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We present a new network diagram authoring tool, Dunnart, that provides continuous network layout . It continuously adjusts the layout in response to user interaction, while still maintaining the layout style and, where reasonable, the current layout topology. The diagram author uses placement constraints, such as alignment and distribution, to tailor the layout style and can guide the layout by repositioning diagram components or rerouting connectors. The key to the flexibility of our approach is the use of topology-preserving constrained graph layout.

China 's automatic driving main-routes logistics industry is ushering in a new window of development. Enterprises in different fields are closely cooperating in a comprehensive layout, which makes industry ecology is constantly enriched. However, the development problems such as bottleneck of L4 autonomous driving technology, imperfect development system and imperfect laws and regulations are gradually emerging. The application background, application status and development trend of automatic driving main-routes logistics systematically were sorted out in this paper. From the aspects of automatic driving technology, market development system, industry policies and regulations, targeted suggestions for the problems exposed in the development of the industry were proposed. In the future, L3 trucks will continue to promote algorithm iterations. The government and all parties in the industry will improve standards, regulations and supply systems. At the same time, under continuous pressure from foreign brands, automatic driving main-routes logistics in China will continue to develop.

Extraction of text regions and individual text lines from historic documents is necessary for automatic transcription. We propose extending a CNN-based text baseline detection system by adding line height and text block boundary predictions to the model output, allowing the system to extract more comprehensive layout information. We also show that pixel-wise text orientation prediction can be used for processing documents with multiple text orientations. We demonstrate that the proposed method performs well on the cBAD baseline detection dataset. Additionally, we benchmark the method on newly introduced PERO layout dataset which we also make public.

A combined-cogenerative system is here presented and analyzed in order to prove the concept and viability of coupling two of the most promising technologies nowadays available on the market of renewable and storage energy. A model based on reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Solid Oxide Electrolyzer (rSOFC/SOE) system is coupled with an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system to exploit the waste heat coming from the hydrogen conversion process. The ORC is able to recover a considerable part of the waste heat energy coming from both the power-to-hydrogen and water-to-hydrogen processes. The fuel cell analyzed is able to operate as SOE system producing hydrogen when electric power is available from the grid. The design optimization of the comprehensive layout, however, is nontrivial because there exist many design variables and practical considerations. The model is based on data available from previous experimental campaigns and it is used to complete the design of the layout and to properly size the system’s components. A simplified approach to implement the Steady State (SS) behavior of the whole system is then proposed. Figure 1, the “ideal” flows of the three valuable sources of the system studied (thermal, electric power and hydrogen).

When designing a layout, the designer must be aware of fundamental principles so as to make the design structured and consistent. When planning layout, a designer cannot be random and must consider essential factors, such as the media type, the readers, the design elements and so on. Electronic media, like web pages and electronic books, is a newer media than the print media, and is different in several aspects. Yet, the basic principles of the design are still identical. A solid layout is a great tool in communicating messages visually.

Graduation organizing events in an educational institution is the most awaited moment by the student who has completed the learning. That Moment is the awarding accordance to each education level. STMIK Raharja is a computer-based educational institution in Tangerang city which organizes Graduation event for Diploma and Bachelor's Degree annually. The implementation of the graduation is the biggest event to the colleges therefore the preparation is organized carefully starting from the committee formation. Refer to this event so that required a new media visual communication to support the implementation runs attractive and successful. This event is held not only to reward graduates but also to promote the college to invited guests or public. The aims of this study is to determine the media used to be effective in organizing events and drafting Graduation visual communication media to support the event as an image of the college. The methodology used is objective visual, strategy visual, copy writing, art directing and rough layout designing, comprehensive layout, and final artwork . The media visual communication are designed to 9 items such as banners outside and inside, banners up and down, Backdrop, Invitation Cards and contents of the invitation, book Cover, media advertised of Greetings & Success addressed to Graduations in mass media and souvenir such as fans and glasses.

In response to my country’s future planning for the design and construction of a new round of marine scientific research ships, the types, functions and layout areas of special equipment are subdivided to classify and explore the key points of special equipment installation and control for marine scientific research ships, and finally become more systematic Formed the installation control elements of various special equipment. Combining previous production design and construction experience of scientific research ships, the article focuses on the scientific layout of survey equipment, optimized design of cabin clear height, reasonable layout of laboratory equipment and related pipelines, vibration and noise reduction, electromagnetic compatibility, and modular design. On the other hand, analyse the key points of the comprehensive layout optimization design of the scientific research ship for reference for subsequent production design of the scientific research ship. Together with the experience and concepts of the shipyard, the comprehensive layout of the scientific research ship can be further improved, and the on-site construction modification can be reduced, thereby promoting domestic the construction quality of scientific research ships has improved to a new level, reaching the international leading level in all aspects.

Radiation-induced multiple event transients (METs) are expected to become more frequent than single event transients (SETs) at nanoscale CMOS technology nodes. In this paper, a fast and accurate layout-based soft error rate (SER) assessment technique with consideration of both SET and MET fault models is presented. Despite existing techniques in which the adjacent MET sites are extracted from a logic-level netlist, we conduct a comprehensive layout analysis to obtain MET adjacent cells. Experimental results reveal that the layout-based technique is the only viable solution for identification of the adjacent cells as netlist-based techniques considerably underestimate the overall SER. Furthermore, by identifying the most vulnerable adjacent cells and increasing their physical distance in the layout using local adjustment rules, we are able to considerably reduce the overall SER without imposing any area and performance penalty.

Context: Graphical User Interface (GUI) toolkits currently provide layout managers which lay out widgets in views according to certain constraints that characterise each type of layout manager. In some scenarios such as GUI migration and the automated generation of GUIs from wireframes, the layout of views is implicitly expressed through the use of coordinates. In these cases, it is desirable to represent the layout explicitly in terms of layout managers.Objective: To represent a coordinate-based GUI in terms of a set of layout managers, in order to provide different alternative solutions for a given view and select the best alternative.Method: The layout inference process consists of two phases. Firstly, the coordinate-based positioning system is changed to a relative positioning system based on directed graphs and Allen relations. Secondly, an exploratory algorithm based on pattern matching and graph rewriting is applied in order to obtain different layout solutions. The algorithm has been evaluated through a case study related to the automatic generation of fluid web interfaces from wireframes, involving 20 IT professionals.Results: The case study showed that the layout obtained is faithful to the original views in 97% of cases, and maintains its proportions when resized in 84% of views. The majority of the participants were satisfied with the results and found the approach useful.Conclusions: The layout manager representation obtained from the coordinate-based GUIs can be used to generate fluid layouts. The algorithm has two main features that overcome the limitations of the existing approaches: independence of specific layout managers and ability to generate several alternative solutions.

Automatic document layout analysis is a crucial step in cognitive computing and processes that extract information out of document images, such as specific-domain knowledge database creation, graphs and images understanding, extraction of structured data from tables, and others. Even with the progress observed in this field in the last years, challenges are still open and range from accurately detecting content boxes to classifying them into semantically meaningful classes. With the popularization of mobile devices and cloud-based services, the need for approaches that are both fast and economic in data usage is a reality. In this paper we propose a fast one-dimensional approach for automatic document layout analysis considering text, figures and tables based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). We take advantage of the inherently one-dimensional pattern observed in text and table blocks to reduce the dimension analysis from bi-dimensional documents images to 1D signatures, improving significantly the overall performance: we present considerably faster execution times and more compact data usage with no loss in overall accuracy if compared with a classical bidimensional CNN approach.

In view of reducing the process development cycle times with plausible time-to-market goals, it is of great demands to speed up the assessment pace, but at the same time not to jeopardize for the high level of quality requirements. Highly robust designs and process margins are the key differentiators and should be enforced in particular for the automotive markets. In this work, development of the fast wafer-level reliability (FWLR) ‘pulsed’ tests that are performed in a relatively short time span under highly accelerated stress conditions on the standard parametric test station (PCM) is revealed here. This is incredibly useful and saving a lot of time especially for compact DOE analysis. Few examples of evaluation studies on complicated process splits, as well as comprehensive layout variants will be demonstrated in this study with their effectiveness. Methodology on how the optimum stress test conditions at elevated temperatures with reasonable failing time test cycles will be discussed. They are determined and realized in correlation with the model fits from extensive reliability characterizations. Repeated test cycles with constant voltage stress up to certain plausible level as well as short ramping voltages are used respectively under specific circumstances, and in this way, the corresponding TDDB DC lifetimes can be deduced from such fast measurements. Decisive direction can be taken from such swift analysis. Such supportive fast measurements not only applicable in development phase, but also beneficial for monitoring high volume production stage so as to catch the problems in a much fast manner and reliable process can be guaranteed.

In the first instance, plant layout is usually considered from a process point of view, since robust operation is of great importance. This initial design is then subjected to some level of hazard and operability analysis. Relevant statutory requirements relating to the site, process, and on-site/off-site transport needs will also impact on the layout of a facility, and need to be considered at an early stage. Experienced designers will, however, do this automatically without the need for formal reviews. This chapter considers what is commonly the final stage of process plant layout, the detailed layout of a plot.

The purpose of page layout is to consciously arrange text and graphics on a page in a way that supports the reading process and allows the reader to effortlessly follow the flow of information. It should blend words and images into an effective whole. Many of the basic principles of page layout in use today date back to the times when book printing was born in the Renaissance. The Industrial Revolution and Gestalt theory likewise have left their distinctive imprints on page design. The page designer's job, then, is to read and digest the text before making specific style choices and creating a layout that supports the writer's message.

The spatial organization of the Chinese petrochemical industry was optimized according to the status of development of the industry employing linear programming and ArcGIS spatial analysis tools. We first identified the indexes of the spatial organization of the petrochemical industry and established a comprehensive evaluation index system that includes four major categories and 11 indicators. The weight of each index was then determined by the analytical hierarchy process. Afterward, taking the 337 Chinese prefecture-level administrations as basic units and scientifically evaluating the potential comprehensive layout coefficients of the cities, 151 prefecture-level administrative units were selected as the basis for the choice of optimization sites with a linear programming model. Secondly, using the 151 prefecture-level administrative units and the maximum-coverage model, the optimal number and spatial distribution of refineries were identified for service radii of 100, 200 and 300 km. Thirdly, considering the actual distribution of China’s refineries, general rules for the number of refinery layout points and objective values were summarized, and 52 refinery layout points were selected for China. Finally, with ArcGIS spatial analysis tools, the spatial effect of the 52 optimal refinery layout points was simulated for the service scope and socioeconomic factors respectively, and the GDP and population data for each refinery layout point were then extracted within the service scope. On this basis and with estimation of the intensity of crude-oil consumption, final results were obtained for the optimal spatial organization of the Chinese refining capacity and ethylene production capacity.

A modern web page is often served by running layout code on data, producing an HTML document that enhances the data with front/back matters and layout/style operations. In this paper, we consider the opposite task: separating a given web page into a data component and a layout program. This separation has various important applications: page encoding may be significantly more compact (reducing web traffic), data representation is normalized across web designs (facilitating wrapping, retrieval and extraction), and repetitions are diminished (expediting site updates and redesign). We present a framework for defining the separation task, and devise an algorithm for synthesizing layout code from a web page while distilling its data in a lossless manner. The main idea is to synthesize layout code hierarchically for parts of the page, and use a combined program-data representation cost to decide whether to align intermediate programs. When intermediate programs are aligned, they are transformed into a single program, possibly with loops and conditionals. At the same time, differences between the aligned programs are captured by the data component such that executing the layout code on the data results in the original page. We have implemented our approach and conducted a thorough experimental study of its effectiveness. Our experiments show that our approach features state of the art (and higher) performance in both size compression and record extraction.

Oral presentations can profit decisively from high-quality layout of the accompanying on-screen presentation. Many oral talks fail to reach their audience due to overloaded slides, drawings with insufficient contrast, and other layout issues. In the area of web design, assistant systems are available nowadays which automatically check layout and style of web pages. In this paper, we introduce a tool whose application can help non-experts as well as presentation professionals to automatically evaluate important aspects of the layout and design of on-screen presentations. The system informs the user about layout-rule violation in a self-explanatory manner, if needed with supplementary visualizations. The paper describes a prototype that checks important general guidelines and standards for effective presentations. We believe that the system exemplifies a high-potential new application area for human-computer interaction and expert-assistance systems.

Page layout is dominant in many genres of physical documents, but it is frequently overlooked in academic analyses of texts and in digitized versions. Its presence is largely determined by available technologies and skills: If no provision is made for creating, preserving, or describing layout, then it tends not to be created, preserved or described. However, I argue, the significance and utility of layout for readers is such that it will survive or reemerge. I review how layout has been treated in the literature of graphic design and linguistics, and consider its role as a memory tool. I distinguish between fixed, flowed, fluid, and fugitive layouts, determined not only by authorial intent, but by technical constraints. Finally, I describe graphic literacy as a component of functional literacy and suggest that corresponding graphic literacies are needed not only by readers, but by creators of documents and by the information management technologies that produce, deliver, and store them.

This research is intended to develop a layout based retrieval system for document image databases consisting of three phases: 1. At first, intelligent layout analysis algorithm has been designed to extract the layouts the document images physically with their edges and rectangles. 2. Every physically identified layout has been converted into a tree intermediary representation for indexing and storage in layout databases. Later when a query image has been supplied, it retrieves the similar layout images from the layout databases. 3. Finally, a logical layout analysis scheme has been proposed to identify the meaning of the layouts involved in the document images.

In order to improving the quality of water environment and increase water use efficiency, promoting and speeding up the reclaimed water facilities construction is a main measure in the northern cities with a shortage of renewable water in China. Urban reclaimed water planning is a strategic, special and comprehensive layout which involving a wide range of water management and development. Based on the analysis of the necessity of reclaimed water using and planning, the authors focused on the basic principles that reclaimed water planning should be followed and described the main elements that should be included in reclaimed water planning. As reclaimed water has played a significant role in Beijing’s existing water supply picture and its continued development is critical to meeting the growing water needs in the capital. With Beijing’s case studies a potential users selection principle of reclaimed water was presented.

PurposeA layout problem may deal with the assignment and arrangement of buildings in a green field, location and/or relocation of machines/departments in manufacturing facilities, and so on. If multi‐periods are considered, the problem is called a dynamic layout problem in manufacturing environments. Designing web pages, especially internet newspaper layouts, might also be considered dynamic layout problems. This study aims to introduce a layout procedure for the front page of internet newspapers.Design/methodology/approachThe news contents are ranked and selected based on their characteristic attributes. Then they are assigned to locations on dynamic content area of the front page. Layout optimization is made by use of Clonal Selection Algorithm (CSA). Finally, an illustrative example is provided and concepts for real life applications are discussed. The proposed method is based on CSA, which is a nature‐inspired technique. The novel heuristic is applied to a simulated system to depict how the news content layouts can be optimized in dynamic environments.FindingsThe capacity for addition of new news contents and removal of the old turns the internet newspaper environment into a dynamic structure. A systematic layout method for internet newspapers is developed to fill the gap.Practical implicationsThe results are encouraging for real life applications of internet newspapers. The study has also introduced a new site for the manufacturing area. In the classic dynamic layout model, the machine locations and the number of available machines are assumed to be fixed. But the concept of introducing/removing news contents can be adapted to the machines at the manufacturing facilities.Originality/valueThe paper's value lies in showing that the front page layout is not considered to optimize the locations of the articles. Also, the proposed algorithm is applied to solve these kinds of problems.

We introduce a new concept in document layout optimization. In our approach, paraphrase-based~layout~optimization, layout issues (e.g. widows due to poor page breaking) are automatically fixed by rewording the neighboring sentences. Techniques of paraphrasing are borrowed from the field of natural language processing towards this goal, which is the first attempt in the field of document engineering. We implemented a prototype TeX pre/post-processing system that includes two simple paraphrase generators. The experiment shows that our approach is promising and effective for improving document layout.

Contextual layouts preserve the context of the data with the associated attributes (variables). However, their linear mapping causes errors in the layout - similar data points and variable nodes may not map to similar regions, and vice versa. In this paper, we first unify the various data layout schemes and choose the Generalized Bary-centric Coordinates (GBC) plot as the standard way to describe them. Second, we propose three algorithms - distance spaced lay-out, iterative error reduction, and force directed adjustment - to reduce the layout error of variables to variables, data to variables and data to data, respectively. We find that the combination of these three algorithms can yield large improvements in the layout error and so achieve a more comprehensive layout. Third, we describe an interface, the GBC Error Explorer, which allows users to explore the error using a variety of visualization schemes combined with some interactions.

The four homepages of the region websites have been decomposed into base units. The mode of base unit representation will adhere to the conventions introduced by Bateman (2008, pp. 133 ff.). For subsequent reference, the units are numbered and abbreviated with the prefix ‘U’ in order to distinguish them from units which will be introduced in the analysis of subsequent layers. Before listing the base elements which have been identified for the homepages of the four regional websites in tables, all the variables used in the tables need to be introduced and exemplified. Although this sort of genre-specific labelling belongs to the layout layer which will be dealt with in subsection 3.2, for ease of identification of the respective units, the following abbreviations will be used in the tables to correspond to the following variables which have been identified during analysis of the homepages and the web pages on walking, natural heritage, history and heritage, and gastronomy: AB for advertising banners, B for box, Bl for block, D for drawing, G for grid, I for icon, M for map, P for photograph, S for separator, T for text in the sense of all linguistic units, that is, single words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs, and Tab for table. This more broad understanding of texts as encompassing various linguistic units will suffice as detailed linguistic analyses will be restricted to the (sub)themes of walking activities, natural heritage, history and heritage, and gastronomy in the analysis of meaning-making in subsections 4.1–4.5, Chapter 4, rather than all (sub)themes introduced on the homepages.

This paper tackles a subset of layout problems that is not a subject of the scientific research to date: the arrangement of the exhibition spaces in a fair. A fair is a large-scale exhibition for goods and services; for example a trade fair or a regional fair. The layout problem of fairs consists in finding an acceptable layout for both the exhibitors, the visitors, and the organizer of the fair. A model for representing the layout of fairs is presented: the adjacency model. Based on the adjacency model, a construction procedure is developed that leads to the generation of alternative layout solutions. Numerical results for the layout of a real fair are reported.

In this paper, we describe a comprehensive layout methodology for bonded three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs). In bonded 3D integration technology, parts of a circuit are fabricated on different wafers, and then, the wafers are bonded with a glue layer of Cu or polymer based adhesive. Using our layout methodology, designers can layout such 3D circuits with necessary information on inter-wafer via/contact and orientation of each wafer embedded in the layout. We have implemented the layout methodology in 3DMagic. Availability of 3DMagic has led to interesting research with a wide range of layout-specific circuit evaluation, from performance comparison of 2D and 3D circuits to layout-specific reliability analyses in 3D circuits. Using 3DMagic, researchers have designed and simulated an 8-bit encryption processor mapped into 2D and 3D FPGA layouts. Moreover, the layout methodology is an essential element of our ongoing research for the framework of a novel Reliability Computer Aided Design tool, ERNI-3D.

This paper describes a research work of developing computer-aided design of product with bending and piercing operation for progressive working. Approach to the system is based on the knowledge-based rules. Knowledge for the system is formulated from plasticity theories, experimental results, and the empirical knowledge of field experts. The system has been written in AutoLISP on the AutoCAD with a personal computer. It is composed of four main modules, which are input and shape treatment, flat pattern layout, strip layout, and die layout modules. The system is designed by considering several factors, such as bending sequence by fuzzy set theory, complexities of blank geometry, punch profiles, and the availability of a press equipment and standard parts. The strip layout and die layout drawings automatically generated by formularization and quantification of experimental technology will make minimization of trial and error and reduction of period in developing new products. Results obtained using the modules enable the manufacturer for progressive working of electric products to be more efficient in this field.

This paper describes the development of a computer-aided design for a product with intricate bending and piercing operations for progressive working. The approach to the system is based on knowledge-based rules. Knowledge for the system is formulated from plasticity theories, experimental results, and the empirical knowledge of experts in the field. The system has been written in AutoLISP and AutoCAD on a personal computer. It is composed of four main modules, which are input and shape treatment, flat pattern layout, strip layout, and die layout modules. The system is designed considering several factors, such as bending sequence by fuzzy set theory, complexities of blank geometry, punch profiles, and the availability of press equipment and standard parts. The strip layout and die layout drawings, which are automatically generated by formulisation and quantification of experimental technology, will minimise trial and error and reduce the period for developing new products. The system could serve as a valuable system for experts and as a dependable training aid for beginners.

In this article, we show how some concepts found in traditional and old layout practices used to layout text (ruling, grid) can improve document digitization. We will first present these basic layout methods, some used since the Antiquity, and explain how some of their key concepts can be 'translated' and used in today's document digitization. In particular, we will show that the traditional concept of type area is a key notion for modeling document layout. An algorithm to compute type area is detailed. We will then illustrate this work with several practical usages and evaluations, from OCR improvement to high-level logical segmentation.

This paper presents an improved approach for automatically laying out content onto a document page, where the number and size of the items are unknown in advance. Our solution leverages earlier results from Oliveira (2008) wherein layouts are modeled by a guillotine partitioning of the page. The benefit of such method is its efficiency and ability to place as many items on a page as desired. In our model, items have flexible representations and texts may freely change their font sizes to fit a particular area of the page. As a consequence, the optimization goal is to find a layout that produces the least noticeable difference between font sizes, in order to obtain the most aesthetically pleasing layout. Finding the best areas for text requires knowledge of how typesetting engines actually render text for a particular setting. As such, we also model the behavior of the TeX typesetting engine when computing the height to be occupied by a text block as a function of the font size, text length and line width. An analytical approximation for text placement is then presented, refined by using curve fitting over TeX-generated data. As a practical result, the resulting layouts for a newspaper generation application are also presented. Finally, we discuss these results and directions for further research.

This paper discusses the adaptation and height definition methods for content-driven template based layout system. The overall goal of the approach is to provide a clear, consistent and user friendly layout language for magazine editors. This language facilitates to define magazine layouts and, based on these definitions, the related layout algorithm automatically adapts the actual content to different device screens. In this paper, we introduce the concept of the Horizontal Splitter Component, and analyze the related layout definition considerations. Furthermore we: (i) identify the adaptation methods of the basic layout elements, (ii) suggest a novel, layout element related height definition approach, (iii) discuss the normalization rules of the different content type and height definition method combinations, and (iv) derive the adaptation methods of compound elements.

With the emerging nanoscale CMOS technology, Multiple Event Transients (METs) originated from radiation strikes are expected to become more frequent than Single Event Transients (SETs). In this paper, a fast and accurate layout-based Soft Error Rate (SER) estimation technique with consideration of both SET and MET fault models is proposed. Unlike previous techniques in which the adjacent MET sites are obtained from logic-level netlist, we perform a comprehensive layout analysis to extract MET adjacent cells. It is shown that layout-based technique is the only effective solution for identification of adjacent cells as netlist-based techniques significantly underestimate the overall SER.

This paper provides an overview of a system for the automatic composition of publications. The system first composes nested hierarchies of contents, then applies layout engines at branch points in the hierarchies to explore layout options, and finally selects the best overall options for the finished publications. Although the system has been developed as a general platform for automated publishing, this paper describes its application to the composition and layout of a magazine-like publication for social content from Facebook. The composition process works by assembling design fragments that have been populated with text and images from the Facebook social network. The fragments constitute a design language for a publication. Each design fragment is a nested mutable sub-layout that has no specific size or shape until after it has been laid-out. The layout process balances the space requirements of the fragment’s internal contents with its external context in the publication. The mutability of sub-layouts requires that their layout options must be kept open until all the other contents that share the same space have been considered. Coping with large numbers of options is one of the greatest challenges in layout automation. Most existing layout methods work by rapidly elimination design options rather than by keeping options open. A further goal of this publishing system is to confirm that a custom publication can be generated quickly by the described methods. In general, the faster that publications can be created, the greater the opportunities for the technology.

Layout managers are used to control the placement of widgets in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Constraint-based layout managers are more powerful than other ones. However, they are also more complex and their layouts are prone to problems that usually require direct editing of constraints. Today, designers commonly use GUI builders to specify GUIs. The complexities of traditional approaches to constraint-based layouts pose challenges for GUI builders.

The work described in this paper arose from a requirement for a system to support the production of models for training simulator visual systems and other visualisation applications. To reduce the labour involved in generating such models, it was decided to develop a technique whereby models could be generated by a high-leuel language. For these models there is a requirement to generate 2-D plans showing, for example, the locations of roads and buildings, subsequently 3-D models of the buildings are placed at the defined locations. The 2-D plans can be created through the use of the Layout Design Language (LD-Language). LD-Language has been formulated particularly for designing urban area street plans. The primitive elements of the LD-Language, plots, are assembled into patterns which can be further combined into a layout plan, with some support provided by the system. The work reported has successfully demonstrated that a complex layout plan can be developed using this language.

When a fabrication process is renewed, of practical importance is how to make the best use of layout resources so far accumulated for old fabrication processes. The present paper describes an automatic recycling system for layout data once used dedicatedly for functional cells of the standard-cell level. The main process of this system is i) to transform given layout data into a layout description format expressed in parameters associated with shapes, sizes, and locations of layout elements, and then ii) to resynthesize an optimal layout in accordance with a new set of design rules by means of a graph theoretic linear programming approach. A part of implementation results is also shown.

In the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, a comprehensive layout has been made for the new energy industry as the representative of nuclear energy, wind, solar and so on in the future. The comprehensive utilization of renewable energy for sustainable development of social economy and environmental protection is very important. As two widely used renewable resource, solar and wind energy can complement each other in terms of resources and technical applications. This article introduces the design of hardware structure, working principle and design method of software of the wind and solar hybrid control system which based on PIC18F4520 microcontroller. It realizes the intelligence of management and control to Wind and Solar Hybrid system. The System is reliable, low cost, easy to implement, easy to maintain and upgrade.

Many models in software and information engineering use graph representations; examples are data flow diagrams, state transition diagrams, flow charts, PERT charts, organization charts, Petri nets and entity-relationship diagrams. The usefulness of these graph representations depends on the quality of the layout of the graphs. Automatic graph layout, which can release humans from graph drawing, is now available in several visualization systems. Most automatic layout facilities take a purely combinatorial description of a graph and produce a layout of the graph; these methods are called 'layout creation' methods. For interactive systems, another kind of layout is needed: a facility which can adjust a layout after a change is made by the user or by the application. Although layout adjustment is essential in interactive systems, most existing layout algorithms are designed for layout creation. The use of a layout creation method for layout adjustment may totally rearrange the layout and thus destroy the user's 'mental map' of the diagram; thus a set of layout adjustment methods, separate from layout creation methods, is needed. This paper discusses some layout adjustment methods and the preservation of the 'mental map' of the diagram. First, several models are proposed to make the concept of 'mental map' more precise. Then two kinds of layout adjustments are described. One is an algorithm for rearranging a diagram to avoid overlapping nodes, and the other is a method aimed at changing the focus of interest of the user without destroying the mental map. Next, some experience with visualization systems in which the techniques have been employed is also described.

While the usability of GUI design methods has been studied in general, the usability of layout specification methods is largely unexplored.In this paper we provide an empirical comparison of two popular GUI layout models, grid-bag layout and constraint-based layout. While the grid-bag layout is a powerful layout model, the constraint-based layout is able to generate even more general and flexible layout configurations. We performed a controlled experiment with postgraduate students of Computer Science and Software Engineering, measuring efficiency, accuracy and preference for typical layout specification and editing tasks.The results show significant differences between both layout models: the initial specification of GUIs is faster with a grid-bag layout whereas editing of existing complex layouts is faster and more accurate with a constraint-based layout. The study shows that constraint-based layout, although it may seem more complicated at first glance, can compete with and in some cases even outperform more conventional techniques in terms of their usability.

Mobile devices are elemental part of our daily life, we use them to reach and consume digital data. A reasonable part of online documents have a fixed layout, like Adobe's Portable Document Format (PDF). This inflexibility leads to a poor online reading experience, since the size and resolution of monitors and mobile devices require readers to scroll around in order to read a page. The challenge is to automatically adapt the whole digital magazine content, text and graphics, in order to articles look as good on tablet displays of any size as they do in printed media. We present a content-driven template-based layout approach that provides easy to use and understand language to define dynamically adapting layouts, a layout authoring environment and algorithms to render final magazine layouts. The approach targets online magazines and tabled devices. We believe that documents can look as good on a screen as they do in print, furthermore, because of the additional features, like navigation, interactivity, or animation, the on-screen reading experience will exceed paper-based reading.

We present a system for automating magazine layout process and data on its performance in a user evaluation test. The purpose of the study is to find the feasibility of the key system variables on the end-user. This semi-automatic system is based on content-based image feature algorithms to automate the layout process. The image related automation includes image cropping, overlaying text on top of images, image color palette creation, and image alignment. The algorithms rely on principles of photography and are used here together in the context of graphic design. For example the rule-of-space and leading line concepts can be extended to layout contexts for improved alignment of text and images. The computation is based on automatic analysis, such as face detection, color saliency, and textureness. We used the automation to create a functional prototype, an iPad magazine, using an open HTML5 eBook framework, which relies on CSS3 media queries for the layout adaptation. User experiments (40 participants) were conducted where the system was compared against two commercial iPad magazine systems in terms of overall usability with emphasis on visual aspects. Questionnaires and free commenting was used in a task-based usage scenario. The experiments were video recorded and the user comments were transcribed and coded into attributes. Usability results mixed with qualitative observation are reported. Results show that usability, read- ability and visuality are important to the users. Our system was considered more usable than the other two systems with some of the defining aspects being simplicity in terms of usability, subjective readability and visual clarity.

In this position paper, I analyze the design of the environmental impact statement. I begin by describing the regulatory, genre and audience requirements for this type of technical communication document. Next, I describe four theories of visual design—supra-textual design, metadiscourse, page layout, and typography. I compare and contrast the visual layout of two representative documents against these four theoretical concepts. My goals are to determine if these two documents comply with regulatory requirements for layout, page limit, and readability and to identify the dominant stylistic features of these two documents. In summary, one of two documents met the regulatory requirements for design. With regards to stylistic features, both provided dense blocks of text, although one was more readable than the other. Neither document uses colors or graphics effectively. One offers a better page design, and both use typefaces effectively. I suggest that government agencies allow the visual design of this genre to evolve to better support the needs of the reader.

Most Graphical User Interface (GUI) frameworks offer layout managers that are commonly based on tabular arrangement. We introduce few wide-spread layout approaches and discuss their specialties. Furthermore, we investigate the state of the art research results on the field of automatic GUI layout. Based on the lessons learned from the existing layout solutions we introduce the main points of a new layout approach. This approach addresses the field of online magazines and focuses on tablet devices and horizontal scrolling. In order to make the layout specification intuitive, we hide layout-related mathematical formalisms from end users. We offer a template-based column layout solution that is supported with a high-level, editor friendly language. The high-level layout rules are automatically transformed into formal rules that are enforced during the layout calculation. The central concept of the approach is that beside the layout specification the actual content drives the final layout.

Layout managers are used to control the placement of widgets in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Constraint-based layout managers are among the most powerful. However, they are also more complex and their layouts are prone to problems such as over-constrained specifications and widget overlap. This poses challenges for GUI builder tools, which ideally should address these issues automatically. We present a new GUI builderthe Auckland Layout Editor (ALE)that addresses these challenges by enabling GUI designers to specify constraint-based layouts using simple, mouse-based operations. We give a detailed description of ALE's edit operations, which do not require direct constraint editing. ALE guarantees that all edit operations lead to sound specifications, ensuring solvable and non-overlapping layouts. To achieve that, we present a new algorithm that automatically generates the constraints necessary to keep a layout non-overlapping. Furthermore, we discuss how our innovations can be combined with manual constraint editing in a sound way. Finally, to aid designers in creating layouts with good resize behavior, we propose a novel automatic layout preview. This displays the layout at its minimum and in an enlarged size, which allows visualizing potential resize issues directly. All these features permit GUI developers to focus more on the overall UI design.

Layout managers provide an automatic way to place controls in a graphical user interface (GUI). With the wide distribution of fully GUI-enabled smartphones, as well as very large or even multiple personal desktop monitors, the logical size of commonly used GUIs has become highly variable. A layout manager can cope with different size requirements and rearrange controls depending on the new layout size. However, there has been no research on how the distribution of additional or lacking space, to all controls in the layout, effects aesthetics.Much of the previous research focuses on discrete changes to layout. This includes changing the layout elements [15], or swapping around layout elements [7]. In this paper we focus strictly on the optimization of resizing of GUI components, and in this area we focus on rather subtle changes. This paper describes and compares strategies to distribute available space in a visual appealing way. All strategies are modeled with a constraint-based layout manager, since such a layout manager can be used to describe a wide range of layouts. Some aesthetic problems of constraint based layout managers have been identified and solutions have been provided.In a user evaluation three solving strategies, equal distribution, weighted distribution and a minimal deviation, have been compared. As a result, the minimal deviation approach seems to be a good strategy for large and small layout sizes. The minimal deviation and the equal distribution strategy is best at large layout sizes while the weighted distribution approach seems to perform better at small layout sizes. Furthermore, the evaluation shows that layouts with a high degree of symmetry are clearly preferred by the users.

The advent of viable long tail & self-publishing solutions ([1], [2]) has spawned new requirements for automatic layout technologies. In most cases these attempt to lay out whole pages, spreads or documents based on complete content data. In this paper we introduce a new approach to document layout based on the principle of interactive design reuse, in which a new design is created from an existing high quality design via a sequence of simple steps to establish the final content. Based on our experience building such a system we propose a method of building layout hierarchies and discuss the implementation of editing operations appropriate to this new paradigm.

Automatic layout algorithms simplify the composition of image-rich documents, but they still require users to have sufficient artistry to supply well cropped and composed imagery. Combining an automatic cropping technology with a document layout system enables better results to be produced faster by less-skilled users. This paper reviews prior work in automatic image cropping and automatic page layout and presents a case for a combined crop and layout technology. We describe one such technology in a system for interactive publication design by amateur self-publishers and show that providing an automatic cropping system with additional information about the layout context can enable it to generate a more appropriate set of ranked crop options for a given image. Furthermore, we show that providing an automatic layout system with sets of ranked crop options for images can enable it to compose more appropriate page layouts.