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PURPOSE: Contact lens wear induces corneal parainflammation involving increased immune cell numbers after 24 hours (CD11c+, Lyz2+, γδ-T cells) and six days (Ly6G+ cells) wear. We investigated the time course of onset and resolution of these responses. METHODS: LysMcre or C57BL/6J mice were fitted with a contact lens (four to 48 hours). Contralateral eyes did not wear lenses. After lens removal, Lyz2+, MHC-II+ or Ly6G+ cells were examined by quantitative imaging. RT-qPCR determined cytokine gene expression. RESULTS: Lens wear for 24 hours increased corneal Lyz2+ cells versus contralateral eyes approximately two-fold. Corneas remained free of visible pathology. The Lyz2+ response was not observed after four or 12 hours wear, nor after 12 hours wear plus 12 hours no wear. Lens removal after 24 hours wear further increased Lyz2+ cells (∼48% after one day), which persisted for four days, returning to baseline by seven days. Lyz2+ cells in contralateral eyes remained at baseline. MHC-II+ cells showed a similar response but without increasing after lens removal. Lens wear for 48 hours showed reduced Lyz2+ cells versus 24 hours wear with one day discontinuation, correlating with reduced IL-1β and IL-18 gene expression. Lens wear for 24 hours did not induce Ly6G+ responses six days after removal. CONCLUSIONS: Lens-induced corneal parainflammation involving Lyz2+ cells requires 24 hours wear but persists after lens discontinuation, requiring seven days for reversal. Lens wear for 48 hours may suppress initial Lyz2+ cell and cytokine responses. The significance of parainflammation during and after lens wear remains to be determined.

Current requirements for augmented reality (AR) applications demand the use of dedicated AR glasses, which often need custom prescription lenses or contact lenses to correct common visual impairments, thus limiting AR's broader experiences. Here, an innovative methodology for the design, fabrication, and comprehensive analysis of a flexible, reflective‐type holographic metasurface patch designed for AR applications is presented. By fabricating a conformable metasurface on a transparent and flexible substrate, a prototype of AR eyeglasses is successfully created, capable of transforming everyday eyewear into AR glasses. The prototype is tested under both indoor and outdoor conditions, proving its effectiveness in delivering immersive AR imaging presentations. The metasurface's compact size does not interfere with normal vision. This approach increases the relevance and applicability of AR technology by making AR experiences accessible to a wider audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact lenses have been instrumental in vision correction and are expected to be utilized in augmented reality (AR) displays through the integration of electronic and optical components. In optics, metasurfaces, an array of sub‐wavelength nanostructures, have offered optical multifunctionality in an ultra‐compact form factor, facilitating integration into various imaging, and display systems. However, transferring metasurfaces onto contact lenses remains challenging due to the non‐biocompatible materials of extant imprinting methods and the structural instability caused by the swelling and shrinking of the wetted surface. Here, a biocompatible method is presented to transfer metasurfaces onto contact lenses using hyaluronic acid (HA) as a soft mold and to allow for holographic light projection. A high‐efficiency metahologram is obtained with an all‐metallic 3D meta‐atom enhanced by the anisotropy of a rectangular structure, and a reflective background metal layer. A corrugated metal layer on the HA mold is supported with a SiO2 capping layer, to avoid unwanted wrinkles and to ensure structural stability when transferred to the surface of pliable and wettable contact lenses. Biocompatible method of transferring metasurfaces onto contact lenses promises the integration of diverse optical components, including holograms, lenses, gratings and more, to advance the visual experience for AR displays and human‐computer interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the standard outcomes between the PanOptix and Symfony multifocal intraocular lenses (MIOLs) in Chinese patients. Methods: This prospective observational cohort study enrolled patients with cataracts between April 2021 and December 2021 at Xiamen Eye Center Affiliated to Xiamen University. The patients were grouped in the PanOptix (TIOL group) and Symfony (EDF group) according to the IOLs implanted. Uncorrected distant, corrected distance, binocular uncorrected intermediate, and near visual acuity (UNVA), distance‐corrected intermediate and near VA (DCNVA) , defocus curve, spectacle independence, contrast sensitivity (CS), and visual disturbances were evaluated after 3 months. Results: Forty patients (80 eyes) were enrolled in the study (20/group). Three months after the operation, UNVA (0.13 ± 0.16) and DCNVA (0.08 ± 0.08) were better in the TIOL group than in the EDF group (0.22 ± 0.08 and 0.22 ± 0.08, respectively, p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively). The TIOL group achieved a better‐than‐0.15‐logMAR VA from +0.5 D to −2.5 D (40 cm). VAs of the TIOL group from −1 D (100 cm) to −4 D (25 cm) were better than in the EDF group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the intermediate and far vision outcomes (p > 0.05). Total near‐vision spectacle independence was higher in the TIOL group (80%) than in the EDF group (50%) (p = 0.039). Conclusion: Compared with EDF, TIOL leads to better near‐vision outcomes without significant differences for intermediate and distant vision outcomes. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: ChiCTR2100044558. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of trans-epithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy (TE-PTK) as a treatment for recurrent corneal erosion syndrome (RCES) in patients with symptoms refractory to conventional treatments. Methods: All patients who received TE-PTK treatment for RCES had failed 3 or more conventional treatments and were reviewed, and if met criteria, approved by healthcare workers of the British Columbia public health authority (Medical Services Plan (MSP). A retrospective chart review and telephone survey were conducted at the Pacific Laser Eye Centre (PLEC). Exclusion criteria were ocular co-morbidities potentially affecting treatment efficacy. Results: This study included 593 eyes of 555 patients (46.2% male; 50.9 ± 14.2 years old) who underwent TE-PTK. The leading identified causes of RCES were trauma (45.7%) and anterior basement membrane dystrophy (44.2%). The most common pre-PTK interventions were ocular lubricants (90.9%), hypertonic solutions (77.9%), and bandage contact lenses (50.9%). Thirty-six eyes had undergone surgical interventions such as stromal puncture, epithelial debridement, or diamond burr polishing. Post-PTK, 78% of patients did not require any subsequent therapies and 20% required ongoing drops. Six patients (1.1%) reported no symptom improvement and required repeat TE-PTK for ongoing RCES symptoms after initial TE-PTK. All 6 eyes were successfully retreated with TE-PTK (average time to retreatment was 11.3 ± 14.9 months). There was no significant difference in best corrected visual acuity pre- vs. post-operatively. The mean post-operative follow-up was 60.5 months (range: 5–127 months). Conclusion: TE-PTK has a good efficacy and safety profile for treatment-resistant RCES. The third-party public health–reviewed nature of this study, the low recurrence rate of RCES, and the low PTK retreatment rate suggest that TE-PTK might be considered for wider use in the management of RCES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevention of blindness from glaucoma requires multiple treatments to lower intraocular pressure. Here, human contact lenses are modified with highly porous metal‐organic frameworks with sustained release of brimonidine for prolonged glaucoma treatment. Various metal‐organic frameworks were screened for their attachment to lenses, loading with brimonidine, and drug‐release properties. Optimized therapeutic ocular lenses conjugated with MIL‐101(Cr) frameworks maintain optical transparency and power. Coating of lenses with MIL‐101(Cr) nanoparticles reduced brimonidine washout with tears and ensured a gradual and localized release of the drug into the eyeball through the cornea. The hybrid lenses provided a 4.5‐fold better decrease in eye pressure, compared by area under the curve (AUC) value to a commercially available brimonidine tartrate solution. Therapeutic lenses did not induce any notable eye irritation or corneal damage in vivo. The newly developed hybrid lenses are expected to provide a robust platform for the therapy and prevention of various ocular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To quantify rate of post-lens tear thickness change under scleral contact lenses in keratoconus patients and normal cornea volunteers. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study where semi-scleral lenses were fitted to 20 eyes (5 subjects, 10 eyes in each group). After insertion, post-lens tear thickness was measured at 0, 30 minutes and every hour up to 6 hours using Anterior Segment OCT. To analyze post-lens tear thickness and its rate of change at each time point, both within and between groups, a linear mixed model was used. Results: The initial mean post-lens tear thickness (μm) was 742 ± 50 and 440 ± 50 in keratoconus and normal cornea group, respectively. The mean rate of change (μm/hr) was highest in the first 30 minutes in both groups (80.8 ± 8.7, 132.2 ± 8.8 in keratoconus and normal cornea group). Following the first four hours in keratoconus and the first hour in normal cornea group, the reduction rate in post-lens tear thickness exhibited no statistically significant difference from the rate of change observed during the 5-6 hour period. The mean percentage of total change over 6 hours after lens insertion was higher in normal cornea compared to keratoconus group (36.6% vs 22.5%). Conclusion: The reduction in post-lens tear thickness follows a nonlinear pattern. The mean rate of change was highest after insertion and remained stable after four hours in keratoconus and one hour in normal cornea group. The percent change over the 6-hour period was greater in normal cornea group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The aim is to investigate induced higher-order aberrations (HOA)s and astigmatism as a result of non-toric ortho-k lens decentration and utilise artificial intelligence (AI) to predict its magnitude and direction. Methods: Medmont E300 Video topographer was used to scan 249 corneas before and after ortho-k wear. Custom-built MATLAB codes extracted topography data and determined lens decentration from the boundary and midpoint of the central flattened treatment zone (TZ). An evaluation was carried out by conducting Zernike polynomial fittings via a computer-coded digital signal processing procedure. Finally, an AI-based machine learning neural network algorithm was developed to predict the direction and magnitude of TZ decentration. Results: Analysis of the first 21 Zernike polynomial coefficients indicate that the four low-order and four higher-order aberration terms were changed significantly by ortho-k wear. While baseline astigmatism was not correlated with lens decentration (R = 0.09), post-ortho-k astigmatism was moderately correlated with decentration (R = 0.38) and the difference in astigmatism (R = 0.3). Decentration was classified into three groups: ≤0.50 mm, reduced astigmatism by −0.9 ± 1 D; 0.5~1 mm, increased astigmatism by 0.8 ± 0.1 D; >1 mm, increased astigmatism by 2.7 ± 1.6 D and over 50% of lenses were decentred >0.5 mm. For lenses decentred >1 mm, 29.8% of right and 42.7% of left lenses decentred temporal-inferiorly and 13.7% of right and 9.4% of left lenses decentred temporal-superiorly. AI-based prediction successfully identified the decentration direction with accuracies of 70.2% for right and 71.8% for left lenses and predicted the magnitude of decentration with root-mean-square (RMS) of 0.31 mm and 0.25 mm for right and left eyes, respectively. Conclusions: Ortho-k lens decentration is common when fitting non-toric ortho-k lenses, resulting in induced HOAs and astigmatism, with the magnitude being related to the amount of decentration. AI-based algorithms can effectively predict decentration, potentially allowing for better control over ortho-k fitting and, thus, preferred clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels have been extensively utilized in biomedical applications for multiple decades and because of their distinct engineering potential they have been growing with discoveries in biology and chemistry. Distinct properties involving excellent biocompatibility, versatility, efficient stimuli responsiveness, great flexibility, softness, degradability, and high water content make them competent for various applications ranging from industrial to biological fields. Hydrogels can easily be synthesized by physical and chemical cross-linking of either natural or synthetic polymers and further modification with required functionalities may lead to the desired applications as well. Natural and synthetic hydrophilic polymers can be physically or chemically cross-linked in order to produce hydrogels. However, this review mainly focuses on synthesis as well as discrete biomedical applications like contact lenses, tissues engineering, drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and immunoregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Animals Studied Procedures Results Conclusions To examine the effect of client presence on healing rates of spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defect (SCCEDs) following debridement and anterior stromal puncture (ASP).Sixty‐eight client‐owned dogs.Dogs presenting prior to the COVID‐19 shutdown were assigned to the C group (client in the room, 31/68), while dogs presenting after were assigned to group NC (no client in the room, 37/68). Inclusion criteria were retention of fluorescein, non‐adherent epithelium, persistence for at least 1 week, and recheck within 1 month. Exclusion criteria were concurrent ocular disorders and endocrinopathies. Success was defined as negative fluorescein retention at first recheck. t‐Tests, rank‐sum tests, and chi‐squared or Fisher's exact tests were used to compare findings between groups. Logistic regression was used to determine whether odds of success at first recheck differed between groups or were modified by other characteristics.Dogs in the NC group were older (9.9 vs. 8.7 years, p = .014) and had more bandage contact lenses (BCLs) placed (65% vs. 29%, p = .003). There were no other significant differences between groups. BCL placement was associated with significantly greater odds of healing by first recheck (OR = 4.00, 95% CI: 0.63–11.2; p = .008). The NC group initially had 2.5 times greater odds of healing than the C group; after adjusting for BCL placement, the association between client location and healing weakened (aOR = 1.80, 95% CI: 0.63–5.13; p = .277).Healing was marginally associated with not having the client in the room, likely due to increased BCL use. BCL application improves SCCED healing rates following debridement/ASP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene field effect transistors (GFETs) are promising devices for biochemical sensing. Integrating GFETs onto complex non-planar surfaces could uncap their potential in emerging areas of wearable electronics, such as smart contact lenses and microneedle sensing. However, the fabrication of GFETs on non-planar surfaces is challenging using conventional lithography approaches. Here, we develop a combined spray-coating and photolithography setup for the scalable fabrication of GFETs on non-planar surfaces and demonstrate their application as integrated GFETs on microneedles. We optimize the setup to pattern ∼ 67 μm long GFET channels across the microneedle tips. Graphene is deposited between photo-patterned electrodes by spray-coating a liquid-phase exfoliated graphene ink while monitoring the channel resistance to achieve the required conductivity. The formation of the GFET channels is confirmed by SEM and EDX mapping, and the GFETs are shown to modulate in solution. This demonstrates an approach for manufacturing graphene electronic devices on complex non-planar surfaces like microneedles and opens possibilities for wearable GFET microneedle sensors for real-time monitoring of biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaucoma is one of the world's leading causes of blindness, and its management is challenging. The main objective is to lower intraocular pressure through medical, para-surgical, and surgical therapy. Medical therapy often represents the first line of treatment. Although effective in many cases, the eye drops are accompanied by significant problems. They require high patient compliance and can be associated with various side effects, limiting their efficacy. Consequently, the research for new drug delivery systems trying to overcome these limitations is ongoing: numerous devices are developing and gradually entering clinical practice. These new therapeutic options may offer better control of the intraocular pressure, with fewer side effects, and are less dependent on patients' compliance. Hence, the research in this field continues to flourish. This review summarizes the most recent findings in the scientific literature, underlines the role and possible limitations of the new glaucoma drug delivery systems in clinical practice, and recognizes their new horizons and perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in diagnostic methods and surgical techniques for keratoconus (KC) have increased non-invasive treatment options. Successful surgical planning for KC involves a combination of clinical science, empirical evidence, and surgical expertise. Assessment of disease progression is crucial, and halting the progression should be the focus if it is progressive. While surgeons used to rely on experience alone to decide the surgical method, comparing the network of primary factors, such as visual acuity, across studies can help them choose the most appropriate treatments for each patient and achieve optimal outcomes. Meticulous tabulation methods facilitate interpretation, highlighting the importance of selecting the correct surgical and rehabilitation approach based on each patient's condition and stage of the disease. We detail the outcomes of a comprehensive network meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of various combined therapeutic refractive treatments for KC at identical stages of the disease, spanning 4 distinct follow-up intervals. Additionally, the comprehensive analysis suggests that for corneas with optimal best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) preoperatively (classified as regular), combining phakic intraocular lenses with intracorneal ring segments (ICRS) and corneal cross-linking (CXL) could offer the best therapeutic approach provided the disease stage does not exceed stage 3. For irregular corneas, although initial follow-ups show a significant difference in BCVA with surface ablation, longer-term follow-ups recommend combining surface ablation with ICRS and CXL, especially at higher stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John Lennon has an enduring, instantly recognisable, iconic, spectacle look. However, prior to 1966, he was rarely seen wearing glasses in public. From ages 7 to 26, he effectively hid his myopia away, including a period of unsuccessful contact lens wear during Beatlemania. This narrative review examines John's experience with contact lenses from 1963 to 1966 when he wore corneal rigid lenses made from polymethylmethacrylate, which regularly fell out. This frequent lens ejection was most likely due to the interaction between his upper eyelid and a spherical back surface rigid lens fitted to his right eye, which had a moderate degree of with‐the‐rule corneal astigmatism. John's recollection that his contact lenses stayed in place while 'stoned' supports this hypothesis, as a cannabis‐induced upper eyelid ptosis would reduce the likelihood of lens ejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the anti-pseudomonal effects between nephrite-impregnated contact lenses (CLs) and conventional and cosmetic CLs. After inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aeruginosa), we counted the number of bacteria on the CL surface and observed each surface using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To estimate potential harm of nephrite-impregnated CLs, we conducted a safety test using a rabbit model, treated with all CL types. Both conventional and cosmetic CLs (n = 258 ± 2.9 × 104, 368 ± 2.2 × 104) showed significantly decreased number of attached bacteria when compared with those without nephrite impregnation (n = 134 ± 0.8 × 104, 238 ± 2.5 × 104, p < 0.0001, respectively). AFM and SEM revealed that P. aeruginosa was less attached to the nephrite-impregnated CLs than to the conventional and cosmetic CLs, although those with nephrite impregnation had rougher surface. In the safety test, there were no significant differences in the findings between four groups, and the clarity and stability of all corneas were preserved. Nephrite may be used as a next-generation substance to reduce infectious keratitis caused by P. aeruginosa when added to CLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia is the property of Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract This study aims to observe the clinical efficacy and safety of rigid gas permeable corneal contact lenses (RGP-CLs) wearing after femtosecond laser-assisted minimally invasive lamellar keratoplasty (FL-MILK) in progressive and advanced keratoconus eyes. Twenty-five patients (27 eyes) fitted with RGP-CLs after FL-MILK were enrolled, and 22 grading-matched keratoconus patients (23 eyes) as a control group. Corneal morphological data, diopter, best corrected vision, corneal endothelium, non-invasive tear film rupture time (NIBUT), corneal perception and comfort questionnaire were analysed before and after wearing RGP-CLs. In the FL-MILK group, the flat K, steep K and Kmax of the corneal anterior surface were decreased by 3.05D, 3.48D and 7.17D respectively after surgery (P = 0.011, 0.004 and 0.007). The central corneal thickness increased by 175.29 μm (P

Sarah E Guthrie, Doerte Luensmann, Marc-Matthias Schulze, Jill Woods, Lyndon Jones Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, CanadaCorrespondence: Sarah E Guthrie, Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada, Tel +1 519 888 4567, Fax +1 519 888 4303, Email sarah.guthrie@uwaterloo.caPurpose: This prospective comparative study aimed to assess the effects on contact lens comfort, dryness, and wear time when symptomatic daily disposable (DD) contact lens (CL) wearers were refit with delefilcon A (DT1) lenses.Patients and Methods: Thirty five symptomatic DD CL wearers with dry eye disease as determined according to the TFOS DEWS 2 guidelines, were enrolled and completed the study. Participants wore their habitual DD CLs during an initial assessment and were subsequently refit with DT1 for 1 month. Participants were masked to the study lens type. Subjective ratings of end-of-day comfort and dryness, average wear time, and comfortable wear time were evaluated as primary endpoints.Results: Of the 35 participants, two participants were classified as aqueous deficient dry eye, while the remaining participants exhibited symptoms primarily due to evaporative causes. The median CLDEQ-8 score for dryness significantly improved from 17 (fair) with habitual lenses to 13 (good) with DT1 lenses (p < 0.01). Participants reported significantly better end-of-day comfort (p = 0.01) and less end-of-day dryness (p = 0.01) with DT1 compared to their habitual DD lenses. The comfortable wear time was significantly longer with DT1 (8.5 ± 4.1 hours) compared to habitual DD lenses (6.7 ± 3.2 hours) (p = 0.04). No significant differences were observed in vision ratings (p = 0.07).Conclusion: Refitting symptomatic DD CL wearers with DT1 resulted in improved end-of-day comfort, reduced end-of-day dryness, and extended comfortable wear time compared to their habitual lenses. These findings suggest that DT1 may offer benefits for symptomatic DD wearers with dry eye disease.Keywords: contact lenses, daily disposable, delefilcon A, dry eye symptoms, comfort, wear time

Abstract Background Myopia is prevalent in China; however, trials involving Chinese children wearing dual-focus soft contact lenses (DFSCL) are limited. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of DFSCL among Chinese school-age children. Methods Sixty-four children aged 8–12 years with spherical equivalent refraction (SER) between − 0.75D and − 4.00D were recruited in this randomized controlled clinical study. The control group (32 subjects) wore single-vision spectacles (SVS), while the DFSCL group (32 subjects) wore daily disposable + 2.00 D defocus MiSight DFSCL. Follow-up examinations were performed every 3 months to compare the axial length (AL) growth and SER change between the groups for a period of 12 months by using the independent samples t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical differences with a P

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of scleral lens size and the duration of wear on intraocular pressure (IOP) during lens wear. METHODS: Healthy adults were recruited for this prospective and randomized study. Intraocular pressure measurements were performed using a pneumotonometer. A block randomization was used to assign the order of scleral lens diameter of either 15.6 mm or 18.0 mm for 5-hr bilateral wear over a course of two visits. Scleral IOP (sIOP) was measured during the predetermined intervals, 1.25 hr apart, during the 5-hr scleral lens wear. Corneal IOP (cIOP) was measured before and after the scleral lens wear. The primary outcome measure was the mean change in sIOP from prelens insertion baseline. RESULTS: Corneal IOP unchanged after scleral lens removal compared with the baseline measurements ( P =0.878). Smaller and larger lenses introduced significantly higher sIOP at 2.5 hr after lens insertion with the mean (95% CI) increase of 1.16 (0.54, 1.78) mm Hg and 1.37 (0.76, 1.99) mm Hg, respectively. There was no difference in IOP change between the smaller and larger diameter lenses ( P =0.590). CONCLUSIONS: Well-fitted scleral lenses do not result in clinically significant changes in intraocular pressure during 5-hr lens wear in young and healthy individuals.

[Display omitted] • A novel approach is developed for manufacturing core annular hydrogels with a porous annulus. • The diffusivities of model proteins are measured in radial and axial directions. • The partition coefficients of model proteins are measured. • The porous hydrogels are imaged along different planes. • The SEM images and diffusivities and partition coefficients are used to assess pore connectivity and homogeneity of microstructure. Hypothesis : We propose to polymerize high water content hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) formulations in a rotating cylinder to explore the effect of the rotation on microstructure and critical parameters such as diffusivity of model proteins in porous poly-HEMA gels. Experiments : Cylindrical molds were partially filled with water-HEMA-initiator-crosslinker mixtures and exposed to UV light while undergoing rotation to polymerize into a cylindrical tube. The process was repeated multiple times to manufacture a core annular rod with multiple concentric rings, in which at least one ring was porous. The porous gels were imaged by scanning electron microscopy to explore the microstructure. The transport of model proteins bovine serum albumin and human γ-globulin was measured and modeled, in radial and axial directions, to obtain the effective diffusivity and partition coefficient. Also, the true diffusivity of proteins was calculated by accounting for the effects of porosity and tortuosity. Findings : The porous gels exhibited diffusion-controlled release of both model proteins. The hydrogels prepared with 55% water in the monomer mixture were porous with non-isotropic structure likely due to axially oriented pores with minimal radial connectivity. The gels with higher water content were isotropic with interconnected pores in both directions. The pore volume increased with water content, but the partition coefficient was relatively constant and less than one likely due to presence of isolated unconnected pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducion and purpose Millions of people use contact lenses every day. Their primary and most common use is correcting refractive errors. Despite their beneficial purpose, contact lens use has many complications. It is estimated that 5 to 50% of patients may develop at least a single complication. The state of knowledge Contact lens-related complications are multifactorial. One of the main reasons for contact lens discontinuation is contact lens discomfort. Patients most often report dryness, burning, and irritated eyes. Other disorders can be briefly divided into conjunctival and corneal complications. The most common conjunctival and allergic complication of contact lens use is giant papillary conjunctivitis. Other significant conditions involving the conjunctiva can also be superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis or allergic or toxic conjunctivitis. Corneal complications, on the other hand, seemed to be much more severe. These include superficial punctate keratitis, peripheral corneal ulceration, and contact lens-related keratitis. Also, abrasion can occur due to improper eye hygiene or mechanical damage during lens replacement. It should also be remembered that prolonged use of lenses can lead to hypoxia and corneal edema. Summary This paper briefly outlines the possible complications of contact lens use. It is important to remember that despite their appropriate use, sometimes significant complications can occur. Noteworthy, corneal, or conjunctival complications require discontinuation of the lenses and appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the study. To analyze the change in the thickness of the sub­lens water layer depending on the time of wearing lenses in patients using scleral lenses using the SkyOptix Laboratory lenses as an example.Patients and methods. To determine the thickness of the sublens water layer in the vertical and horizontal meridians, a study was performed in 33 people in 46 eyes. Among the patients there were 25 men and 8 women, from 18 to 59 years old (mean 37.3 ± 9.5 years). The main indication for the use of scleral lenses was the ineffectiveness of other methods of vision correction.Results. The mean sublens water layer thickness reduction in the total group of examined patients using scleral lenses was 9.3 % or 37.73 μm after 1 hour of wear and 20.8 % or 84.48 μm after 4 hours of wear compared to initial values.Conclusions. The largest and clinically significant changes in the thickness of the sublens water layer occur during the first hour of lens wear, which, according to our study, is approximately 40 microns. Considering the temporal dynamics of changes in the thickness of the sublens water layer, the final calculation of the parameters must be made no earlier than after 1 hour of wearing the scleral lens. The thickness of the sublens water layer should be assessed in relation to the time spent in the scleral lens. According to our survey, over the entire period of observation in all patients using scleral lenses, there is a decrease in the thickness of the sublens water layer over time of wearing, which requires further additional research to determine identifying the exact causes and factors underlying this process.

We aimed to assess long-term disease progression in patients with severe keratoconus (KC). Clinical records of 125 patients (201 eyes) with severe KC followed-up for > 12 months were retrospectively analyzed. From these, 28 patients (31 eyes) were included. Corneal topography parameters evaluated included thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), maximum keratometry (Kmax), anterior and posterior mean corneal radii of 3 mm (aKM, pKM), steep keratometry, and KC screening indices. All patients wore rigid gas permeable contact lenses (RGPCLs) for an extended period. The median patient age and follow-up period were 20 (interquartile range [IQR] 17–22) years and 25 (15–38) months, respectively. Compared to baseline, the aKM, Kmax, and KC screening indices on the anterior corneal surface were reduced at the final follow-up (P < 0.05). No changes were observed in RGP-corrected visual acuity, TCT, pKM, or KC screening indices on the posterior corneal surface. The higher the baseline value, the greater the reduction in aKM and Kmax. Five patients (16%) experienced disease progression during follow-up. Patients with severe KC showed reduced anterior corneal surface curvature and no change in corneal thickness during an average follow-up period of 2–3 years while wearing RGPCLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bandage contact lenses are important aids for aftercare following ocular surgery and for a wide variety of ocular surface conditions. However, bandage contact lenses also bear the risk of fostering microbial infections of the cornea. We herein report the safety profile of bandage contact lenses from a comprehensive review of medical records in a tertiary care eye hospital in Germany. Methods: We identified 638 consecutive patients who had been prescribed at least one bandage lens during the past 10 years. For these, we performed a computerized search for the following adverse events: (1) endophthalmitis, (2) emergency keratoplasty and (3) vision loss of at least 2 lines according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). We manually assessed the relatedness of each event to the bandage lens. Events later than 100 days following the bandage lens prescription were not considered to be related to bandage contact lenses. Results: We observed 267 adverse events, with 120 occurring within 100 days after bandage lens prescription. This left a total of 18 endophthalmitis events, 21 penetrating keratoplasties and 81 eyes with vision loss of at least 2 ETDRS lines (for individual review of relatedness). Only two episodes of endophthalmitis could be linked to bandage lens wear. All other adverse events were due to causative conditions that had already been present prior to bandage contact lens insertion. Conclusions: Severe adverse events after bandage contact lens wear are not uncommon because lenses are used in patients suffering from preexisting ocular conditions. However, severe adverse events were almost never caused by the bandage contact lenses directly in our hands. We therefore conclude that bandage contact lenses are safe given proper ophthalmological supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed at measuring the effect of contact lens hygiene risk factors on the prevalence of contact lens-related keratitis and identifying the specific risk factors to both microbial and non-microbial keratitis independently. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Alexandria Ophthalmology Hospital from May to October 2023. All contact lens wearers attending the outpatient clinic had undergone face-to-face interviews using a standardized validated questionnaire which included demographic data and contact lenses (CLs) hygiene risk factors. Participants were classified into two groups; normal group and keratitis group. Keratitis group was further subdivided into non-microbial and microbial group. Results: The study included 245 contact lens wearers; 149 normal cases, 50 (20.4%) contact lens-related non-microbial keratitis (CLNK) cases, and 46 (18.8%) contact lens-related microbial keratitis (CLMK) cases. Sharing contact lenses and eye trauma were significant risk factors for both CLNK (p=0.036), (p=0.001) and CLMK (p=0.003), (p=0.017). CLs wear duration for more than 12 hours was associated with an increased risk of CLNK by about 4 times (p=0.030) and overnight wear of contact lenses increased the risk of CLNK by 2.6 times (p=0.030). Showering or swimming in lenses was identified as a significant risk factor for CLMK (p=0.012), moreover washing lenses with tap water increased the risk of CLMK (p=0.030). Conclusions: Poor compliance with contact lenses hygiene rules results in a high prevalence of contact lens-related keratitis. Eye trauma and sharing contact lenses were significant hygiene risk factors for both contact lens-related non-microbial keratitis and contact lens-related microbial keratitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart contact lenses (SCLs), integrating various functional components, serve as a platform for wirelessly intraocular pressure (IOP) monitoring. Accurate and dynamic measurements offer crucial clinical references for patients with ocular hypertension. Nevertheless, the complex ocular environment poses great challenges, particularly for inductor–capacitor–resistor (LCR) type IOP sensors, which suffer signal instability due to variations of ocular dielectric properties. Here, an innovative IOP monitoring sensor with robust environmental stability, achieved by integrating the ground shield, is proposed. Employing a capacitive pressure sensor with porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structure encased in a hydrogel, the study successfully demonstrates high‐sensitivity monitoring of IOP changes using in vitro porcine eyes. This optimized design empowers the wireless IOP sensor with a sensitivity of 1.15 ‰/mmHg. It exhibits exceptional frequency stability after undergoing 100 wear cycles on ten distinct porcine eyes and remains reliable across a wide range of metabolite concentrations typical of normal eyes. Notably, any observed frequency shift translates into IOP changes within a 3 mmHg range, showcasing its suitability for repeated use and daily IOP monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To investigate the efficacy and safety of orthokeratology (ortho‐k) and repeated low‐level red‐light (RLRL) therapy in treating poor responders of ortho‐k in myopic children. Methods. Study participants were 100 myopic children who completed two years of ortho‐k treatment in a retrospective study. In the first year of ortho‐k treatment (phase one), they experienced axial elongation of 0.30 mm or greater (defined as poor responders to ortho‐k). Children were divided into two groups: the orthokeratology group (OK, n = 45) continued to receive ortho‐k monotherapy and the combination group (OK‐RLRL, n = 55) received RLRL in addition to ortho‐k for the next year (phase two). Axial elongation over time between the groups was compared. Results. The mean age, male‐to‐female ratio, axial length (AL), and axial elongation in phase one were comparable between OK and OK‐RLRL groups (all P > 0.05). During phase two, significant AL shortening was observed in the OK‐RLRL group compared with children in the OK group (−0.10 ± 0.16 mm vs 0.30 ± 0.19 mm, P < 0.001). Among these 55 myopic children in the OK‐RLRL group, 35 (63.6%), 25 (45.4%), 11 (20%), 6 (10.9%), and 3 (5.4%) of them had AL shortening over 0.05 mm/year, 0.10 mm/year, and 0.20 mm/year, 0.3 mm/year, and 0.4 mm/year, respectively. Older baseline age (β = −0.02), higher treatment compliance (β = −0.462), and AL change at 1 month (β = 1.263) were significantly associated with less AL elongation (all P < 0.05). Conclusions. For poor responders of orthokeratology, RLRL could slow axial elongation in addition to the ortho‐k treatment effect. Those who respond poorly to ortho‐k with elder age might benefit more from combined therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study aims to formulate and evaluate Eudragit nanoparticles-laden hydrogel contact lenses for controlled delivery of acetazolamide (ACZ) using experimental design. Eudragit S-100 was selected for the preparation of nanoparticles. The optimization of Eudragit S100 concentration (X1), polyvinyl alcohol concentration (X2), and the sonication time (X3) was attempted by applying a central composite experimental design. Mean size of nanoparticles (nm), percent in vitro drug release and drug leaching from the ACZ-ENs laden contact lens were considered as dependent variables. Nanoparticles-laden contact lens was prepared through the direct loading method and characterized. Optimum check-point formulation was selected based on validated quadratic polynomial equations developed using response surface methodology. The optimized formulation of ACZ-ENs exhibited spherical shape with a size of 244.3 nm and a zeta potential of −13.2 mV. The entrapment efficiency of nanoparticles was found to be 82.7 ± 1.21%. Transparent contact lenses loaded ACZ-ENs were successfully prepared using the free radical polymerization technique. ACZ-ENs incorporated in contact lens exhibited a swelling of 83.4 ± 0.82% and transmittance of 80.1 ± 1.23%. ACZ-ENs showed a significantly lower burst release of the drug when incorporated in the contact lens and release was sustained over a period of 24 h. The sterilized formulation of ACZ-ENs laden contact lens did not show any sign of toxicity in rabbit eyes. ACZ-ENs incorporated in contact lens could be considered as a potential alternative in glaucoma patients due to their ability to provide sustained drug release and thus enhance patient compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Anisomyopia is prevalent in myopia and studies have reported it exhibits impaired binocular function. We investigated the binocular balance across spatial frequency in adults with anisomyopia and compared it to in individuals with less differences in refractive error, and examined whether ocular characteristics can predict binocular balance in anisomyopia. Methods: Fifteen anisomyopes, 15 isomyopes and 12 emmetropes were recruited. Binocular balance was quantitatively measured at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 c/d. The first two groups of the observers were tested with and without optical correction with contact lenses. Emmetropes were tested without optical correction. Results: Binocular balance across spatial frequency in optically corrected anisomyopes and isomyopes, as well as emmetropes were found to be similar. Their binocular balance nevertheless still got worse as a function of spatial frequency. However, before optical correction, anisomyopes but not isomyopes showed significant imbalance at higher spatial frequencies. There was a significant correlation between the dependence on spatial frequency of binocular imbalance in uncorrected anisomyopia and interocular difference in visual acuity, and between the dependence and interocular difference in spherical equivalent refraction. Conclusion: Anisomyopes had intact binocular balance following correction across spatial frequency compared to those in isomyopes and emmetropes. Their balance was weakly correlated with their refractive status after optical correction. However, their binocular balance before correction and binocular improvement following optical correction were strongly correlated with differences in ocular characteristics between eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: It was aimed to compare the clinical results of the mini-monovision technique (MMV) with enhanced monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) and trifocal IOL applications and to evaluate the intereye differences in the MMV group. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study evaluated the results of cataract surgeries performed on 48 eyes of 24 patients. Surgeries in Group I were performed for MMV using the RayOne EMV IOL targeting emmetropia in dominant eyes (Group IA) and -0.70 diopter (D) myopia in non-dominant eyes (Group IB), while those in Group II were performed with the AcrySof® IQ PanOptixTM TNFT00 IOL targeting emmetropia. After the surgeries, uncorrected and corrected distance, intermediate, and near distance visual acuities, contrast sensitivity measurements, and defocus curves were determined. Subjective evaluation was made with the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25). The groups were compared statistically. Results: Postoperative refraction mean spherical equivalent was -0.25±0.22 D, -0.67±0.33 D, and -0.16±0.31 D in the three groups, respectively. A statistical difference was identified in favor of Group IA for uncorrected distance vision and in favor of Group IB for near vision (p<0.05). There was no difference in bilateral uncorrected visions in Groups I and II (p>0.05). While contrast sensitivity was better in Group I at all spatial frequencies (p<0.05), better vision was achieved in the defocus curve at distance in Group IA and at near in Group IB. In the binocular evaluation, it was seen that Groups I and II had similar results. In the subjective evaluation, NEI-VFQ-25 scores were 94.1±4.2/100 in Group I and 91.5±3.0/100 in Group II at 6 months (p>0.05). Photic complaints were significantly more common in Group II. Conclusion: With the MMV technique, it was observed that enhanced monofocal lenses provided better visual acuity at all distances and less dysphotopsia than trifocal lenses, whereas trifocal lenses were better at providing independence from glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), is a diverse Gram-negative pathogen commonly associated with a wide spectrum of infections. It is indicated to be the most prevalent causative agent in the development of bacterial keratitis linked with the use of contact lens. Corneal infections attributed to P. aeruginosa frequently have poor clinical outcomes necessitating lengthy and costly therapies. Therefore, this review looks at the aetiology of P. aeruginosa bacterial keratitis as well as the bacterial drivers of its virulence and the potential therapeutics on the horizon. Method: A literature review with the articles used for the review searched for and retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar (date last accessed 1 April 2024). The keywords used for the search criteria were "Pseudomonas and keratitis, biofilm and cornea as well as P. aeruginosa". Results: P. aeruginosa is implicated in the pathogenesis of bacterial keratitis associated with contact lens usage. To reduce the potential seriousness of these infections, a variety of contact lens-cleaning options are available. However, continuous exposure to a range of antibiotics doses, from sub-inhibitory to inhibitory, has been shown to lead to the development of resistance to both antibiotics and disinfectant. Generally, there is a global public health concern regarding the rise of difficult-to-treat infections, particularly in the case of P. aeruginosa virulence in ocular infections. This study of the basic pathogenesis of a prevalent P. aeruginosa strain is therefore implicated in keratitis. To this effect, anti-virulence methods and phage therapy are being researched and developed in response to increasing antibiotic resistance. Conclusion: This review has shown P. aeruginosa to be a significant cause of bacterial keratitis, particularly among users of contact lens. It also revealed treatment options, their advantages, and their drawbacks, including prospective candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal keratitis is a rare yet severe infection of the cornea. Fungal species distribution depends on the climate and socioeconomic status and can show regional variation. This retrospective single-center study was conducted at a tertiary eye care center and the collaborating Institute of Medical Microbiology in Switzerland. On investigating all fungal-positive corneal scrapings and contact lens assessments of patients with keratitis from January 2012 to December 2023, 206 patients were identified, of which 113 (54.9%) were female. The median age was 38 (IQR 29.8, [18–93]), and 154 (74.8%) applied contact lenses. The most commonly found pathogen was Candida spp., followed by Fusarium spp. Molds were 1.8 times more common than yeasts. Linear regression showed no significant increase or decrease in the infection rate over time (p = 0.5). In addition, 10 patients (4.9%) were found to have coinfections with Acanthamoeba, 11 (5.3%) with HSV-1, none with HSV-2, and 4 (1.9%) with VZV. This study provides a long-term overview of fungal-positive corneal scrapings and contact lens specimens of patients with fungal keratitis. Based on our results, coinfections with Acanthamoeba, HSV, and VZV are frequent, especially in patients wearing contact lenses. Thus, wearing contact lenses may facilitate coinfection in fungal keratitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Often associated with contact lens wear, Acanthamoeba keratitis is an extremely painful blinding infection that has remained significant despite advances in drug discovery and chemotherapies. Current treatment is intricate and demands early diagnosis, aggressive and prolonged application, and may result in infection recurrence. The latter is due to the ability of the parasite to undergo cellular differentiation and transform into a resistant cyst form or infective trophozoite form. Areas covered: Here, we present a review of our current understanding of emerging therapies and priorities tackling Acanthamoeba keratitis. Literature searches were carried out using bibliographic databases and results sifted and reviewed to present recent findings, challenges and novel opportunities in the development of therapeutic interventions and/or preventative measures against Acanthamoeba keratitis. Expert opinion: Nanomedicine-based theranostics to combine diagnosis and treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis offer remarkable opportunity in the development of clinical applications in the management of Acanthamoeba keratitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traditional routes of administration of fluconazole such as eye drops have a low therapeutic efficacy due to insufficient bioavailability. Purpose: Herein, a fluconazole noisome-laden contact lens was prepared to control and prolong the drug release and improve its bioavailability. Methods: Two methods have been used to prepare fluconazole niosomes: solvent injection method and thin film hydration method utilizing span 60 and cholesterol mixture. Subsequently, formulations were optimized using three factors and a two-level factorial design and were subjected to in-vitro characterization for the size of niosomes, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency percent, and cytotoxicity study. The optimized fluconazole niosomes were further entrapped in contact lenses by the soaking method and were evaluated according to in-vitro release profile, and antimicrobial activity. Results: The results revealed that the investigated fluconazole niosomes are of nano-size ranging from 228.2 to 769.2 nm with zeta-potential values between − 18.1 and − 60.2 mV. The entrapment efficiency percentage ranged from 51.3 to 75%. Fluconazole was released from fluconazole noisome-laden contact lens and showed a prolonged release up to 48–72 h with a cumulative release of 79.62%. Statistical analysis showed that fluconazole-noisome-laden contact lenses have a significant impressive fungal adhesion reduction as compared to fluconazole-laden contact lenses. Conclusion: Fluconazole noisome-laden contact lenses are a promising therapeutic way for effective and prolonged treatment of ocular fungal infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A system that recognizes the iris is susceptible to presentation attacks (PAs), in which a malicious party shows artefacts such as printed eyeballs, patterned contact lenses, or cosmetics to obscure their personal identity or manipulate someone else's identity. In this study, we suggest the dual channel DenseNet presentation attack detection (DC-DenseNetPAD), an iris PA detector based on convolutional neural network architecture that is dependable and effective and is known as DenseNet. It displays generalizability across PA datasets, sensors, and artifacts. The efficiency of the suggested iris PA detection technique has been supported by tests performed on a popular dataset which is openly accessible (LivDet-2017 and LivDet-2015). The proposed technique outperforms state-of-the-art techniques with a true detection rate of 99.16% on LivDet-2017 and 98.40% on LivDet-2015. It is an improvement over the existing techniques using the LivDet-2017 dataset. We employ Grad-CAM as well as t-SNE plots to visualize intermediate feature distributions and fixat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Recreational runners who need refractive visual correction will need to choose the type of visual correction (spectacles, contact lenses, or no correction) to wear when running. The prevalence of correction choices and distinguishing demographic features associated with these choices of correction were investigated. Methods: A 26-item online questionnaire covering demographics, running habits, and visual corrections used was answered by 941 people. Participants were aged 18 years or older, considered themselves a recreational runner and reported needing refractive correction for everyday life. Bivariate analyses and binary logistic regression were used to determine the variables independently associated with including or avoiding types of correction for running. Results & conclusions: Participants ran an average of 3.8times, 3.6hours, and 33.4km per week. Running habits were not associated with type of visual correction, suggesting that visual correction does not present a barrier to participating in recreational running. Solely using spectacles for running was the most common choice (38.8%) and they were worn for running at least sometimes by 65.8%. Fewer people wore spectacles for running than for general purposes (98.9%), suggesting spectacles have limitations for running. Spectacle wear for running was significantly associated with not having contact lenses available and longer duration of wearing visual correction. Running without correction was a common choice, with 15.5% of the sample only running without correction, and 26.2% running at least sometimes without their visual correction. Not wearing correction was significantly associated with not having contact lenses, a shorter duration of wearing visual correction, and a lower myopic refractive error. Contact lenses were the sole correction for running for 15.6% and were worn for running at least sometimes by 40.5%. Contact lenses were significantly more likely to be used by women and younger runners. Signposting runners to contact lenses if this has not previously been considered is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binocular diplopia limits quality of life by hampering visual function. There are several treatment options with individual advantages and drawbacks. Contact lenses have recently emerged as an attractive treatment delivery mechanism due to advances in lens manufacturing and imaging modalities. Contact lenses can offer better comfort, efficacy, and cosmetic appeal compared to alternative treatments such as spectacles. They also present unique challenges due to risks of inflammation, infection, and intolerability. This review will explore the management of binocular diplopia using several types of contact lenses including base down prism in contact lenses, scleral lenses, occlusive lenses, and monovision lenses. Increased awareness of differing contact lens will help providers and patients make better informed decisions about diplopia management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To avoid risks of mucosal infection from contact lenses removal, a contact lens plunger is often used. Given various types of contact lens plungers available on the market, no study has yet been done on mechanical effects of the contact lens plunger on contact lens removal. Here, this study used finite element analysis to investigate the effects of plunger size and plunger position on the removal of soft and rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses. First, we established finite element analysis models for the plunger, contact lens, cornea, and aqueous humor. The plunger is made of mostly silicone rubber, and the contact lenses are mainly made of soft and hard material. The part of the plunger used for removal was located either at the central or the edged position, with pulling 1 mm distance. The main parameters observation indicators of in this study were the reaction force at the fixed end of the cornea, aqueous humor, the von Mises stress of the plunger, the contact lenses, and the cornea. Results of this study showed that when a plunger of a larger diameter was used, the reaction force of the plunger was also larger, especially when applied to RGP lenses, which required a slightly larger force (∼0.27 N). Also, when removing a RGP lens from the edge, there was a greater stress at the edge of the contact lens (2.5799 MPa), and this caused a higher stress on both the cornea (0.0165 MPa) and the aqueous humor (0.00114 MPa). When using a plunger with a larger diameter to remove a RGP lens, although a larger force required, the relatively larger contact area likely reduced the stress on the cornea and aqueous humor, thereby reducing the risk of eye injury. In addition, when removing a RGP lens, the results of this study recommended it to be removed from the plunger edge, as that facilitated the removal of contact lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact lenses are biomaterials that have emerged as an alternative to glasses in correcting vision defects. In this study, Nesofilcon A (Hydrogel-Hy) and Delefilcon A (Silicone Hydrogel-SiHy) daily disposable soft contact lenses were optically examined using UV-visible light spectroscopy. Optical absorption and transmittance measurements of the lenses were taken with a UV-visible spectrophotometer, and their properties of blocking the harmful part of the radiation to the eye and transmitting the harmless part were investigated. From the absorption spectrum, it was seen that the Nesofilcon A lens absorbed ultraviolet light better. From the optical absorption coefficient spectra of Nesofilcon A and Delefilcon A lenses, the absorption edges were obtained as 386 and 325 nm, and the optical band gap values were 3.34 and 3.98 eV, respectively. Additionally, the refractive index profiles of the lenses were plotted. The refractive indices of the lenses at 550 nm wavelength were calculated as 1.55 and 1.77 for Nesofilcon A and Delefilcon A, respectively. While the Delefilcon A lens transmitted visible light well, the Nesofilcon A lens blocked UV light better and its refractive index was determined to be closer to the 1.40 the value specified by the manufacturer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To determine SOD2 and CAT expression in lens epithelial cells with the protection of UVblocking spectacle lens and UV-blocking contact lenses after UVB radiation. Methods: 32 eyes of Rattus norvegicus mice were subjected to UVB radiation from Philips PL-S 9W/01 narrowband 311 nm lamps at a distance of 18 cm for 30 minutes. Divided into four groups: a control group, P1 group exposed to radiation, P2 group wearing UV-blocking spectacle lens, and P3 group wearing UV-blocking contact lens. The mice were euthanized three days later and had their eyes removed. Immunohistochemistry analysis was used to evaluate the expression of SOD2 and CAT. Results: P1 demonstrated a statistically significant SOD2 expression (p=0.002) compared to the control group. Neither P2 nor P3 exhibited significant differences in SOD2 expression (p=0.693; p=0.365). The SOD2 of the P1 group was significantly different compared to the P2 and P3 groups (p=0.007; p=0.023). No statistically significant difference between groups P2 and P3 (p=0.606). The CAT levels in the P1 group significantly differed from the control group (p=0.001). The differences between the P2 and P3 groups and the control groups were statistically insignificant (p=0.894; p=0.120). CAT P1 group had a significant difference with P2 and P3 groups (p=0.001; p=0.033). No statistically significant difference was observed between groups P2 and P3 (p=0.154). Conclusions: UV-B exposure decreases the expression of SOD2 and CAT. Both protection can provide equally good protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Soft contact lenses may be a good alternative for early‐stage keratoconus (KC) patients who do not tolerate rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses due to ocular discomfort or complications. This prospective study compared outcomes obtained after 2 weeks of wearing two types of soft silicone hydrogel contact lenses for keratoconus that varied in their diameter and central thickness (cc). Methods: Patients with Amsler–Krumeich grades I or II KC were fitted with small‐diameter (14.2 or 14.8 mm) SoftK (SD‐SoftK, cc = 0.48 mm) and large‐diameter (17 mm) SoftK (LD‐SoftK, cc = 0.60 mm) lenses, each worn for 2 weeks in a crossover design. Low (10%;10VA) and high (100%;100VA) contrast visual acuity, contrast sensitivity (CS, Pelli‐Robson), higher order aberrations (HOAs, Visionix Vx130), the number of trial lens modifications during fitting and the subjectively preferred lens were compared using Friedman tests with post‐hoc analysis. Results: Forty eyes (N = 20, 10 males, mean age: 39.0 ± 9.9 years, range: 23–55 years) were examined. Their habitual median (interquartile1, interquartile3) 10VA (LogMAR), 100VA (LogMAR) and CS (LogCS) were 0.52 (0.30, 0.50), 0.14 (0.10, 0.15) and 1.35 (1.35, 1.50), respectively. For the SD‐SoftK condition, the values were 0.23 (0.17, 0.30), 0.02 (0.00, 0.05) and 1.50 (1.50, 1.65), respectively. For the LD‐SoftK condition, the respective values were 0.36 (0.27, 0.44), 0.09 (0.05, 0.13) and 1.50 (1.50, 1.60). SD‐SoftK lenses significantly improved 10VA compared with habitual and LD‐SoftK. SD‐SoftK also significantly improved CS compared with habitual, but not LD‐SoftK. LD‐SoftK significantly improved spherical aberration compared with uncorrected (0.03 ± 0.10 μ vs. 0.07 ± 0.13 μ) but not SD‐SoftK (0.04 ± 0.07 μ). Both lenses required a mean of 1.5 modifications prior to final lens fitting. Fewer adverse events were seen with SD‐SoftK (N = 3) compared with LD‐SoftK (N = 8), and 75% of participants preferred SD‐SoftK lenses. Conclusion: SD‐SoftK lenses were preferred by 75% of subjects, were associated with fewer adverse events and significantly improved 10VA compared with LD‐SoftK lenses. SD‐SoftK lenses also significantly improved CS compared with the habitual correction, but this did not differ significantly from the LD‐SoftK lenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This randomised clinical trial assessed the impact on symptoms, tear film dynamics and ocular surface integrity of daily disposable silicone‐hydrogel contact lenses (CLs) over a month, paying special attention to lid wiper epitheliopathy (LWE) and its implications for CL discomfort. Methods: Neophyte CL wearers (n = 44, 21.09 ± 5.00 years old) were randomly assigned to either the experimental (n = 24) or control group (n = 20). Participants assigned to the experimental group were required to wear daily disposable CLs for 1 month for at least 8 h/day and 6 days/week. All participants were healthy subjects (no history of ocular surgery or active ocular disease) with spherical refractive errors between −8.00 and +5.00 D and cylindrical power <0.75 D. At the baseline and 1‐month sessions, the Dry Eye Questionnaire 5 (DEQ‐5) was completed, together with the measurement of tear film osmolarity with the TearLab osmometer, tear meniscus height (TMH) and lipid layer pattern (LLP) using a slit‐lamp with Tearscope Plus attached, fluorescein break‐up time (FBUT), maximum blink interval (MBI), corneal staining with fluorescein under cobalt blue light and LWE with lissamine green under slit lamp and halogen white light. Results: At the baseline session, LWE showed a negative correlation with DEQ‐5 (r = −0.37, p = 0.02). Significant differences in FBUT and LWE (p = 0.04) and a positive correlation between LWE and DEQ‐5 (r = 0.49, p = 0.007) were observed at 1 month. Intrasession analysis at 1 month showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in DEQ‐5, FBUT and LWE (all p ≤ 0.02). Intersession analysis in the experimental group showed variations in DEQ‐5, FBUT and LWE (all p ≤ 0.02) but no significant variation in the control group (all p ≥ 0.11). Conclusion: The presence of LWE was significantly correlated with higher symptom values in the DEQ‐5. Also, participants in the experimental group presented higher values of LWE after 1 month of CL wear, in comparison with the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Employing "relative plus" (Add) power to extend the functional vision range is a primary method to correct presbyopia with contact lenses. Simultaneous vision contact lenses are typically associated with visual disturbances at higher Add powers, often resulting in compromised vision and necessitating specialized fitting methods. Among mature individuals suffering from presbyopia, we evaluated the visual performance of a catenary curve-based extended depth of focus (EDOF) optical profile contact lens with a simplified fitting process. Methods: Mature individuals suffering from presbyopia with Add requirements of +2.00 D or more were recruited. Monocular and binocular visual acuities were obtained across optical vergences ranging from − 4.00 D to +2.00 D to generate defocus curves for best spectacle-corrected distance vision (baseline) and center-distance, catenary curve-based contact lenses (catenary). A subjective questionnaire evaluating the lenses was employed. Results: Twenty-four mature individuals suffering from presbyopia, average age 59.2 (range: 51– 68 years) and average Add requirement of +2.24 D (range +2.00 D to +2.50 D) were enrolled. Under high-contrast conditions, the catenary lens provided functional binocular vision (0.30 logMAR or better) at all optical vergences from distance to − 3.50 D (equivalent to 28 cm). Participants demonstrated a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in binocular visual acuity while wearing the catenary lens with an imposed defocus of − 1.50 D to − 4.00 D (equivalent to object distances from 66 cm to 25 cm). Subjective ratings with the catenary lens were equivalent to those documented at baseline. Conclusion: The catenary curve-based lenses provided a full range of functional vision while maintaining clear distance vision for individuals suffering from advanced presbyopia. Comparison with previous results involving this lens indicates that these findings are also generalizable to wearers with lower Add requirements. This EDOF design provides a universal Add which is sufficient for advanced presbyopia. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT05495971. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vinyl polymers, crucial in contemporary contact lens design, present unique attributes with promising implications for vision correction. This comprehensive review navigates the trajectory and future trajectories of vinyl polymer‐based contact lenses. The introduction underscores the vital role of contact lenses in vision correction and positions vinyl polymers as ideal materials due to their exceptional properties. Delving into material specifics—high oxygen permeability, optical clarity, surface wettability, and mechanical strength—the analysis emphasizes their influence on corneal health, comfort, and durability. The versatility of manufacturing techniques, encompassing spin casting, molding processes, polymerization, and surface modification, underscores their feasibility in crafting high‐quality lenses. Examining clinical applications, encompassing daily disposables, extended wear, silicone hydrogel, and specialty lenses, alongside biocompatibility assessments and user feedback, provides a nuanced understanding of vinyl polymer‐based lens effectiveness. The article candidly addresses challenges—dehydration, deposits, mechanical stability, and durability—alongside regulatory considerations. Future prospects involve novel formulations, smart materials, bioinspired designs, and noninvasive technologies to amplify comfort and performance. In conclusion, this review distills progress, acknowledges challenges, and charts a sanguine course for vinyl polymer materials in advancing contact lens design, envisioning a future marked by enhanced vision correction technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)