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Aim. To isolate, identify, and evaluate in vitro the predacious ability of nematophagous fungi strains, to determine their eligibility for mass production under submerged cultivation; to select the most efficient isolates of predacious nematopha- gous fungi as promising producers of the biopreparation to control plant-parasitic nematodes. Methods. Microbiological, microscopical, cultural-morphological, statistical. Results. The screening to determine the presence of predacious nema- tophagous fungi in different soils from different regions has been conducted for the first time in Ukraine. Out of 75 soil samples, isolated in Kyiv, Chernihiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Volyn and Odesa regions, 88 isolates of predacious nematophagous fungi were obtained which belong to 11 genera by their cultural-morphological characteristics: Arthrobotrys oligospo- ra – 39 isolates, A. musiformis – 25, A. conoides – 11, Drechslerella dactyloides – 3, A. artrobotryoides –2, A. superba – 2, A. megalospora – 2, A. sphaeroides –1, A. flagrans – 1, A. amerospora – 1, A. thaumasia – 1. High nematophagous activity in vitro (90–100 % trapping) regarding free-living nematodes (Rhabditis spp). was demonstrated by 4 isolates of A. oligospora, 18 isolates of A. musiformis, 5 isolates of A. conoides, 3 isolates of D. dactyloides, and one isolate of A. megalospora. Among the 47 most active isolates, 4 isolates of predacious fungi formed chlamydospores under submerged cultivation on two types of liquid media – wort medium and corn-molasses medium: A. musiformis-711, A. musiformis-911, A. conoides-90, D. dactyloides-19. It was found that isolate A. musiformis-911 and A. conoides-90 could form conidia in the submerged culture. Further experiments in determining the character of development for two latter isolates in different types of media under submerged cultivation established that the largest number of chlamydo- spores and conidia were formed by the isolates of A. conoides 90 and A. musiformis 911 on potato dextrose medium, 7.6·105 and 6.5·105 spores/ml respectively. In the wort medium, the productivity of spore formation for the isolate of A. conoides 90 was 35 times lower, amounting to 2.2·104 spores/ml, and in peptone-glucose medium – 90 times lower (8.5·103 spores/ml). The isolate of A. musiformis 911 in the wort medium produced 325 times fewer spores (2.0× ×103 spores/ml) than in potato-dextrose medium, while no chlamydospores and conidia were formed in the peptone- glucose medium. More detailed study of the ratio between isolates-producers and different sources of nutrition as the basis for the optimization of liquid media is required. Conclusions. According to the results of determining nematoph- agous activity regarding free-living nematodes, isolated from different soils in Ukraine and evaluating the character of development under submerged cultivation, two isolates of predacious fungi were selected – Arthrobotrys conoides-90 and A. musiformis-911, which are promising producers of a biological preparation eventually to be used in the biocon- trol of plant-parasitic nematodes. Conidia formation of the two isolates in liquid culture under mass production condi- tions was observed for the first time and could also contribute to their suitability for mass production and biocontrol.

Seaweeds are potentials to be developed as alternative source in foods and pharmaceuticals. In this study, chemical compositions of two brown seaweeds species from Karimun Java Indonesia Padina australis and Turbinaria conoides were investigated. Proximate results showed that both seaweeds contain high amount of carbohydrates and ashes. Mineral contents of P. australis and T. conoides follow the orders of Na>Mg>Fe>K>Ca>Zn>Cu and Na>Mg>K>Fe>Zn>Ca>Cu, respectively. Almost all essential amino acids (including histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine and lysine) were present in both seaweeds. Amino acid profiles showed that both seaweed contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with T. conoides contain higher amount of EPA (8.58 ± 0.22 g/100 g of total fatty acids) and DHA (6.05 ± 0.21 g/100 g of total fatty acids). The findings of this study have provided evidence that brown seaweeds were nutritious and potential to be utilized for producing functional ingredients in food. Further, P. australis and T. conoides can be used as candidate to be used in food industries to increase shelf-life of food items for human consumption, and use to deter deleterious free radical-induced life-threatening diseases.

Seaweed was a source of vitamin C and E. They were an antioxidant contained in seaweed. The objective of this study was to determine of vitamins (C and E) in the seaweed porridge of E. cottonii and T. conoides were thought to have potential as raw material for making sunscreen cream. The methods were included total microbial analysis, vitamin C and E analysis on seaweed porridge. The results of a total microbial assay on E. cottonii was 8,7x103 colony/g while on T. conoides was 3,5x104 colony/g. They were the safe category of microbial test. The content of vitamin C on E. cottonii and T. conoides (1: 1) on seaweed porridge was 0,07 mg/100 gram, while vitamin E content obtained is 10 mg/100 gram.

Interspecific competition between corals and macroalgae is a common phenomenon on coral reefs, and its impacts on the cellular structure of corals are not well studied. Field observations in Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (GoM), a protected reef environment, during January 2020 revealed abundant growth of the macroalga Turbinaria conoides over the coral, Goniastrea sp., causing tissue discoloration and physical injury through abrasion. Histopathological analysis revealed disruption of the gastrodermis with the loss of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates and focal ablation of the epidermis in the affected coral tissues. Cell counts confirmed a 65.1% reduction in endosymbiont density. Our results suggest that physical contact by T. conoides disrupted the coral epithelia, potentially leading to tissue loss and a reduction in live coral cover.

Sheath blight incited by Rhizoctonia solani is an important rice disease that constitutes a major challenge to rice production worldwide. Nematode-trapping fungi possess the ability to capture, kill and digest the nematodes. However, the ability of many nematode-trapping fungi parasitizing the soil borne plant pathogens may fillip the gap towards maximum exploitation of these fungi in biological control strategy. In present study, we have investigated the mycoparasitc potential of Arthobotrys conoides, A. eudermata, Dactylellina gephyropaga and D. phymatopaga against Rhizoctonia solani in in vitro and rice plants grown under green house conditions. We found that Arthobotrys conoides, A. eudermata and Dactylellina gephyropaga started forming coils around hyphae of Rhizoctonia solani within 24 h of hyphal interaction. A. eudermata was found highly mycoparasitic on all isolates of R. solani followed by A. conoides and D. gephyropaga. Dactylellina phymatopaga failed to parasitize any isolates of R. solani. At the site of coiling, a strong cell wall proliferation was observed in Rhizoctonia cells and the cytoplasm of these cells subsequently disintegrated. Treatment of R. solani infested soils with colony forming units of A. eudermata, A. conoides and D. gephyropaga decreased sheath blight infection in rice tillers by 43.39–50.74% as compared to non-treated but R. solani inoculated plants.

Colletotrichum species are plant pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes on a range of economically important hosts. However, the species occurring on pear remain largely unresolved. To determine the morphology, phylogeny and biology of Colletotrichum species associated with Pyrus plants, a total of 295 samples were collected from cultivated pear species (including P. pyrifolia, P. bretschneideri, and P. communis) from seven major pear-cultivation provinces in China. The pear leaves and fruits affected by anthracnose were sampled and subjected to fungus isolation, resulting in a total of 488 Colletotrichum isolates. Phylogenetic analyses based on six loci (ACT, TUB2, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, and ITS) coupled with morphology of 90 representative isolates revealed that they belong to 10 known Colletotrichum species, including C. aenigma, C. citricola, C. conoides, C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. karstii, C. plurivorum, C. siamense, C. wuxiense, and two novel species, described here as C. jinshuiense and C. pyrifoliae. Of these, C. fructicola was the most dominant, occurring on P. pyrifolia and P. bretschneideri in all surveyed provinces except in Shandong, where C. siamense was dominant. In contrast, only C. siamense and C. fioriniae were isolated from P. communis, with the former being dominant. In order to prove Koch's postulates, pathogenicity tests on pear leaves and fruits revealed a broad diversity in pathogenicity and aggressiveness among the species and isolates, of which C. citricola, C. jinshuiense, C. pyrifoliae, and C. conoides appeared to be organ-specific on either leaves or fruits. This study also represents the first reports of C. citricola, C. conoides, C. karstii, C. plurivorum, C. siamense, and C. wuxiense causing anthracnose on pear.

Intertidal marine brown alga Turbinaria conoides (J.Agardh) Kutzing (family Sargassaceae) is considered as one of the largely abundant species, available in the coastal zones of the Indian subcontinent. Bioactivity-guided chromatographic fractionation of the organic extract of T. conoides resulted in three previously undescribed macrocyclic lactone homologues, named as conoidecyclics A-C. Conoidecyclic A displayed greater attenuation potential against cyclooxygenase-2 (IC50 1.75 mM) and 5-lipoxygenase (IC50 4.24 mM) in comparison with other analogues. Conoidecyclic A exhibited higher attenuation potential against 5-lipoxygenase than that displayed by an anti-inflammatory agent, ibuprofen (IC50 4.51 mM). The higher selectivity index of conoidecyclic A (1.79) recognized its selective attenuation potential against the inducible cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme. Inhibition potential of conoidecyclic A against angiotensin converting enzyme-I (IC50 1.23 mM) and protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (IC50 1.39 mM) were non-competitive, as deduced by kinetic studies. In-silico molecular modeling study of conoidecyclic A with the allosteric sites of the targeted enzymes exhibited least binding energy of −14.51 to −11.27 kcal mol−1 compared to those exhibited by other studied macrolide homologues. Reaction kinetic studies of conoidecyclic A coupled with lesser apparent Vmax inferred that it could efficiently bind with the allosteric site of targeted enzymes in a non-competitive manner to diminish the reaction velocity resulting in enzyme inhibition. Drug-likeness and predictive pharmacokinetic parameters of conoidecyclic A exhibited an acceptable oral bioavailability. These reports inferred that conoidecyclic A encompassing pentacosa macrocyclic moiety could be a promising therapeutic lead to inhibit the enzymes related to the development and progression of pathological conditions leading to inflammation, hypertension and type-2 diabetes.

Four tropical seaweeds, Gracilaria manilaensis Yamamoto & Trono, Ulva reticulata Forsskål, Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) L.M.Liao and Turbinaria conoides (J.Agardh) Kützing, collected from various habitats throughout Malaysia, were subjected to temperatures of 40, 35, 30, 25 and 20 ◦C in the laboratory. An exposure range of 21–38 ◦C is reported for Malaysian waters. The effect of the temperature exposures on the halocarbon emissions of the seaweeds were determined 4 and 28 h after treatment. The emission rates for a suite of six halocarbons commonly emitted by seaweeds, bromoform (CHBr3), dibromomethane (CH2Br2), diiodomethane (CH2I2), iodomethane (CH3I), dibromochloromethane (CHBr2Cl) and dichlorobromomethane (CHBrCl2), were measured using a cryogenic purge-and-trap sample preparation system coupled to a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The emission rate of CHBr3 was the highest of the six halocarbons for all the seaweeds under all the temperatures tested, followed by CH2Br2, and CH2I2. The emission rates were affected by temperature change and exposure duration, but overall responses were unique to each seaweed species. Larger decreases in the emissions of CHBr3, CH2Br2, CH2I2 and CHBr2Cl were found for K. alvarezii and T. conoides after 4 h at 40 ◦C. In both cases there was a >90% (p < 0.05) reduction in the Fv/Fm value suggesting that photosynthetic actitivity was severely compromised. After a 28 h exposure period, strong negative correlations (r = -0.69 to -0.95; p < 0.01) were observed between temperature and the emission of CHBr3, CH2Br2 and CH2I2 for U. reticulata, K. alvarezii and T. conoides. This suggests a potential decrease in the halocarbon emissions from these tropical seaweeds, especially where the temperature increase is a prolonged event. Strong correlations were also seen between seaweed chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment contents and the emission rates for CHBr3, CH2Br2 and CH2I2 (r = 0.48 to 0.96 and -0.49 to -0.96; p < 0.05). These results suggest that the regulation of halocarbon production versus reactive oxygen species production in seaweeds is an area worthy of further exploration.

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is a serious disease of more than 30 plant genera. Several Colletotrichum species have been reported to infect chili in different countries. Although China is the largest chiliproducing country, little is known about the species that have been infecting chili locally. Therefore, we collected samples of diseased chili from 29 provinces of China, from which 1285 strains were isolated. The morphological characters of all strains were observed and compared, and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, ACT, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, TUB2, and HIS3) were performed on selected representative strains. Fifteen Colletotrichum species were identified, with C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. scovillei, and C. truncatum being prevalent. Three new species, C. conoides, C. grossum, and C. liaoningense, were recognised and described in this paper. Colletotrichum aenigma, C. cliviae, C. endophytica, C. hymenocallidis, C. incanum, C. karstii, and C. viniferum were reported for the first time from chili. Pathogenicity of all species isolated from chili was confirmed, except for C. endophytica. The current study improves the understanding of species causing anthracnose on chili and provides useful information for the effective control of the disease in China.

A new dimeric sesquiterpenoid, conoidol A (1), was isolated from the unripe fruits of Capsicum annuum var. conoides (Mill.) Irish. The structure of the new dimeric sesquiterpenoid was elucidated by chemical and physical evidence.

In this research, blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) and blackberry (Rubus sanctus Schreb.) fruits have been extracted with water, ethanol, ethanol/water solvents. Fruit extracts were sprayed on the leaves of grossum and conoides varieties of Capsicum annuum L.. 24 and 48 hours after extract applications, healthy leaf of ten weeks old seedlings were harvested for protein and peroxidase analyses. Changing in total protein levels and peroxidase activity were measured spectrophotometrically.The highest total protein level increase was in the application of ethanolic extract of R. sanctus to grossum variety when we compare with control group. This increasing 24 and 48 hours after application were determined as 154% and 144% respectively. After the applications of R. sanctus fruit extract to the grossum and conoides varieties, peroxidase (POX) [EC 1.11.1.7] activity changing have been found better than P. spinosa extract application. After the both fruit extract applications, increasing in the POX activity of conoides variety have been found better than the grossum variety. 24 and 48 hours after application of ethanolic R. sanctus extract to conoides variety, POX activity increasing have been found respectively as 76% and 94%. In conclusion, it was shown that P. spinosa and R. sanctus fruit extracts have been stimulated the plant defense system in grossum and conoides varieties of C. annuum at different levels within the scope of total protein amount and peroxidase activity according to the control group.

Submitted by Carlos Augusto Vicente Quagliato (carlos.quagliato@gmail.com) on 2019-03-27T23:01:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cônicas e Quádricas.pdf: 2689971 bytes, checksum: 036bca7393d55f672d510ee3af6d1256 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2019-03-28T16:27:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 quagliato_cav_me_sjrp.pdf: 2544138 bytes, checksum: 1428e3712a2285583d3276726d6792b0 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-28T16:27:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 quagliato_cav_me_sjrp.pdf: 2544138 bytes, checksum: 1428e3712a2285583d3276726d6792b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-03-18 A partir de um estudo de cubagem de tora de eucalipto por semelhança de tronco de cone de base elíptica, efetuando os cálculos de volume por semelhança ao tronco de cone de base circular e comprovação de resultado por cálculo diferencial integral, realiza-se um estudo histórico sobre a área do círculo para se chegar à área da elipse pelo desenvolvimento apresentado por Arquimedes nesse assunto. Com apresentação do teorema da medida da área da elipse, demonstrado pela dupla redução ao absurdo e utilização do método da exaustão de Eudoxo. Na sequência, verificamos que esse desenvolvimento matemático foi inspirador para o desenvolvimento do cálculo diferencial integral e para Cavalieri enunciar dois famosos princípios, um para o cálculo de área e outro para o de volume, estes são usados nos próximos cálculos de área da elipse e volume de sólidos elípticos. Os princípios de Cavalieri são teoremas e apresentamos as demonstrações pelo cálculo diferencial integral, também usado como alternativa aos cálculos de volume dos sólidos elípticos. From a study of eucalyptus log cube by the similarity of an elliptical cone trunk, performing the volume calculations by resemblance to the circular base cone trunk and verification of the result by integral differential calculus, a historical study is carried out on the area of the circle and to reach the area of the ellipse by the development presented by Archimedes on this subject. Presentation of the theorem of the measurement of the area of the ellipse, demonstrated by the double reduction to the absurd and use of the Eudoxo exhaustion method. It follows that this mathematical development was inspiring for the development of integral differential calculus and for Cavalieri to enunciate two famous principles, one for area calculation and another for volume, which are used in the next area calculations of the ellipse and volume of elliptical solids. The principles of Cavalieri are theorems and the demonstrations were presented by integral differential calculus, also used as an alternative to volume calculations of elliptical solids.

Antioxidant potential, total phenolic content, and high performance liquid chromatography-based solvent extract fingerprints of phenolic constituents of brown seaweeds, Turbinaria conoides and Turbinaria ornata, were evaluated. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of the seaweeds registered greater phenolic content and antioxidant activities. Salicylic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, and syringic acid were predominant in the EtOAc fraction of T. conoides, while the main components in EtOAc fraction of T. ornata were quercetin and salicylic acid. This study demonstrated the candidacy of Turbinaria spp. as a potential source of antioxidant phenolics for use as food supplements and nutraceuticals to deter deleterious free radical-induced disorders and diseases.

In the present study, phloroglucinol, a phenolic derivative, was extracted from the brown seaweeds Sargassum wightii, Sargassum tenerrimum and Turbinaria conoides. The secondary metabolite purified by reversed phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), fluorescence spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) and H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Phloroglucinol from S. tenerrimum exhibited higher total antioxidant (453.3 mg AscAE g(-1)), DPPH-scavenging (71.07 %), H2O2-scavenging (89.7 %) and metal chelating (14.28 %) activities. Anticoagulant activity was maximum in phloroglucinol from T. conoides (APTT 38.2 s, PT 22.7 s and FC 1.92 g dL(-1)). Phloroglucinol from S. wightii showed maximum lymphocyte migration inhibition (0.8 mm). Cytotoxicity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage against MCF-7 cells was high in phloroglucinol from T. conoides (IC50 10.74 mu g mL(-1) and 56.17 %). These findings suggest that phloroglucinol from the selected brown seaweeds could be a rich functional food with appreciable biomedical properties.

The aim of the present investigation was to study the potential of two brown seaweeds ( Sargassum wightii and Turbinaria conoides ) to remove praseodymium ions from solutions. Due to swelling problems, the seaweed biomasses were also immobilized using polysulfone matrices which amplified hydraulic conductivity more than 7.1 times. At optimum pH of 5, maximum Pr(III) uptakes of 131.4, 146.4, 111.2 and 119.5 mg/g were observed for free- S. wightii , free- T. conoides , polysulfone immobilized S. wightii (PISW) and polysulfone immobilized T. conoides (PITC), respectively. Experimental biosorption isotherms were successfully described using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips model. Owing to intraparticle diffusion, rate of Pr(III) sorption by immobilized biosorbents was slow and equilibrium attainment took 240 min compared to only 90 min by free biomasses. However, regeneration of seaweed biomasses for repeated sorption application was only possible with immobilization biosorbents. With 0.1 mol/L HCl as elutant, both PITC and PISW exhibited invariable Pr(III) uptake capacity and very high mechanical stability over 10 sorption-desorption cycles.

Arthrobotrys conoides is a nematode-trapping fungus belonging to Orbiliales, Ascomycota group, and traps prey nematodes by means of adhesive network. Fungus has a potential to be used as a biocontrol agent against plant parasitic nematodes. In the present study, we characterized the transcriptome of A. conoides using high-throughput sequencing technology and characterized its virulence unigenes. Total 7,255 cDNA contigs with an average length of 425 bp were generated and 6184 (61.81%) transcripts were functionally annotated and characterized. Majority of unigenes were found analogous to the genes of plant pathogenic fungi. A total of 1749 transcripts were found to be orthologous with eukaryotic proteins of KOG database. Several carbohydrate active enzymes and peptidases were identified. We also analyzed classically and nonclassically secreted proteins and confirmed by BLASTP against fungal secretome database. A total of 916 contigs were analogous to 556 unique proteins of Pathogen Host Interaction (PHI) database. Further, we identified 91 unigenes homologous to the database of fungal virulence factor (DFVF). A total of 104 putative protein kinases coding transcripts were identified by BLASTP against KinBase database, which are major players in signaling pathways. This study provides a comprehensive look at the transcriptome of A. conoides and the identified unigenes might have a role in catching and killing prey nematodes by A. conoides.

The emergence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as the pre-eminent global non-infectious disease has driven the search for new anti-diabetic strategies including utilising traditional food and herbs. In this investigation, we describe the anti-diabetic potential of six selected Malaysian seaweed species against recognised pharmaco- logical targets. Specifically, we measured their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and also their ability to stimulate incretin hormone secretion in vitro.Crudewater extractsofHalimedamacroloba,Padina sulcata, Sargassum binderi and Turbinaria conoides pos- sessed potent inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase and DPP-4. The highest inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase was found in water extracts of the green seaweed species H. macroloba with an IC50 value of 6.388 mg mL �1 . Crude water extracts of the brown seaweeds studied namely P. sulcata, S. binderi and T. conoides, exhibited potent DPP-4 inhibition compared with the green seaweed H. macroloba. The brown seaweed also stimulates secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from pGIP neo STC-1 cells in vitro. H. macroloba stimulated GLP-1 secretion but not secretion of GIP.

The purpose of the study was to determine the anti fungal activity of seaweed (Turbinaria conoides) extract against root rot pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Seaweed extract was prepared from the species T. conoides collected from Rameswaram coastal area of Tamil Nadu during December was used for this study. Different concentrations of the extract viz., 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 % was evaluated for their antifungal activity against F. oxysporum using poisoned food technique along with control and carbendazim (0.2 %) as check. No mycelial growth (0 cm) was observed in 15 % and 20 % sea weed extract weed extract treated plates even after 6 days ofincubation. Though the visible inhibition of mycelial growth was noticed in all the concentrations, the increased concentration of 15 and 20 % had shown 100 % inhibition. So, the lower concentration of 15 % can be best in controlling the F. oxysporum fungi. GC-MS analysis of seaweed extract showing the presence of several antimicrobial compounds in seaweeds may be the reason for such inhibition.

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) can reduce or limit sheep production. Currently there is a clear deficiency in the action of drugs for the control of these parasites. Nematophagous fungi are natural enemies of GIN. Fungal combinations have potential for reducing GIN populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency combinations of nematophagous fungi in sodium alginate matrix pellets for the biological control agents of gastrointestinal sheep nematode parasites in the field. The nematophagous fungi (0.2 mg of fungus per kg of body weight), Arthrobotrys conoides, A. robusta, Duddingtonia flagrans, and Monacrosporium thaumasium were used. The treated groups were administered mycelium combinations in the following combinations: group 1 (D. flagrans + A. robusta); group 2 (M. thaumasium + A. conoides). The control group did not receive any fungal pellets. We used three groups with eight Santa Inês sheep each. Each animal was treated with approximately 1 g of pellet per 10 kg of live weight. During the experimental period, we evaluated: number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG), infective larvae (L3) per kg of dry matter, larvae recovered from coprocultures, packed cell volume, total plasma protein concentration of sheep, and environmental conditions. Group 2 EPG (M. thaumasium + A. conoides) differed from the control group in September and October. The number of L3/kg of dry matter recovered from animals of groups 1 and 2 at distances of 0–20 and 20–40 cm from the fecal pats was lower than the control group. The packed cell volume and total plasma proteins of treated animals were similar to those of the control group. The combination of treatment groups (D. flagrans + A. robusta and M. thaumasium + A. conoides) reduced the number of L3/kg of pasture. Therefore, treatment of nematophagous fungal combinations have the potential to manage free-living stages of GIN in sheep.

Nematode-trapping fungi are well known for their inherent potential to trap and kill nematodes using specialized trapping devices. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the trapping and subsequent processes are still unclear. Therefore, in this study, we examined differential genes expression in two nematode-trapping fungi after baiting with nematode extracts. In Arthrobotrys conoides, 809 transcripts associated with diverse functions such as signal transduction, morphogenesis, stress response and peroxisomal proteins, proteases, chitinases and genes involved in the host-pathogen interaction showed differential expression with fold change (>±1.5 fold) in the presence of nematode extract with FDR (p-value

The emission rates of eight volatile halogenated compounds by three tropical brown seaweed species collected from Cape Rachado, west coast Peninsular Malaysia, under different irradiances have been determined. A purge-and-trap sample preparation system with a gas chromatograph and mass-selective detector was used to measure a suite of halocarbons released by Sargassum binderi Sonder ex J. Agardh, Padina australis Hauck, and Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kutzing. All species are widely distributed in Peninsular Malaysia, with S. binderi a dominant seaweed species at our survey site. Release of few halocarbons was found to be influenced by irradiance. Correlations were also observed between emission of certain halocarbons with photosynthetic activity, especially bromo-and iodinated compounds (0.6 < r

To evaluate the antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of brown seaweeds belonging to Turbinaria spp. [Turbinaria conoides (T. conoides) and Turbinaria ornata (T. ornata) collected from Gulf of Mannar of southeastern coast of India in various in vitro systems.The antioxidant activity was evaluated using different in vitro systems, viz., 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2'-azino-bis-3 ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS), H2O2/HO radical scavenging, Fe(2+) ion chelating ability, and reducing potential. Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenolic content of the extracts, and the results were expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GE)/g of the seaweed extracts. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances assay was employed to assess the ability of the seaweed extracts to inhibit lipid oxidation.Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of T. conoides registered significantly higher phenolic content (105.97 mg GE/g) than that of T. ornata (69.63 mg GE/g). Significantly higher antioxidant potential as determined by DPPH (64.14%) radical scavenging activity was registered in EtOAc fraction of T. ornata. A higher ABTS(•+) radical scavenging (IC50 3.16 µg/mL), Fe(2+) chelating (IC50 0.46 mg/mL), H2O2 scavenging (IC50 4.25 mg/mL), lipid peroxidation inhibitory (TBARS, IC50 0.21 mg/mL), and reducing abilities (IC50 52.67 mg/mL) (P0.05) were realized in EtOAc fraction of T. ornata than other fractions.This study indicated the potential use of T. conoides and T. ornata as candidate species to be used as food supplements/functional foods to increase shelf-life of food items for human consumption, and nutraceuticals to deter deleterious free radical-induced life-threatening diseases.

The use of different seaweeds such as Sargassum sp., Turbinaria conoides, and Ulva sp. in removing mercury(II) from aqueous solutions were investigated. The initial experimental runs, conducted at different equilibrium pH conditions, demonstrated that brown seaweeds outperformed green seaweed in Hg(II) biosorption at all pH conditions. In particular, at pH 5, maximum biosorption capacities of 170.3 and 145.8 mg/g were recorded for the brown seaweeds T. conoides and Sargassum sp., respectively, compared with 138.4 mg/g for the green seaweed Ulva sp. Isotherm data were modeled and interpreted using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Toth models, with the latter described the Hg(II) isotherms with high correlation coefficients and low % error values. The kinetic data indicate the rapidity of the biosorption process, with the equilibrium achieved within 90 min. Several models, including the Elovich, pseudo-first-order, and pseudo-second-order models, were examined for their suitability w...

The present work investigated the ability of inactive brown seaweed, Turbinaria conoides, to biosorb aluminum(III) and cadmium(II) ions in both single and binary systems. Initial experiments were undertaken to determine the influence of pH and biosorption isotherms of each metallic ion. Owing to the presence of carboxylic groups, T. conoides exhibited high uptake capacity towards Al(III) and Cd(II) through ion-exchange mechanism. In the case of Al(III), T. conoides exhibited maximum biosorption at pH 4 with a capacity of 2.37 mmol/g, whereas the highest Cd(II) biosorption occurred at pH 5 with a capacity of 0.96 mmol/g. For both metal ions, T. conoides exhibited fast kinetics. Several models were used to describe isotherm (Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Toth) and kinetic (pseudo-first and pseudo-second order) data. Desorption and reuse of T. conoides biomass in three repeated cycles was successful with 0.1 M HCl as elutant. In binary systems, the presence of Cd(II) severely affected Al(III) uptake by T. conoides. Compared to single-solute systems, Al(III) uptake was reduced to 56% compared to only 27% for Cd(II). Based on the model parameters regressed from the respective monometal systems, multicomponent Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to predict binary (Al + Cd) system of which the multicomponent Freundlich model was able to describe with good accuracy.

Objective To evaluate the antifungal activity of seaweed extracts against human fungal pathogens. Methods Antifungal activity of six species of marine macro algae Codium decorticatum, Caulerpa scalpelliformis, Gracilaria crassa, Acanthophora spicifera, Sargassum wightii and Turbinaria conoides using different solvents acetone, methanol, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane and aqueous were evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium udum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria alternat, Botrytis cinerea, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Results From the investigation, the maximum activity was recorded from Phaeophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Rhodophyceae respectively. The maximum inhibition zone was noted in acetone extract of T. conoides against F. udum . Conclusions From these findings, it is concluded that brown seaweed Turbinaria conoides is more effective than the green and red seaweeds.

Three seaweed species (Turbinaria conoides, Sargassum sp., and Ulva sp.) were examined to assess their ability to sequester antimonite [Sb(III)] ions from aqueous solution. Among these species, both T. conoides and Sargassum sp. showed higher Sb(III) biosorption potential than Ulva sp. The pH-edge experimental results revealed the involvement of negatively charged groups in the biosorption of Sb(III). Biosorption isotherms obtained at pH 6 indicated that T. conoides provided higher uptake of Sb(III) (18.1 mg/g) than Sargassum sp. (14.9 mg/g) according to the Langmuir model. Kinetic studies indicated that the rates of Sb(III) removal by both brown seaweeds were high, with 95% of the process completed within 45 min. A pseudo-first-order model was found to describe the kinetic data satisfactorily with a high correlation coefficient and low percentage errors. Desorption experiments with 0.1 M HCl showed that it is possible to regenerate T. conoides for its continued use as a biosorbent for up to three sorptio...

In the present study, the potential of a new brown marine alga, Turbinaria conoides , in biosorption and subsequent bioreduction of Au(III) was explored. The biosorption process was found to be rapid and completed within 60 min of contact. Also, the solution pH strongly affected Au(III) biosorption by T. conoides , with maximum uptake of 34.5 mg/g being observed at pH 2 according to the Langmuir model. Biosorption mechanism was proposed to involve electrostatic interactions between gold anions and algal functional groups, which implies that when virgin T. conoides was exposed to gold solution, AuCl 4 − anion binds to positively charged functional groups, such as amino groups (NH 2 ), on the algal surface. After 60 min, T. conoides reduced Au(III) to gold nanoparticles. Hydroxyl groups present in the brown algal polysaccharides were involved in the bioreduction of Au(III) to Au(0). The field emission scanning electron micrographs showed uniformly scattered nanoparticles with sporadic aggregation on the surface of T. conoides . XRD diffraction patterns of gold-loaded T. conoides also confirmed that the Au(III) bound on the cell wall of the biomass had been reduced to Au(0). The UV–vis spectra results indicated that the reaction solution had an absorption maximum at about 540 nm attributable to the surface plasmon resonance band of the gold nanoparticles.

Four species of brown seaweeds, namely Sargassum baccularia, Sargassum binderi, Sargassum siliquosum and Turbinaria conoides, harvested from Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia were analysed for ash content, alginate yield and alginate properties. Seaweeds calcined at 450°C were found to have low amount of non-combustible residue as these were not contaminated by calcareous animals. Alginate was extracted from these seaweeds by two methods: hot and cold. In the hot method, the storing time was 3 h and the processing temperature was 50°C, whilst in the cold method, the sample was stored overnight at room temperature. Higher yield of alginate was obtained by the hot method compared to the cold method, but alginate extracted by the cold method gave higher molecular weight. In the hot method, 49.9% of alginate was extracted from S. siliquosum, followed by T. conoides (41.4%), S. binderi (38.9%) and S. baccularia (26.7%). Alginate extracted from T. conoides has an average molecular weight, M w, of 8.06 × 105 g mol−1, whereas alginate from S. siliquosum was the lowest in M w (4.81 × 105 g mol−1) when the extraction was done at room temperature. Alginate extracted from S. baccularia was found to be very heat-sensitive. Its M w has dropped more than 83%, from 7.52 × 105 to 1.23 × 105 g mol−1, when the extraction temperature was raised. The effect of heat on the extent of depolymerisation of the alginate molecule of the other three brown seaweed species was less significant, with decrease in molecular weight ranging between 13% and 16%.

This study was conducted in order to select valuable genetic resources of red conic pepper (Capsicum annuum var. conoides Mill.) in Bafra plain situated on Black Sea Region of Turkey during 2003 and 2005. Fifty six red pepper populations were collected from different eco-geographical areas in the research region. All native red pepper genotypes were examined with respect to morphological characteristics. Ranking method was used for selecting superior types. The results of ranking method revealed twenty two superior types. Research results also showed that all populations had 11.2-19.2 cm fruit length, 4.8-7.2 cm fruit width and 4.3-5.8 mm for flesh thickness. Fruit colours of selected types were in red and dark red tones. In the majority of populations harvest time occurred at 105 days. On the other hand, the genotypes exhibited a range of 653.9-1415.5 g for the total fruit weight plants-1, 7.2-13.5 for the fruit number plant-1, 53.0-155.0 mg/100 g for ascorbic acid, 5.2-8.0% for total soluble solids and 8.0-11.9% for total dry weight. At the end of this study, 12 types were selected as being promising for further breeding efforts. © 2009 Asian Network for Scienctific Information.

The ability of the brown seaweed, Turbinaria conoides to absorb rhodamine B (RB) from aqueous solution was investigated in a batch system. The effects of various experimental parameters (e.g., morphology, initial dye concentration, temperature, and pH) were investigated and optimal experimental condition was ascertained. The results revealed that sorption capacity of T. conoides increased with increasing temperature, and decreasing initial dye concentration and pH. Sorption equilibrium studies using Langmuir and Freundlich models demonstrated that RB biosorption fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm. This study suggested that T. conoides can be used as a potential biosorbent for the removal of RB from wastewater.

Pinewood nematode (PWN) trapping by nematophagous fungi, Arthrobotrys conoides, A. dactyloides and A. oligospora and the fungal growth were characterized. The three Arthrobotrys species each was inoculated into the PWN cultured on Botrytis cinera fungal colony on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The effects of temperature, pH, PWN inoculation density and nutrients on the growth of the three Arthrobotrys spp were measured. A. conoides grew fast, 13.9 mm/day while A. dactyloides grew slow, 3 mm/day. PDA medium was the best for the fungal growth at and pH 4.5. The Arthrobotrys spp growth was stimulated by 500 nematodes inoculation but not by 1000 inoculation. A. dactyloides did not grow below pH 4.5 and at high PWN density. A. conoides and A oligospora formed trapping organs with thick constricting hyphal network only when PWN present, while A. dactyloides formed the organ with circular hyphae constitutively. A. conoides formed trapping organs faster than A. oligospora did. The nematode trapping hyphae of the fungi penetrated into PNW inside to form many tiny infection bulbs and to digest the nematode. However, A. dactyloides formed a few trapping organs but no trapping was observed. Infection rate of PWN was 95% by A. conoides, 80% by A. oligospora and 92% by the combination inoculation of A. conoides and A. oligospora. In contrast A. dactyloides increased PWN density without infecton. There was no interaction effect in any combination inoculation of the three Arthrobotrys spp. A. conoides enhanced PWN infection rate by rapid hyphal growth and early trapping, while A. oligospora did it by increasing hyphal density. In conclusion A. conoides is the most effective in both hyphal growth and infection, and thus these characteristics can be utilized as a biological control of PWN.

In vitro antioxidant activities of three selected Indian brown seaweeds – viz., Sargassum marginatum, Padina tetrastomatica and Turbinaria conoides – were investigated. Total phenolic content and reducing power of crude methanolic extract were also investigated. The activity of total methanolic extract and five different fractions (viz., petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA), dichloromethane (DCM), butanol (BuOH) and aqueous) were studied using total antioxidant activity, DPPH radical scavenging and deoxyribose assays. EA fraction of S. marginatum exhibited higher total antioxidant activity of 39.62 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g extract (or 0.31 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g seaweed on dry weight basis) among the all the fractions. Among the fractions obtained from different seaweeds, EA fraction of S. marginatum showed higher DPPH scavenging activity of 23.16%; while PE fraction of T. conoides exhibited lower deoxyribose activity of 47.81%. Higher phenolic content (49.16 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract or 0.86 mg GAE/g of seaweed on dry weight basis) was noticed in aqueous fraction of T. conoides. Reducing power of crude methanolic extract increased with increasing concentration. Reducing power of T. conoides and P. tetrastomatica were higher compared to standard antioxidant (α-tocopherol). Among the seaweeds, total methanolic extract of T. conoides had significantly higher phenol content (P

The tissue culture of phycocolloid yielding seaweeds included preparation of axenic explants, callus induction, subculture of excised callus and regeneration of plantlets from pigmented callus in the laboratory. Treatment of algal material with 0.1–0.5% detergent for 10 min and 1–2% betadine for 1–5 min and 3–5% antibiotic treatment for 48–72 h successively enabled viable axenic explants to be obtained as high as 60% for Gracilariacorticata, Sargassumtenerrimum and Turbinariaconoides and 10% for Hypneamusciformis. Callus induction was more conspicuous in T. conoides than in the other three species investigated. Of the irradiances investigated, 30 μmol photons m−2 s−1 produced calluses in as many as 40% explants in G. corticata and T. conoides and 10% in H. musciformis and S. tenerrimum. The explants cultured at 5 and 70 μmol photons m−2 s−1 did not produce any callus in all the species studied except for H. musciformis in which 10% explants developed callus at 5 μmol photons m−2 s−1. Most of the species investigated showed uniseriate filamentous Type of growths and buds from cut ends and from all over the surface of explants. Nevertheless, T. conoides had three Types of callus developments, namely (1) uniseriate filamentous Type of outgrowths from the centre of the cut end of explant, (2) bubbly Type of callus and (3) club-shaped callus clumps. The subculture of T. conoides callus embedded in 0.4% agar produced two Types of filamentous growth, namely filiform (with elongated cells) and moniliform filaments (with round cells) in the 2 months period after inoculation. Further, friable callus with loose cells was also found associated with excised callus. The moniliform filaments showed prolific growth of micro-colonies resembling to somatic embryo-like growth which, in liquid cultures, differentiated and developed into propagules with deformed shoots and distinct rhizoids. The shoots of these propagules remained stunted with abnormal leaf stalks without forming triangular shaped leaves as the parental plant and rhizoids had prolific growth in the laboratory cultures. The excised callus of G. corticata continued to grow when transferred to liquid cultures and showed differentiation of new shoots within 10 days. The shoots grew to a maximum length of 5–6 cm in the 2 months period in aerated cultures in the laboratory.

The taxonomic studies of seven taxa of Turbinaria , collected from different parts of South India are presented. The taxa include three species [T. conoides (J. Agardh) Kutzing, T. decurrens Bory, and T. ornata (Turner) J.Agardh] and four forms [T. conoides f. laticuspidata W.R.Taylor, T. ornata f. evesiculosa (Barton) W.R.Taylor, T. ornata f. hainanensis W.R.Taylor and T. ornata f. krishnamurthii f. nova Sophiammal & Panikkar]. Out of these seven taxa, T. ornata (Turner) J.Agardh f. hainanensis W.R.Taylor is a new report to India and T. ornata (Turner) J.Agardh f. krishnamurthii is a new addition to Indian marine flora. All the collected taxa were screened for their morphological characters and the identification was based on the general shape, branching pattern, shape, size and arrangement of the laterals (‘leaves’), size of the vesicles and the occurrence and orientation of the spines. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) Taxonomische Untersuchungen an Arten der Gattung Turbinaria (Fucales, Phaeophyta) aus Sudindien Sieben Taxa der Gattung Turbinaria aus verschie- denen Regionen Sudindiens wurden taxonomisch untersucht. Es handelt sich um drei Arten [T. conoides (J.Agardh) Kutzing, T. decurrens Bory und T. ornata (Turner) J.Agardh] sowie vier Fornem [T. conoides f. laticuspidata W.R.Taylor, T. ornata f. evesiculosa (Barton) W.R.Taylor, T. ornata f. hainanensis W.R.Taylor und T. ornata f. krishnamurthii f. nova Sophiammal & Panikkar]. Von diesen sieben Taxa ist T. ornata (Turner) J.Agardh f. hainanensis neu fur Indien, und T. ornata (Turner) J.Agardh f. krishnamurthii ist neu fur die marine Flora Indiens. Alle gesammelten Arten wurden auf ihre morphologischen Eigenheiten untersucht. Ihre Bestimmung beruht auf ihrer allgemeinen Form, dem Verzweigungsmuster, der Gestalt, Grose und Anordnung der Seitenarme (“Blatter”), der Grose der Blaschen und dem Auftreten und der Orientierung der Stacheln.

The main method used for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep production is the application of chemotherapeutic agents, which often lead to the selection of parasites resistant to given active principles. Biological control can be considered a promising alternative, contributing to an increase in the efficacy of verminous control. We determined the in vitro activity and in situ survival of the predatory fungi Arthrobotrys musiformis and Arthrobotrys conoides during passage through the gastrointestinal tract of sheep after oral administration of conidia in microencapsulated form and as a liquid in natura. Initial in vitro tests showed that both fungi were efficient in the predation of trichostrongylid L3 larvae present in the faeces of sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. The fungi presented high nematophagous activity, which was 99.3% for A. conoides and 73.7% for A. musiformis. A. conoides did not survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract under the conditions of the present experiment. On the other hand, A. musiformis was reisolated after administration in either microencapsulated or liquid form, suggesting that this species is a promising alternative for the control of nematodes in sheep since it survives without any protection (in natura).

Three species of brown algae (Sargassum cineruem, Hormophysa triquetra, and, Turbinaria conoides) harvested from Pari Island of the Seribu Islands, North Jakarta, in November 1992 were used for this study.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the anticancer activity of fucoidan isolated from brown seaweed Turbinaria conoides. Extracted fucoidan contained 53 ± 0.69% of fucose and 38 ± 0.42% of sulphate, respectively. Functional groups and structural characteristics of the fucoidan were analyzed by FT-IR and NMR. In vitro anticancer effect was studied on A549 cell line. Fucoidan inhibited the growth of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner and potent anticancer activities were 24.9–73.5% in the concentrations of 31.25–500 μg/ml. The CTC50 value against the cancer cell was found to be 45 μg/ml and the CTC50 value of normal Vero cell line is 325 μg/ml. This study suggests that the fucoidan from T. conoides could be significantly improved if the active component is further purified and tested for further investigation in various cancer cell lines.

Neste trabalho consideramos (α,β)−métricas do tipo F=αφ(β α), ondeα é a métrica euclidiana,φ é uma função positiva suave sobre um intervalo simétrico I=(−b0,b0) e β é uma 1-forma de norma b,0 ≤ b < b0, sobre uma variedade de Finsler M. Estudamos superfícies mínimas nestes espaços (M,F) com respeito à forma volume de Holmes-Thompson e apresentamos uma equação que caracteriza as hipersuperfícies mínimasemumespaçogeral(α,β)−Minkowski.Mostramosqueosconóidesnoespaço tridimensional comβ na direção do eixo ˜y3 são mínimas se, e somente se, é um helicóide ou um plano, provamos também que a curvatura de Gauss do conóide em um espaço tridimensional de Randers-Minkowski pode ser positiva em superfícies mínimas. Finalmente apresentamos uma equação diferencial ordinária que caracteriza superfícies mínimas de rotação eum exemplo de superfíciemínimade rotação. We consider(α,β)−metric F=αφ(β α), whereα is the euclidean metric,φ is a smooth positive function on a symmetric interval I=(−b0,b0) and β is a 1-form with the norm b,0 ≤b

BACKGROUND: Biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants by use of nematophagous fungi would become part of any livestock parasite integral control system. Identifying autochthonous species that could then be selected for mass production is an important phase in the practical use of biological control. AIMS: To search for nematophagous fungi with potential use as biological control agents against gastrointestinal nematodes in Argentina. METHODS: Decomposing cattle faeces sampled in different locations were incubated in water agar 2% with Panagrellus sp. The developed nematophagous fungi were transferred to new water agar 2% plates and then to corn meal agar plates in order to carry out their identification. Fungal diversity and richness were also assessed. RESULTS: Seventeen species from nine genera of nematophagous fungi were found. Twelve species were nematode-trapping fungi and three species plus two fungi identified to genus level corresponded to endoparasitic fungi. Arthrobotrys conoides, Arthrobotrys oligospora, Duddingtonia flagrans, Monacrosporium doedycoides, Arthrobotrys robusta and Drechmeria coniospora were the most frequently isolated species overall in the whole study (6.6%, 5.7%, 5.7%, 5.7%, 4.7% and 4.7%, respectively) although other species were more frequently recorded at local levels such as Arthrobotrys pyriformis (18.8%). Only A. conoides has been previously isolated from ruminant faecal samples in Argentina. Five nematode-trapping fungal species are mentioned for the first time in the Americas CONCLUSIONS: D. flagrans and A. conoides, both identified in the present study, are among the most promising ones as biological control agents against gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants. Antecedentes: El control biológico de los nematodos gastrointestinales de los rumiantes mediante hongos nematófagos es una herramienta a considerar en los sistemas integrados de control parasitario del ganado. La identificación de las especies autóctonas de estos hongos que puedan ser seleccionadas para producción masiva es de gran importancia en el uso práctico del control biológico. Objetivos: Llevar a cabo una búsqueda de hongos nematófagos de uso potencial como agentes de control biológico contra nematodos gastrointestinales en Argentina. Métodos: Se trabajó con muestras de heces bovinas en descomposición obtenidas en diferentes lugares. Las heces se incubaron en agar agua 2% con Panagrellus sp. Los hongos nematófagos desarrollados se trans- firieron a nuevas placas con agar agua 2% y luego a placas con agar harina de maíz para su identificación. También se estableció la diversidad y riqueza fúngicas. Resultados: Se aislaron diecisiete especies de hongos nematófagos, comprendidas en nueve géneros. Doce resultaron ser hongos depredadores, mientras que otras tres especies y dos hongos identificados hasta género eran hongos endoparásitos. Arthrobotrys conoides, Arthrobotrys oligospora, Duddingtonia flagrans, Monacrosporium doedycoides, Arthrobotrys robusta y Drechmeria coniospora fueron las especies más aisladas más en todo el estudio (6.6%, 5.7%, 5.7%, 5.7%, 4.7% y 4.7%, respectivamente), aunque otras especies aparecieron más frecuentemente de manera local, como Arthrobotrys pyriformis (18.8%). Solamente Arthrobotrys conoides se había aislado previamente en Argentina a partir de heces bovinas. Cinco especies depredadoras se mencionan por primera vez en toda América. Conclusiones: D. flagrans y A. conoides, dos de las especies aisladas en el presente estudio, se encuentran entre las más prometedoras como agentes de control biológico de nematodos gastrointestinales de rumiantes. Fil: Saumell, Carlos Alfredo. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia.de Bs.as.. Facultad de Cs.veterinarias. Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva. Area Parasitologia y Enfermedades Parasitarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil. Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Fernández, Alicia Silvina. Bionem Research Centre; . Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil. Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva; Argentina Fil: Fusé, Luis Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil. Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva; Argentina Fil: Rodríguez, Manuela. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia.de Bs.as.. Facultad de Cs.veterinarias. Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva. Area Parasitologia y Enfermedades Parasitarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil. Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Sagüés, María Federica. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia.de Bs.as.. Facultad de Cs.veterinarias. Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva. Area Parasitologia y Enfermedades Parasitarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil. Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Iglesias, Lucía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil. Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva; Argentina

In recent years, sulfated polysaccharide (fucoidan) is being marketed as a nutraceutical and food supplement because of its various established pharmacological activities. Hence this study was designed to investigate the protective effect of fucoidan extracted from Turbinaria conoides against isoproterenol induced myocardial injured rats. Biochemical assessment of myocardial injury was done by measuring the activities of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, membrane bound triphosphatases and minerals, which were significantly altered in isoproterenol administered rats. In addition, the enzyme mapping assay on the size of myocardial infarct also correlated with these biochemical parameters. Thus, the observed protective effects of sulfated polysaccharides of T. conoides against ISO induced myocardial injury are due to membrane stabilizing property and this property might be due to decreased lipid peroxidation. These results may trigger a renewed interest in the use of T. conoides fucoidan for myocardial injury.

The trapping capability of Arthrobotrys oligospora and A. conoides (Hyphomycetales) against third stage larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus (Trichostrongylidae) was evaluated in an in vitro trial. Arthrobotrys oligospora showed a 35.87% and 25.71% trapping effectiveness against H. contortus infective larvae at 18 and 25°C, respectively; whereas the trapping capability of A. conoides was 92.17% and 90.40% at the same temperatures, respectively. Microscopic examination demonstrated that A. conoides spontaneously developed a large quantity of three-dimensional loops before the nematodes were added. Neither of the two species studied developed three-dimensional adhesive loops at 30°C, consequently no trapped nematode was observed. In a second trial, the trapping capability of A. conoides against H. contortus (L3) and second stage larvae (J2) of Nacobbus aberrans (Pratylenchidae), was evaluated at 25°C. The trapping capability shown by A. conoides was higher than 90% for both kinds of nematode. The possible use of A. conoides to control ovine haemonchosis is discussed.

To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Turbinaria conoides (T. conoides), Padina gymnospora (P. gymnospora) and Sargassum tenerrimum against human bacterial and fungal pathogens.The antimicrobial activities of the extracts against various organisms were tested by using disc diffusion method.The methanol extract showed the better result than the other extracts. Whereas, the strong antibacterial inhibition was noted in methanol extracts of P. gymnospora against Bacillus subtilus (26.33±1.86) and the mild inhibition of ethanol extracts from T. conoides against Klebsiella pneumoniae (2.33±0.51). Acetone extraction of P. gymnospora had strong antifungal inhibition against Cryptococcus neoformans (23.00±1.78), and acetone extract of T. conoides had mild inhibition against Aspergillus niger (3.00±0.89).The seven different solvent extracts of seaweeds used in the present study have shown significant bacterial action. Further, a detailed study on the principle compound in the seaweeds which is responsible for antimicrobial activity is still needed and it can be achieved by using advanced separation techniques.

Two new steroids 3,6,17-trihydroxy-stigmasta-4,7,24(28)-triene (1) and 14,15,18,20-diepoxyturbinarin (3), together with a known compound, fucosterol (2), were isolated from the cyclohexane extract of Turbinaria conoides. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. The isolated compounds were screened against a panel of microorganisms. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the standard broth dilution method. Compounds 1-3 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria and inhibited the fungal growth with MIC values ranging from 2 to 16 microg mL(-1). Compound 3 was found to be most potent against Aspergillus niger, with an MIC value of 2.0 microg mL(-1). The isolation of antifungal compounds from T. conoides is reported for the first time. These results suggested that 14,15,18,20-diepoxyturbinarin (3) could be developed as a new lead antifungal agent.

In this study, a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to estimate relationships between plant characters (X set-fruit length (FL), fruit width (FW), fruit wall thickness (FWT), placenta length, stem thickness, plant height (PH), leaf length, leaf width, flowering time (50%), and time to maturity), and yield components (Y set-total fruit weight per plant (FW/P), average fruit weight and number of fruits per plant (FN/P)) of 56 red peppers (Capsicum annuum L. var. conoides (Mill.) Irish) in populations collected from the Samsun province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. All canonical correlation coefficients (0.708, 0.635, 0.413) between the pairs of canonical variables were found to be significant (P < 0.01). The findings obtained from the CCA indicate that FN/P had the largest contribution for the explanatory capacity of canonical variables estimated from yield components of 56 red pepper populations when compared with other yield components. FL and PH had largest contribution for the explanatory capacity of canonical variables estimated from plant characters when compared with other characters. The results of this study show that PH, FWT and FW should be used with the aim of increasing yield per plant in red pepper genotypes. En este estudio se utilizó un análisis de correlación canónica (CCA) para estimar las relaciones existentes entre caracteres de la planta (X set -longitud del fruto (FL), anchura del fruto (FW), espesor de la pared del fruto (FWT), longitud de la placenta, espesor del tallo, altura de la planta (PH), longitud y anchura de la hoja, tiempo a 50% de floración y tiempo de madurez), y componentes del rendimiento (Y set-peso de frutos total por planta (FW/P), peso y número medio de frutos por planta (FN/P)) de 56 pimientos rojos (Capsicum annuum L. var. conoides (Mill.) Irish) en poblaciones recolectadas en la provincia Samsun de la región del Mar Negro de Turquía. Se encontró que todos los coeficientes de correlación canónica (0,708; 0,635; 0,413) entre las parejas de variables canónicas fueron significativos (P < 0,01). El CCA indicó que, entre los componentes del rendimiento, la relación FN/P fue la que más contribuyó en la capacidad explicatoria de las variables canónicas estimadas de las 56 poblaciones de pimiento. En el caso de los caracteres de la planta, FL y PH fueron los que más contribuyeron en la capacidad explicatoria de las variables canónicas estimadas. Este estudio muestra que se deben usar los caracteres PH, FWT y FW para incrementar el rendimiento de los genotipos de pimiento rojo.

International audience; We employed four markers (two chloroplastic, one mitochondrial and one nuclear) to investigate whether Turbinaria ornata and Turbinaria conoides, two morphologically similar brown algae, are distinct species. The molecular data revealed reciprocal monophyly, thus confirming the two algae as discrete species. Nevertheless, taxonomical ambiguities remain. T. conoides is more morphologically variable than T. ornata. We identified an atypical T. conoides morphotype whose blade possesses intramarginal teeth, a morphological characteristic of the T. ornata group that is normally absent within T. conoides. The molecular data indicate, nonetheless, that this morphotype belongs genetically to the T. conoides group. Thus, the results cast doubt upon the validity of using intramarginal teeth for species diagnosis.

Two nematode trapping fungi were isolated from the arable soil samples collected from district Anand (Gujarat) India and identified on the basis of their culture-morphological characteristics and 18S rRNA gene sequencing as Arthrobotrys conoides (GenBank accession No. JX979095) and Duddingtonia flagrans (GenBank accession No. JX979094). These fungal isolates were assessed for their trapping efficiency against root knot disease causing nematode Meloidogyne spp., isolated from the infected tomato plants. When incubated with nematodes for 24 hr, the trapping efficiency of A. conoides and D. flagrans was 92–95 and 22–29%, respectively. Growth conditions with respect to medium, temperature and pH were also optimized. This study showed that A. conoides is a promising candidate to control root-knot nematodes. Phylogenetic relationship with other nematophagous fungi showed that isolates formed monophyletic clade with other nematode trapping fungi as well.

Laboratory experiments were performed in order to investigate the capacity of isolates from the predacious fungi Arthrobotrys musiformis (isolate 3), A. conoides (isolate A) and A. robusta (isolates B and E) to trap and kill infective Cooperia punctata larvae. Two groups were formed for each isolate: group 1, fungi and infective larvae and group 2, infective larvae (control). There were statistical differences (p0.05) was found between the isolate E and the control. This indicates that there can be an existing variability within a fungus species or genus concerning the predation of infective C. punctata larvae. Experimentos laboratoriais foram realizados para investigar a capacidade de isolados de fungos predadores das espécies Arthrobotrys musiformis (isolado 3), A. conoides (isolado A) e A. robusta (isolados B e E) de predar e matar larvas infectantes de Cooperia punctata. Dois grupos foram formados para o teste de cada isolado: grupo 1, fungos e larvas infectantes e grupo 2, larvas infectantes (controle). Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p0,05) foi encontrada entre o isolado E e o grupo controle. Isto pode indicar uma variação existente dentro de uma mesma espécie de fungo ou gênero quanto à predação de larvas infectantes de C. punctata.