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Excessive deformation has been observed during the construction of large-section (over 100 m2) tunnels in soft rock all over the world. A case study of deformation control for large-section tunnel construction in fractured carbonaceous slate was conducted. Xingzishan tunnel, China, was first excavated using the three-step reserved core soil excavation method (TRCSEM); however, this resulted in serious rockfalls at the tunnel arch and local collapse. To enhance the stability of the tunnel face, three different tunnel support systems with relatively stiff structures were proposed and tested along the tunnel chainage in the same rock condition, but all of them failed. The mechanism of the TRCSEM was revealed by field measurements, highlighting the significance of the stability of the upper bench of the tunnel face. In view of this, the three-step temporary inverted arch method (TTIAM) was employed and used with advance support. With this new method, the upper bench of the tunnel face was reinforced with fibreglass bolts to mitigate the deformation. Compared with the TRCSEM, the TTIAM effectively controlled large deformation at the tunnel face during the excavation in fractured carbonaceous slate with an acceptable construction cost.

Starting from the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) free energy functional, we derive the Ginzburg-Landau functional in the presence of a weak homogeneous magnetic field. We also provide an asymptotic formula for the BCS critical temperature as a function of the magnetic field. This extends the previous works arXiv:1102.4001 and arXiv:1410.2352 of Frank, Hainzl, Seiringer and Solovej to the case of external magnetic fields with non-vanishing magnetic flux through the unit cell., 91 pages, 1 figure

Two essential ingredients for the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect, i.e. topological and magnetic orders, can be combined by doping magnetic ions into a topological insulator (TI) film. Through this approach, the QAH effect has been realized in chromium (Cr)- and/or vanadium (V)-doped TI (Bi,Sb)2Te3 thin films. In this work, we synthesize both V- and Cr-doped Bi2Te3 thin films with controlled dopant concentration using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). By performing magneto-transport measurements, we find that both systems show an unusual but yet similar ferromagnetic response with respect to magnetic dopant concentration, specifically the Curie temperature does not increase monotonically but shows a local maximum at a critical dopant concentration. Our angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements show that the Cr/V doping introduces hole carriers into Bi2Te3, which consequently move the chemical potential toward the charge neutral point. In addition, the Cr/V doping also reduces the spin-orbit coupling of Bi2Te3 which drives it from a nontrivial TI to a trivial semiconductor. The unusual ferromagnetic response observed in Cr/V-doped Bi2Te3 thin films is attributed to the dopant-concentration-induced magnetic exchange interaction, which displays the evolution from the van Vleck-type ferromagnetism in a nontrivial magnetic TI to the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY)-type ferromagnetism in a trivial diluted magnetic semiconductor. Our work provides insights into the ferromagnetic properties of magnetically doped TI thin films and facilitates the pursuit of high-temperature QAH effect., 17 pages, 4 figures. Comments are welcome

This article investigates event-triggered and self-triggered control problems for the Markov jump stochastic nonlinear systems subject to denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. When attacks prevent system devices from obtaining valid information over networks, a new switched model with unstable subsystems is constructed to characterize the effect of DoS attacks. On the basis of the switched model, a multiple Lyapunov function method is utilized and a set of sufficient conditions incorporating the event-triggering scheme (ETS) and restriction of DoS attacks are provided to preserve performance. In particular, considering that ETS based on mathematical expectation is difficult to be implemented on a practical platform, a self-triggering scheme (STS) without mathematical expectation is presented. Meanwhile, to avoid the Zeno behavior resulted from general exogenous disturbance, a positive lower bound is fixed in STS in advance. In addition, the exponent parameters are designed in STS to reduce triggering frequency. Based on the STS, the mean-square asymptotical stability and almost sure exponential stability are both discussed when the system is in the absence of exogenous disturbance. Finally, two examples are given to substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The concept of quasiparticles -- long-lived low-energy particle-like excitations -- has become a keystone of condensed quantum matter, where it explains a variety of emergent many-body phenomena, such as superfluidity and superconductivity. Here, we use quasiparticles to explain the collective behavior of a classical system of hydrodynamically interacting particles in two dimensions. In the disordered phase of this matter, measurements reveal a sub-population of long-lived particle pairs. Modeling and simulation of the ordered crystalline phase identify the pairs as quasiparticles, emerging at the Dirac cones of the spectrum. The quasiparticles stimulate supersonic pairing avalanches, bringing about the melting of the crystal. In hexagonal crystals, where the intrinsic threefold symmetry of the hydrodynamic interaction matches that of the crystal, the spectrum forms a flat band dense with ultra-slow, low-frequency phonons whose collective interactions induce a much sharper melting transition. Altogether, these findings demonstrate the usefulness of concepts from quantum matter theory in understanding many-body physics in classical dissipative settings.

Topological antiferromagnets have a significant role to play in the modern day electronics and spintronics due to the presence of peculiar symmetries and magnetically driven large anomalous transport behaviour. We report the observation of anomalous Hall effect in Mn3Sn polycrystalline thin films deposited on Al2O3 substrate with a large anomalous Hall conductivity of 65 (Ωcm)−1 at 3 K. The Hall and magnetic measurements show a very small hysteresis owing to a weak ferromagnetic moment present in this material. The longitudinal resistivity decreases sufficiently for the thin films as compared to the polycrystalline bulk sample used as the target for the film deposition. The anomalous Hall resistivity and conductivity decreases almost linearly with the increase in the temperature. A negative magnetoresistance is observed for all the measured temperatures with the negative decrease in the magnitude with the increase in temperature.

The quantum spin liquid candidate 𝜅-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu2(CN)3 has been established as the prime example of a genuine Mott insulator that can be tuned across the first-order insulator–metal transition either by chemical substitution or by physical pressure. Here, we explore the superconducting state that occurs at low temperatures, when both methods are combined, i.e., when 𝜅-[(BEDT-TTF)1-𝑥(BEDT-STF)𝑥]2Cu2(CN)3 is pressurized. We discovered superconductivity for partial BEDT-STF substitution with x = 0.10–0.12 even at ambient pressure, i.e., a superconducting state is realized in the range between a metal and a Mott insulator without magnetic order. Furthermore, we observed the formation of a superconducting dome by pressurizing the substituted crystals; we assigned this novel behavior to disorder emanating from chemical tuning., Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Alkali-doped fullerides are strongly correlated organic superconductors that exhibit high transition temperatures, exceptionally large critical magnetic fields, and a number of other unusual properties. The proximity to a Mott insulating phase is thought to be a crucial ingredient of the underlying physics and may also affect precursors of superconductivity in the normal state above TC. We report on the observation of a sizable magneto-thermoelectric (Nernst) effect in the normal state of K3C60, which displays the characteristics of superconducting fluctuations. This nonquasiparticle Nernst effect emerges from an ordinary quasiparticle background below a temperature of 80 K, far above TC = 20 K. At the lowest fields and close to TC, the scaling of the effect is captured by a model based on Gaussian fluctuations. The behavior at higher magnetic fields displays a symmetry between the magnetic length and the correlation length of the system. The temperature up to which we observe fluctuations is exceptionally high for a three-dimensional isotropic system, where fluctuation effects are expected to be suppressed.

In this paper, we introduce a logic based on team semantics, called $\mathbf {FOT} $ , whose expressive power is elementary, i.e., coincides with first-order logic both on the level of sentences and (possibly open) formulas, and we also show that a sublogic of $\mathbf {FOT} $ , called $\mathbf {FOT}^{\downarrow } $ , captures exactly downward closed elementary (or first-order) team properties. We axiomatize completely the logic $\mathbf {FOT} $ , and also extend the known partial axiomatization of dependence logic to dependence logic enriched with the logical constants in $\mathbf {FOT}^{\downarrow } $ .

Hole-twins – graphs that arise when a vertex is added to a hole in such a way to form a twin with some vertex of the hole – were discussed in a recent paper by Dai, Foley, and Hoang where it was shown that there is a polynomial time algorithm to color ( c l a w , 4 K 1 , hole-twin)-free graphs. We continue our investigation of hole-twin-free graphs and show the coloring problem for ( c l a w , P 7 , hole-twin)-free graphs is also polynomial-time solvable.

We consider a nanoelectromechanical system composed of a carbon nanotube suspended between two normal leads and coupled to a superconducting scanning tunneling microscope (STM) tip via vacuum tunnel barrier. Treating the nanotube as a single-level quantum dot, it is shown that an applied voltage between the superconducting STM tip and normal leads gives rise to a pumping or a cooling of the mechanical subsystem depending on the direction of the electronic flow. It is also demonstrated that the transition between these two regimes is controlled by the strength of the tunnel coupling between the nanotube and superconducting STM tip and the relative position of the electronic level. Such phenomena are realized due to a specific electromechanical coupling that is fully governed by the quantum dynamics of the Cooper pairs. The amplitude of the self-sustained oscillations in the pumping regime is analyzed numerically, and the effective temperature of the mechanical subsystem in the cooling regime is obtained.

A superconducting energy pipeline cooled during its clean energy transferring becomes attractive recently to be a promising alternative way for combined green energy transmission to meet the ever-rising energy demand across the world. Though, study on superconducting energy pipelines gets into the conceptual design of single energy integration, the critical multi-composite structure and its characteristics have not yet been systematical. A novel high-temperature superconducting (HTS) energy pipeline integrated with power cable and liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) is proposed in this paper. The maximum allowable temperature difference and pressure drop methods are adopted to design the pipeline. A two-dimensional axisymmetric electromagnetic thermal coupling model has been established using the finite element method. The interface magnetic field formulation, heat transfer modeling, and multiphysics interface has been applied to conduct a detailed analysis of the designed superconducting energy pipeline (LH2-LNG-HTSEP). The results show that the designed LH2-LNG-HTSEP is feasible for practical operation and has more favorite characteristics to suit the HTS cable for the composite pipeline operation. The model and analysis method provide a theoretical base for the composite superconducting energy pipeline design and structural optimization.

Journal of magnesium and alloys 10(11), 3281-3287 (2022). doi:10.1016/j.jma.2021.08.008, Published by Elsevier, Amsterdam [u.a.]

A topological insulator (TI) interfaced with an s-wave superconductor has been predicted to host an unusual form of superconductivity known as topological superconductivity (TSC). Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been the primary approach in the scalable synthesis of the TI/superconductor heterostructures. Although the growth of epitaxial TI films on s-wave superconductors has been achieved, it remains an outstanding challenge for synthesizing atomically thin TI/superconductor heterostructures, which are critical for engineering the TSC phase. Here, we used MBE to grow Bi2Se3 films with the controlled thickness on monolayer NbSe2 and performed in-situ angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and ex-situ magneto-transport measurements on these Bi2Se3/monolayer NbSe2 heterostructures. We found that the emergence of Rashba-type bulk quantum well bands and spin-nondegenerate surface states coincides with a marked suppression of the in-plane upper critical magnetic field of the superconductivity in Bi2Se3/monolayer NbSe2 heterostructures. This is the signature of a crossover from Ising- to Rashba-type superconducting pairings, induced by altering Bi2Se3 film thickness. Our work opens a new route for exploring a robust TSC phase in TI/Ising superconductor heterostructures., 27 pages, 4 pages, comments are welcome

Optical vortices host the orbital nature of photons, which offers an extra degree of freedom in photonic applications. Unlike vortices in other physical entities, optical vortices require structural singularities, which restrict their abilities in terms of dynamic and interactive characteristics. In this study, we present the spontaneous generation and external magnetic field-induced manipulation of an optical vortex and antivortex. A gradient-thickness optical cavity (GTOC) consisting of an Al/SiO2/Ni/SiO2 multilayer structure realised the distinct transition between the trivial and non-trivial topological phases, depending on the magneto-optic effects of the Ni layer. In the non-trivial topological phase, the mathematical singularities generating the optical vortex and antivortex pair in the reflected light existed in the generalised parameter space of the thicknesses of the top and bottom SiO2 layers, which is bijective to the real space of the GTOC. Coupled with the magnetisation, the optical vortex and antivortex in the GTOC experienced an effective spin-orbit interaction and showed topology-dependent dynamics under external magnetic fields. We expect that field-induced engineering of optical vortices will pave the way for the study of topological photonic interactions and their applications., 22 pages, 4 figures

The interplay of Anderson localization and electron-electron interactions is known to lead to enhancement of superconductivity due to multifractality of electron wave functions. We develop the theory of multifractally-enhanced superconducting states in two-dimensional systems in the presence of spin-orbit coupling. Using the Finkel'stein nonlinear sigma model, we derive the modified Usadel and gap equations that take into account renormalizations caused by the interplay of disorder and interactions. Multifractal correlations induce energy dependence of the superconducting spectral gap. We determine the superconducting transition temperature and the superconducting spectral gap in the case of Ising and strong spin orbit couplings. In the latter case the energy dependence of superconducting spectral gap is convex whereas in the former case (as well as in the absence of spin-orbit coupling) it is concave. Multifractality enhances not only the transition temperature but, in the same way, the spectral gap at zero temperature. Also we study mesoscopic fluctuations of the local density of states in the superconducting state. Similarly to the case of normal metal, spin-orbit coupling reduce the amplitude of fluctuations., Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, to appear in the special JETP issue celebrating E.I. Rashba's 95-th anniversary

We introduce quantum pin codes: a class of quantum CSS codes. Quantum pin codes are a generalization of quantum color codes and Reed-Muller codes and share a lot of their structure and properties. Pin codes have gauge operators, an unfolding procedure and their stabilizers form so-called $\ell$-orthogonal spaces meaning that the joint overlap between any $\ell$ stabilizer elements is always even. This last feature makes them interesting for devising magic-state distillation protocols, for instance by using puncturing techniques. We study examples of these codes and their properties., 21 pages, 10 figures

We investigate the nonequilibrium electronic structure of 1T-TaS2 by time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We observe that strong photoexcitation induces the collapse of the Mott gap, leading to the photo-induced metallic phase. It is also found that the oscillation of photoemission intensity occurs as a result of the excitations of coherent phonons corresponding to the amplitude mode of the charge density wave (CDW). To study the dynamical change of the band dispersions modulated by the CDW amplitude mode, we perform analyses by using frequency-domain angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (FDARPES). We find that two different peak structures exhibit anti-phase oscillation with respect to each other by retrieving the amplitude and phase parts of the FDARPES spectra. They are attributed to the minimum and maximum band positions in energy, where the single band is oscillating between them synchronizing with the CDW amplitude mode. We further find that the flat band constructed as a result of CDW band folding survives during the oscillation while the Mott gap is significantly reduced. Our results suggest the CDW phase is robust, and the lattice modulation corresponding to the CDW amplitude mode dynamically modulates the Mott gap., 7 pages, 5 figures

The phenomenon of non-reciprocal critical current in a Josephson device, termed the Josephson diode effect, has garnered much recent interest. Realization of the diode effect requires inversion symmetry breaking, typically obtained by spin-orbit interactions. Here we report observation of the Josephson diode effect in a three-terminal Josephson device based upon an InAs quantum well two-dimensional electron gas proximitized by an epitaxial aluminum superconducting layer. We demonstrate that the diode efficiency in our devices can be tuned by a small out-of-plane magnetic field or by electrostatic gating. We show that the Josephson diode effect in these devices is a consequence of the artificial realization of a current-phase relation that contains higher harmonics. We also show nonlinear DC intermodulation and simultaneous two-signal rectification, enabled by the multi-terminal nature of the devices. Furthermore, we show that the diode effect is an inherent property of multi-terminal Josephson devices, establishing an immediately scalable approach by which potential applications of the Josephson diode effect can be realized, agnostic to the underlying material platform. These Josephson devices may also serve as gate-tunable building blocks in designing topologically protected qubits.

Motivated by recent advances in the fabrication of twisted bilayers of 2D materials, we consider the low-energy properties of a twisted pair of two-dimensional nodal superconductors. We study both the cases of singlet and triplet superconductors. It is demonstrated that the Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BdG) quasiparticle dispersion undergoes dramatic reconstruction due to the twist. In particular, the velocity of the neutral massless Dirac excitations near the gap nodes is strongly renormalized by the interlayer hopping and vanishes at a ``magic angle'' where in the limit of a circular Fermi surface a quadratic band touching is formed. In addition, it is shown that the BdG disperion can be tuned with an interlayer displacement field, magnetic field, and current, which can suppress the velocity renormalization, create finite BdG Fermi surfaces, or open a gap, respectively. Finally, interactions between quasiparticles are shown to lead to the emergence of a correlated superconducting state breaking time-reversal symmetry in the vicinity of the magic angle. Estimates of the magic angle in a variety of nodal superconductors are presented, ranging from the cuprates to the organic and heavy fermion superconductors, all of which are shown to be promising for the experimental realization of our proposal., Comment: Discussion of topological states mostly moved to arXiv:2212.02389. Magic angle estimates updated

Full-shell nanowires are hybrid nanostructures consisting of a semiconducting core encapsulated in an epitaxial superconducting shell. When subject to an external magnetic flux, they exhibit the Little-Parks (LP) phenomenon of flux-modulated superconductivity, an effect connected to the physics of Abrikosov vortex lines in type-II superconductors. We show theoretically that full-shell nanowires can host subgap states that are a variant of the Caroli-de Gennes-Matricon (CdGM) states in vortices. These CdGM analogs are shell-induced Van Hove singularities in core subbands. We elucidate their structure, parameter dependence and behavior in tunneling spectroscopy through a series of models of growing complexity. Using microscopic numerical simulations, we show that CdGM analogs exhibit a characteristic skewness towards higher flux values inside non-zero LP lobes resulting from the interplay of three ingredients. First, the orbital coupling to the field shifts the energy of the CdGM analogs proportionally to the flux and to their generalized angular momentum. Second, CdGM analogs coalesce into degeneracy points at flux values for which their corresponding radial wavefunctions are threaded by an integer multiple of the flux quantum. And third, the average radii of all CdGM-analog wavefunctions inside the core are approximately equal and are controlled by the electrostatic band bending at the core/shell interface. As the average radius moves away from the interface, the degeneracy points shift towards larger fluxes from the center of the LP lobes, causing the skewness. This analysis provides a transparent interpretation of the nanowire spectrum that allows to extract microscopic information by measuring the number and skewness of CdGM analogs. Moreover, it allows to derive an efficient Hamiltonian of the full-shell nanowire in terms of a modified hollow-core model at the average radius., 17 pages, 11 figures. v3: Final version

Recently, gate-defined Josephson junctions in magic angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG) were studied experimentally and highly unconventional Fraunhofer patterns were observed. In this work, we show that an interaction-driven valley-polarized state connecting two superconducting regions of MATBG would give rise to a long-sought-after purely electric controlled $\varphi_0$-junction in which the two superconductors acquire a finite phase difference $\varphi_0$ in the ground state. We point out that the emergence of the $\varphi_0$-junction stems from the valley-polarized state which breaks time-reversal symmetry and trigonal warping effects which break the intravalley inversion symmetry. Importantly, a spatially non-uniform valley polarization order parameter at the junction can explain the highly unconventional Fraunhofer patterns observed in the experiment. Our work explores the novel transport properties of the valley-polarized state and suggests that gate-defined MATBG Josephson junctions could realize the first purely electric controlled $\varphi_0$-junctions with applications in superconducting devices., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, plus Supplementary Material

The nature of the superconducting order parameter in {Sr}$_2${RuO}$_4$ has generated intense interest in recent years. Since the superconducting gap is very small, high resolution methods such as scanning tunneling spectroscopy might be the best chance to directly resolve the gap symmetry. Recently, a Bogoliubov quasiparticle interference imaging (BQPI) experiment has suggested that the $d_{x^2-y^2}$ gap symmetry is appropriate for {Sr}$_2${RuO}$_4$. In this work, we use a material-specific theoretical approach based on Wannier functions of the surface of {Sr}$_2${RuO}$_4$ to calculate the continuum density of states as detected in scanning tunneling microscopy experiments. We examine several different proposed gap order parameters, and calculate the expected BQPI pattern for each case. Comparing to the available experimental data, our results suggest that a $s'+id_{xy}$ gap order parameter is the most probable state, but the measured BQPI patterns still display features unaccounted for by the theory for any of the states currently under discussion., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures

As a fundamental physical quantity of thermal phonons, temporal coherence participates in a broad range of thermal and phononic processes, while a clear methodology for the measurement of phonon coherence is still lacking. In this Lettter, we derive a theoretical model for the experimental exploration of phonon coherence based on spectroscopy, which is then validated by comparison with Brillouin light scattering data and direct molecular dynamic simulations of confined modes in nanostructures. The proposed model highlights that confined modes exhibit a pronounced wavelike behavior characterized by a higher ratio of coherence time to lifetime. The dependence of phonon coherence on system size is also demonstrated from spectroscopy data. The proposed theory allows for reassessing data of conventional spectroscopy to yield coherence times, which are essential for the understanding and the estimation of phonon characteristics and heat transport in solids in general., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures

We show that introducing spin-singlet or spin-triplet superconductivity into twisted bilayer graphene induces higher-order topological superconductivity. $C_{2z}T$-protected corner states of Majorana Kramers pairs appear at the boundary between domains with opposite signs of pairing, and zero modes materialize in Abrikosov vortices. The topology of the superconducting phase originates from the anomaly [1] -- the absence of a lattice support -- of the single-valley band structure of twisted bilayer graphene, which is protected by $C_{2z}T$ and the particle-hole symmetry $\cal P$. We prove that any pairing (spin-singlet or spin-triplet) term preserving valley-U(1), spin-SU(2), time-reversal, $C_{2z}T$, and $\cal P$ must drive the system into a higher-order topological superconductor phase. Here spin-SU(2) is the global spin-SU(2) for the singlet pairing and a combination of two SU(2)'s in the two valleys for the triplet pairing. Using a Dirac Hamiltonian, we demonstrate the existence of corner modes and confirm this with numerical calculations. These corner states are stable even if the approximate particle-hole symmetry $\cal P$ is weakly broken, which is true in experimental setups. Finally, we suggest an experiment to detect the topological superconductivity: by observing the fractional Josephson effect in a TBG-TSC Josephson system., 6+31 pages, 3+8 figures

Chiral spin-triplet superconductivity is a topologically nontrivial pairing state with broken time-reversal symmetry, which can host Majorana quasiparticles. The recently discovered heavy-fermion superconductor UTe$_2$ exhibits peculiar properties of spin-triplet pairing, and the possible chiral state has been actively discussed. However, the symmetry and nodal structure of its order parameter in the bulk, which determine the Majorana surface states, remains controversial. Here we focus on the number and positions of superconducting gap nodes in the ground state of UTe$_2$. Our magnetic penetration depth measurements for three field orientations in the Meissner state reveal the power-law temperature dependence with exponents nearly equal to 2 or less than 2, which excludes single-component spin-triplet states. The anisotropy of low-energy quasiparticle excitations indicates multiple point nodes near the $k_y$- and $k_z$-axes, evidencing that the order parameter has multiple components in a chiral complex form. We find that most consistent is a chiral $B_{3u}+iA_u$ non-unitary state, which provides fundamentals of the topological properties in UTe$_2$., Comment: 40 pages, 17 figures

Cu3Sn was recently predicted to host topological Dirac fermions, but related research is still in its infancy. The growth of large and high-quality Cu3Sn single crystals is, therefore, highly desired to investigate the possible topological properties. In this work, we report the single crystal growth of Cu3Sn by Czochralski (CZ) method. Crystal structure, chemical composition, and transport properties of Cu3Sn single crystals were analyzed to verify the crystal quality. Notably, compared to the mm-sized crystals from a molten Sn-flux, the cm-sized crystals obtained by the CZ method are free from contamination from flux materials, paving the way for the follow-up works.

Moir\'e superlattices in atomically thin van-der-Waals heterostructures hold great promise for an extended control of electronic and valleytronic lifetimes, the confinement of excitons in artificial moir\'e lattices, and the formation of novel exotic quantum phases. Such moir\'e-induced emergent phenomena are particularly strong for interlayer excitons, where the hole and the electron are localized in different layers of the heterostructure. In order to exploit the full potential of correlated moir\'e and exciton physics, a thorough understanding of the ultrafast interlayer exciton formation process and the real-space wavefunction confinement in the moir\'e potential is indispensable. However, direct experimental access to these parameters is limited since most excitonic quasiparticles are optically dark. Here we show that femtosecond photoemission momentum microscopy provides quantitative access to these key properties of the moir\'e interlayer excitons. We find that interlayer excitons are dominantly formed on the sub-50~fs timescale via interlayer tunneling at the K valleys of the Brillouin zones. In addition, we directly measure energy-momentum fingerprints of the moir\'e interlayer excitons by mapping their spectral signatures within the mini Brillouin zone that is built up by the twisted heterostructure. From these momentum-fingerprints, we gain quantitative access to the modulation of the exciton wavefunction within the moir\'e potential in real-space. Our work provides the first direct access to the interlayer moir\'e exciton formation dynamics in space and time and reveals new opportunities to study correlated moir\'e and exciton physics for the future realization of exotic quantum phases of matter., Comment: 7 pages main text, 11 pages SI

Using a fully automated cryogenic wafer prober, we measured superconductor fabrication process control monitors and simple integrated circuits on 200 mm wafers at 4.4 K, including SQIF-based magnetic field sensors, SQUID-based circuits for measuring inductors, Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb Josephson junctions, test structures for measuring critical current of superconducting wires and vias, resistors, etc., to demonstrate the feasibility of using the system for characterizing niobium superconducting devices and integrated circuits on a wafer scale. Data on the wafer-scale distributions of the residual magnetic field, junction tunnel resistance, energy gap, inductance of multiple Nb layers, critical currents of interlayer vias are presented. Comparison with existing models is made. The wafers were fabricated in the SFQ5ee process, the fully planarized process with eight niobium layers and a layer of kinetic inductors, developed for superconductor electronics at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. The cryogenic wafer prober was developed at HPD/ FormFactor, Inc., Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures, 1 table, 27 references

Made of a thin non-superconducting metal (N) sandwiched by two superconductors (S), SNS Josephson junctions enable novel quantum functionalities by mixing up the intrinsic electronic properties of N with the superconducting correlations induced from S by proximity. Electronic properties of these devices are governed by Andreev quasiparticles [1] which are absent in conventional SIS junctions whose insulating barrier (I) between the two S electrodes owns no electronic states. Here we focus on the Josephson vortex (JV) motion inside Nb-Cu-Nb proximity junctions subject to electric currents and magnetic fields. The results of local (Magnetic Force Microscopy) and global (transport) experiments provided simultaneously are compared with our numerical model, revealing the existence of several distinct dynamic regimes of the JV motion. One of them, identified as a fast hysteretic entry/escape below the critical value of Josephson current, is analyzed and suggested for low-dissipative logic and memory elements., Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, 43 references

Semiconductor/superconductor hybrids exhibit a range of phenomena that can be exploited for the study of novel physics and the development of new technologies. Understanding the origin the energy spectrum of such hybrids is therefore a crucial goal. Here, we study Josephson junctions defined by shadow epitaxy on InAsSb/Al nanowires. The devices exhibit gate-tunable supercurrents at low temperatures and multiple Andreev reflections (MARs) at finite voltage bias. Under microwave irradiation, photon assisted tunneling (PAT) of MARs produces characteristic oscillating sidebands at quantized energies, which depend on MAR order, $n$, in agreement with a recently suggested modification of the classical Tien-Gordon equation. The scaling of the quantized energy spacings with microwave frequency provides independent confirmation of the effective charge $ne$ transferred by the $n^\mathrm{th}$ order tunnel process. The measurements suggest PAT as a powerful method for assigning the origin of low energy spectral features in hybrid Josephson devices.

In order to reduce the levitation energy consumption and increase the levitation air gap, a simulation study of the electrochemistry superconducting magnetic levitation system based on the H equation is proposed. Through finite element simulation, the magnetic field distribution, current distribution, force, and other characteristics of the magnetic suspension system in the superconducting gravimeter are obtained; the relationship between the force of the superconducting ball in the magnetic field and the height of the suspension body and the current of the suspension coil is analyzed; and the penetration rate, the magnetic gradient, penetration depth, and maximum magnetic induction intensity of the superconducting spherical surface of the single-coil electrochemistry superconducting magnetic levitation system are obtained by simulation calculation. Simulation results show that, at 1 s, we start to use 0.2 s, 0.4 s, 0.6 s, and 0.8 s time, respectively, to pass current into the floating coil until it reaches 4.4 A. The magnetic gradient of the electrochemistry superconducting magnetic levitation system using a single coil is too large to meet the requirements of gravity measurement, the penetration depth is much smaller than the thickness of the superconducting sphere, and the maximum magnetic field on the surface of the superconducting sphere is much smaller than the critical magnetic field value of the superconducting material, and no loss will occur. The critical magnetic field value of the superconducting sphere is much smaller than that of the superconducting sphere. The critical magnetic field value of the material will not quench, which verifies that the H equation can simulate the superconducting magnetic levitation system well and has a high simulation accuracy and efficiency.

The discovery of infinite-layer nickelate superconductors has spurred enormous interest. While the Ni$^{1+}$ cations possess nominally the same 3$d^9$ configuration as Cu$^{2+}$ in cuprates, the electronic structure variances remain elusive. Here, we present a soft x-ray photoemission spectroscopy study on parent and doped infinite-layer Pr-nickelate thin films with a doped perovskite reference. By identifying the Ni character with resonant photoemission and comparison to density functional theory + U (on-site Coulomb repulsion energy) calculations, we estimate U ~5 eV, smaller than the charge transfer energy $\Delta$ ~8 eV, confirming the Mott-Hubbard electronic structure in contrast to charge-transfer cuprates. Near the Fermi level ($E_F$), we observe a signature of occupied rare-earth states in the parent compound, which is consistent with a self-doping picture. Our results demonstrate a correlation between the superconducting transition temperature and the oxygen 2$p$ hybridization near $E_F$ when comparing hole-doped nickelates and cuprates., Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures

Josephson junctions (JJs) with non-hysteretic I-V characteristic and high critical parameters are required for many applications; in particular, they are needed to create tunable THz range oscillators. We fabricated and studied shunted superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) Nb-AlOx-Nb tunnel junctions with an area of about 1m2, estimated their parameters, and compared them with theoretical models. To assess the performance of shunted junctions in the terahertz range, their characteristics were studied under the influence of a high-frequency signal; the estimated value of the characteristic voltage for the shunted junction at a high frequency is about 1 mV. To improve the circuit parameters, a new type of the shunting based on application of NIS junctions was proposed, which reduces the influence of parasitic inductance, expands the frequency range of the generator, and decreases the size of the structure. The JJs with a new type of shunting have been fabricated and studied. The niobium integrated circuits intended for matching the superconducting oscillator and an SIS junction as a microwave detector were designed, fabricated, and tested. Such structures are required for studying the spectral characteristics and analyzing the operation of the oscillator. The developed circuits have demonstrated efficient operation at frequencies from 300 to 700 GHz; the experimental results are in good agreement with the simulated characteristics. The results obtained will be implemented for further development of the THz range oscillators.

Understanding the properties of grain boundaries in polycrystalline superconductors is essential for optimizing their critical current density. Here, we provide computational simulations of 2D Josephson junctions (JJs) in low magnetic fields using time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory, since they can be considered a proxy for a grain boundary between two grains. We present data for junctions with a wide range of superconducting electrodes of different Ginzburg-Landau parameter () values and geometries, as well as normal barriers with different strengths of pair-breaking - characterized by the thickness of the junction and the junction condensation parameter (n) We describe our results using analytic solutions, and hence provide a detailed description of Josephson junctions in low fields up to that required for a single fluxon to penetrate the junction.

This paper presents an experimental investigation and modeling of interface creep behavior of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GRFP) tendons embedded in cemented soils. Rapid and creep pullout tests were carried out on GRFP tendons embedded in cemented soils using a specially developed pullout setup. Interface creep displacement responses for specimens with two different water–cement ratios were derived under various interface shear stress conditions. A modified Burgers model was developed to characterize the interface creep behavior by incorporating a time-dependent viscosity coefficient. This viscosity coefficient was calibrated using creep rate variation obtained experimentally. Regression fittings on a part of interface creep measurements were conducted to determine the value of the parameters of the interface creep model. Additional interface creep measurements were used to validate the applicability of the presented creep testing protocol and the effectiveness of the rheological modeling was validated.

The Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) technique is used for numerical modeling of the bobbin tool friction stir welding (BTFSW) of magnesium alloy. Temperature and force history curves are used to validate the numerical model. To investigate the impacts of pin shapes, researchers used a variety of tools with square, trigonal, inward conical, hexagonal, and outward conical pin shapes. The material flow data demonstrate that the material goes from the advancing side (AS) to the retreating side (RS) in the pin-driven zone. In contrast, in the shoulder-driven zone, the material moves in the opposite direction. Although the trigonal pin moves a larger volume of material by involving the most extended sweeping lever, the hexagonal pin generates the most uniform material coalescence. The inward conical pin is weak in producing adequate material flow, causing the generation of tunnel cavity defects. On the contrary, a subsidiary material flow made by the outward conical pin enhances the coalescence. The stir zones’ general shapes, resulted from the numerical model, are compared with the empirical observations via the cross-section macro-images along with the microhardness variation curves. The axial force is almost zero in BTFSW; however, the traverse force is very much higher than the regular FSW. In the pins with edges, the traverse force increases by addition of the edges, and the outward conical tool pin generates the highest force value.

Magnetically-levitated superconducting microparticles have been recently proposed as a promising platform for performing quantum experiments with particles in the picogram regime. Here, we demonstrate the superconducting technology to achieve chip-based magnetic levitation of superconducting microparticles. We simulate and fabricate a chip-based magnetic trap capable of levitating superconducting particles with diameters from 0.5$\,\mu$m to 200$\,\mu$m. The trap consists of two stacked silicon chips, each patterned with a planar multi-winding superconducting coil made of niobium. The two coils generate a magnetic field resembling a quadrupole near the trap center, in which we demonstrate trapping of a spherical 50\,$\mu$m diameter SnPb microparticle at temperatures of 4\,K and 40\,mK., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, video material available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5911190

The Pancake graphs $P_n, n\geqslant 2$, are Cayley graphs over the symmetric group $\mathrm{Sym}_n$ generated by prefix-reversals. There are six generating sets of prefix-reversals of cardinality three which give connected Cayley graphs over the symmetric group known as cubic Pancake graphs. In this paper we study the girth of the cubic Pancake graphs. It is proved that considered cubic Pancake graphs have the girths at most twelve.

Funding: We thank LOPS and UBO for a M.Sc internship grant which allowed the first author to carry out this work. The merger of two surface quasi-geostrophic vortices is examined in detail. As the two vortices collapse towards each other in the merging process, they trap their external fronts between them; these fronts are inserted into the final merged vortex, where they form a central, nearly parallel, sheared velocity strip, sensitive to barotropic instability. As a result, this strip breaks up into an alley of small vortices. Subsequently, these small vortices may undergo merger and grow in size in the core of the large merged vortex. The number of small trapped vortices decreases correspondingly. Finally, a single or two small vortices remain. These processes are analysed using a numerical model of the surface quasi-geostrophic equations. The sensitivity of this process to the initial vortex characteristics is explored. A parallel is drawn between this problem and the instability of a rectilinear strip of temperature with a central gap. The application of this problem to the Ocean is discussed. Publisher PDF

REBCO coated conductors (REBCO CCs), the second-generation high-temperature superconducting (2G HTS) tapes, are subjected to electromagnetic stress in an electromagnetic environment, and tremendous stress can damage tapes such that lose their superconductivity. This paper uses the numerical method to simulate the electromagnetic response and related mechanical properties of the quasi-isotropic strand (Q-IS) under the applied magnetic field and carrying current and their combination. The simulation is based on the Kim model in which the critical current density is related to the magnetic field. First, the stress distribution of the superconducting core inside the Q-IS under the applied magnetic field and if transport current is given. According to the different magnetic field amplitudes and current amplitudes, the influence of the copper sheath and the filling layer thickness on the maximum stress of the Q-IS is studied. Also calculated the current distribution, magnetic field penetration, and stress distribution of the Q-IS under the conditions of transporting direct current (DC) and applying a 2 Hz sinusoidal alternating current (AC) magnetic field. The performance of the Q-IS is entirely different in the rising and falling durations of the magnetic field. Stress concentration occurs at the four corners of the superconducting core. The left and right sides of the superconducting core with relatively large stress and deformation are easily damaged.

The research on the dynamic response and influencing factors of shield tunnel lining under earthquake demonstrates significant engineering value in guiding the design of antiseismic tunnels. In this paper, a nonlinear finite element model of soil-tunnel interaction is established based on FLAC finite difference software, and then Mohr–Coulomb elastoplastic model and dynamic plastic damage model are used to simulate the dynamic characteristics of soil and lining damage of tunnel, and the seismic waves of South Iceland are selected to analyze the residual internal force, dynamic internal force distribution, and the relative deformation of the top and bottom of the arch of the shield tunnel under the earthquake load. Meanwhile, the effects of depth tunnel, lining thickness, and tunnel diameter on the dynamic response of the tunnel are discussed. In addition, the interaction law of horizontal parallel tunnel and the amplification effect on the surface acceleration are also studied. The results show that under the action of a strong earthquake, the bearing capacity of the tunnel decreases sharply, the lining is destroyed, and a large residual internal force appears. When the buried depth of the tunnel is small, the nonlinear effect is more significant, and the R value increases at first and then decreases with the increase in the seismic acceleration. The maximum dynamic bending moment and maximum dynamic axial force of the tunnel lining aggrandize obviously with the increase in tunnel diameter and lining thickness. In particular, the dynamic bending moment has internal force redistribution and deflection under the condition of large tunnel diameter and small lining thickness. Moreover, the interaction of parallel tunnels affects the distribution of internal force and the magnitude of adjacent surface acceleration.

The effect of contact pressure on the performance of electrolyte supported planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are experimentally investigated in this study by varying the pressure applied on the push rod. For this purpose, cells with 1 cm2, 9 cm2, 16 cm2, 81 cm2 and 150 cm2 active areas are manufactured and tested under different external compression pressures. Maximum power densities of 0.486 W/cm2, 0.308 W/cm2 and 0.231 W/cm2 are obtained from the cells with an active area of 1 cm2, 9 cm2 and 16 cm2, respectively, under the same contact pressure. When the impedance results are considered, it is seen that under the same compression pressure, the cell resistance increases nonlinearly with the cell size. However, when the pressure is adjusted according to the active area, a similar power density of approximately 0.4 W/cm2 is obtained from these three cells. Moreover, very similar performances are measured from all cells when a portion of cells with 1 cm2 active is cut and tested under the same contact pressure of 0.2 MPa. The overall results indicate that the external load should be adjusted according to the cell size, but there is no linear relationship between the active area and the applied external pressure.

The superconducting analogue to the semiconducting diode, the Josephson diode, has long been sought with multiple avenues to realization being proposed by theorists1–3. Showing magnetic-field-free, single-directional superconductivity with Josephson coupling, it would serve as the building block for next-generation superconducting circuit technology. Here we realized the Josephson diode by fabricating an inversion symmetry breaking van der Waals heterostructure of NbSe2/Nb3Br8/NbSe2. We demonstrate that even without a magnetic field, the junction can be superconducting with a positive current while being resistive with a negative current. The ΔIc behaviour (the difference between positive and negative critical currents) with magnetic field is symmetric and Josephson coupling is proved through the Fraunhofer pattern. Also, stable half-wave rectification of a square-wave excitation was achieved with a very low switching current density, high rectification ratio and high robustness. This non-reciprocal behaviour strongly violates the known Josephson relations and opens the door to discover new mechanisms and physical phenomena through integration of quantum materials with Josephson junctions, and provides new avenues for superconducting quantum devices.

Translational symmetry breaking is antagonistic to static fluidity but can be realized in superconductors, which host a quantum-mechanical coherent fluid formed by electron pairs. A peculiar example of such a state is the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state, induced by a time-reversal symmetry–breaking magnetic field applied to spin-singlet superconductors. This state is intrinsically accompanied by the superconducting spin smecticity, spin density–modulated fluidity with spontaneous translational-symmetry breaking. Detection of such spin smecticity provides unambiguous evidence for the FFLO state, but its observation has been challenging. Here, we report the characteristic “double-horn” nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in the layered superconductor Sr 2 RuO 4 near its upper critical field, indicating the spatial sinusoidal modulation of spin density that is consistent with superconducting spin smecticity. Our work reveals that Sr 2 RuO 4 provides a versatile platform for studying FFLO physics.

Superconductors are known to be excellent thermal insulators at low temperature owing to the presence of the energy gap in their density of states (DOS). In this context, the superconducting \textit{proximity effect} allows to tune the local DOS of a metallic wire by controlling the phase bias ($\varphi$) imposed across it. As a result, the wire thermal conductance can be tuned over several orders of magnitude by phase manipulation. Despite strong implications in nanoscale heat management, experimental proofs of phase-driven control of thermal transport in superconducting proximitized nanostructures are still very limited. Here, we report the experimental demonstration of efficient heat current control by phase tuning the superconducting proximity effect. This is achieved by exploiting the magnetic flux-driven manipulation of the DOS of a quasi one-dimensional aluminum nanowire forming a weal-link embedded in a superconducting ring. Our thermal superconducting quantum interference transistor (T-SQUIPT) shows temperature modulations up to $\sim 16$ mK yielding a temperature-to-flux transfer function as large as $\sim 60$ mK/$\Phi_0$. Yet, phase-slip transitions occurring in the nanowire Josephson junction induce a hysteretic dependence of its local DOS on the direction of the applied magnetic field. Thus, we also prove the operation of the T-SQUIPT as a phase-tunable \textit{thermal memory}, where the information is encoded in the temperature of the metallic mesoscopic island. Besides their relevance in quantum physics, our results are pivotal for the design of innovative coherent caloritronics devices such as heat valves and temperature amplifiers suitable for thermal logic architectures., Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures

Introduction of substitution atoms into carbon nanotubes is an efficient tool of controlling their physicochemical properties which allows one to expand their practical applications. Boron is one of the most promising materials used for the modification of carbon nanotubes. However until now there has been no systematization of research data on the effect of boron impurity atoms on the properties of carbon nanotubes, and this limits potential industrial applications of this nanomaterial. In this work the most efficient currently existing methods of synthesizing carbon nanotubes containing boron impurity atoms have been discussed and the physicochemical properties of the obtained nanomaterials have been analyzed. Furthermore predictions as to their potential application domains have been made on the basis of available theoretical and experimental results. Comparison of the developed technologies has shown that the most efficient synthesis method is the catalytic vapor phase deposition. The mechanical, electronic and chemical properties of boron-carbon nanotubes have also been reviewed. For a more comprehensive analysis of the dependence of the physicochemical properties of carbon nanotubes on the concentration of boron impurity a model experiment has been carried out involving quantum mechanics instruments which has shown a direct correlation between the band gap of the material and the number of boron impurity atoms. The main practical application trends of boron-containing carbon nanotubes have been outlined.

This work presents the structural and microstructural properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) powders, for that, we used X-ray diffraction (XRD), Optical microscope as characterization methods. Powder X-ray diffraction data confirm a hexagonal crystal structure formation with space group p63mc of ZnO. By Rietveld refinement, we have determined the microstructural parameters with the c axis of the preferential orientation, the ZnO replicas were clearly observed under an optical microscope. Band structure and density of states of the phase of crystal ZnO computed using Ab Initio methods, confirmed that pure ZnO is a direct band gap semiconductor in hexagonal wurtzite structure.

RNA oligomers exhibit lyotropic chiral nematic and columnar liquid crystal phases. The lyotropic chiral nematic and columnar phases with special emphasize on the isotropic to columnar phase transition in RNA solutions are described based on Landau theory. A free energy is constructed based on the order parameters to describe the chiral nematic and columnar liquid crystal phases and isotropic to columnar phase transition. The lyotropic isotropic to columnar phase transition is found to be always first order. The birefringence has been calculated in the isotropic phase of isotropic to columnar phase transition. Theoretical observation of the existence of the lyotropic isotropic to columnar phase transition in RNA solutions is confirmed with experimental results.

This study aims to analyze the influence of vortex motion in a reverse Stairmand cyclone separator by using LES model. The mathematical analysis indicated that the energy dissipation and the flow characteristics of incompressible fluid are directly related to on the vortex motion. The results of the Q criterion-based iso-vortex surface could well reflect the tendency of the vortex structure, in which the iso-vortex surface exhibited a distorted distribution rather than around the center axis. At the turning point of velocity vector, vortices were formed and developed, and the point was the center of the local vortex core. In addition, the vortex formed an irregular annular region around the wall at the bottom of vortex finder. The vortex structure near the dust hopper presented a strong distortion. Moreover, there were two rotating flow in the opposite direction within the dust hopper. These phenomena would affect the separation performance, which was significance to cyclone separator.