohit Chitale and Dr. Kerri Dugan [Cooperative Agreement HR001118S0017]
Subjects: General Immunology and Microbiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], General Neuroscience, General Medicine, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Abstract: Total RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is an important tool in the study of mosquitoes and the RNA viruses they vector as it allows assessment of both host and viral RNA in specimens. However, there are two main constraints. First, as with many other species, abundant mosquito ribosomal RNA (rRNA) serves as the predominant template from which sequences are generated, meaning that the desired host and viral templates are sequenced far less. Second, mosquito specimens captured in the field must be correctly identified, in some cases to the sub-species level. Here, we generate mosquito rRNA datasets which will substantially mitigate both of these problems. We describe a strategy to assemble novel rRNA sequences from mosquito specimens and produce an unprecedented dataset of 234 full-length 28S and 18S rRNA sequences of 33 medically important species from countries with known histories of mosquito-borne virus circulation (Cambodia, the Central African Republic, Madagascar, and French Guiana). These sequences will allow both physical and computational removal of rRNA from specimens during RNA-seq protocols. We also assess the utility of rRNA sequences for molecular taxonomy and compare phylogenies constructed using rRNA sequences versus those created using the gold standard for molecular species identification of specimens—the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. We find that rRNA- and COI-derived phylogenetic trees are incongruent and that 28S and concatenated 28S+18S rRNA phylogenies reflect evolutionary relationships that are more aligned with contemporary mosquito systematics. This significant expansion to the current rRNA reference library for mosquitoes will improve mosquito RNA-seq metagenomics by permitting the optimization of species-specific rRNA depletion protocols for a broader range of species and streamlining species identification by rRNA sequence and phylogenetics.
Published: 2023

13. iFlavobacterium columnare/iferric iron uptake systems are required for virulence

Author: Rachel A. Conrad, Jason P. Evenhuis, Ryan S. Lipscomb, David Pérez-Pascual, Rebecca J. Stevick, Clayton Birkett, Jean-Marc Ghigo, Mark J. McBride, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, ARS-USDA, USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, Génétique des Biofilms - Genetics of Biofilms, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire (UMR6047), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work was funded in part by United States Department of Agriculture-ARS CRIS projects 8082-32000-006-00-D and 5090-31320-004-00D and by cooperative agreements 5090-31320-004-03S and 58-5090-1-022, and by grant NA18OAR4170097, project R/SFA-20 from the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute under grants from the National Sea Grant College Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the State of Wisconsin. J-MG, D-PP and RS were funded by the French government’s Investissement d’Avenir Program, Laboratoire d’Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases' (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) and by an Institut Carnot Pasteur MS fellowship., and ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Virulence, Iron, Immunology, outer membrane siderophore receptor, Siderophores, Microbiology, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Flavobacterium, Flavobacterium columnare, Fish Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Flavobacteriaceae Infections, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Animals, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, heme binding protein, Zebrafish, iron acquisition
Abstract: Flavobacterium columnare, which causes columnaris disease, is one of the costliest pathogens in the freshwater fish-farming industry. The virulence mechanisms of F. columnare are not well understood and current methods to control columnaris outbreaks are inadequate. Iron is an essential nutrient needed for metabolic processes and is often required for bacterial virulence. F. columnare produces siderophores that bind ferric iron for transport into the cell. The genes needed for siderophore production have been identified, but other components involved in F. columnare iron uptake have not been studied in detail. We identified the genes encoding the predicted secreted heme-binding protein HmuY, the outer membrane iron receptors FhuA, FhuE, and FecA, and components of an ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter predicted to transport ferric iron across the cytoplasmic membrane. Deletion mutants were constructed and examined for growth defects under iron-limited conditions and for virulence against zebrafish and rainbow trout. Mutants with deletions in genes encoding outer membrane receptors, and ABC transporter components exhibited growth defects under iron-limited conditions. Mutants lacking multiple outer membrane receptors, the ABC transporter, or HmuY retained virulence against zebrafish and rainbow trout mirroring that exhibited by the wild type. Some mutants predicted to be deficient in multiple steps of iron uptake exhibited decreased virulence. Survivors of exposure to such mutants were partially protected against later infection by wild-type F. columnare.
Published: 2022

14. Protein ingredient quality of infant formulas impacts their structure and kinetics of proteolysis under in vitro dynamic digestion

Author: Chauvet, Lucile, Ménard, Olivia, Le Gouar, Yann, Henry, Gwénaële, Jardin, Julien, Hennetier, Marie, Croguennec, Thomas, van Audenhaege, Marieke, Dupont, Didier, Lemaire, Marion, Le Huërou-Luron, Isabelle, Deglaire, Amélie, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf (STLO), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Rennes Angers, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INP - PURPAN), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Sodiaal International, Department of Research and Innovation, Partenaires INRAE, Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer (NuMeCan), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and This work was supported by SODIAAL International, a French dairy cooperative, as a CIFRE (Agreement of Training through Research) PhD.Lucile CHAUVET
Subjects: Whey, Casein, Proteolysis, Infant formula, In vitro digestion, Protein ingredient, Microstructure, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, Nutrition, Food Science
Abstract: International audience; Infant formula (IF) is a complex matrix requiring numerous ingredients and processing steps. The objective was to understand how the quality of protein ingredients impacts IF structure and, in turn, their kinetics of digestion. Four powdered IFs (A/B/C/D), based on commercial whey protein (WP) ingredients, with different protein denaturation levels and composition (A/B/C), and on caseins with different supramolecular organisations (C/D), were produced at a semi-industrial level after homogenization and spray-drying. Once reconstituted in water (13 %, wt/wt), the IF microstructure was analysed with asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled with multi-angle light scattering and differential refractometer, transmission electron microscopy and electrophoresis. The rehydrated IFs were subjected to simulated infant in vitro dynamic digestion (DIDGI®). Digesta were regularly sampled to follow structural changes (confocal microscopy, laser-light scattering) and proteolysis (OPA, SDS-PAGE, LC-MS/MS, cation-exchange chromatography). Before digestion, different microstructures were observed among IFs. IF-A, characterized by more denatured WPs, presented star-shaped mixed aggregates, with protein aggregates bounded to casein micelles, themselves adsorbed at the fat droplet interface. Non-micellar caseins, brought by non-micellar casein powder (IF-D) underwent rearrangement and aggregation at the interface of flocculated fat droplets, leading to a largely different microstructure of IF emulsion, with large aggregates of lipids and proteins. During digestion, IF-A more digested (degree of proteolysis + 16 %) at 180 min of intestinal phase than IF-C/D. The modification of the supramolecular organisation of caseins implied different kinetics of peptide release derived from caseins during the gastric phase (more abundant at G80 for IF-D). Bioactive peptide release kinetics were also different during digestion with IF-C presenting a maximal abundance for a large proportion of them. Overall, the present study highlights the importance of the structure and composition of the protein ingredients (WPs and caseins) selected for IF formulation on the final IF structure and, in turn, on proteolysis. Whether it has some physiological consequences remains to be investigated.
Published: 2023

15. Effective friction law for small-scale fault heterogeneity in 3D dynamic rupture

Author: Soumaya Latour, J. Schmedes, Christophe Voisin, Ioan R. Ionescu, Michel Campillo, Daniel Lavallée, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ondes et Structures, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cycle sismique et déformations transitoires, Propriétés mécaniques et thermodynamiques des matériaux (PMTM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Earth Research Institute, University of California [Santa Barbara] (UC Santa Barbara), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, ExxonMobil, Supported in part by the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) and by UCSB matching funds to SCEC. SCEC is funded by NSF cooperative agreement EAR-0106924 and USGS cooperative agreement 02HQAG0008., University of California [Santa Barbara] (UCSB), and University of California-University of California
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, friction, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Homogenization (chemistry), Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), seismic source, homogenization method, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, Static friction coefficient, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Ecology, Paleontology, Supershear earthquake, Forestry, Static friction, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Law, Initial phase, dynamic rupture, 4475 Nonlinear Geophysics: Scaling: spatial and temporal (1872, 1988, 3265, 3270, 4277, 7857), 7209 Seismology: Earthquake dynamics (1242), Geology
Abstract: 18p.; International audience; We address the problem of modeling dynamic rupture on multiscale heterogeneous faults in 3D. Under the assumption of slip-weakening friction, we numerically construct effective friction laws that integrate the effects of small-scale heterogeneity during the rupture. This homogenization process is based on the description of the initial phase of the rupture by the dominant unstable spectral mode. Its dynamics is influenced by the geometry of the fault, the static friction heterogeneities and the friction law. We first define a periodic small-scale heterogeneous model, introducing heterogeneity in the distribution of the static friction coefficient. We then describe a method for constructing this effective friction law. Applying this new law homogeneously on the fault permits to reproduce the dynamic evolution of the heterogeneous fault. Furthermore, we show that the effective friction law can be used to replace small-scale heterogeneities in two-scale heterogeneous models, while preserving their effects. We study three kinds of two-scale models, with growing complexity: first periodic at both scales, then periodic only at small scale, and finally irregular at both scales. This homogenization method can be adapted to the case where the heterogeneity is introduced in the initial stress rather than in the static friction value. Finally, we show in a simple example that the effective friction law permits to reproduce the transition between subshear and supershear rupture propagation, originally produced by heterogeneities on the fault.
Published: 2011

16. Full Genome Nobecovirus Sequences From Malagasy Fruit Bats Define a Unique Evolutionary History for This Coronavirus Clade

Author: Gwenddolen Kettenburg, Amy Kistler, Hafaliana Christian Ranaivoson, Vida Ahyong, Angelo Andrianiaina, Santino Andry, Joseph L. DeRisi, Anecia Gentles, Vololoniaina Raharinosy, Tsiry Hasina Randriambolamanantsoa, Ny Anjara Fifi Ravelomanantsoa, Cristina M. Tato, Philippe Dussart, Jean-Michel Heraud, Cara E. Brook, University of Chicago, Chan Zuckerberg BioHub [San Francisco, CA], Université d'Antananarivo, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), University of Georgia [USA], Institut Pasteur de Dakar, and Research was funded by the National Institutes of Health (1R01AI129822-01 grant to J-MH, PD, and CB), DARPA (PREEMPT Program Cooperative Agreement no. D18AC00031 to CB), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (GCE/ID OPP1211841 to CB and J-MH), the Adolph C. and Mary Sprague Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science (postdoctoral fellowship to CB), the Branco Weiss Society in Science (fellowship to CB), and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub.
Subjects: bat-borne coronavirus, Vaccine Related, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Chiroptera, Biodefense, Genetics, Madagascar, Animals, Humans, Phylogeny, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, SARS-CoV-2, Prevention, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, zoonosis, Nobecovirus, recombination, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Public Health and Health Services, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Infection, Biotechnology
Abstract: Bats are natural reservoirs for both Alpha- and Betacoronaviruses and the hypothesized original hosts of five of seven known zoonotic coronaviruses. To date, the vast majority of bat coronavirus research has been concentrated in Asia, though coronaviruses are globally distributed; indeed, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2-related Betacoronaviruses in the subgenus Sarbecovirus have been identified circulating in Rhinolophid bats in both Africa and Europe, despite the relative dearth of surveillance in these regions. As part of a long-term study examining the dynamics of potentially zoonotic viruses in three species of endemic Madagascar fruit bat (Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, Rousettus madagascariensis), we carried out metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing (mNGS) on urine, throat, and fecal samples obtained from wild-caught individuals. We report detection of RNA derived from Betacoronavirus subgenus Nobecovirus in fecal samples from all three species and describe full genome sequences of novel Nobecoviruses in P. rufus and R. madagascariensis. Phylogenetic analysis indicates the existence of five distinct Nobecovirus clades, one of which is defined by the highly divergent ancestral sequence reported here from P. rufus bats. Madagascar Nobecoviruses derived from P. rufus and R. madagascariensis demonstrate, respectively, Asian and African phylogeographic origins, mirroring those of their fruit bat hosts. Bootscan recombination analysis indicates significant selection has taken place in the spike, nucleocapsid, and NS7 accessory protein regions of the genome for viruses derived from both bat hosts. Madagascar offers a unique phylogeographic nexus of bats and viruses with both Asian and African phylogeographic origins, providing opportunities for unprecedented mixing of viral groups and, potentially, recombination. As fruit bats are handled and consumed widely across Madagascar for subsistence, understanding the landscape of potentially zoonotic coronavirus circulation is essential for mitigation of future zoonotic threats.
Published: 2022

17. Emerging preclinical evidence does not support broad use of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients

Author: Donald E. Ingber, H. Feldmann, Kyle Rosenke, César Muñoz-Fontela, Joana Rocha-Pereira, Pierre Stéphane Gsell, Matthew B. Frieman, Simon G. P. Funnell, Kai Dallmeier, Suzanne J.F. Kaptein, E. de Wit, Johan Neyts, Leen Delang, R. Le Grand, Pauline Maisonnasse, W. E. Dowling, G. A. Hamilton, C. M. Coleman, Public Health England [London], Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations [Washington, DC, États-Unis] (CEPI), Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine - Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin [Hamburg, Germany] (BNITM), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Harvard University [Cambridge], Emulate, Inc. [Boston, MA, États-Unis], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), National Institute of Health [Hamilton, MT, États-Unis], Immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes (IMVA-HB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland System, University of Nottingham, UK (UON), D.E. Ingber acknowledges research funding from NIH NCATS UH3-HL-141797 and DARPA under Cooperative Agreements HR00111920008 and HR0011-20-2-0040. P. Maisonnass acknowledges financial support from REACTing, the National Research Agency (ANR-AM-CoV-Path), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 (H2020) research and innovation programme Fight-nCov (grant No. 101003555), the European Union IMI2 programme CARE (grant No. 101005077), the European Infrastructure TRANSVAC2 (grant No. 730964) and virus stock was obtained through the EVAg platform (https://www.european-virus-archive.com/) funded by H2020 (Grant No. 653316). The Inserm Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies research infrastructure (IDMIT) is supported by the 'Programme Investissements d’Avenir' (PIA), managed by the ANR under reference ANR-11-INBS-0008, the Fondation Bettencourt Schueller, the Region Ile-de-France and the Domaine d’Intérêt Majeur (DIM, Paris, France) 'One Health'. H. Feldmann acknowledges that the Laboratory of Virology was funded by the NIAID Intramural Research Programme, ANR-11-INBS-0008,IDMIT,Infrastructure nationale pour la modélisation des maladies infectieuses humaines(2011), European Project: 653316,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,EVAg(2015), Harvard University, Bodescot, Myriam, Infrastructures - Infrastructure nationale pour la modélisation des maladies infectieuses humaines - - IDMIT2011 - ANR-11-INBS-0008 - INBS - VALID, and European Virus Archive goes global - EVAg - - H20202015-04-01 - 2019-03-31 - 653316 - VALID
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, Treatment failure, Mice, Cricetinae, Treatment Failure, lcsh:Science, Repurposing, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, education.field_of_study, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Multidisciplinary, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 3. Good health, [SDV.SP.PHARMA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences/Pharmacology, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, 0210 nano-technology, Coronavirus Infections, medicine.drug, Hydroxychloroquine, Primates, medicine.medical_specialty, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Science, Population, Pneumonia, Viral, Antiviral Agents, Models, Biological, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Betacoronavirus, Animal disease models, medicine, Animals, Humans, Intensive care medicine, education, Pandemics, Extramural, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Comment, COVID-19, General Chemistry, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Respiratory system models, 030104 developmental biology, Preclinical research, [SDV.SP.PHARMA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences/Pharmacology, lcsh:Q, business
Abstract: There is an urgent need for drugs, therapies and vaccines to be available to protect the human population against COVID-19. One of the first approaches taken in the COVID-19 global response was to consider repurposing licensed drugs. This commentary highlights an extraordinary international collaborative effort of independent researchers who have recently all come to the same conclusion—that chloroquine or hydroxchloroquine are unlikely to provide clinical benefit against COVID-19. ispartof: NATURE COMMUNICATIONS vol:11 issue:1 ispartof: location:England status: published
Published: 2020

18. Ambient seismic noise imaging of the lowermost mantle beneath the North Atlantic Ocean

Author: Pierre Boué, Lise Retailleau, Michel Campillo, Lei Li, Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPF), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), Department of Geophysics [Stanford], Stanford EARTH, Stanford University-Stanford University, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and The data set was downloaded and processed using python and the seismological community scientific library obspy (Krischer et al. 2015). The figures were produced using Python and MATLAB and the Python module basemap was used to produce the map. The facilities of IRIS Data ervices, and specifically the IRIS Data Management Center, were used for access to waveforms, related metadata, and/or derived products used in this study. IRIS Data Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-abstract/222/2/1339/5827640 by CNRS user on 23 June 2020Services are funded through the Seismological Facilities for the Advancement of Geoscience (SAGE)Award of theNational Science Foundation under Cooperative Support Agreement EAR-1851048.The computation of the correlation functions presented in this paper was performed performed using the GRICAD infrastructure (https://gricad.univ-grenoble-alpes.f r), which is partly supported by the Equip@Meso project (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29–01) of the programme Investissements d’Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. This work has been supported by a grant from Labex OSUG@2020 (Investissements d’avenir—ANR10 LABX56) and Fondation Simone et Cino Del Duca, Institut de France (Prix scientifique 2013). We acknowledge the support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grantagreement No 742335, F-IMAGE). The research of LR was supported by Pacific Gas and Electric. We thank K. Schaukowitch and the Hume centre for writing and speaking at Stanford for useful comments that helped us to improve the manuscript. We thank the Editor, Michael Ritzwoller, St´ephanie Durand and two anonymousreviewers for their comments and suggestions which helped to improve the quality of this paper
Subjects: Composition and structure of the mantle, Seismic noise, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Frequency band, Body waves, Cosmic microwave background, body waves, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), Physics::Geophysics, Core-Mantle-Boundary, Geochemistry and Petrology, Time-series analysis, Core–mantle boundary, 14. Life underwater, Atlantic Ocean, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ambient noise correlations, Microseism, Reflectivity, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Seismology, Geology
Abstract: SUMMARY Body waves can be extracted from correlation functions computed from seismic records even at teleseismic distances. Here we use P and PcP waves from the secondary microseism frequency band that are propagating between Europe and the Eastern United States to image the core–mantle boundary (CMB) and D” structure beneath the North Atlantic. This study presents the first 3-D image of the lower mantle obtained from ocean-generated microseism data. Robustness of our results is evaluated by comparing images produced by propagation in both directions. Our observations reveal complex patterns of lateral and vertical variations of P-wave reflectivity with a particularly strong anomaly extending upward in the lower mantle up to 2600 km deep. We compare these results with synthetic data and associate this anomaly to a Vp velocity increase above the CMB. Our image aims at promoting the study of the lower mantle with microseism noise excitations.
Published: 2020

19. Impact of mountains in Southern China on the Eocene climates of East Asia

Author: Zijian Zhang, Zhongshi Zhang, Zhilin He, Ning Tan, Zhengtang Guo, Jiang Zhu, Sebastian Steinig, Yannick Donnadieu, Jean‐Baptiste Ladant, Wing‐Le Chan, Ayako Abe‐Ouchi, Igor Niezgodzki, Gregor Knorr, David K. Hutchinson, Agatha M. de Boer, Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology & Environment, Institute of Geology & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (UCAS), China University of Geosciences [Wuhan] (CUG), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), School of Geographical Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute [Kashiwa-shi] (AORI), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Alfred Wegener Institute [Potsdam], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Institute of Geological Sciences [Warsaw] (ING PAN), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Climate Change Research Centre [Sydney] (CCRC), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Department of Geological Sciences [Stockholm], Stockholm University, National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41888101, 42125502, and 42007398), Norwegian Research Council (No. 221712, 229819, and 262618), HPC resources of TGCC under allocation no. 2019-A0050102212, Swedish Research Council projects 2016-03912 and 2020-04791, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Centre (NSC), partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2018-05973, Australian Research Council grant DE220100279., The CESM project is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF)., National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the NSF under Cooperative Agreement No. 1852977., Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercom-puter (doi:10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR, and European Project: 262618,EC:FP7:SME,FP7-SME-2010-1,XSTONE(2010)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract: International audience; Inconsistencies in the Eocene climates of East Asia have been revealed in both geological studies and simulations. Several earlier reconstructions showed an arid zonal band in mid-latitude China, but others showed a humid climate in the same region. Moreover, previous Eocene modeling studies have demonstrated that climate models can simulate both scenarios in China. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the cause of this model spread. We conducted a series of experiments using Norwegian Earth System Model 1-F and examined the impact of mountains in Southern China on the simulated Eocene climate. These mountains, including the Gangdese and Southeast Mountains, are located along the main path of water vapor transport to East Asia. Our results reveal that the Southeast Mountains play the dominant role in controlling the simulated precipitation in Eastern China during the Eocene. When the heights of the Southeast Mountains exceed ∼2,000 m, an arid zonal band appears in mid-latitude China, whereas humid climates appear in Eastern China when the elevation of the Southeast Mountains is relatively low.
Published: 2022

20. A novel SARS-CoV-2 related coronavirus in bats from Cambodia

Author: Deborah, Delaune, Vibol, Hul, Erik A, Karlsson, Alexandre, Hassanin, Tey Putita, Ou, Artem, Baidaliuk, Fabiana, Gámbaro, Matthieu, Prot, Vuong Tan, Tu, Sokha, Chea, Lucy, Keatts, Jonna, Mazet, Christine K, Johnson, Philippe, Buchy, Philippe, Dussart, Tracey, Goldstein, Etienne, Simon-Lorière, Veasna, Duong, Génomique évolutive des virus à ARN - Evolutionary genomics of RNA viruses, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Virologie / Virology Unit [Phnom Penh], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Wildlife Conservation Society [Phnom Penh, Cambodia], Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC), This study was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT project (cooperative agreement number GHN-A-OO-09-00010-00 and AID-OAA-A-14-00102), with a specific extension for the testing reported here. V.H. is supported by a scholarship from the French Government (BGF) for his Ph.D. E.S.L. acknowledges funding from the French Government’s Investissement d’Avenir program, ‘INCEPTION’ (ANR-16-CONV-0005), and Laboratoire d’Excellence ‘Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases’ (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID). In 2010, the fieldwork was supported by the National Authority for Preah Vihear, UNESCO, 'Société des amis du Muséum et du Jardin des Plantes', and the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle., ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Dussart, Philippe, Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs - - INCEPTION2016 - ANR-16-CONV-0005 - CONV - VALID, and Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID
Subjects: Epidemiology, viruses, MESH: Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, MESH: Amino Acid Sequence, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Chiroptera, MESH: COVID-19, MESH: Animals, Viral, skin and connective tissue diseases, MESH: Phylogeny, Lung, Phylogeny, MESH: Evolution, Molecular, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Genome, virus diseases, MESH: Chiroptera, Spike Glycoprotein, Infectious Diseases, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Pneumonia & Influenza, MESH: Genome, Viral, Cambodia, Evolution, Science, MESH: Sequence Alignment, Genome, Viral, Article, Evolution, Molecular, Vaccine Related, Biodefense, [SDV.BID.SPT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Animals, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, Amino Acid Sequence, SARS-CoV-2, Prevention, MESH: Cambodia, fungi, Molecular, COVID-19, Pneumonia, Coronavirus, body regions, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, Molecular evolution, Metagenomics, Sequence Alignment
Abstract: Knowledge of the origin and reservoir of the coronavirus responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is still fragmentary. To date, the closest relatives to SARS-CoV-2 have been detected in Rhinolophus bats sampled in the Yunnan province, China. Here we describe the identification of SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in two Rhinolophus shameli bats sampled in Cambodia in 2010. Metagenomic sequencing identifies nearly identical viruses sharing 92.6% nucleotide identity with SARS-CoV-2. Most genomic regions are closely related to SARS-CoV-2, with the exception of a region of the spike, which is not compatible with human ACE2-mediated entry. The discovery of these viruses in a bat species not found in China indicates that SARS-CoV-2 related viruses have a much wider geographic distribution than previously reported, and suggests that Southeast Asia represents a key area to consider for future surveillance for coronaviruses., In this study, Delaune et al., isolate and characterise a SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from two bats sampled in Cambodia. Their findings suggest that the geographic distribution of SARS-CoV-2-related viruses is wider than previously reported.
Published: 2021

21. A molecular vision of fungal cell wall organization by functional genomics and solid-state NMR

Author: Wenxia Fang, Tuo Wang, Pingzhen Wei, Liyanage D. Fernando, Thierry Fontaine, Cheng Jin, Jean-Paul Latgé, Malitha C. Dickwella Widanage, Arnab Chakraborty, Louisiana State University (LSU), Guangxi Academy of Sciences [Nanning, China], Biologie et Pathogénicité fongiques, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant AI149289 toT.W. Preparation of isotopically labeled samples was supported by the Bagui ScholarProgram Fund of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 2016A24 to C.J. A portion ofthis work was performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, which issupported by the National Science Foundation Cooperative Agreement No. DMR-1644779 and the State of Florida., Biologie et Pathogénicité fongiques - Fungal Biology and Pathogenicity (BPF), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Antifungal Agents, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, beta-Glucans, Mutant, Galactosaminogalactan, General Physics and Astronomy, Chitin, Alkalies, 01 natural sciences, Solid-state NMR, MESH: Chitin, Mannans, chemistry.chemical_compound, Fungal biology, Cell Wall, Glucans, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, MESH: beta-Glucans, [SDV.BBM.BS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Structural Biology [q-bio.BM], Chemistry, MESH: Genomics, Genomics, MESH: Fungal Proteins, MESH: Aspergillus fumigatus, Functional genomics, MESH: Fungi, MESH: Galactose, MESH: Mutation, Science, MESH: Alkalies, 010402 general chemistry, Polysaccharide, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Cell wall, Fungal Proteins, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Cell Wall, MESH: Mannans, Polysaccharides, MESH: Glucans, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fungi, Galactose, General Chemistry, MESH: Antifungal Agents, 0104 chemical sciences, MESH: Polysaccharides, Cell wall organization, MESH: Gene Deletion, Mutation, Biophysics, Function (biology), Gene Deletion
Abstract: Vast efforts have been devoted to the development of antifungal drugs targeting the cell wall, but the supramolecular architecture of this carbohydrate-rich composite remains insufficiently understood. Here we compare the cell wall structure of a fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and four mutants depleted of major structural polysaccharides. High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of intact cells reveals a rigid core formed by chitin, β-1,3-glucan, and α-1,3-glucan, with galactosaminogalactan and galactomannan present in the mobile phase. Gene deletion reshuffles the composition and spatial organization of polysaccharides, with significant changes in their dynamics and water accessibility. The distribution of α-1,3-glucan in chemically isolated and dynamically distinct domains supports its functional diversity. Identification of valines in the alkali-insoluble carbohydrate core suggests a putative function in stabilizing macromolecular complexes. We propose a revised model of cell wall architecture which will improve our understanding of the structural response of fungal pathogens to stresses., The fungal cell wall is a complex structure composed mainly of glucans, chitin and glycoproteins. Here, the authors use solid-state NMR spectroscopy to assess the cell wall architecture of Aspergillus fumigatus, comparing wild-type cells and mutants lacking major structural polysaccharides, with insights into the distinct functions of these components.
Published: 2021

22. A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa

Author: Aida Elargoubi, John M. Morobe, Jiro Yasuda, Madisa Mine, Faustinos T. Takawira, Jean-Jacques Muyembe Tamfum, Amal Souissi, Hela Karray, Dominique Goedhals, Michael Owusu, Mitoha O. Ayekaba, Pascale Ondoa, Bryan Fulbert Nkengfack Tegomoh, Daniel G. Amoako, Mathabo Mareka, Sameh Trabelsi, Dorcas Maruapula, Magalutcheemee Ramuth, Danny S. Park, Bamidele Soji Oderinde, Maitshwarelo I. Matsheka, Robert A. Kingsley, Philippe Dussart, Matthew Cotten, Hesham A. Elgahzaly, Oyewale Tomori, Arash Iranzadeh, Nicksy Gumede, Marta Giovanetti, Folarin Onikepe, Omoruyi E. Chukwuma, Nnaemeka Ndodo, Mba Nwando, Oladiji Femi, Sylvie L. Budiaki, Gemma L. Kay, Johnson C. Okolie, Saber Masmoudi, Okokhere Peter, Hlanai Gumbo, Sara H.A. Agwa, Mooko Sekhele, Imed Gaaloul, Sheila M. Mandanda, Enatha Mukantwari, Ngonda Saasa, Sanaâ Lemriss, Hellen Nansumba, Akano Kazeem, Upasana Ramphal, Carolyn Williamson, Belinda Louise Herring, Vagner Fonseca, Edidah M. Ong'era, Joana Q. Mends, Ahmed E Ogwell Ouma, Anika Vinze, Ahmad Sayed, Richard Phillips, Adewunmi M. Olubusuyi, Bourema Kouriba, Vivianne Gorova, John O. Gyapong, Tulio de Oliveira, Arnold W. Lambisia, Najla Kharrat, Wolfgang Preiser, Ojide Chiedozie Kingsley, Yenew K. Tebeje, Sherihane Aryeetey, Yaw Bediako, David A. Rasmussen, Wael H. Roshdy, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Siham Elhamoumi, Sylvie van der Werf, Moussa Moïse Diagne, Claudia Daubenberger, Oshomah Cyril, Andrew J. Page, Uwanibe Jessica, Matoke-Muhia Damaris, Daniel J. Bridges, Sumir Panji, Mahjoub Aouni, Adnene Hammami, Simani Gaseitsiwe, Daniel Lule Bugembe, Gugu Maphalala, Kim Hae-Young, Mohamed K. Khalifa, Safietou Sankhe, Fabian H. Leendertz, Richard Njouom, Ousmane Faye, Kwabena O. Duedu, Jeffrey G. Shaffer, Tobias Schindler, Bankole Bolajoko, Cathrine Scheepers, Francisca M. Muyembe, Ajogbasile F. Victoria, Mirabeau T. Youtchou, Ayoade Femi, Amel Chtourou, Kefentse A. Tumedi, Adrienne A. Amuri, Joyce M. Ngoi, Etile Anoh, Richmond Gorman, Mohamed Abouelhoda, Ali Ahmed Yahaya, Paulo Arnaldo, Alexander J. Trotter, Lahcen Belyamani, Isaac Ssewanyana, Susan Nabadda, Arshad Ismail, Julia C. Andeko, James Emmanuel San, Susan Engelbrecht, Sikhulile Moyo, Jinal N. Bhiman, Jean-Michel Heraud, Julius J. Lutwama, Samar Metha, Amadou Diallo, Soa-Fy Andriamandimby, Rosina A. A. Carr, Edgar Simulundu, Steve A. Mundeke, Nelson B. Silochi, Shymaa S. Ahmed, Nadia Touil, Ihekweazu Chikwe, Deogratius Ssemwanga, Ilhem Boutiba-Ben Boubaker, Houriiyah Tegally, Okogbenin Sylvanus, Abdoul K. Sangare, Mulenga Mwenda, Fausta Shakiwa Mosha, Amadou A. Sall, Derek Tshiabuila, D. James Nokes, Yvan Butera, Maximillian Mpina, Adedotun-Sulaiman Kemi, Onwe E. Ogah, Jean B. Lekana-Douk, Stephen F. Schaffner, Vincent Enouf, Chantal Akoua-Koffi, Diarra Bassirou, Edwin Shumba, Deelan Doolabh, Saba Gargouri, Kayode T. Adeyemi, Wonderful T. Choga, Nicola Mulder, Inbal Gazy, Mushal Allam, Saâd El Kabbaj, Christian T. Happi, Frank Tanser, Sobajo Tope, Michael R. Wiley, Katherine J. Siddle, Charles N. Agoti, John Kayiwa, George Githinji, Diego F. Cuadros, Abdoul-Salam Ouédraogo, Fowotade Adeola, Sonia Lekana-Douki, Edith N. Ngabana, William Ampofo, U George, Elmostafa El Fahime, Jean-Claude C Makangara, Nalia Ismael, Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko, Samar K. Kassim, Nedio Mabunda, Hafaliana Christian Ranaivoson, Tapfumanei Mashe, Sylvie Behillil, Etienne Simon-Loriere, Donwilliams O. Omuoyo, Darren P. Martin, Azeddine Ibrahimi, Paul E. Oluniyi, Richard J Lessells, My V. T. Phan, Feriel Bouzid, Salako B. Lawal, Gert U. van Zyl, Fares Wasfi, Christophe Peyrefitte, Joyce Namulondo, Ugochukwu J. Anyaneji, Mariétou Faye Paye, Augustina Sylverken, Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer, Malebogo Kebabonye, Sophie J Prosolek, Mahmoud el Hefnawi, Adeyemi O. O. Oluwapelumi, Fakayode O. Enoch, Eddy Kinganda Lusamaki, Gaetan Thilliez, Beatrice Dhaala, Gabriel K. Mbunsu, Lavanya Singh, Nnennaya A. Ajayi, Justin O'Grady, Olawoye Idowu, Ngoy Nsenga, Baba Marycelin, Ndongo Dia, Abdul Karim Sesay, Ikponmwosa Odia, Chika K. Onwuamah, Pardis C. Sabeti, Collins M. Morang’a, Hajar Lemriss, Dominic S. Y. Amuzu, Jones Gyamfi, Sofonias K. Tessema, Iyaloo Konstantinus, Pontiano Kaleebu, Patrick Semanda, Fawzi Derrar, Alpha Kabinet Keita, Joweria Nakaseegu, Ibtihel Smeti, Jocelyn Kiconco, Audu Rosemary, K Said, Bronwyn Kleinhans, Fatma Abdelmoula, Sureshnee Pillay, Abechi Priscilla, Manel Turki, Fred A. Dratibi, Berthe-Marie Njanpop-Lafourcade, Zaydah R. de Laurent, David Baker, Nadine Rujeni, Oguzie Judith, Peter K. Quashie, Phillip Armand Bester, Emmanuel Lokilo, Catherine Pratt, Nabil Abid, Mamadou Diop, Placide Mbala, Eduan Wilkinson, Johnathan A. Edwards, Ahmed Rebai, Haruka Abe, Ana Victoria Gutierrez, Thanh Le-Viet, Essia Belarbi, Steven Rudder, Jouali Farah, Maha Mastouri, Nei-yuan Hsiao, Happi Anise, Cara E. Brook, Lamia Fki-Berrajah, Gordon A. Awandare, Ugwu Chinedu, Abdel-Rahman N. Zekri, Sami Kammoun, Leonardo de Oliveira Martins, Martin M. Nyaga, Lynn Tyers, Jingjing Li, Ikhlas Ben Ayed, Mouna Ouadghiri, Amadou Koné, Reuben Ayivor-Djanie, Innocent Mudau, Thabo Mohale, Olumade Testimony, Eromon Philomena, Yeshnee Naidoo, Patrice Combe, Seydou Doumbia, Anne von Gottberg, Akpede George, Nosamiefan Iguosadolo, Mohamed G. Seadawy, Bronwyn McInnis, Faida Ajili, Grit Schubert, Tarik Aanniz, Maureen W. Mburu, Soumeya Ouangraoua, John N. Nkengasong, Jennifer Giandhari, University of KwaZulu-Natal [Durban, Afrique du Sud] (UKZN), Stellenbosch University, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus [Rio de Janeiro], Instituto Oswaldo Cruz / Oswaldo Cruz Institute [Rio de Janeiro] (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais = Federal University of Minas Gerais [Belo Horizonte, Brazil] (UFMG), University of Cincinnati (UC), University of Cape Town, North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques et émergentes (TransVIHMI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), University of Chicago, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Génomique évolutive des virus à ARN - Evolutionary genomics of RNA viruses, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centre Hospitalier de Mayotte, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR - laboratoire coordonnateur), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université de Sfax - University of Sfax, National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou [Bobo-Dioulasso] (CHUSS), Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research [Durban, South Africa] (CAPRISA), University of Washington [Seattle], The University of Ghana (WACCBIP) team was funded by a Wellcome/African Academy of Sciences Developing Excellence in Leadership Training and Science (DELTAS) grant (DEL-15-007 and 107755/Z/15/Z: Awandare), National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) (17.63.91) grants using UK aid from the UK government for a global health research group for genomic surveillance of malaria in West Africa (Wellcome Sanger Institute, UK) and the global research unit for Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA partnership, University of Edinburgh), and a World Bank African Centres of Excellent grant (WACCBIP-NCDs: Awandare). Project ADAGE PRFCOV19-GP2 (2020-2022) includes 40 researchers from the Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, the University of Sfax, the University of Monastir, the University Hospital Hédi Chaker of Sfax, the Military Hospital of Tunis, and Dacima Consulting. Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tunisia. The Uganda contributions were funded by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC/UKRI) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID concordat agreement (grant agreement number NC_PC_19060) and by the Wellcome, DFID–Wellcome Epidemic Preparedness–Coronavirus (grant agreement number 220977/Z/20/Z) awarded to M.C. Work from Quadram Institute Bioscience was funded by The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Institute Strategic Programme Microbes in the Food Chain BB/R012504/1 and its constituent projects BBS/E/F/000PR10348, BBS/E/F/000PR10349, BBS/E/F/000PR10351, and BBS/E/F/000PR10352 and by the Quadram Institute Bioscience BBSRC–funded Core Capability Grant (project number BB/CCG1860/1). The Africa Pathogen Genomics Initiative (Africa PGI) at the Africa CDC is supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (INV018978 and INV018278), Illumina Inc, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Oxford Nanopore Technologies. Sequences generated in Zambia through PATH were funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The findings and conclusions contained within are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect positions or policies of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Funding for sequencing in Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, and part of the sequencing in the DRC was granted by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Sequencing efforts from Morocco have been supported by Academie Hassan II of Science and Technology, Morocco. Funding for surveillance, sampling, and testing in Madagasar was provided by the WHO, the CDC (grant U5/IP000812-05), the US Agency for International Development (USAID, cooperation agreement 72068719CA00001), and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response in the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS, grant number IDSEP190051-01-0200). Funding for sequencing was provided by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (GCE/ID OPP1211841), Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, and the Innovative Genomics Institute at UC Berkeley. The Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute was supported by the following funding: H3ABioNet through funding from the National Institutes of Health Common Fund (U41HG006941)—H3ABioNet is an initiative of the Human Health and Heredity in Africa Consortium (H3Africa) program of the African Academy of Science (AAS), DHHS–NIH–National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (5K24AI131928-04 and 5K24AI131924-04), Sub-Saharan African Network for TB/HIV Research Excellence (SANTHE), a DELTAS Africa Initiative (grant DEL-15-0060—the DELTAS Africa Initiative is an independent funding scheme of the AAS’s Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa (AESA) and supported by the New Partnership for Africa’s Development Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency) with funding from the Wellcome Trust [grant 107752/Z/15/Z] and the UK government, and the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) and the Department of Technology and Innovation as part of the Network for Genomic Surveillance in South Africa (NGS-SA) and the Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Strategic Equipment Fund. D.P.M. is funded by the Wellcome Trust (Wellcome Trust grant 222574/Z/21/Z). Sequencing activities at the NICD were supported by a conditional grant from the South African National Department of Health as part of the emergency COVID-19 response, a cooperative agreement between the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (grant number 5 U01IP001048-05-00), the African Society of Laboratory Medicine (ASLM) and Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through a sub-award from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation grant number INV-018978, the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and Wellcome (Grant no 221003/Z/20/Z), the South African Medical Research Council (Reference number SHIPNCD 76756), the UK Department of Health and Social Care, managed by the Fleming Fund and performed under the auspices of the SEQAFRICA project. Furthermore, pandemic surveillance in South Africa and Senegal was supported in part through NIH grant U01 AI151698 for the United World Antiviral Research Network (UWARN). Support for pandemic surveillance from the Tulio de Oliveira group to other African countries is funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. Sequencing efforts in the DRC were funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation under grant INV-018030 awarded to C.B.P. and further supported by funding from the Africa CDC through the ASLM (African Society of Laboratory Medicine) for Accelerating SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Surveillance in Africa. Sequencing efforts in Rwanda were commissioned by the NIHR Global Health Research program (16/136/33) using UK aid from the UK government (funding to E.M. and N.R. through TIBA partnership) and additional funds from the government of Rwanda through RBC/National Reference Laboratory in collaboration with the Belgian Development Agency (ENABEL) for additional genomic sequencing at GIGA Research Institute–Liege/Belgium. The sequencing effort in Equatorial Guinea was supported by a public-private partnership, the Bioko Island Malaria Elimination Project, composed of the government of Equatorial Guinea Ministries of Mines and Hydrocarbons, and Health and Social Welfare, Marathon EG Production Limited, Noble Energy, Atlantic Methanol Production Company, and EG LNG. Sample collection and typing in Mali were supported by Fondation Merieux–France, and sequence efforts have been supported by the Enable and Enhance Initiative of the German Federal Government’s Security Cooperation against Biological Threats in the G5 Sahel Region. The Nigeria work was made possible by support from Flu Lab and a cohort of generous donors through TED’s Audacious Project, including the ELMA Foundation, MacKenzie Scott, the Skoll Foundation, and Open Philanthropy. Further Nigeria funding came from grants from the NIAID (www.niaid.nih.gov), NIH-H3Africa (https://h3africa.org) (U01HG007480 and U54HG007480), and the World Bank grant (worldbank.org) (ACE IMPACT project) to C.H. Analysis for the Gabon strains was supported by the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) (grant number JP20jm0110013) and a grant from AMED (grant number JP20wm0225003). Sequencing at KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme site in Kenya was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (project references 17/63/82 and 16/136/33), using UK aid from the UK Government to support global health research, and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and Wellcome Trust (grant# 102975, 220985)., and We acknowledge the authors from the originating laboratories and the submitting laboratories, who generated and shared, via GISAID, the genetic sequence data on which this research is based (table S4). We also acknowledge the contribution of K. Maria from the NGS-SA platform for their contribution toward the sequencing effort in Cape Town, South Africa. Similarly, we thank A. M. Elsaame, S. M. Elsayed, and R. M. Darwish from the Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI) for their efforts toward sequencing in Egypt. We thank S. Bane, M. Sanogo, D. Diallo, A. Combo Georges Togo, and A. Coulibaly from the University Clinical Research Centre (UCRC) at the University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako for the contribution they have made toward sequencing efforts in Mali. We acknowledge the contribution of M. Moeti and A. Salam Gueye from the WHO for their contribution toward combating SARS-CoV-2 on the African continent. We further wish to extend acknowledgment to S. Lutucuta and J. Morais from the Angolan Ministry of Health for their continued hard work with regards to SARS-CoV-2 sampling, sequencing, and pandemic response in Angola. From Malawi we wish to acknowledge the work of B. Chilima, B. Mvula, and M. Chitenje from the Malawian Ministry of Health for their work on the COVID-19 response within the country.
Subjects: 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Multidisciplinary, Early introduction, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Transmission (medicine), SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), COVID-19, Genetic Variation, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Genomics, Left behind, Geography, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Development economics, Pandemic, Africa, Epidemiological Monitoring, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Humans, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, QH426, RA, Pandemics
Abstract: The progression of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Africa has so far been heterogeneous and the full impact is not yet well understood. Here, we describe the genomic epidemiology using a dataset of 8746 genomes from 33 African countries and two overseas territories. We show that the epidemics in most countries were initiated by importations, predominantly from Europe, which diminished following the early introduction of international travel restrictions. As the pandemic progressed, ongoing transmission in many countries and increasing mobility led to the emergence and spread within the continent of many variants of concern and interest, such as B.1.351, B.1.525, A.23.1 and C.1.1. Although distorted by low sampling numbers and blind-spots, the findings highlight that Africa must not be left behind in the global pandemic response, otherwise it could become a breeding ground for new variants.
Published: 2021

23. First Record, Elements for Recognition and Barcoding of the Predatory Bug, Orius maxidentex (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), in Senegal

Author: Laure Benoit, Gwenaëlle Genson, Thierry Brévault, Ahmadou Sow, Jean-Claude Streito, Eric Pierre, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and This study was financially supported by the Service de Coopération et d'Action Culturelle of the French Embassy in Senegal, CIRAD (Action incitative), IFS (International Foundation for Science, Sweden), and IPM Innovation Lab. funded by USAID Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-L-15-00001.
Subjects: H01 - Protection des végétaux - Considérations générales, 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Orius, biological control, Gestion intégrée des ravageurs, 01 natural sciences, Anthocoridae, Protection des plantes, Hemiptera, 03 medical and health sciences, Generalist predator, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Lutte antiravageur, 0303 health sciences, Insecte prédateur, biology, business.industry, Ecology, Heteroptera, Pest control, L60 - Taxonomie et géographie animales, Taxonomie, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, predatory bug, 010602 entomology, Insect Science, Africa, Identification (biology), business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Cropping
Abstract: International audience; The authors report the first records of the generalist predator Orius (Dimorphella) maxidentex Ghauri, 1972 (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) from different cropping systems in Senegal (West Africa) and propose fast and accurate identification based on morphological traits and molecular analyses. Orius maxidentex is a frequent and abundant predatory bug in Senegalese agro-systems, especially, millet, maize and tomato fields. It is likely to play an important role in regulating the populations of several pests, and its potential involvement in natural pest control in these cropping systems is discussed.
Published: 2021

24. Interactions of the Insect-Specific Palm Creek Virus with Zika and Chikungunya Viruses in Aedes Mosquitoes

Author: Koh, Cassandra, Henrion-Lacritick, Annabelle, Frangeul, L., Saleh, Maria-Carla, Virus et Interférence ARN - Viruses and RNA Interference, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), This work was funded by the DARPA PREEMPT program managed by Dr. Rohit Chitale and Dr. Kerri Dugan and administered through DARPA Cooperative Agreement HR001118S0017 (the content of the information does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the U.S. government, and no official endorsement should be inferred). This work also received funding from Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) to M-C.S., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: QH301-705.5, viruses, insect-specific virus, fungi, virus diseases, mosquito, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, complex mixtures, arbovirus, Aedes, ISV–arbovirus interference, [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Biology (General), [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM]
Abstract: Palm Creek virus (PCV) is an insect-specific flavivirus that can interfere with the replication of mosquito-borne flaviviruses in Culex mosquitoes, thereby potentially reducing disease transmission. We examined whether PCV could interfere with arbovirus replication in Aedes (Ae.) aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, major vectors for many prominent mosquito-borne viral diseases. We infected laboratory colonies of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus with PCV to evaluate infection dynamics. PCV infection was found to persist to at least 21 days post-infection and could be detected in the midguts and ovaries. We then assayed for PCV–arbovirus interference by orally challenging PCV-infected mosquitoes with Zika and chikungunya viruses. For both arboviruses, PCV infection had no effect on infection and transmission rates, indicating limited potential as a method of intervention for Aedes-transmitted arboviruses. We also explored the hypothesis that PCV–arbovirus interference is mediated by the small interfering RNA pathway in silico. Our findings indicate that RNA interference is unlikely to underlie the mechanism of arbovirus inhibition and emphasise the need for empirical examination of individual pairs of insect-specific viruses and arboviruses to fully understand their impact on arbovirus transmission.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

25. Projected land ice contributions to twenty-first-century sea level rise

Author: Luke D. Trusel, Brian Anderson, Youngmin Choi, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Courtney Shafer, Cheng Zhao, William H. Lipscomb, Erika Simon, Sébastien Le clec'h, Victoria Lee, Thomas Kleiner, Donald Slater, Tore Hattermann, Matthias Huss, James F. O’Neill, Sainan Sun, Philip Kraaijenbrink, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Richard I. Cullather, Christophe Dumas, Christopher J. Smith, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Eric Larour, Rupert Gladstone, Jonas Van Breedam, Xavier Fettweis, Christine M. McKenna, Fiona Turner, Nicole Schlegel, Patrick Alexander, Walter W. Immerzeel, Gunter R. Leguy, Torsten Albrecht, Nicholas R. Golledge, Fabien Maussion, Fiammetta Straneo, Valentina Radić, Antony J. Payne, Robin S. Smith, Andrew Bliss, Heiko Goelzer, Andrew Shepherd, Frank Pattyn, Lev Tarasov, Mathieu Morlighem, Christopher Chambers, Tamsin L. Edwards, Reinhard Calov, Koji Fujita, Harry Zekollari, Nicolas Champollion, Akiko Sakai, Sarah Shannon, Ralf Greve, Stephen Price, Isabel Nias, Ricarda Winkelmann, David R. Rounce, Tong Zhang, Jan Hendrik Malles, Ben Marzeion, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Helene Seroussi, Christopher M. Little, Cécile Agosta, Martin Rückamp, Philippe Huybrechts, Regine Hock, Angelika Humbert, Xylar Asay-Davis, Denis Felikson, Aurélien Quiquet, Daniel F. Martin, Andy Aschwanden, Matthew J. Hoffman, Tyler Pelle, Ronja Reese, Jonathan M. Gregory, Thomas Zwinger, Alice Barthel, Sophie Nowicki, J. K. Cuzzone, Daniel P. Lowry, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, FNRS Horizon 2020: 820829 Australian Government: ASCI000002 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 869304 U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE O0100718F British Antarctic Survey, BAS Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF: 01LP1504D, FKZ 01LP1502C Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, OCW: 024.002.001 Natural Environment Research Council, NERC: NE/T007443/1 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG: WI4556/2-1, 01LP1925D, WI4556/4-1 Norges Forskningsråd: 270061, 295046 American Research Center in Sofia, ARCS National Science Foundation, NSF: 1852977 National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: NNX17AG65G, 820575 U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN: JP16H02224, JP17H06104, JP17H06323 Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, OCW Office of Science, SC Suomen Akatemia: 286587, 322430 National Centre for Atmospheric Science, NCAS National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Netherlands Earth System Science Centre, NESSC European Space Agency, ESA U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, BELSPO: SR/00/336 National Science Foundation, NSF: PLR-1644277, PLR-1603799 Universiteit Utrecht, UU European Regional Development Fund, ERDF Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF: WI4556/3-1 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Monbusho National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Natural Environment Research Council, NERC Natural Environment Research Council, NERC Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment, MBIE: RTUV1705, ANTA1801 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA: NE/T009381/1 Biological and Environmental Research, BER: DE-AC02-05CH11231 Australian Research Council, ARC: SR140300001 European Commission, EC Office of Science, SC: DE-SC0020073 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Monbusho: JPMXD1420318865, JPMXD1300000000 Advanced Scientific Computing Research, ASCR, Acknowledgements We thank J. Rougier for providing advice and support throughout, and writing the original random effects model. We also thank B. Fox-Kemper, H. Hewitt, R. Kopp, S. Drijfhout and J. Rohmer for discussions, suggestions and support. We thank N. Barrand, W. Chang, V. Volodina and D. Williamson for their thorough and constructive comments, which greatly improved the manuscript. We thank the Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) Project, which provided support for ISMIP6 and GlacierMIP through sponsoring of workshops, hosting the websites and ISMIP6 wiki, and promotion. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme, which, through its Working Group on Coupled Modelling, coordinated and promoted CMIP5 and CMIP6. We thank the climate modelling groups for producing and making available their model output, the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) for archiving the CMIP data and providing access, the University at Buffalo for ISMIP6 data distribution and upload, and the multiple funding agencies who support CMIP5 and CMIP6 and ESGF. We thank the ISMIP6 steering committee, the ISMIP6 model selection group and the ISMIP6 dataset preparation group for their continuous engagement in defining ISMIP6. This is ISMIP6 contribution no. 13. This publication was supported by PROTECT, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 869304. This is PROTECT contribution number 12. T.L.E. was supported by PROTECT and the UK Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/T007443/1. F.T. was supported by PROTECT. J.F.O’N. was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council London Doctoral Training Partnership. R. Gladstone’s contribution was supported by Academy of Finland grants 286587 and 322430, and T. Zwinger’s by grant 322430. W.H.L. and G.R.L. were supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement no. 1852977. Computing and data storage resources for CISM simulations, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. Support for X.A.-D., M.J.H., S.F.P. and T. Zhang was provided through the Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) programme funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Advanced Scientific Computing Research and Biological and Environmental Research programmes. N.R.G., D.P.L. and B.A. were supported by New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment contracts RTUV1705 (‘NZSeaRise’) and ANTA1801 (‘Antarctic Science Platform’). J.M.G. and R.S.S. were supported by the National Centre for Atmospheric Science, funded by the UK National Environment Research Council. R. Calov was funded by the PalMod project of the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) with the grants FKZ 01LP1502C and 01LP1504D. D.F.M. and C.S. were supported by the Director, Office of Science, Offices of Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) and Biological and Environmental Research (BER), of the US Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231, as a part of the ProSPect SciDAC Partnership. BISICLES simulations used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a US Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231. C.Z. and B.K.G.-F. were supported under the Australian Research Council’s Special Research Initiative for Antarctic Gateway Partnership (project ID SR140300001) and received grant funding from the Australian Government for the Australian Antarctic Program Partnership (project ID ASCI000002). Work was performed by E.L., N.-J.S. and H.S. at the California Institute of Technology’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, support was provided by grants from NASA’s Cryospheric Science, Sea Level Change Team, and Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (MAP) programmes. They acknowledge computational resources and support from the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division. The CMIP5 and CMIP6 projection data were processed by C.M.M. with funding from the European Union’s CONSTRAIN project as part of the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement number 820829. A. Barthel was supported by the DOE Office of Science HiLAT-RASM project and Early Career Research programme. T.A. and R.W. are supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) in the framework of the priority programme ‘Antarctic research with comparative investigations in Arctic ice areas’ by grants WI4556/2-1 and WI4556/4-1, and within the framework of the PalMod project (FKZ: 01LP1925D) supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as a Research for Sustainability initiative (FONA). R.R. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) by grant WI4556/3-1 and through the TiPACCs project that receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement no. 820575. Development of PISM is supported by NASA grant NNX17AG65G and NSF grants PLR-1603799 and PLR-1644277. The authors gratefully acknowledge the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the Land Brandenburg for supporting this project by providing resources for the high-performance computer system at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. Computer resources for this project have also been provided by the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing, Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (http://www.lrz.de, last access: 16 July 2020) under project IDs pr94ga and pn69ru. R. Greve and C.C. were supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI grant nos JP16H02224 and JP17H06323. R. Greve was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant no. JP17H06104, by a Leadership Research Grant of Hokkaido University’s Institute of Low Temperature Science (ILTS), and by the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS, ArCS II) project of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) (programme grant nos JPMXD1300000000, JPMXD1420318865). F.P. and S. Sun were supported by the MIMO project within the STEREO III programme of the Belgian Science Policy Office, contract SR/00/336 and the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) and the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen (FWO) under the EOS project no. O0100718F. A. Shepherd was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council in partnership with the Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling and the British Antarctic Survey and by the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative. D.F. was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by Universities Space Research Association under contract with NASA. R.v.d.W. acknowledges the support of the Future Deltas programme of Utrecht University. C.J.S. was supported by a NERC/IIASA Collaborative Research Fellowship (NE/T009381/1). H.G. has received funding from the programme of the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC), financially supported by the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW) under grant no. 024.002.001 and from the Research Council of Norway under projects INES (270061) and KeyClim (295046). F.S. acknowledges support from DOE Office of Science grant no. DE-SC0020073. High-performance computing and storage resources were provided by the Norwegian Infrastructure for Computational Science through projects NN9560K, NN9252K, NS9560K, NS9252K and NS5011K., University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews. Environmental Change Research Group, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Hydrologie, Landscape functioning, Geocomputation and Hydrology, Proceskunde, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, Earth System Sciences, Geography, Physical Geography, and Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Science & Technology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 01 natural sciences, 010104 statistics & probability, Taverne, G1, SDG 13 - Climate Action, 0101 mathematics, General, Coastal flood, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Global warming, G Geography (General), DAS, Glacier, Glaciologie, Snow, Climate Action, Current (stream), Sea level rise, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Ice sheet, Sciences exactes et naturelles
Abstract: The land ice contribution to global mean sea level rise has not yet been predicted 1 using ice sheet and glacier models for the latest set of socio-economic scenarios, nor using coordinated exploration of uncertainties arising from the various computer models involved. Two recent international projects generated a large suite of projections using multiple models 2–8, but primarily used previous-generation scenarios 9 and climate models 10, and could not fully explore known uncertainties. Here we estimate probability distributions for these projections under the new scenarios 11,12 using statistical emulation of the ice sheet and glacier models. We find that limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius would halve the land ice contribution to twenty-first-century sea level rise, relative to current emissions pledges. The median decreases from 25 to 13 centimetres sea level equivalent (SLE) by 2100, with glaciers responsible for half the sea level contribution. The projected Antarctic contribution does not show a clear response to the emissions scenario, owing to uncertainties in the competing processes of increasing ice loss and snowfall accumulation in a warming climate. However, under risk-averse (pessimistic) assumptions, Antarctic ice loss could be five times higher, increasing the median land ice contribution to 42 centimetres SLE under current policies and pledges, with the 95th percentile projection exceeding half a metre even under 1.5 degrees Celsius warming. This would severely limit the possibility of mitigating future coastal flooding. Given this large range (between 13 centimetres SLE using the main projections under 1.5 degrees Celsius warming and 42 centimetres SLE using risk-averse projections under current pledges), adaptation planning for twenty-first-century sea level rise must account for a factor-of-three uncertainty in the land ice contribution until climate policies and the Antarctic response are further constrained.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

26. Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

Author: Donal Bisanzio, Thomas W. Scott, G. R. William Wint, T. Alex Perkins, Nicole Davis Weaver, Lucas Earl, Laurie B. Marczak, Erik Wetter, Hongjie Yu, Shengjie Lai, Dingdong Yi, Simon I. Hay, Wim Van Bortel, Cedric Marsboom, Francis Schaffner, Giovanini E. Coelho, David M. Pigott, Jane P. Messina, Xin Lu, Robert C. Reiner, Linus Bengtsson, Andrew J. Tatem, David L. Smith, Chester G. Moore, Shreya Shirude, Qiyong Liu, Peter A. Jones, Kimberly J. Johnson, Roberta G. Carvalho, John S. Brownstein, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Oliver J. Brady, Nuno R. Faria, Louis Lambrechts, Nick Golding, Marius Gilbert, Heinrich H. Nax, Guy Hendrickx, Oliver G. Pybus, Simon Cauchemez, Catherine Linard, University of Oxford [Oxford], Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), University of Washington [Seattle], London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique [Bruxelles] (FNRS), Harvard University [Cambridge], University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame [Indiana] (UND), Fudan University [Shanghai], University of Southampton, Flowminder Foundation, Central South University [Changsha], National University of Defense Technology [China], Southwestern University of Finance and Economics [Chengdu, China], Waen Associates Ltd, Pan American Health Organization [Washington] (PAHO), Ministry of Health [Brasília, Brazil], European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Institute of Tropical Medicine [Antwerp] (ITM), Egis Avia (FRANCE), Francis Schaffner Consultancy, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Stockholm School of Economics (SSE), Interactions Virus-Insectes - Insect-Virus Interactions (IVI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Namur [Namur] (UNamur), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong University, University of Melbourne, The authors thank S. Ray for providing comments during the revision process. M.U.G.K. acknowledges funding from the Society in Science, The Branco Weiss Fellowship, administered by the ETH Zurich. M.U.G.K. also acknowledges funding from the Training Grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD040128). M.U.G.K., S.I.H., J.P.M., N.G., O.J.B. and G.R.W.W. acknowledge funding from the International Research Consortium on Dengue Risk Assessment Management and Surveillance (IDAMS, European Commission 7th Framework Programme no. 21893). O.B.J. was funded by a Sir Henry Wellcome Fellowship funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant number 206471/Z/17/Z) and a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OP1183567). S.I.H. received a grant from the Research for Health in Humanitarian Crises (R2HC) Programme, managed by Enhancing Learning and Research for Humanitarian Assistance (ELRHA, no. 13468), which also supported M.U.G.K. and N.G. The R2HC programme aims to improve health outcomes by strengthening the evidence base for public health interventions in humanitarian crises. The £8 million R2HC programme is funded equally by the Wellcome Trust and Department of International Development (DFiD), with ELRHA overseeing the programme’s execution and management. S.I.H. was also funded by a Senior Research Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust (no. 95066) and grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1106023, OPP1093011, OPP1132415 and OPP1159934). This study was made possible by the support of the American people through the US Agency for International Development Emerging Pandemic Threats Program-2 PREDICT-2 (Cooperative Agreement number AID-OAA-A-14-00102), which also supported M.U.G.K. J.S.B. is supported by the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health (R01LM010812 and R01LM011965), which also supports M.U.G.K. D.L.S. is funded by the National Institutes of Health and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (no. U10AI089674). H.H.N. was funded by the European Commission through the European Research Council Advanced Investigator Grant ‘Momentum’ 324247. L.L. received funding from the French Government’s Investissement d’Avenir program, Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (grant ANR-16-CE35-0004), the City of Paris Emergence(s) programme in Biomedical Research, and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under ZikaPLAN grant agreement No. 734584. S.C. received funding from the AXA Research Fund, the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (Grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the Models of Infectious Disease Agent Study of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under ZIKAlliance grant agreement No 734548. N.G. is supported by a University of Melbourne McKenzie fellowship. W.V.B., G.H. and F.S. acknowledge funding from VBORNET and VectorNet, an ECDC and EFSA-funded project (no. ECDC/09/018 and OC/EFSA/AHAW/2013/02), and thank all contributing VBORNET and VectorNet experts for data sharing. T.W.S., R.C.R. and L.L. received funding from the National Institutes of Health Program Project grant (no. P01 AI098670). X.L. is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (71771213, 71522014, 71725001, 91846301 and 71790615). This work was also partially supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under ZIKAlliance Grant Agreement no. 734548., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CE35-0004,MOSQUIBIOTA,Contribution de la diversité bactérienne intestinale à la capacité vectorielle d'Aedes aegypti(2016), European Project: 734548,ZIKAlliance(2016), European Project: 324247,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2012-ADG_20120411,MOMENTUM(2013), European Project: 281803,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2011-single-stage,IDAMS(2011), University of Oxford, Harvard University, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [Stockholm, Sweden] (ECDC), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of California (UC)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Microbiologie et protistologie [parasitologie hum. et anim.], Aedes albopictus, Arbovirus Infections, Immunology, Aedes aegypti, medicine.disease_cause, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Arbovirus, Microbiology, Article, Dengue fever, Zika virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, medicine, Chikungunya, 030304 developmental biology, Aedes, 0303 health sciences, biology, 030306 microbiology, Ecology, virus diseases, Cell Biology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Microbiologie et protistologie [entomologie,phytoparasitolog.], Geography, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Infectious diseases
Abstract: The global population at risk from mosquito-borne diseases—including dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika—is expanding in concert with changes in the distribution of two key vectors: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The distribution of these species is largely driven by both human movement and the presence of suitable climate. Using statistical mapping techniques, we show that human movement patterns explain the spread of both species in Europe and the United States following their introduction. We find that the spread of Ae. aegypti is characterized by long distance importations, while Ae. albopictus has expanded more along the fringes of its distribution. We describe these processes and predict the future distributions of both species in response to accelerating urbanization, connectivity and climate change. Global surveillance and control efforts that aim to mitigate the spread of chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika viruses must consider the so far unabated spread of these mosquitos. Our maps and predictions offer an opportunity to strategically target surveillance and control programmes and thereby augment efforts to reduce arbovirus burden in human populations globally., 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, SCOPUS: er.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2019

27. Burden and epidemiology of influenza‐ and respiratory syncytial virus‐associated severe acute respiratory illness hospitalization in Madagascar, 2011‐2016

Author: Julia Guillebaud, Maherisoa Ratsitorahina, Joelinotahina H. Rabarison, Jean-Michel Heraud, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Aina Harimanana, Stefano Tempia, Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - South Africa, National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), Unité d'Epidémiologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Ministère de la Santé Publique [Antananarivo, Madagascar], This work was supported by the Institute Pasteur de Madagascar, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Cooperative agreement number: U51IP000812-05) and the World Health Organization (Technical Service Agreement number 2016/651796-0), and We thank all members involved in SARI surveillance and the collection of SARI hospitalization data at the selected hospitals
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Pediatrics, Epidemiology, health care facilities, manpower, and services, viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, disease burden, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Risk Factors, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, Respiratory system, Child, education.field_of_study, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, virus diseases, respiratory system, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Hospitalization, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Acute Disease, Original Article, Female, influenza, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, 030106 microbiology, Population, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Influenza, Human, Madagascar, Humans, education, Disease burden, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Respiratory illness, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Retrospective cohort study, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Original Articles, Africa, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business
Abstract: International audience; BackgroundInfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are responsible for substantial global morbidity and mortality in young children and elderly individuals. Estimates of the burden of influenza- and RSV-associated hospitalization are limited in Africa.MethodsWe conducted hospital-based surveillance for laboratory-confirmed influenza- and RSV-associated severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) among patients of any age at one hospital and a retrospective review of SARI hospitalizations in five hospitals situated in Antananarivo during 2011-2016. We estimated age-specific rates (per 100 000 population) of influenza- and RSV-associated SARI hospitalizations for the Antananarivo region and then extrapolated these rates to the national level.ResultsOverall, the mean annual national number of influenza-associated SARI hospitalizations for all age groups was 6609 (95% CI: 5381-7835-rate: 30.0; 95% CI: 24.4-35.6), 4468 (95% CI: 3796-5102-rate: 127.6; 95% CI: 108.4-145.7), 2141 (95% CI: 1585-2734-rate: 11.6; 95% CI: 8.6-14.8), and 339 (95% CI: 224-459-rate: 50.0; 95% CI: 36.3-74.4) among individuals aged
Published: 2018

28. Defective viral genomes as therapeutic interfering particles against flavivirus infection in mammalian and mosquito hosts

Author: Rezelj, Veronica V., Carrau, Lucía, Merwaiss, Fernando, Levi, Laura I., Erazo, Diana, Tran, Quang Dinh, Henrion-Lacritick, Annabelle, Gausson, Valérie, Suzuki, Yasutsugu, Shengjuler, Djoshkun, Meyer, Bjoern, Vallet, Thomas, Weger-Lucarelli, James, Bernhauerová, Veronika, Titievsky, Avi, Sharov, Vadim, Pietropaoli, Stefano, Diaz-Salinas, Marco A., Legros, Vincent, Pardigon, Nathalie, Barba-Spaeth, Giovanna, Brodsky, Leonid, Saleh, Maria-Carla, Vignuzzi, Marco, Populations virales et Pathogenèse - Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Virus et Interférence ARN - Viruses and RNA Interference, École Doctorale Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité [Paris] (ED BioSPC), Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université de Paris (UP), University of Haifa [Haifa], Virologie Structurale - Structural Virology, Environnement et Risques infectieux - Environment and Infectious Risks (ERI), Institut Pasteur [Paris], This work was funded by the DARPA INTERCEPT program managed by Dr. Jim Gimlett, Dr. Brad Ringiesen, and Dr. Seth Cohen and administered through DARPA Cooperative Agreement #HR0011-17-2-0023 (the content of the information does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the U.S. government, and no official endorsement should be inferred). This work also received funding from the Fondation de recherche médicale, FRM EQU201903007777, and the Agence Nationale de Recherche Laboratoire d’Excellence grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Doctorale Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité [Paris] (ED562 - BioSPC), Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: Mosquito Control, viruses, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Mice, MESH: Genetic Fitness, Aedes, MESH: Chlorocebus aethiops, Chlorocebus aethiops, MESH: Directed Molecular Evolution, MESH: Animals, MESH: Mosquito Control, Zika Virus Infection, Defective Viruses, MESH: Defective Viruses, MESH: Aedes, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, MESH: HEK293 Cells, MESH: RNA, Viral, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, RNA, Viral, Female, MESH: Mosquito Vectors, MESH: Genome, Viral, MESH: Computational Biology, MESH: Antiviral Agents, Science, MESH: Vero Cells, MESH: Zika Virus, Genome, Viral, Mosquito Vectors, Antiviral Agents, Article, Open Reading Frames, MESH: Zika Virus Infection, Virology, Animals, Humans, Vero Cells, MESH: Mice, MESH: Humans, Computational Biology, Zika Virus, MESH: Open Reading Frames, Disease Models, Animal, HEK293 Cells, Viral infection, Genetic Fitness, Directed Molecular Evolution, MESH: Disease Models, Animal, MESH: Female
Abstract: Arthropod-borne viruses pose a major threat to global public health. Thus, innovative strategies for their control and prevention are urgently needed. Here, we exploit the natural capacity of viruses to generate defective viral genomes (DVGs) to their detriment. While DVGs have been described for most viruses, identifying which, if any, can be used as therapeutic agents remains a challenge. We present a combined experimental evolution and computational approach to triage DVG sequence space and pinpoint the fittest deletions, using Zika virus as an arbovirus model. This approach identifies fit DVGs that optimally interfere with wild-type virus infection. We show that the most fit DVGs conserve the open reading frame to maintain the translation of the remaining non-structural proteins, a characteristic that is fundamental across the flavivirus genus. Finally, we demonstrate that the high fitness DVG is antiviral in vivo both in the mammalian host and the mosquito vector, reducing transmission in the latter by up to 90%. Our approach establishes the method to interrogate the DVG fitness landscape, and enables the systematic identification of DVGs that show promise as human therapeutics and vector control strategies to mitigate arbovirus transmission and disease., Defective viral genomes (DVGs) can interfere with virus replication and provide a potential approach to control infection. Here, Rezelj et al. use a combined experimental evolution and computational approach to identify DVG sequences that optimally interfere with Zika virus infection and show antiviral activity in mice and mosquitoes.
Published: 2021

29. Range-Wide Mitochondrial Genetic Homogeneity in the Invasive South American Tomato Pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), with a Focus on Africa

Author: T. Brévault, N. Gauthier, Amadou Bocar Bal, M. Garba, A. Ndiaye, A. Chailleux, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis Sénégal (UGB), UFR S2ATA, Fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de cultures horticoles (UPR HORTSYS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Direction Générale de la Protection des Végétaux, Ministère de l'Agriculture du Niger, Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), and This study was mainly funded by the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), France, through an IRD collaborative network dealing with Biological Invasions in West African countries (i.e. JEAI IBAO). We also express our sincere gratitude to IPM Innovation Laboratory funded by USAID Cooperative Agreement (No. AID-OAA-L-15-00001) and the West Africa Productivity Program (WAAP/PPAAO) in Niger for complementary financial support.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Integrated pest management, Range (biology), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 010607 zoology, biological invasion, 01 natural sciences, Gene flow, Lepidoptera genitalia, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Genetic diversity, tomato insect pest, biology, Ecology, food and beverages, genetic diversity, biology.organism_classification, Gelechiidae, H10 - Ravageurs des plantes, Tuta absoluta, 010602 entomology, Insect Science, Africa, PEST analysis, cytochrome oxidase I gene, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: International audience; The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an invasive pest native to South America. Outside of its native range, it was first detected in Spain in 2006 and then rapidly spread to most tomato-growing regions in Central America, Europe, Africa and Asia where the species has become a major threat to tomato production. To implement appropriate policy and surveillance practices, to limitnew introductions and spread, and inherent economic losses, better knowledge of its invasion pathways is required. To this end, a large sampling of T. absoluta was performedin native and invaded areas including European and for the first time many African countries. Samples were analysed using a mitochondrial marker (mtCOI) and a phylogenetic approach. Despite extensive sampling and sequencing efforts, an overall lack of genetic variation among the tested specimens (140) was observed. This striking finding may result from a combination of factors and phenomena such as extensive gene flow, severe bottlenecks, reproductive system and human activities, and will be discussed in the framework of biological invasion and pest management.
Published: 2021

30. Defective viral genomes from chikungunya virus are broad-spectrum antivirals and prevent virus dissemination in mosquitoes

Author: Levi, Laura, Rezelj, Veronica, Henrion-Lacritick, Annabelle, Erazo, Diana, Boussier, J, Vallet, Thomas, Bernhauerová, Veronika, Suzuki, Yasutsugu, Carrau, Lucia, Weger-Lucarelli, James, Saleh, Maria-Carla, Vignuzzi, Marco, Populations virales et Pathogenèse - Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], École Doctorale Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité [Paris] (ED BioSPC), Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université de Paris (UP), Virus et Interférence ARN - Viruses and RNA Interference, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Doctorale Frontières du Vivant - Programme Bettencourt (FdV), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Charles University [Prague] (CU), Virginia Tech [Blacksburg], This work was funded by the DARPA INTERCEPT program managed by Dr. Jim Gimlett, Dr. Brad Ringeisen and Dr. Seth Cohen, and administered though DARPA Cooperative Agreement #HR0011-17-2-0023 to M.V. and M-C.S. (the content of the information does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the U.S. government, and no official endorsement should be inferred). This work was also funded by the Laboratoire d'Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases' (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) to M.V. and M-C.S., and the Equipe FRM grant #EQU201903007777 from the French Foundation for Medical Research to M.V. L.I.L. was funded by a doctoral fellowship from France’s defence procurement agency (DGA)., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Doctorale Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité [Paris] (ED562 - BioSPC), and Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: RNA viruses, Viral Diseases, viruses, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Disease Vectors, Virus Replication, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mosquitoes, Medical Conditions, Sequencing techniques, Aedes, Medicine and Health Sciences, Biology (General), Viral Genomics, Chikungunya Virus, Defective Viruses, Eukaryota, virus diseases, RNA sequencing, Genomics, Insects, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical Microbiology, Viral Pathogens, Viruses, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Viral Genome, Pathogens, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Arthropoda, QH301-705.5, Alphaviruses, education, Genome, Viral, Mosquito Vectors, Microbial Genomics, Aedes Aegypti, Transfection, Research and Analysis Methods, Antiviral Agents, Microbiology, Togaviruses, Virology, Genetics, Animals, Humans, Molecular Biology Techniques, Microbial Pathogens, Molecular Biology, Biology and life sciences, Organisms, Chikungunya Infection, RC581-607, Tropical Diseases, Invertebrates, Viral Replication, Insect Vectors, Species Interactions, Chikungunya Fever, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, Zoology, Entomology
Abstract: Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are truncated and/or rearranged viral genomes produced during virus replication. Described in many RNA virus families, some of them have interfering activity on their parental virus and/or strong immunostimulatory potential, and are being considered in antiviral approaches. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted by Aedes spp. that infected millions of humans in the last 15 years. Here, we describe the DVGs arising during CHIKV infection in vitro in mammalian and mosquito cells, and in vivo in experimentally infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. We combined experimental and computational approaches to select DVG candidates most likely to have inhibitory activity and showed that, indeed, they strongly interfere with CHIKV replication both in mammalian and mosquito cells. We further demonstrated that some DVGs present broad-spectrum activity, inhibiting several CHIKV strains and other alphaviruses. Finally, we showed that pre-treating Aedes aegypti with DVGs prevented viral dissemination in vivo., Author summary Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are produced during virus replication. On their own they cannot replicate, but some of them can compete with wild-type virus for viral and/or cellular resources. For chikungunya virus, interference by DVGs has not been described. Here, we use a new approach based on experimental evolution and computational analysis to characterize all DVGs generated in a virus population and identify those with the highest antiviral potential. We confirm their antiviral activity in both mammalian and mosquito host environments and show that some can broadly interfere with other strains or related alphaviruses. Finally, we show that DVGs can inhibit virus dissemination in mosquitoes.
Published: 2021

31. DeepMIP: model intercomparison of early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO) large-scale climate features and comparison with proxy data

Author: Polina Morozova, Pierre Sepulchre, Christopher J. Hollis, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Eleni Anagnostou, Petra Langebroek, Gregor Knorr, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Jessica E. Tierney, E. M. Volodin, Igor Niezgodzki, Christopher J. Poulsen, Sebastian Steinig, David K. Hutchinson, Daniel J. Lunt, Gerrit Lohmann, Caroline H Lear, Paul J. Valdes, Gordon N. Inglis, Helen K. Coxall, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Jiang Zhu, Wing Le Chan, Yannick Donnadieu, Zhongshi Zhang, Gavin L. Foster, Fran Bragg, Tom Dunkley Jones, Agatha M. de Boer, Matthew Huber, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), National Science Foundation, NSF Natural Environment Research Council, NERC: NE/N006828/1, NE/P01903X/1 Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2016-03912 National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR: 0148-2019-0009, 1852977, NE/P013112/1 ATM-0902780, OCE-0902882 Royal Society Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas: 2018-01621 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN: 17H06104 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Monbusho: 17H06323 European Research Council, ERC: 340923 Heising-Simons Foundation, HSF: 2016-015, Acknowledgements. Daniel J. Lunt, Sebastian Steinig, Paul Valdes, and Fran Bragg acknowledge funding from the NERC SWEET grant (grant no. NE/P01903X/1). Daniel J. Lunt also acknowledges funding from NERC DeepMIP grant (grant no. NE/N006828/1) and the ERC ('The greenhouse earth system' grant, T-GRES, project reference no. 340923, awarded to Rich Pancost). Christopher J. Poulsen and Jessica E. Tierney acknowledge funding from the Heising-Simons Foundation (grant no. 2016-015). Jiang Zhu and Christopher J. Poulsen wish to thank Jeff Kiehl, Christine Shields, and Mathew Rothstein for providing the CESM code as well as boundary and initial condition files for the CESM simulations. Wing-Le Chan and Ayako Abe-Ouchi acknowledge funding from JSPS KAKENHI (grant no. 17H06104) and MEXT KAKENHI (grant no. 17H06323), and are grateful to JAMSTEC for use of the Earth Simulator. David K. Hutchinson and Agatha M. de Boer were supported by the Swedish Research Council (project no. 2016-03912) and FORMAS (project no. 2018-01621). Their numerical simulations were performed using resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at NSC, Linköping. Pierre Sepulchre, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, and Yannick Donnadieu were granted access to the HPC resources of TGCC under the allocation no. 2019- A0050102212 made by GENCI. The HadCM3 simulations were carried out using the computational facilities of the Advanced Computing Research Centre, University of Bristol (http://www. bristol.ac.uk/acrc/, last access: 10 January 2021). Gordon N. In-glis acknowledges a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship. Matthew Huber was funded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF, grant nos. ATM-0902780 and OCE-0902882). Bette L. Otto-Bliesner acknowledges the CESM project, which is primarily supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF). This material is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the NSF under cooperative agreement no. 1852977. Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. Tom Dunkley Jones was supported by NERC (grant no. NE/P013112/1). Polina Morozova was supported by the state assignment project no. 0148-2019-0009., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stratigraphy, lcsh:Environmental protection, Holocene climatic optimum, Antarctic ice sheet, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Environmental pollution, lcsh:TD169-171.8, Water cycle, Mean radiant temperature, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, Global and Planetary Change, Ocean current, Paleontology, 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Climatology, lcsh:TD172-193.5, Spatial ecology, Environmental science, Climate sensitivity, Climate model
Abstract: We present results from an ensemble of eight climate models, each of which has carried out simulations of the early Eocene climate optimum (EECO, ∼ 50 million years ago). These simulations have been carried out in the framework of the Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP; http://www.deepmip.org, last access: 10 January 2021); thus, all models have been configured with the same paleogeographic and vegetation boundary conditions. The results indicate that these non-CO2 boundary conditions contribute between 3 and 5 ∘C to Eocene warmth. Compared with results from previous studies, the DeepMIP simulations generally show a reduced spread of the global mean surface temperature response across the ensemble for a given atmospheric CO2 concentration as well as an increased climate sensitivity on average. An energy balance analysis of the model ensemble indicates that global mean warming in the Eocene compared with the preindustrial period mostly arises from decreases in emissivity due to the elevated CO2 concentration (and associated water vapour and long-wave cloud feedbacks), whereas the reduction in the Eocene in terms of the meridional temperature gradient is primarily due to emissivity and albedo changes owing to the non-CO2 boundary conditions (i.e. the removal of the Antarctic ice sheet and changes in vegetation). Three of the models (the Community Earth System Model, CESM; the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, GFDL, model; and the Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM) show results that are consistent with the proxies in terms of the global mean temperature, meridional SST gradient, and CO2, without prescribing changes to model parameters. In addition, many of the models agree well with the first-order spatial patterns in the SST proxies. However, at a more regional scale, the models lack skill. In particular, the modelled anomalies are substantially lower than those indicated by the proxies in the southwest Pacific; here, modelled continental surface air temperature anomalies are more consistent with surface air temperature proxies, implying a possible inconsistency between marine and terrestrial temperatures in either the proxies or models in this region. Our aim is that the documentation of the large-scale features and model–data comparison presented herein will pave the way to further studies that explore aspects of the model simulations in more detail, for example the ocean circulation, hydrological cycle, and modes of variability, and encourage sensitivity studies to aspects such as paleogeography, orbital configuration, and aerosols.
Published: 2021

32. Broadband forward light scattering by architectural design of core–shell silicon particles

Author: Cyril Aymonier, Philippe Barois, Brian A. Korgel, Sabrina Lacomme, Glenna L. Drisko, Alexandre Baron, Taizhi Jiang, Yuebing Zheng, Jie Fang, Maria Letizia De Marco, Teulet, Nadine, Advanced Materials by Design - - AMADEus2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0042 - LABX - VALID, Initiative d'excellence de l'Université de Bordeaux - - IDEX BORDEAUX2010 - ANR-10-IDEX-0003 - IDEX - VALID, Développment d'une infrastructure française distribuée coordonnée - - France-BioImaging2010 - ANR-10-INBS-0004 - INBS - VALID, Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Walker Department of Chemical Engineering, Bordeaux Imaging Center (BIC), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut François Magendie-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the LabEx AMADEus (ANR-10-LABX-42) in the framework of IdEx Bordeaux (ANR-10-IDEX-03-02), i.e., the Investissements d'Avenir program of the French government managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche. The Robert A. Welch Foundation (F-1464) and the National Science Foundation through the Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials, an NSF MRSEC under Cooperative Agreement No. DMR-1720595. J.F. and the financial support of the National Science Foundation (NSF-ECCS-2001650), and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (DP2GM128446)., ANR-10-LABX-0042,AMADEus,Advanced Materials by Design(2010), ANR-10-IDEX-0003,IDEX BORDEAUX,Initiative d'excellence de l'Université de Bordeaux(2010), ANR-10-INBS-0004,France-BioImaging,Développment d'une infrastructure française distribuée coordonnée(2010), and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut François Magendie-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, Silicon oxynitride, directional light scattering, Silicon, Mie scattering, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Light scattering, Biomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Visible light silicon resonators, Electrochemistry, [CHIM.MATE] Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, business.industry, Scattering, Metamaterial, Huygens sources, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Dipole, core-shell, chemistry, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Magnetic dipole
Abstract: International audience; A goal in the field of nanoscale optics is the fabrication of nanostructures with strong directional light scattering at visible frequencies. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of Mie-resonant coreshell particles with overlapping electric and magnetic dipole resonances in the visible spectrum. The core consists of silicon surrounded by a lower index silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy) shell with an adjustable thickness. Optical spectroscopies coupled to Mie theory calculations give the first experimental evidence that the relative position and intensity of the magnetic and electric dipole resonances are tuned by changing the core-shell architecture. Specifically, coating a high-index particle with a low-index shell coalesces the dipoles, while maintaining a high scattering efficiency, thus generating broadband forward scattering. This synthetic strategy opens a route towards metamaterial fabrication with unprecedented control over visible light manipulation.
Published: 2021

33. Evaluating the large-scale hydrological cycle response within the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PlioMIP2) ensemble

Author: Han, Z, Zhang, Q, Li, Q, Feng, R, Haywood, AM, Tindall, JC, Hunter, SJ, Otto-Bliesner, BL, Brady, EC, Rosenbloom, N, Zhang, Z, Li, X, Guo, C, Nisancioglu, KH, Stepanek, C, Lohmann, G, Sohl, LE, Chandler, MA, Tan, N, Ramstein, G, Baatsen, MLJ, von der Heydt, AS, Chandan, D, Peltier, WR, Williams, CJR, Lunt, DJ, Cheng, J, Wen, Q, Burls, NJ, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Physical Oceanography, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This research has been supported by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, grant nos. 2013- 06476 and 2017-04232). The article processing charges for this open-access publication were covered by Stockholm University, Zixuan Han acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 42130610), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant no. B210201009), and the National Key R&D Program of China (grant no. 2017YFC1502303). Jianbo Cheng acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 42005012) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (grant no. BK20201058). Qin Wen acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 42106016) and a project funded by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant no. 2021M691623). The EC-Earth3 model simulations and the data analysis were performed using the ECMWF computing and archive facilities and the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Centre (NSC), which is partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2018-05973. Charles J. R. Williams acknowledges financial support from the UK Natural Environment Research Council within the framework of the SWEET (Super-Warm Early Eocene Temperatures) project (grant no. NE/P01903X/1). Natalie J. Burls acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation (NSF, grant nos. AGS-1844380 and OCN-2002448) and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (as a research fellow). Ran Feng acknowledges sponsorship from the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant nos. 1903650 and 1814029). The contributions of Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady, and Nan Rosenbloom are based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the NSF under cooperative agreement no. 1852977. The CESM project is primarily supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Computing and data storage resources for the CESM and CCSM4 simulations, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. Xiangyu Li acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grant no. 42005042) and the China Scholarship Council (grant no. 201804910023). The NorESM simulations benefitted from resources provided by UNINETT Sigma2 – the national infrastructure for high-performance computing and data storage in Norway. The work by Anna S. von der Heydt and Michiel L. J. Baatsen was carried out in the framework of the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC) program, which is financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW grant no. 024.002.001). Simulations with CCSM4-Utrecht were performed at the SURFsara Dutch national computing facilities and were sponsored by NWO-EW (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Exact Sciences, and project nos. 17189 and 2020.022). Christian Stepanek and Gerrit Lohmann acknowledge computational resources from the Computing and Data Centre of the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung. Christian Stepanek and Gerrit Lohmann also acknowledge funding from the Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM and the Alfred Wegener Institute's 'Changing Earth-Sustaining our Future' research program. The PRISM4 reconstruction and boundary conditions used in PlioMIP2 were funded by the U.S. Geological Survey Climate and Land Use Change Research and Development Program. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Stratigraphy, Palaeontology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract: International audience; Abstract. The mid-Pliocene (∼3 Ma) is one of the most recent warm periods with high CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and resulting high temperatures, and it is often cited as an analog for near-term future climate change. Here, we apply a moisture budget analysis to investigate the response of the large-scale hydrological cycle at low latitudes within a 13-model ensemble from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PlioMIP2). The results show that increased atmospheric moisture content within the mid-Pliocene ensemble (due to the thermodynamic effect) results in wetter conditions over the deep tropics, i.e., the Pacific intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the Maritime Continent, and drier conditions over the subtropics. Note that the dynamic effect plays a more important role than the thermodynamic effect in regional precipitation minus evaporation (PmE) changes (i.e., northward ITCZ shift and wetter northern Indian Ocean). The thermodynamic effect is offset to some extent by a dynamic effect involving a northward shift of the Hadley circulation that dries the deep tropics and moistens the subtropics in the Northern Hemisphere (i.e., the subtropical Pacific). From the perspective of Earth's energy budget, the enhanced southward cross-equatorial atmospheric transport (0.22 PW), induced by the hemispheric asymmetries of the atmospheric energy, favors an approximately 1∘ northward shift of the ITCZ. The shift of the ITCZ reorganizes atmospheric circulation, favoring a northward shift of the Hadley circulation. In addition, the Walker circulation consistently shifts westward within PlioMIP2 models, leading to wetter conditions over the northern Indian Ocean. The PlioMIP2 ensemble highlights that an imbalance of interhemispheric atmospheric energy during the mid-Pliocene could have led to changes in the dynamic effect, offsetting the thermodynamic effect and, hence, altering mid-Pliocene hydroclimate.
Published: 2021

34. Unveiling the Structure and Reactivity of Fatty-Acid Based (Nano)materials Thanks to Efficient and Scalable 17O and 18O-Isotopic Labeling Schemes

Author: Kuizhi Chen, Dorothée Berthomieu, Thomas-Xavier Métro, Zhehong Gan, Danielle Laurencin, Guillaume Cazals, Saad Sene, Sébastien Mittelette, Chia-Hsin Chen, Jessica Špačková, Aurélien Lebrun, Christel Gervais, Emeline Gaillard, Charlyn Fabra, Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron [Pôle Chimie Balard] (IBMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Spectroscopie, Modélisation, Interfaces pour L'Environnement et la Santé (LCMCP-SMiLES), Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Science Foundation Cooperative Agreement No. DMR-1644779, HPC resources from GENCI-IDRIS (Grant 097535), National Science Foundation (DMR-1039938 and DMR-0603042), National Institute of Health P41 GM122698, European Project: 772204,MISOTOP, and Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM)
Subjects: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, Oxygen Isotopes, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Article, Catalysis, Isotopic labeling, chemistry.chemical_compound, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Molecule, Reactivity (chemistry), chemistry.chemical_classification, Fatty acid, General Chemistry, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Combinatorial chemistry, Nanostructures, 0104 chemical sciences, Oleic acid, Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, chemistry, Isotope Labeling, 0210 nano-technology, Stearic Acids, Oleic Acid
Abstract: International audience; Fatty acids are ubiquitous in biological systems and widely used in materials science, including for the formulation of drugs and the surface-functionalization of nanoparticles. However, important questions regarding the structure and reactivity of these molecules are still to be elucidated, including their mode of binding to certain metal cations or materials surfaces. In this context, we have developed novel, efficient, user-friendly, and cost-effective synthetic protocols based on ball-milling, for the 17O and 18O isotopic labeling of two key fatty acids which are widely used in (nano)materials science, namely stearic and oleic acid. Labeled molecules were analyzed by 1H and 13C solution NMR, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF and LC-MS), as well as 17O solid state NMR (for the 17O labeled species). In both cases, the labeling procedures were scaled-up to produce up to gram quantities of 17O- or 18O-enriched molecules in just half-a-day, with very good synthetic yields (all ≥84%) and enrichment levels (up to an average of 46% per carboxylic oxygen). The 17O-labeled oleic acid was then used for the synthesis of a metal soap (Zn-oleate) and the surface-functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), which were characterized for the first time by high-resolution 17O NMR (at 14.1 and 35.2 T). This allowed very detailed insight into (i) the coordination mode of the oleate ligand in Zn-oleate to be achieved (including information on Zn···O distances) and (ii) the mode of attachment of oleic-acid at the surface of ZnO (including novel information on its photoreactivity upon UV-irradiation). Overall, this work demonstrates the high interest of these fatty acid-enrichment protocols for understanding the structure and reactivity of a variety of functional (nano)materials systems using high resolution analyses like 17O NMR.
Published: 2020

35. RNA-seq accuracy and reproducibility for the mapping and quantification of influenza defective viral genomes

Author: Boussier, Jeremy, Munier, Sandie, Achouri, Emna, Meyer, Bjoern, Crescenzo-Chaigne, Bernadette, Behillil, Sylvie, Enouf, Vincent, Vignuzzi, Marco, van Der Werf, Sylvie, Naffakh, Nadia, Immunobiologie des Cellules dendritiques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], École Doctorale Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité [Paris] (ED BioSPC), Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université de Paris (UP), Populations virales et Pathogenèse - Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HUB, Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Pasteur International Bioresources network (PIBNet), Plateforme de Microbiologie Mutualisée (PIBnet) - Mutualized Platform for Microbiology (P2M), This work was supported by the LabEx IBEID (grant 10-LABX-0062) to Sylvie van der Werf and the ANR (grant ANR-18-CE11-0028) to Nadia Naffakh. This work was funded inpart by the DARPA INTERCEPT program managed by Dr. JimGimlett, Dr. Brad Ringiesen, and Dr. Seth Cohen and administered through DARPA Cooperative Agreement #HR0011-17-2-0023 to Marco Vignuzzi (the content of the information does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the U.S. government, and no official endorsement should be inferred). J.B. was supported by a grant from the Ecole normale supérieure and by the école doctorale Frontières du vivant—programme Bettencourt, ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-18-CE11-0028,FluTranscript,Mécanisme moléculaire de transcription par la polymérase du virus de la grippe(2018), Naffakh, Nadia, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, APPEL À PROJETS GÉNÉRIQUE 2018 - Mécanisme moléculaire de transcription par la polymérase du virus de la grippe - - FluTranscript2018 - ANR-18-CE11-0028 - AAPG2018 - VALID, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), École Doctorale Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité [Paris] (ED562 - BioSPC), Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), and Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR - laboratoire coordonnateur)
Subjects: [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, transcription-defective mutants, Defective Viruses, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Genome, Viral, [SDV.BBM.BM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Orthomyxoviridae, Virus Replication, Article, amplification bias, Influenza, Human, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, defective viral genomes, Humans, RNA, Viral, RNA-seq, influenza
Abstract: L'article est placé en CC-BY, 1 an après la publication du numéro; International audience; Like most RNA viruses, influenza viruses generate defective viral genomes (DVGs) with large internal deletions during replication. There is accumulating evidence supporting a biological relevance of such DVGs. However, further understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the production and biological activity of DVGs is conditioned upon the sensitivity and accuracy of detection methods, that is, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and related bioinformatics algorithms. Although many algorithms were developed, their sensitivity and reproducibility were mostly assessed on simulated data. Here, we introduce DG-seq, a time-efficient pipeline for DVG detection and quantification, and a set of biological controls to assess the performance of not only our bioinformatics algorithm but also the upstream NGS steps. Using these tools, we provide the first rigorous comparison of the two commonly used sample processing methods for RNA-seq, with or without a PCR preamplification step. Our data show that preamplification confers a limited advantage in terms of sensitivity and introduces size- but also sequence-dependent biases in DVG quantification, thereby providing a strong rationale to favor preamplification-free methods. We further examine the features of DVGs produced by wild-type and transcription-defective (PA-K635A or PA-R638A) influenza viruses, and show an increased diversity and frequency of DVGs produced by the PA mutants compared to the wild-type virus. Finally, we demonstrate a significant enrichment in DVGs showing direct, A/T-rich sequence repeats at the deletion breakpoint sites. Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of influenza virus DVG production.
Published: 2020

36. Genetic evidence for the origin of Aedes aegypti , the yellow fever mosquito, in the southwestern Indian Ocean

Author: Vincent Robert, John Soghigian, Anna-Bella Failloux, Andrea Gloria-Soria, Jeffrey R. Powell, Gilbert Le Goff, Yale University [New Haven], North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Partenaires INRAE, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), The funding for the SNP chip used in this study came from NIH award RO1 AI101112. JS was partially funded on NSF DEB #1754376 and AG‐S by the Grant or Cooperative Agreement Number U01CK000509, funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention., and Institut Pasteur [Paris]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Systematics, Species complex, Asia, education, Zoology, Introgression, Mosquito Vectors, Aedes aegypti, Biology, Subspecies, Population and Conservation Genetics, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, invasive species, 03 medical and health sciences, Aedes, Yellow Fever, Madagascar, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Humans, insects, Clade, systematics, Indian Ocean, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, population genetics—empirical, Yellow fever, fungi, virus diseases, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, population genetics-empirical, 030104 developmental biology, Vector (epidemiology), Africa, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Original Article, ORIGINAL ARTICLES, Reunion
Abstract: Aedes aegypti is among the best‐studied mosquitoes due to its critical role as a vector of human pathogens and ease of laboratory rearing. Until now, this species was thought to have originated in continental Africa, and subsequently colonized much of the world following the establishment of global trade routes. However, populations of this mosquito on the islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO), where the species occurs with its nearest relatives referred to as the Aegypti Group, have received little study. We re‐evaluated the evolutionary history of Ae. aegypti and these relatives, using three data sets: nucleotide sequence data, 18,489 SNPs and 12 microsatellites. We found that: (a) the Aegypti Group diverged 16 MYA (95% HPD: 7–28 MYA) from its nearest African/Asian ancestor; (b) SWIO populations of Ae. aegypti are basal to continental African populations; (c) after diverging 7 MYA (95% HPD: 4–15 MYA) from its nearest formally described relative (Ae. mascarensis), Ae. aegypti moved to continental Africa less than 85,000 years ago, where it recently (
Published: 2020

37. Analogue switches made from boron nitride monolayers for application in 5G and terahertz communication systems

Author: Deji Akinwande, Jack C. Lee, Guillaume Ducournau, Xiaohan Wu, Henri Happy, Ruijing Ge, Emiliano Pallecchi, Myungsoo Kim, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Carbon-IEMN (CARBON-IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQ THz - IEMN), The characterization part of this work was partly supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the phase of the Graphene Flagship GrapheneCore2 785219, by an ANR TERASONIC grant (17-CE24) and by the CPER Photonics for Society, the Hauts-de-France regional council and the TERIL-WAVES project (I-Site ULNE and MEL)., This work was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research grant N00014-20-1-2104, the National Science Foundation (NSF) grant no. 1809017 and Engineering Research Center Cooperative Agreement no. EEC-1160494. D.A. acknowledges the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) through the Army Research Office Award no. W911NF-16-1-0277. The fabrication was partly done at the Texas Nanofabrication Facility supported by NSF grant NNCI-1542159., PCMP CHOP, Renatech Network, ANR-17-CE24-0044,TERASONIC,Transmissions TERAhertz combinant électronique état SOlide et photoNIQue(2017), European Project: 785219,H2020,GrapheneCore2(2018), Carbon - IEMN (CARBON - IEMN), and Photonique THz - IEMN (PHOTONIQUE THz - IEMN)
Subjects: Materials science, Band gap, Terahertz radiation, 02 engineering and technology, Dielectric, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], law, Insertion loss, Figure of merit, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Instrumentation, business.industry, Transistor, Heterojunction, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Boron nitride, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has a large bandgap, high phonon energies and an atomically smooth surface absent of dangling bonds. As a result, it has been widely used as a dielectric to investigate electron physics in two-dimensional heterostructures and as a dielectric in the fabrication of two-dimensional transistors and optoelectronic devices. Here we show that hBN can be used to create analogue switches for applications in communication systems across radio, 5G and terahertz frequencies. Our approach relies on the non-volatile resistive switching capabilities of atomically thin hBN. The switches are composed of monolayer hBN sandwiched between two gold electrodes and exhibit a cutoff-frequency figure of merit of around 129 THz with a low insertion loss (≤0.5 dB) and high isolation (≥10 dB) from 0.1 to 200 GHz, as well as a high power handling (around 20 dBm) and nanosecond switching speeds, metrics that are superior to those of existing solid-state switches. Furthermore, the switches are 50 times more efficient than other non-volatile switches in terms of a d.c. energy-consumption metric, which is an important consideration for ubiquitous mobile systems. We also illustrate the potential of the hBN switches in a communication system with an 8.5 Gbit s–1 data transmission rate at 100 GHz with a low bit error rate under 10−10. Resistive switching in atomically thin sheets of hexagonal boron nitride can be used to create analogue switches for applications in communication systems across radio, 5G and terahertz frequencies.
Published: 2020

38. Long-Term Effects of Copper Nanopesticides on Soil and Sediment Community Diversity in Two Outdoor Mesocosm Experiments

Author: Renuka Panchagavi, Claudia K. Gunsch, Marie Simonin, Alexander W. McCumber, Xin Song, Christina M. Bergemann, Sade Davenport, Lauren N. Carley, Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA, Duke University [Durham], Computer Science (North Carolina State University), North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), Université d'Angers (UA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), National Science Foundation (NSF) : EF-0830093, DBI-1266252, DGE 1545220, and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under NSF Cooperative Agreement : EF-0830093, DBI-1266252.
Subjects: business.industry, Eukaryota, Sediment, Biodiversity, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, 010501 environmental sciences, Pesticide, 01 natural sciences, Mesocosm, Term (time), Soil, Human health, Community diversity, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Environmental protection, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, business, Copper, Ecosystem, Soil Microbiology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The use of novel pesticides containing nanomaterials (nanopesticides) is growing and is considered a promising approach to reduce the impacts of agriculture on the environment and human health. However, the environmental effects of these novel agrochemicals are not fully characterized, and more research is needed to determine the benefits and risks they confer. Here, we assessed the impacts of repeated exposures to a Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide on the soil and sediment biodiversity of target (terrestrial) and nontarget (wetland) ecosystems by performing long-term outdoor mesocosm experiments. As pesticides are often used concomitantly with other agrochemicals, we also tested for interactive effects between nanopesticide exposure and fertilization treatments in both ecosystems. We used high-throughput sequencing on three marker genes to characterize effects on bacterial, fungal, and total eukaryotic community structure and diversity. Interestingly, we found limited effects of nanopesticide exposure on the terrestrial soil communities. Conversely, we found significant shifts in the sediment communities of the wetland mesocosms, especially for eukaryotes (protists, fungi, and algae). In the absence of fertilization, fungal and total eukaryotic community compositions exposed to nanopesticides for long periods of time were distinct from unexposed communities. We identified 60 taxa that were significantly affected by nanopesticide exposure, most of which were microeukaryotes affiliated to cercozoans, Gastrotricha, or unicellular algal taxa. Our study suggests that this nanopesticide has limited effects on the soil biodiversity of a target terrestrial agroecosystem, while nontarget aquatic communities are more sensitive, particularly among protists which are not targeted by this bactericide/fungicide.
Published: 2020

39. Minimal transmission in an influenza A (H3N2) human challenge-transmission model within a controlled exposure environment

Author: Nguyen-Van-Tam, Jonathan S., Killingley, Ben, Enstone, Joanne, Hewitt, Michael, Pantelic, Jovan, Grantham, Michael L., Bueno de Mesquita, P. Jacob, Lambkin-Williams, Robert, Gilbert, Anthony, Mann, Alexander, Forni, John, Noakes, Catherine J., Levine, Min Z., Berman, LaShondra, Lindstrom, Stephen, Cauchemez, Simon, Bischoff, Werner, Tellier, Raymond, Milton, Donald K., for the EMIT Consortium, Palese, Peter, University of Nottingham, UK (UON), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, hVIVO [London], University of Leeds, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Imperial College London, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wake Forest School of Medicine [Winston-Salem], Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], This work was supported by U.S. CDC, Cooperative Agreement: Grant Number 1U01P000497-01. This work was also supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS)., and EMIT Consortium Team Members : Walt Adamson, Blanca Beato-Arribas, Werner Bischoff, William Booth, Simon Cauchemez, Sheryl Ehrman, Joanne Enstone, Neil Ferguson, John Forni, Anthony Gilbert, Michael Grantham, Lisa Grohskopf, Andrew Hayward, Michael Hewitt, Ashley Kang, Ben Killingley, Robert Lambkin-Williams, Alex Mann, Donald Milton, Jonathan Nguyen-Van-Tam, Catherine Noakes, John Oxford, Massimo Palmarini, Jovan Pantelic, and Jennifer Wang. The Scientific Advisory Board members were: Allan Bennett, Ben Cowling, Arnold Monto, and Raymond Tellier.
Subjects: Male, RNA viruses, Face shield, Viral Diseases, Influenza Viruses, Atmospheric Science, business.product_category, Pulmonology, Fevers, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, medicine.disease_cause, Serology, law.invention, MESH: Aerosols, Medical Conditions, Randomized controlled trial, [MATH.MATH-ST]Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST], law, Pandemic, Influenza A Virus, Medicine and Health Sciences, Influenza A virus, Medicine, Infection control, Transmission risks and rates, Biology (General), Materials, Volunteer, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Influenza, Human, 030302 biochemistry & molecular biology, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Transmission (mechanics), Medical Microbiology, Viral Pathogens, H3N2 Subtype, Physical Sciences, Viruses, Pneumonia & Influenza, Female, Pathogens, Infection, Human, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, QH301-705.5, EMIT Consortium, Materials Science, Immunology, Environment controlled, MESH: Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype, Microbiology, Respiratory Disorders, 03 medical and health sciences, Meteorology, Signs and Symptoms, Clinical Research, Large droplet, Internal medicine, Virology, Influenza, Human, Genetics, Humans, Microbial Pathogens, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, Aerosols, SARS, MESH: Humans, Biology and life sciences, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Prevention, Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype, Organisms, Humidity, Influenza a, RC581-607, MESH: Male, Influenza, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mixtures, Respiratory Infections, Earth Sciences, Parasitology, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, Clinical Medicine, business, MESH: Female, Orthomyxoviruses
Abstract: Uncertainty about the importance of influenza transmission by airborne droplet nuclei generates controversy for infection control. Human challenge-transmission studies have been supported as the most promising approach to fill this knowledge gap. Healthy, seronegative volunteer ‘Donors’ (n = 52) were randomly selected for intranasal challenge with influenza A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2). ‘Recipients’ randomized to Intervention (IR, n = 40) or Control (CR, n = 35) groups were exposed to Donors for four days. IRs wore face shields and hand sanitized frequently to limit large droplet and contact transmission. One transmitted infection was confirmed by serology in a CR, yielding a secondary attack rate of 2.9% among CR, 0% in IR (p = 0.47 for group difference), and 1.3% overall, significantly less than 16% (p, Author summary Understanding the relative importance of influenza modes of transmission informs strategic use of preventive measures to reduce influenza risk in high-risk settings such as hospitals and is important for pandemic preparedness. Given the increasing evidence from epidemiological modelling, exhaled viral aerosol, and aerobiological survival studies supporting a role for airborne transmission and the potential benefit of respirators (and other precautions designed to prevent inhalation of aerosols) versus surgical masks (mainly effective for reducing exposure to large droplets) to protect healthcare workers, more studies are needed to evaluate the extent of risk posed airborne versus contact and large droplet spray transmission modes. New human challenge-transmission studies should be carefully designed to overcome limitations encountered in the current study. The low secondary attack rate reported herein also suggests that the current challenge-transmission model may no longer be a more promising approach to resolving questions about transmission modes than community-based studies employing environmental monitoring and newer, state-of-the-art deep sequencing-based molecular epidemiological methods.
Published: 2020

40. The effect of exposure to long working hours on depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury

Author: Martijn Schouteden, Lode Godderis, Yves Roquelaure, Johannes Siegrist, Fernando Pico, Diana Gagliardi, Bradley A. Evanoff, Akizumi Tsutsumi, Alexis Descatha, Reiner Rugulies, Seong-Kyu Kang, John Pell, Matteo Ronchetti, Linda L. Magnusson Hanson, Grace Sembajwe, Yuka Ujita, Anna Ozguler, Frank Pega, Fabio Boccuni, Daniela Vianna Pachito, Sergio Iavicoli, Beon Joon Kim, Cristina Di Tecco, Alessandro Marinaccio, Clément Duret, Jian Li, Michael Baer, National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Istituto Nazionale per l’Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro [Italian Workers Compensation Authority] (INAIL), National Cancer Center Research Institute [Tokyo], Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Vieillissement et Maladies chroniques : approches épidémiologique et de santé publique (VIMA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cohortes épidémiologiques en population (CONSTANCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université de Paris (UP), University of Dusseldorf, University of Alberta, University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] (UEOH), Kitasato University, Fudan University [Shanghai], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Keimyung University, University of California, City University of New York [New York] (CUNY), Kanagawa University, International Labour Organization (ILO), University of Ottawa [Ottawa], University of South Australia [Adelaide], Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), All authors are salaried staff members of their respective institutions. The publication was prepared with financial support to the World Health Organization from its cooperative agreement with the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the United States of America (Grant 1E11 OH0010676-02, Grant 6NE11OH010461-02-01, and Grant 5NE11OH010461-03-00), the German Federal Ministry of Health (BMG Germany) under the BMG-WHO Collaboration Programme 2020-2023 (WHO specified award ref. 70672), and the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation (AECID) (WHO specified award ref. 71208)., Jonchère, Laurent, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Rugulies, Reiner, Sørensen, Kathrine, Di Tecco, Cristina, Bonafede, Michela, Zadow, Amy, and Pega, Frank
Subjects: PROTOCOL, [SDE] Environmental Sciences, STRESS, EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], law.invention, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, systematic review, Cost of Illness, law, GE1-350, 030212 general & internal medicine, Stroke, General Environmental Science, global burden of disease, Depression, ASSOCIATION, 030210 environmental & occupational health, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Global burden of disease, Occupational Diseases, Meta-analysis, depression, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, EMPLOYEES, Female, HEALTH, FAMILY CONFLICT, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Cohort study, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, World Health Organization, Work related, 03 medical and health sciences, RISK-FACTOR, long working hours, Internal medicine, Occupational Exposure, MENTAL-DISORDERS, medicine, Humans, Risk factor, Science & Technology, Occupational health, MAJOR DEPRESSION, Odds ratio, medicine.disease, meta-analysis, Environmental sciences, Long working hours, Relative risk, occupational health, Systematic review, Environmental Sciences
Abstract: BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) are developing joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury (WHO/ILO Joint Estimates), with contributions from a large network of individual experts. Evidence from mechanistic data and prior studies suggests that exposure to long working hours may cause stroke. In this paper, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of parameters for estimating the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years from stroke that are attributable to exposure to long working hours, for the development of the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates.ObjectivesWe aimed to systematically review and meta-analyse estimates of the effect of exposure to long working hours (three categories: 41–48, 49–54 and ≥55 h/week), compared with exposure to standard working hours (35–40 h/week), on stroke (three outcomes: prevalence, incidence, and mortality).Data sourcesA protocol was developed and published, applying the Navigation Guide to systematic reviews as an organizing framework where feasible. We searched electronic databases for potentially relevant records from published and unpublished studies, including Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, CISDOC, PsycINFO, and WHO ICTRP. We also searched grey literature databases, Internet search engines, and organizational websites; hand-searched reference lists of previous systematic reviews; and consulted additional experts.Study eligibility and criteriaWe included working-age (≥15 years) individuals in the formal and informal economy in any WHO and/or ILO Member State but excluded children (aged < 15 years) and unpaid domestic workers. We included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and other non-randomized intervention studies with an estimate of the effect of exposure to long working hours (41–48, 49–54 and ≥55 h/week), compared with exposure to standard working hours (35–40 h/week), on stroke (prevalence, incidence or mortality).Study appraisal and synthesis methodsAt least two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts against the eligibility criteria at a first review stage and full texts of potentially eligible records at a second stage, followed by extraction of data from qualifying studies. Missing data were requested from principal study authors. We combined relative risks using random-effects meta-analysis. Two or more review authors assessed the risk of bias, quality of evidence and strength of evidence, using the Navigation Guide and GRADE tools and approaches adapted to this project.ResultsTwenty-two studies (20 cohort studies, 2 case-control studies) met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 839,680 participants (364,616 females) in eight countries from three WHO regions (Americas, Europe, and Western Pacific). The exposure was measured using self-reports in all studies, and the outcome was assessed with administrative health records (13 studies), self-reported physician diagnosis (7 studies), direct diagnosis by a physician (1 study) or during a medical interview (1 study). The outcome was defined as an incident non-fatal stroke event in nine studies (7 cohort studies, 2 case-control studies), incident fatal stroke event in one cohort study and incident non-fatal or fatal (“mixed”) event in 12 studies (all cohort studies). Cohort studies were judged to have a relatively low risk of bias; therefore, we prioritized evidence from these studies, but synthesised evidence from case-control studies as supporting evidence. For the bodies of evidence for both outcomes with any eligible studies (i.e. stroke incidence and mortality), we did not have serious concerns for risk of bias (at least for the cohort studies).Eligible studies were found on the effects of long working hours on stroke incidence and mortality, but not prevalence. Compared with working 35–40 h/week, we were uncertain about the effect on incidence of stroke due to working 41–48 h/week (relative risk (RR) 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94–1.14, 18 studies, 277,202 participants, I2 0%, low quality of evidence). There may have been an increased risk for acquiring stroke when working 49–54 h/week compared with 35–40 h/week (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.00–1.28, 17 studies, 275,181participants, I2 0%, p 0.04, moderate quality of evidence). Compared with working 35–40 h/week, working ≥55 h/week may have led to a moderate, clinically meaningful increase in the risk of acquiring stroke, when followed up between one year and 20 years (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.61, 7 studies, 162,644 participants, I2 3%, moderate quality of evidence).Compared with working 35–40 h/week, we were very uncertain about the effect on dying (mortality) of stroke due to working 41–48 h/week (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.91–1.12, 12 studies, 265,937 participants, I2 0%, low quality of evidence), 49–54 h/week (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.99–1.29, 11 studies, 256,129 participants, I2 0%, low quality of evidence) and 55 h/week (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.89–1.31, 10 studies, 664,647 participants, I2 20%, low quality of evidence).Subgroup analyses found no evidence for differences by WHO region, age, sex, socioeconomic status and type of stroke. Sensitivity analyses found no differences by outcome definition (exclusively non-fatal or fatal versus “mixed”) except for the comparison working ≥55 h/week versus 35–40 h/week for stroke incidence (p for subgroup differences: 0.05), risk of bias (“high”/“probably high” ratings in any domain versus “low”/“probably low” in all domains), effect estimate measures (risk versus hazard versus odds ratios) and comparator (exact versus approximate definition).ConclusionsWe judged the existing bodies of evidence for human evidence as “inadequate evidence for harmfulness” for all exposure categories for stroke prevalence and mortality and for exposure to 41–48 h/week for stroke incidence. Evidence on exposure to 48–54 h/week and ≥55 h/week was judged as “limited evidence for harmfulness” and “sufficient evidence for harmfulness” for stroke incidence, respectively. Producing estimates for the burden of stroke attributable to exposures to working 48–54 and ≥55 h/week appears evidence-based, and the pooled effect estimates presented in this systematic review could be used as input data for the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates.
Published: 2020

41. Differential Small RNA Responses against Co-Infecting Insect-Specific Viruses in Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes

Author: Yasutsugu Suzuki, Lionel Frangeul, Maria-Carla Saleh, Hervé Blanc, Virus et Interférence ARN - Viruses and RNA Interference, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This research was funded by the European Research Council (FP7/2013-2019 ERC CoG 615220) and the French Government’s Investissement d’Avenir program, Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) and the DARPA PREEMPT program Cooperative Agreement D18AC00030 to M.C.S. The content of the information does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the U.S. government, and no official endorsement should be inferred. Y.S. was a fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research Abroad., We thank all members of the Saleh lab for discussion and Susan Carpenter, Louis Lambrechts and Jared Nigg for critical reading and editing of the manuscript, Louis Lambrechts for providing mosquito colonies, Annabelle Henrion-Lacritick and Catherine Lallemand for assistance with mosquito rearing, Haruhiko Isawa for providing the AEFV/MERV/SHTV stock and mosquito colonies., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), European Project: ERC CoG 615220,H2020-EU.1.1. - EXCELLENT SCIENCE - European Research Council (ERC),MoDeLLiver(2020), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Small RNA, Small interfering RNA, viruses, lcsh:QR1-502, lcsh:Microbiology, 0302 clinical medicine, RNA interference, Aedes, MESH: Animals, 0303 health sciences, biology, Coinfection, MESH: Aedes, Aedes albopictus, MESH: RNA, Small Untranslated, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Host-Pathogen Interactions, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: Mosquito Vectors, MESH: Computational Biology, sex difference, 030231 tropical medicine, Piwi-interacting RNA, Insect Viruses, insect-specific viruses, Mosquito Vectors, Arbovirus, Virus, Article, Cell Line, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Gene Expression Profiling, co-infection, Virology, [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], medicine, Animals, Gene, 030304 developmental biology, reproductive tissues, 030306 microbiology, Gene Expression Profiling, MESH: Transcriptome, MESH: Host-Pathogen Interactions, Computational Biology, MESH: Insect Viruses, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, small interfering RNA, PIWI-interacting RNA, MESH: Cell Line, MESH: Coinfection, 030104 developmental biology, RNA, Small Untranslated, [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], Transcriptome
Abstract: The mosquito antiviral response has been mainly studied in the case of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infection in female mosquitoes. However, in nature, both female and male mosquitoes are abundantly infected with insect-specific viruses (ISVs). ISVs are capable of infecting the reproductive organs of both sexes and are maintained primarily by vertical transmission. Since the RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated antiviral response plays an important antiviral role in mosquitoes, ISVs constitute a relevant model to study sex-dependent antiviral responses. Using a naturally generated viral stock containing three distinct ISVs, Aedes flavivirus (AEFV), Menghai Rhabdovirus (MERV) and Shinobi tetra virus (SHTV), we infected adult Aedes albopictus females and males and generated small RNA libraries from ovaries, testes, and the remainder of the body. Overall, both female and male mosquitoes showed unique small RNA profiles to each co-infecting ISV regardless the sex or tissue tested. While all three ISVs generated virus-derived siRNAs, only MERV generated virus-derived piRNAs. We also studied the expression of PIWI genes in reproductive tissues and carcasses. Piwi1-4 were abundantly expressed in ovaries and testes in contrast to Piwi5-9, suggesting that Piwi 5-9 are involved in exogenous viral piRNA production. Together, our results show that ISV-infected Aedes albopictus produce viral small RNAs in a virus-specific manner and that male mosquitoes mount a similar small RNA-mediated antiviral response to that of females.
Published: 2020

42. A soft-chemistry approach to the synthesis of amorphous calcium ortho/pyrophosphate biomaterials of tunable composition

Author: Christian Rey, Christian Bonhomme, Danielle Laurencin, Julien Trébosc, Mark E. Smith, Guillaume Laurent, Laëtitia Mayen, Olivier Marsan, Christèle Combes, Kuizhi Chen, Zhehong Gan, Jérémy Soulié, C. Coelho, Christel Gervais, Nicholai Daugaard Jensen, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche et d'ingenierie des matériaux (CIRIMAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Spectroscopie, Modélisation, Interfaces pour L'Environnement et la Santé (LCMCP-SMiLES), Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Chemistry [Lancaster], Lancaster University, Institut des matériaux de Paris-Centre (IMPC), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris - Chimie ParisTech-PSL (ENSCP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide - UMR 8181 (UCCS), Centrale Lille Institut (CLIL)-Université d'Artois (UA)-Centrale Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), EPSRC and BBSRC (contract reference PR140003), Birmingham Science City Advanced Materials Project 1 and 2, supported by Advantage West Midlands (AWM) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), National Science Foundation Cooperative Agreement No. DMR-1157490 & DMR-1644779, and the State of Florida, French Région Ile de France - SESAME, ANR-16-CE19-0013,PyVerres,Développement de nouveaux verres à base de pyrophosphates élaborés par chimie douce pour des applications en régénération osseuse(2016), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Collège de France (FRANCE), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier - ENSCM (FRANCE), Florida State University - FSU (USA), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Sorbonne Université (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Ecole Centrale de Lille (FRANCE), Lancaster University (UNITED KINGDOM), Université d'Artois (FRANCE), Université de Lille (FRANCE), Université de Montpellier (FRANCE), Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide - UCCS (Villeneuve d'Ascq, France), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Artois (UA)-Centrale Lille-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Sodium, Matériaux, 0206 medical engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Ionic bonding, chemistry.chemical_element, Biocompatible Materials, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, Calcium Pyrophosphate, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Biochemistry, Pyrophosphate, Article, Soft chemistry, Biomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Amorphous materials, X-Ray Diffraction, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, Molecular Biology, Temperature, Phosphorus, General Medicine, Chemistry, Inorganic, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Phosphate, 020601 biomedical engineering, Amorphous solid, Characterization (materials science), Chemical engineering, chemistry, Thermogravimetry, Mixed calcium ortho/pyrophosphate, 0210 nano-technology, Biotechnology
Abstract: The development of amorphous phosphate-based materials is of major interest in the field of biomaterials science, and especially for bone substitution applications. In this context, we herein report the synthesis of gel-derived hydrated amorphous calcium/sodium ortho/pyrophosphate materials at ambient temperature and in water. For the first time, such materials have been obtained in a large range of tunable orthophosphate/pyrophosphate molar ratios. Multi-scale characterization was carried out thanks to various techniques, including advanced multinuclear solid state NMR. It allowed the quantification of each ionic/molecular species leading to a general formula for these materials: [(Ca2+y Na+z H+3+x-2y-z)(PO43−)1-x(P2O74−)x](H2O)u. Beyond this formula, the analyses suggest that these amorphous solids are formed by the aggregation of colloids and that surface water and sodium could play a role in the cohesion of the whole material. Although the full comprehension of mechanisms of formation and structure is still to be investigated in detail, the straightforward synthesis of these new amorphous materials opens up many perspectives in the field of materials for bone substitution and regeneration. Statement of significance The metastability of amorphous phosphate-based materials with various chain length often improves their (bio)chemical reactivity. However, the control of the ratio of the different phosphate entities has not been yet described especially for small ions (pyrophosphate/orthophosphate) and using soft chemistry, whereas it opens the way for the tuning of enzyme- and/or pH-driven degradation and biological properties. Our study focuses on elaboration of amorphous gel-derived hydrated calcium/sodium ortho/pyrophosphate solids at 70 °C with a large range of orthophosphate/pyrophosphate ratios. Multi-scale characterization was carried out using various techniques such as advanced multinuclear SSNMR (31P, 23Na, 1H, 43Ca). Analyses suggest that these solids are formed by colloids aggregation and that the location of mobile water and sodium could play a role in the material cohesion.
Published: 2020

43. Projecting Antarctica's contribution to future sea level rise from basal ice shelf melt using linear response functions of 16 ice sheet models (LARMIP-2)

Author: A. Levermann, R. Winkelmann, T. Albrecht, H. Goelzer, N. R. Golledge, R. Greve, P. Huybrechts, J. Jordan, G. Leguy, D. Martin, M. Morlighem, F. Pattyn, D. Pollard, A. Quiquet, C. Rodehacke, H. Seroussi, J. Sutter, T. Zhang, J. Van Breedam, R. Calov, R. DeConto, C. Dumas, J. Garbe, G. H. Gudmundsson, M. J. Hoffman, A. Humbert, T. Kleiner, W. H. Lipscomb, M. Meinshausen, E. Ng, S. M. J. Nowicki, M. Perego, S. F. Price, F. Saito, N.-J. Schlegel, S. Sun, R. S. W. van de Wal, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, Proceskunde, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), 01LP1511B National Science Foundation, NSF: 1739031, 1852977 U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE: DE-AC02-05CH11231 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR Office of Science, SC Biological and Environmental Research, BER National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, NERSC Natural Environment Research Council, NERC: NE/R000824/1 European Research Council, ERC: 610055, ICE2ICE Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG: LE1448/6-1, LE1448/7-1 Leibniz-Gemeinschaft Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN: JP16H02224, JP17H06104, JP17H06323 Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, OCW: 024.002.001 Seventh Framework Programme, FP7 Netherlands Earth System Science Centre, NESSC, Ralf Greve was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) under KAKENHI grant nos. JP16H02224, JP17H06104, and JP17H06323., The material provided for the CISM model is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation under cooperative agreement no. 1852977. Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://www2.cisl.ucar.edu/resources/ computational-systems/cheyenne, last access: 6 January 2020), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR., Torsten Albrecht was supported by the Deutsche Forschungs-gemeinschaft (DFG) in the framework of the priority programme 'Antarctic Research with comparative investigations in Arctic ice areas' by grants LE1448/6-1 and LE1448/7-1. Julius Garbe acknowledges funding from the Leibniz Association (project DominoES)., Malte Meinshausen received funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF grant no. 1739031) through the PROPHET project, a component of the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration (ITGC)., Christian Rodehacke has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013)/ERC grant agreement 610055 as part of the Ice2Ice project., Financial support. This research has been supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (grant no. DE-AC02-05CH11231), the European Research Council (ICE2ICE (grant no. 610055)), the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (grant no. 024.002.001), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grant nos. JP16H02224, JP17H06104, and JP17H06323), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) FONA (grant no. 01LP1511B), the German Research Foundation (grant nos. LE1448/6-1 and LE1448/7-1), and the National Science Foundation (grant no. 1852977)., A portion of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. He-lene Seroussi and Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel were supported by grants from the NASA Cryospheric Science, Sea Level Change Team, and Modeling Analysis and Prediction programmes., Jonas Van Breedam and Philippe Huybrechts acknowledge support from the iceMOD project funded by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen)., Heiko Goelzer has received funding from the programme of the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC), financially supported by the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW) under grant no. 024.002.001., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Earth System Sciences, Geography, and Physical Geography
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Dynamic and structural geology, Ice stream, Effects of global warming on oceans, Antarctic ice sheet, Earth and Planetary Sciences(all), F800, Oceanography, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Ice shelf, Atmospheric Sciences, lcsh:QE500-639.5, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Global warming, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Future sea level, Glaciologie, Climate Action, lcsh:Geology, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, lcsh:Q, Ice sheet, Geology, Sciences exactes et naturelles
Abstract: The sea level contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet constitutes a large uncertainty in future sea level projections. Here we apply a linear response theory approach to 16 state-of-the-art ice sheet models to estimate the Antarctic ice sheet contribution from basal ice shelf melting within the 21st century. The purpose of this computation is to estimate the uncertainty of Antarctica's future contribution to global sea level rise that arises from large uncertainty in the oceanic forcing and the associated ice shelf melting. Ice shelf melting is considered to be a major if not the largest perturbation of the ice sheet's flow into the ocean. However, by computing only the sea level contribution in response to ice shelf melting, our study is neglecting a number of processes such as surface-mass-balance-related contributions. In assuming linear response theory, we are able to capture complex temporal responses of the ice sheets, but we neglect any self-dampening or self-amplifying processes. This is particularly relevant in situations in which an instability is dominating the ice loss. The results obtained here are thus relevant, in particular wherever the ice loss is dominated by the forcing as opposed to an internal instability, for example in strong ocean warming scenarios. In order to allow for comparison the methodology was chosen to be exactly the same as in an earlier study (Levermann et al. 2014) but with 16 instead of 5 ice sheet models. We include uncertainty in the atmospheric warming response to carbon emissions (full range of CMIP5 climate model sensitivities), uncertainty in the oceanic transport to the Southern Ocean (obtained from the time-delayed and scaled oceanic subsurface warming in CMIP5 models in relation to the global mean surface warming), and the observed range of responses of basal ice shelf melting to oceanic warming outside the ice shelf cavity. This uncertainty in basal ice shelf melting is then convoluted with the linear response functions of each of the 16 ice sheet models to obtain the ice flow response to the individual global warming path. The model median for the observational period from 1992 to 2017 of the ice loss due to basal ice shelf melting is 10.2 mm, with a likely range between 5.2 and 21.3 mm. For the same period the Antarctic ice sheet lost mass equivalent to 7.4mm of global sea level rise, with a standard deviation of 3.7mm (Shepherd et al. 2018) including all processes, especially surface-mass-balance changes. For the unabated warming path, Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5), we obtain a median contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet to global mean sea level rise from basal ice shelf melting within the 21st century of 17 cm, with a likely range (66th percentile around the mean) between 9 and 36 cm and a very likely range (90th percentile around the mean) between 6 and 58 cm. For the RCP2.6 warming path, which will keep the global mean temperature below 2 °C of global warming and is thus consistent with the Paris Climate Agreement, the procedure yields a median of 13 cm of global mean sea level contribution. The likely range for the RCP2.6 scenario is between 7 and 24 cm, and the very likely range is between 4 and 37 cm. The structural uncertainties in the method do not allow for an interpretation of any higher uncertainty percentiles.We provide projections for the five Antarctic regions and for each model and each scenario separately. The rate of sea level contribution is highest under the RCP8.5 scenario. The maximum within the 21st century of the median value is 4 cm per decade, with a likely range between 2 and 9 cm per decade and a very likely range between 1 and 14 cm per decade., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2020

44. Experimental protocol for sea level projections from ISMIP6 stand-alone ice sheet models

Author: S. Nowicki, H. Goelzer, H. Seroussi, A. J. Payne, W. H. Lipscomb, A. Abe-Ouchi, C. Agosta, P. Alexander, X. S. Asay-Davis, A. Barthel, T. J. Bracegirdle, R. Cullather, D. Felikson, X. Fettweis, J. M. Gregory, T. Hattermann, N. C. Jourdain, P. Kuipers Munneke, E. Larour, C. M. Little, M. Morlighem, I. Nias, A. Shepherd, E. Simon, D. Slater, R. S. Smith, F. Straneo, L. D. Trusel, M. R. van den Broeke, R. van de Wal, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Proceskunde, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Laboratoire de Glaciologie [Bruxelles], Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), University of Bristol [Bristol], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), National Science Foundation, NSF: 1852977 U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE Norges ForskningsrÃ¥d: 295075, 280727 Office of Science, SC 1643733 National Centre for Atmospheric Science, NCAS National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Netherlands Earth System Science Centre, NESSC Natural Environment Research Council, NERC National Science Foundation, NSF: 1916566, Financial support. Sophie Nowicki, Helene Seroussi, Richard Cul-lather, Eric Larour, Isabel Nias, and Erika Simon were supported by grants from the NASA Cryospheric Sciences, Sea Level Change Team and Modeling, Analysis and Predictions Program. Denis Fe-likson was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by the Universities Space Research Association under contract with NASA. Heiko Goelzer, Peter Kuipers Munneke, Roderik van de Wal, and Michiel van den Broeke acknowledge support from the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC). Support for Xylar Asay-Davis was provided through the Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) program funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Advanced Scientific Computing Research and Biological and Environmental Research programs. Tore Hattermann was supported by the Norwegian Research Council (grant nos. 280727, 295075). Fiamma Stra-neo and Donald Slater acknowledge support from NSF (grant no. 1916566) and NASA (grant no. NNX17AI03G). Thomas Bracegir-dle was supported both by the UK Natural Environment Research Council through the British Antarctic Survey research program Polar Science for Planet Earth and by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) AntClim21 research program. Jonathan Gregory and Robin S. Smith were supported by the National Centre for Atmospheric Science, funded by the UK National Environment Research Council. Alice Barthel was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Early Career Program and Biological and Environmental Research Program (Hi-LAT project). Luke Trusel was supported under the NSF Antarctic Glaciology Program (award no. 1643733). This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation under a cooperative agreement (grant no. 1852977)., University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews. Environmental Change Research Group, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Antarctic ice sheet, Context (language use), Forcing (mathematics), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Physics: 430, Phase (matter), SDG 13 - Climate Action, 14. Life underwater, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, lcsh:Environmental sciences, Sea level, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Earth-Surface Processes, lcsh:GE1-350, geography, Coupled model intercomparison project, geography.geographical_feature_category, GE, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Fysikk: 430, lcsh:QE1-996.5, DAS, Glaciologie, lcsh:Geology, Ice-sheet model, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Ice sheet, Geology, GE Environmental Sciences
Abstract: Projection of the contribution of ice sheets to sea level change as part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) takes the form of simulations from coupled ice sheet-climate models and stand-alone ice sheet models, overseen by the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6). This paper describes the experimental setup for process-based sea level change projections to be performed with stand-alone Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet models in the context of ISMIP6. The ISMIP6 protocol relies on a suite of polar atmospheric and oceanic CMIP-based forcing for ice sheet models, in order to explore the uncertainty in projected sea level change due to future emissions scenarios, CMIP models, ice sheet models, and parameterizations for ice-ocean interactions. We describe here the approach taken for defining the suite of ISMIP6 stand-alone ice sheet simulations, document the experimental framework and implementation, and present an overview of the ISMIP6 forcing to be used by participating ice sheet modeling groups., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2020

45. Influence of flicker noise and nonlinearity on the frequency spectrum of spin torque nano-oscillators

Author: Serge Galliou, Paolo Bortolotti, Kay Yakushiji, Julie Grollier, Vincent Cros, Hitoshi Kubota, Shinji Yuasa, Steffen Wittrock, Gilles Cibiel, Ursula Ebels, Philippe Talatchian, Denis Crété, Sumito Tsunegi, Enrico Rubiola, Akio Fukushima, Femto-st, Temps-fréquence, Unité mixte de physique CNRS/Thales (UMPhy CNRS/THALES), THALES [France]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Spintronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), ANR-10-LABX-4801,ANR-10-LABX-48-01,ANR-10-LABX-48-01, ANR-18-CE24-0012,SPINNET,La spintronique microondes pour les réseaux de capteurs sans fils(2018), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-THALES, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Labex First-TF ANR-10-LABX-48-01, Cooperative Research Agreement Award No 70NANB14H20, through the University of Maryland, and 'SPINNET' ANR-18-CE24-0012
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Spectral shape analysis, Phase (waves), FOS: Physical sciences, lcsh:Medicine, Context (language use), Article, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Nanoscience and technology, Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), Phase noise, Torque, Flicker noise, [NLIN]Nonlinear Sciences [physics], Statistical physics, lcsh:Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Spin-½, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, Multidisciplinary, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, [SPI.OTHER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, lcsh:R, Nonlinear system, 030104 developmental biology, lcsh:Q, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: The correlation of phase fluctuations in any type of oscillator fundamentally defines its spectral shape. However, in nonlinear oscillators, such as spin torque nano-oscillators, the frequency spectrum can become particularly complex. This is specifically true when not only considering thermal but also colored 1/f flicker noise processes, which are crucial in the context of the oscillator’s long term stability. In this study, we address the frequency spectrum of spin torque oscillators in the regime of large-amplitude steady oscillations experimentally and as well theoretically. We particularly take both thermal and flicker noise into account. We perform a series of measurements of the phase noise and the spectrum on spin torque vortex oscillators, notably varying the measurement time duration. Furthermore, we develop the modelling of thermal and flicker noise in Thiele equation based simulations. We also derive the complete phase variance in the framework of the nonlinear auto-oscillator theory and deduce the actual frequency spectrum. We investigate its dependence on the measurement time duration and compare with the experimental results. Long term stability is important in several of the recent applicative developments of spin torque oscillators. This study brings some insights on how to better address this issue.
Published: 2020

46. The Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2: Large-scale climate features and climate sensitivity

Author: A. M. Haywood, J. C. Tindall, H. J. Dowsett, A. M. Dolan, K. M. Foley, S. J. Hunter, D. J. Hill, W.-L. Chan, A. Abe-Ouchi, C. Stepanek, G. Lohmann, D. Chandan, W. R. Peltier, N. Tan, C. Contoux, G. Ramstein, X. Li, Z. Zhang, C. Guo, K. H. Nisancioglu, Q. Zhang, Q. Li, Y. Kamae, M. A. Chandler, L. E. Sohl, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, R. Feng, E. C. Brady, A. S. von der Heydt, M. L. J. Baatsen, D. J. Lunt, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 17189 University of Toronto, U of T Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2013-06476, 2017-04232 Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EPSRC: EP/M008.363/1 University of Leeds Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, NSERC: A9627 Government of Ontario Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, MECD: 024.002.001 National Science Foundation, NSF: 1418411, 1852977 National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR Seventh Framework Programme, FP7 China Scholarship Council, CSC: 201804910023 China Postdoctoral Science Foundation: 2015M581154 Netherlands Earth System Science Centre, NESSC European Research Council, ERC: 278636 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN: 17H06104 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Monbusho: 17H06323 Canada Foundation for Innovation U.S. Geological Survey, USGS Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EPSRC: EP/M008.363/1, Acknowledgements. We acknowledge the use of NOAA_ERSST_V5 data provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their website at https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/ (last access: 12 September 2019). Alan M. Haywood, Julia C. Tindall, Aisling M. Dolan, Stephen J. Hunter and Daniel J. Hill acknowledge the FP7 Ideas programme: European Research Council (grant no. PLIO-ESS, 278636), the Past Earth Network (EPSRC grant no. EP/M008.363/1) and the University of Leeds Advanced Research Computing service. Julia C. Tindall was also supported through the Centre for Environmental Modelling and Computation (CEMAC), University of Leeds. Harry J. Dowsett and Kevin M. Foley acknowledge support from the USGS Climate Research and Development Program. This research used samples and/or data provided by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady and Ran Feng acknowledge that material for their participation is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (cooperative agreement no. 1852977 and NSF OPP grant no. 1418411). The CESM project is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation. Computing and data storage resources, including the Cheyenne supercomputer (https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX), were provided by the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at NCAR. NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Ning Tan, Camille Contoux and Gilles Ramstein were granted access to the HPC resources of TGCC under the allocations 2016-A0030107732, 2017-R0040110492 and 2018-R0040110492 (gencmip6) and 2019-A0050102212 (gen2212) provided by GENCI. The IPSL-CM6 team of the IPSL Climate Modelling Centre (https://cmc.ipsl.fr, last access: 16 September 2020) is acknowledged for having developed, tested, evaluated and tuned the IPSL climate model, as well as per- formed and published the CMIP6 experiments. Christian Stepanek acknowledges funding from the Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM. Christian Stepanek and Gerrit Lohmann acknowledge funding via the Alfred Wegener Institute’s research programme Marine, Coastal and Polar Systems. Qiong Zhang acknowledge support from the Swedish Research Council (2013-06476 and 2017-04232). Simulations with EC-Earth were performed on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Centre (NSC). Wing-Le Chan and Ayako Abe-Ouchi acknowledge funding from JSPS (KAKENHI grant no. 17H06104 and MEXT KAKENHI grant no. 17H06323). Their simulations with MIROC4m were performed on the Earth Simulator at JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan. The work by Anna S. von der Heydt and Michiel L. J. Baatsen was carried out under the program of the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC), financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW grant no. 024.002.001). Simulations with CCSM4-Utr were performed at the SURFsara Dutch national computing facilities and were sponsored by NWO-EW (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Exact Sciences) (project no. 17189). W. Richard Peltier and Deepak Chandan were supported by Canadian NSERC Discovery Grant A9627, and they wish to acknowledge the support of SciNet HPC Consortium for providing computing facilities. SciNet is funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation under the auspices of Compute Canada, the Government of Ontario, the Ontario Research Fund – Research Excellence, and the University of Toronto. Xiangyu Li acknowledges financial support from the China Scholarship Council (201804910023) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (project no. 2015M581154). The NorESM simulations benefitted from resources provided by UNINETT Sigma2 – the National Infrastructure for High Performance Computing and Data Storage in Norway. The authors would also like to thank Tim Herbert and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper., Financial support. This research has been supported by the Past Earth Network (EPSRC grant no. EP/M008.363/1)., Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Environmental protection, Stratigraphy, Climate change, Zonal and meridional, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Environmental pollution, Pliocene climate, lcsh:TD169-171.8, Precipitation, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Paleontology, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, lcsh:TD172-193.5, Polar amplification, Environmental science, Climate sensitivity, Climate model, Ice sheet
Abstract: The Pliocene epoch has great potential to improve our understanding of the long-term climatic and environmental consequences of an atmospheric CO2 concentration near ∼400 parts per million by volume. Here we present the large-scale features of Pliocene climate as simulated by a new ensemble of climate models of varying complexity and spatial resolution based on new reconstructions of boundary conditions (the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2; PlioMIP2). As a global annual average, modelled surface air temperatures increase by between 1.7 and 5.2 ∘C relative to the pre-industrial era with a multi-model mean value of 3.2 ∘C. Annual mean total precipitation rates increase by 7 % (range: 2 %–13 %). On average, surface air temperature (SAT) increases by 4.3 ∘C over land and 2.8 ∘C over the oceans. There is a clear pattern of polar amplification with warming polewards of 60∘ N and 60∘ S exceeding the global mean warming by a factor of 2.3. In the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, meridional temperature gradients are reduced, while tropical zonal gradients remain largely unchanged. There is a statistically significant relationship between a model's climate response associated with a doubling in CO2 (equilibrium climate sensitivity; ECS) and its simulated Pliocene surface temperature response. The mean ensemble Earth system response to a doubling of CO2 (including ice sheet feedbacks) is 67 % greater than ECS; this is larger than the increase of 47 % obtained from the PlioMIP1 ensemble. Proxy-derived estimates of Pliocene sea surface temperatures are used to assess model estimates of ECS and give an ECS range of 2.6–4.8 ∘C. This result is in general accord with the ECS range presented by previous Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Reports.
Published: 2020

47. Convergence of the likelihood ratio method for linear response of non-equilibrium stationary states

Author: Petr Plecháč, Gabriel Stoltz, Ting Wang, Computational and Information Sciences Directorate (CISD), U.S. Army Research Laboratory [Adelphi, MD] (ARL), United States Army (U.S. Army)-United States Army (U.S. Army), Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche en Mathématiques et Calcul Scientifique (CERMICS), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), MATHematics for MatERIALS (MATHERIALS), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Department of Mathematical Sciences (University of Delaware), University of Delaware [Newark], The research of Ting Wang was sponsored by the CCDC Army Research Laboratory and was accomplished under Cooperative Agreement NumberW911NF-16-2-0190. The work of Ting Wang and Petr Plechac was supported in part by the DARPA project W911NF-15-2-0122, while the work of Gabriel Stoltz was funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, under grant ANR-14-CE23-0012 (COSMOS), and by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 810367). Gabriel Stoltz also benefited from the scientific environment of the Laboratoire International Associe between the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign., Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche en Mathématiques et Calcul Scientifique (CERMICS), and École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)
Subjects: Girsanov theorem, Discretization, AMS subject classifications: 65C05, 65C20, 65C40, 60J27, 60J75, FOS: Physical sciences, 010103 numerical & computational mathematics, Likelihoodratio method, Poisson equation, 01 natural sciences, Stochastic differential equation, Linearization, FOS: Mathematics, Applied mathematics, Mathematics - Numerical Analysis, 0101 mathematics, [PHYS.COND.CM-SM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Statistical Mechanics [cond-mat.stat-mech], Linear response, Non-equilibrium steady states, Mathematical Physics, Mathematics, Numerical Analysis, Variance reduction, Applied Mathematics, Probability (math.PR), Estimator, Numerical Analysis (math.NA), Mathematical Physics (math-ph), 010101 applied mathematics, [MATH.MATH-PR]Mathematics [math]/Probability [math.PR], Computational Mathematics, Modeling and Simulation, Bounded function, Stochastic differential equations, Martingale (probability theory), Mathematics - Probability, Analysis, [MATH.MATH-NA]Mathematics [math]/Numerical Analysis [math.NA]
Abstract: We consider numerical schemes for computing the linear response of steady-state averages with respect to a perturbation of the drift part of the stochastic differential equation. The schemes are based on the Girsanov change-of-measure theory in order to reweight trajectories with factors derived from a linearization of the Girsanov weights. The resulting estimator is the product of a time average and a martingale correlated to this time average. We investigate both its discretization and finite-time approximation errors. The designed numerical schemes are shown to be of a bounded variance with respect to the integration time which is desirable feature for long time simulations. We also show how the discretization error can be improved to second-order accuracy in the time step by modifying the weight process in an appropriate way.
Published: 2020

48. Enhanced tensile yield strength in laser additively manufactured Al0.3CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy

Author: M.S.K.K.Y. Nartu, Héctor R. Siller, Narendra B. Dahotre, S.A. Mantri, Stéphane Gorsse, Sriswaroop Dasari, Rajarshi Banerjee, Talukder Alam, Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Processes Institute, University of North Texas (UNT), Center for Agile and Adaptive Manufacturing (CAAAM), Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Engineering Technology, and The authors acknowledge part financial support for this work from a seed research project funded by the Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Processes Institute (AMMPI) at the University of North Texas (UNT), and from the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) funded Cooperative Agreement W911NF-19-2-0011 at UNT. Additionally, the authors also acknowledge the Center for Agile and Adaptive Manufacturing (CAAAM) and the Materials Research Facility (MRF) at UNT.
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, Precipitation (chemistry), High entropy alloys, Additive Manufacturing, Alloy, Intermetallic, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, High Entropy Alloys, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Precipitation hardening, 0103 physical sciences, Ultimate tensile strength, Strenghtening Models, engineering, General Materials Science, Laser engineered net shaping, Composite material, Atom Probe Tomography, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; A precipitation strengthenable high entropy alloy (HEA), Al0.3CoCrFeNi, was processed via laser-based additive manufacturing (AM), using the laser engineered net shaping (LENS) process. The as LENS processed HEA exhibited twice the tensile yield strength, as compared to the conventionally arc-melted and solution treated HEA of the same composition, with a tensile ductility greater than 20%. Subsequent heat-treatments of the AM HEA alloy led to further enhancement of the yield strength while maintaining good tensile ductility. The microstructure of these AM alloys was investigated by coupling transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT). The near doubling of the yield strength in case of the as AM processed HEA samples, which were devoid of second phase intermetallic precipitates, has been rationalized based on the formation of nanometer-scale Al–Ni rich solute clusters due to the re-heating of the deposited layers during AM. The enhanced yield strength due to these solute clusters has been estimated using a simple cluster-dislocation interaction model involving the coherency strain fields of these nano-clusters. The even higher yield strength in case of the heat-treated AM HEA samples has been quantitatively rationalized employing precipitation strengthening models, based on nanometer scale L12 (gamma prime) precipitates.
Published: 2020

49. Presence of Recombinant Bat Coronavirus GCCDC1 in Cambodian Bats

Author: Feng Zhu, Veasna Duong, Xiao Fang Lim, Vibol Hul, Tanu Chawla, Lucy Keatts, Tracey Goldstein, Alexandre Hassanin, Vuong Tan Tu, Philippe Buchy, October M. Sessions, Lin-Fa Wang, Philippe Dussart, Danielle E. Anderson, Duke-NUS Medical School [Singapore], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), University of Melbourne, and DEA and L-FW were supported by Grants NRF2012NRFCRP001-056 and NRF2016NRF-NSFC002-013 from the Singapore National Research Foundation. This study was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT project (cooperative agreement number GHN-A-OO-09-00010-00 and AID-OAA-A-14-00102). The contents of this paper are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Agency for International Development or the US Government. The fieldwork was supported in part by the National Authority for Preah Vihear, UNESCO, 'Société des amis du Muséum et du Jardin des Plantes', and the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle.
Subjects: Recombination, Genetic, China, Coronaviridae, Coronaviridae Infections, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], viruses, bats, coronavirus, virus diseases, cross-species transmission, Genome, Viral, zoonosis, recombination, respiratory tract diseases, Evolution, Molecular, Phylogeography, co-infection, Infectious Diseases, Chiroptera, Virology, Animals, GCCDC1, Cambodia, Phylogeny, Disease Reservoirs
Abstract: International audience; Bats have been recognized as an exceptional viral reservoir, especially for coronaviruses. At least three bat zoonotic coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) have been shown to cause severe diseases in humans and it is expected more will emerge. One of the major features of CoVs is that they are all highly prone to recombination. An extreme example is the insertion of the P10 gene from reoviruses in the bat CoV GCCDC1, first discovered in Rousettus leschenaultii bats in China. Here, we report the detection of GCCDC1 in four different bat species (Eonycteris spelaea, Cynopterus sphinx, Rhinolophus shameli and Rousettus sp.) in Cambodia. This finding demonstrates a much broader geographic and bat species range for this virus and indicates common cross-species transmission. Interestingly, one of the bat samples showed a co-infection with an Alpha CoV most closely related to RsYN14, a virus recently discovered in the same genus (Rhinolophus) of bat in Yunnan, China, 2020. Taken together, our latest findings highlight the need to conduct active surveillance in bats to assess the risk of emerging CoVs, especially in Southeast Asia.
Published: 2022

50. Influenza A(H5N1) viruses with A(H9N2) single gene (matrix or PB1) reassortment isolated from Cambodian live bird markets

Author: Paul F. Horwood, Andrew R. Greenhill, Aeron C. Hurt, Sokhoun Yann, San Sorn, Songha Tok, Davun Holl, Annika Suttie, Srey Viseth Horm, Yi-Mo Deng, Erik A. Karlsson, Philippe Dussart, Sothyra Tum, Ian G. Barr, Unité de Virologie / Virology Unit [Phnom Penh], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Federation University [Churchill, Australia], The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity [Melbourne], The Royal Melbourne Hospital-University of Melbourne, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries [Cambodia], James Cook University (JCU), and This publication is the result of work conducted under a cooperative agreement with the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), grant number IDSEP140020-01-00. Its contents and conclusions are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of HHS. The study was also funded, in part, by the US Agency for International Development (grant No. AID-442-G-14-00005). Annika Suttie is funded by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship and a Faculty of Science and Technology Research Scholarship from Federation University. The Melbourne WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza is supported by the Australian Government Department of Health.
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, animal diseases, viruses, Reassortment, Gene Expression, medicine.disease_cause, A(H5N1), MESH: Ducks, Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype, MESH: Animals, MESH: Phylogeny, Clade, Phylogeny, 2. Zero hunger, Live bird markets, MESH: Chickens, virus diseases, 3. Good health, MESH: Reassortant Viruses, Ducks, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Epidemiological Monitoring, Cambodia, Reassortant Viruses, MESH: Gene Expression, MESH: Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, Single gene, MESH: Poultry Diseases, Biology, Viral Matrix Proteins, Viral Proteins, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Influenza in Birds, Phylogenetics, Virology, medicine, Animals, Gene, Poultry Diseases, MESH: Viral Matrix Proteins, Viral matrix protein, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, MESH: Cambodia, MESH: Viral Proteins, Influenza, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, MESH: Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype, 030104 developmental biology, Influenza in Birds, MESH: Epidemiological Monitoring, Chickens, A(H9N2)
Abstract: International audience; Live bird market surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Cambodia in 2015 has led to the detection of two 7:1 reassortant influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1c viruses. These reassortant strains, designated A/duck/Cambodia/ Z564W35M1/2015 and A/chicken/Cambodia/Z850W49M1/2015, both contained a single gene (PB1 and matrix gene, respectively) from concurrently circulating A(H9N2) influenza viruses. All other viral genes from both isolates clustered with A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1 viruses. Continued and prolonged co-circulation of influenza A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) viruses in Cambodian live bird markets may present a risk for the emergence of novel influenza reassortant viruses with negative agricultural and/or public health implications.
Published: 2018

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Region

Database

Publisher

130 results on '"Cooperative Agreement '

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources