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Actuality Entailments (AEs), which are standardly described in relation to modal predicates, are known to only occur in the perfective. This article argues that modal predicates are stative and, for that reason, only compatible with the perfective if coerced. Being the reflex of an aspectual coercion, which I label ‘actualistic’, the AE phenomenon is broader than usually assumed: it obtains with modal and non-modal predicates alike. At the core of the actualistic coercion is a presupposition, in the form of a necessary and sufficient condition, whose effects can be detected, for example, under negation. EARLY ACCESS

Technological advances can help learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. The development of internet-based technology provides zoom video conference applications. The use of zoom helps teachers and students in virtual face-to-face interactions separated by space and distance. The Who Am I cooperative model uses zoom meetings to stimulate student literacy in online learning so as to increase literacy during the Covid 19 pandemic. Literacy stimulation is an inner drive (without coercion) to carry out reading and writing activities. Who Am I model that uses game tournaments as a learning-while-playing strategy. Learning while playing is able to provide a good stimulus for literacy activities. The characteristics of the Who Am I learning model provide a stimulus to literacy. These characteristics are: 1) learning in groups, 2) learning while playing, 3) fun learning, 4) learning vocabulary mastery.

The article actualizes the problem of studying the Ukrainian languages a foreign language and the ways to optimize this process. This study of methods of teaching foreign languages allows linguists, evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of each methods, to use the most convenient and effective background for the formation of a grammatical and lexical basis for the creation of educational materials. G. K. Lozanov’s suggestive method allows optimizing the learning process in all aspects. The main thesis of which is a relaxed atmosphere during class, which contributes to the natural way of assimilating the material without much effort and coercion. It is the absence of psychological pressure on the student in the “teacher-student” format that free sup additional memory reserves. The purpose of the article is not only to illuminate the suggestive method of studying the Ukrainian language as a foreign, but also to try to implement it according to the needs of the course. The object of the article is the studying of a suggestive approach, and the subject of research is the introduction of this method into the learning process. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that the process of improving the methods of studying the Ukrainian language as a foreign language never stops, especially since it always requires more effective and more modern, the creation of more effective teaching materials. Among these search methods in the study of this topic, one can single out an analysis of vocabulary definitions, a descriptive method, an interpretation method using observation and generalization techniques. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that its results can be used in the course of lecturing and conducting seminars on the courses “Methods of Studying Foreign Languages”, “Ukrainian as a Foreign Language”, as well as in the practical study of Ukrainian as a foreign language.

En la actualidad existen varias técnicas en el proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje general y en torno a la adquisición de un segundo idioma; sin embargo, el hablar del filtro afectivo aún constituye un mito, pues se ha comprobado en investigaciones que el estudiante requiere no solo aprender los procesos convencionales de aprendizaje, sino qué, para la adquisición de un segundo idioma, la persona debe mantenerse motivada, con autoconfianza y sin ansiedad, a fin de que el aprendizaje sea dinámico y no rígido, tal como sucede con la adquisición del idioma natal. La información recopilada se basa en una investigación descriptiva-bibliográfica, para adentrarse a las opiniones e investigaciones de autores sobre esta temática de la influencia del filtro afectivo en el desarrollo, principalmente de la producción oral en el aprendizaje del inglés, donde se obtuvo que, a mayor coerción afectiva del estudiante, mejor será su afianzamiento en el aprendizaje del idioma inglés, y mucho más en lo que se refiere a la producción oral.

Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that deals with language as a social and cultural phenomenon. This study focuses on the variety of utterances used by humans in interacting in social life. In interacting, humans must use polite language so that the other person feels valued and the message conveyed is also well received. Politeness connects language with social structure and behavior or ethics. The purposes of this research are to describe the form of politeness in imperative language in SMA Nurul Hasanah students in Medan and describe strategies that can be used as a marker of politeness in speech. The theory used is a sociolinguistic theory of language politeness. The method used is descriptive qualitative method and data obtained through questionnaires and observations. It can be concluded that students of grade XII SMA Nurul Hasanah Medan use imperative utterances in daily speech acts. This study uses six strategies out of eight strategies used as parameters. The six strategies include (1) use indirect speech, (2) show pessimism, (3) minimize coercion, (4) apologize, (5) use impersonal form, and (6) utter speech acts as politeness that is polite general. This strategy involves the speaker and the interlocutor in the activity.

This study compares compositional processes involved in syntax on the one hand and word formation on the other hand within the Generative Lexicon framework. It first shows how semantic types incorporated in a structured lexical entry are acted on by different compositional mechanisms in predicates headed by verbs and in modification constructions, and then analyzes non-evaluative suffixation in Spanish in order to determine how the head suffix interacts with the meaning of the base word. It is concluded that different parts of the lexical entry of the selected component (syntactic argument or morphological base) can be accessed in both phrase construction and word formation, but the mechanisms underlying complex syntactic and morphological structures differ in significant ways.

The paper investigates the interaction of lexical and constructional meaning in valency coercion processing, and the effect of (in)compatibility between verb and construction for its successful resolution (Perek, Florent & Martin Hilpert. 2014. Constructional tolerance: Cross-linguistic differences in the acceptability of non-conventional uses of constructions. Constructions and Frames 6(2). 266–304; Yoon, Soyeon. 2019. Coercion and language change: A usage-based approach. Linguistic Research 36(1). 111–139). We present an online experiment on valency coercion (the first one on Italian), by means of a semantic priming protocol inspired by Johnson, Matt A. & Adele E. Goldberg. 2013. Evidence for automatic accessing of constructional meaning: Jabberwocky sentences prime associated verbs. Language & Cognitive Processes 28(10). 1439–1452. We test priming effects with a lexical decision task which presents different target verbs preceded by coercion instances of four Italian argument structure constructions, which serve as primes. Three types of verbs serve as target: lexical associate (LA), construction associate (CA), and unrelated (U) verbs. LAs are semantically similar to the main verb of the prime sentence, whereas CAs are prototypical verbs associated to the prime construction. U verbs serve as a mean of comparison for the two categories of interest. Results confirm that processing of valency coercion requires an integration of both lexical and constructional semantics. Moreover, compatibility is also found to influence coercion resolution. Specifically, constructional priming is primary and independent from compatibility. A secondary priming effect for LA verbs is also found, which suggests a contribution of lexical semantics in coercion resolution – especially for low-compatibility coercion coinages.

This paper suggests two possible ways in which cognitively-oriented constructionist approaches (Cognitive Construction Grammar, Radical Construction Grammar, and Embodied Construction Grammar) could enhance the explanatory power of constructions. First, the anatomy of a construction should spell out how the morphosyntactic realizations of arguments are specifically mapped onto their inherent semantico-pragmatic properties, while also including detailed information concerning illocutionary force, information structure, register, politeness, etc. Second, it is argued that coercion should be best understood as a continuum allowing for varying degrees of (in-)compatibility between the verb and the construction taken as a whole. Moreover, parameterization and linguistic cueing prove useful to handle the dynamic interaction of the morphosyntactic, semantico-pragmatic, and discourse-functional hallmarks of constructions, including those which invite metonymic inferencing.

This article deals with the aspect of national security including mind control and methods of influence on collective consciousness, which appears to be relevant and enshrined in the regulatory state documents. The main content of the article considers both the process of mind control by which the hidden methods of socio-psychological influence are used and the instrumental methods themselves. Various interdisciplinary national scientific studies on this issue (sociology, psychology, political science, law, etc.) identified the key methods such as coercion, suggestion, conviction, propaganda, agitation, stereotyping (programming) and problematization. It is noted that the methods in their content and by type of influence are complementary and substitutable, and include variety of types and techniques. One also mentions the fact that there is no single integrated typology (classification) of these methods in modern scientific research field. Further broadening this line of scientific research and its thematic continuation, and integrating the most widespread but divided methods of influence on collective consciousness in the academic literature, the author proposes a structural integration of these methods into a single visual scheme.

This paper aims to discuss the discourse of interdiction in the novel Chronicle of the Murdered House by Lucio Cardoso. Based on the fundamental opposition between nature and culture, it is intended to demonstrate that the “non-prescribed” relationships are pragmatically sanctioned by segregating the actors to certain spaces. Therefore, two orders of space are established in the narrative: the space of the “prescribed” relationships and the space of the “non-prescribed” relationships. In the novel, the “non-prescribed” relationships are the homosexual and incestuous ones, being the latter considered forbidden (interdicted). Considering the category of verticality, the spaces of segregation correspond to “low”. In the connection “high” versus “low”, the first one is the space of culture, social coercion, and “prescribed” relationships; the second one is the space of nature, individual drives, and “non-prescribed” relationships. The theoretical background is based on French semiotics theories. The methodology consists of an excerpt of the novel in which the selected subjects, on their narrative paths, aim to be in conjunction with their objects of value that is considered forbidden by the social addresser.

The study aims to explore the processing pattern of Mandarin Chinese sentences with complement coercion. Complement coercion is a known linguistic phenomenon in which some verbs, semantically requiring an event-denoting complement, are combined with an entity-denoting complement, as in Mary began the book. The combination (i.e., event-selecting verb + entity-denoting noun) has been reported to involve type mismatch, and thus elicits processing difficulty. While the phenomenon has been extensively studied in Indo-European languages, such as English and German, it is debatable if the phenomenon exists in a typologically distinct language from English (e.g., in structural complexity of words), such as Mandarin. To provide empirical evidence, the study conducted a self-paced reading experiment to compare the processing patterns of coercion sentences and non-coercion controls in Mandarin. The results showed longer reading times for the coercion sentences than the non-coercion counterparts, which supported previous findings about the processing difficulty of complement coercion.

Though there is no formal differentiation between count and mass nouns in Mẽbengokre, a Jê language from central Brazil, a contrast can be seen in the coercion that numerals and some quantifiers induce in mass nouns. This coercion, that leads to both a type of and unit of readings, is the only type of discretization of mass concepts that can be done within a noun phrase in the language, as measure classifiers do not exist, something that we argue for in some detail.

O artigo expõe análises de pesquisas-intervenção realizadas com formação de professores na Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Cartografa movimentos que nos desprendem dos exercícios de poder, servindo de reveladores para transformações do sujeito. Lança mão de três dispositivos: as linhas tecidas no dispositivo aula, recorrendo ao curso A Hermenêutica do Sujeito e à noção de arqueologia; as linhas que se delineiam na atualidade mediante entrevistas de Foucault e escritos de seus intercessores; e as estratégias singulares de formação que privilegiam práticas ético-políticas regulares e trabalhos dotados de continuidade, embora sem efeitos de coerção.

This paper compares the questioning of witnesses and defendants in American and Danish courtroom interaction on the basis of one American and three Danish criminal trials. A total of 780 questions are analysed in terms of their morphosyntactic properties as well as speech act functions. Following a general discussion of courtroom questioning and the notions of coercion and control, as well as an outline of legal cultural differences and similarities between American and Danish courtroom interaction, a coding system is developed for the linguistic comparison, and initial quantitative results of the comparison are discussed. Particular attention is given to declarative questions and the ‘communicative’ speech act function, as the linguistic and interactional features of these are shown to be explored in quite different ways in accordance with the legal and cultural contexts in which the courtroom questioning takes place.

Neste trabalho investiga-se a compatibilização entre verbo e construção de estrutura argumental passiva em português sob uma perspectiva construcionista (Goldberg, 1995, 2006). Especificamente, verifica-se o papel de dois aspectos funcionais relevantes para o significado da construção passiva, a saber: a Restrição de Afetação (Pinker et al, 1987) e a Função de Desfocalização do Agente (Shibatani, 1985, 2006). Conclui-se que esses fatores funcionais, em consonância com os modelos teóricos baseados no uso, atuam como restrições graduais e complementares na compatibilização: a passiva apresenta um cenário convencionalizado de ação que atua como uma condição coercitiva. Esse cenário convencionalizado licencia o uso de verbos que, do contrário, não se harmonizariam ao sentido da construção, sendo responsável por estender a cobertura da construção passiva na língua.

Both in linguistics and in psycholinguistics there is some debate about how rich or thin lexico-semantic representations are. Traditionally, in formal semantics but also in philosophy of language as well as in cognitive pragmatics, lexical meanings have been thought to be simple stable denotations or functions. In this paper, we present and discuss a number of interpretational phenomena of which the analysis proposed in the literature makes crucial use of rich meanings. The phenomena in question are cases where the assignment of truth-conditional contents to utterances seems to follow rules that do not operate on simple stable denotations or any other kind of ‘thin’ meanings but where composition takes rich structured representations as input. We also discuss problems for such accounts, which are mostly based on the inability of extant rich meanings accounts to explain many other interpretational phenomena, and we discuss the solutions that have been proposed to solve them. Furthermore, we address the discussion whether the informationally rich meanings are part of semantics, and more specifically part of the lexicon, or whether this information should be ascribed to more general world knowledge.

In this article, the author intends to explore the concept of alterity as otherness through an analysis of four highly differentiated narratives drawn from varied textual sources. The paper argues that alterity is depicted in four different and fluid meanings, namely those of separation, difference, assimilation and co-option, constituting enigmas of alterity. In conclusion, the author comments on the cultural-political process, by which these enigmatic constructs are produced and identifies and explains coercion and consent as the hegemonic impetus for its unfolding presence in current cultural-politics. Keywords: Alterity and Otherness, Enigmas of Alterity, Assimilation and Co-option

A common approach to ternary VV > VC > V weight for stress involves coerced moraicity, by which codas are moraic only under stress, when no VV is available. As I show, coercion is untenable for about half of 17 such systems surveyed, and must be augmented by a theory of vowel prominence (e.g., VV-TO-STRESS). I further argue that vowel prominence is superior to a previously suggested solution in terms of coda prominence, which favors stress on syllables with (nonmoraic) codas.

This paper is about coercive meaning adaptions as triggered by modifiers. It pursues two objectives. First, we argue that coercion by modification is rooted in the linguistic system. More specifically, given a pending type-conflict between a modifier and its target, fine-grained lexical typing information is shown to both license and constrain adaptive options. Notably, such a dynamic lexical semantics integrates conceptual knowledge resources into rigid compositional mechanisms without giving up their principled distinction. Second, we reconcile coercion by modification with the standard conception of modification as a type-preserving operation. However, we also argue that the coercion facts cannot be handled within rule-based approaches to modification. The merits of the proposed dynamic approach to lexical semantics are exemplified by a detailed investigation of the subtly differing coercive potentials of event-sensitive adjectives such as schnell ‘quick’, flink ‘nimble’, and rasch ‘rapid’ in German. It is spelled out in terms of Asher’s (2011) Type Composition Logic. EARLY ACCESS

This study aims to investigate the existence of correlations between the "bases of power" and "affective organizational commitment" constructs in the Municipal Civil Guard of Mossoró/RN [GCMM]. A quantitative approach was used, which was statistical software R, with a convenience sample of 50 civilian guards, and consisted in the analysis of the arithmetic averages, in order to reach the objectives and the Pearson correlation coefficient test. Results indicated indecision regarding the commitment in relation to the bases of power, it has been noticed that the most used by these are those of legitimate power and power of expertise, while the least used are the bases of power of coercion and reward. to the relations between the variables "bases of power" and "affective organizational commitment" in the GCMM, it was observed that they are weakly correlateds.

The acquisition of aspect in L2 is influenced by the properties of the lexical-aspectual class, coercion at the syntactic-pragmatic interface and grounding information (foreground and background) in discourse. This paper addresses how these linguistic functions influence the acquisition of Spanish aspectual past tenses (pretérito indefinido and pretérito imperfecto) by Mandarin Chinese learners. The results show that activities and accomplishments are more problematic for learners to acquire and that dynamicity, rather than telicity, plays a determinant role for Chinese learners. Moreover, factors concerning coercion – a pragmatic and discourse mechanismremain difficult to master at C1. Our results also support the Discourse Hypothesis, though showing different patterns of association (lexical and grammatical aspect) across levels. We conclude that an integrative perspective gives a better account of the acquisition process of Spanish aspectual tenses

This study explores the roles of frequency and expressions that are not perfectly compatible with existing grammar on the usage-based assumption that linguistic knowledge is grounded in language use. Specifically, this study examines grammatical knowledge regarding semantic compatibility between Korean do-light verb construction ([NP-ul ha-ta] ‘do NP’) and its co-occurring noun phrase (NP), and the resolution of their incompatibility (i.e., coercion). Altogether, 163 Korean native speakers were randomly assigned to four groups, each reading passages with five embedded sentences 10 times belonging to one of the four compatibility categories ([no/mild/strong/impossible] coercion) during five input sessions. When acceptability scores judged after the input sessions were compared to those before the sessions, the coerced sentences were judged more acceptable in general. Specifically, improvement in judgments on all compatibility degrees was the greatest in the group that read the strong coercion sentences, showing that the degree of grammar extension is correlated with the degree of coercion that the speakers have experienced. Moreover, judgments on sentences not exposed in the input sessions also similarly improved in the posttest, implying that speakers generalize the frequent coerced pattern applying it to new instances. The study demonstrates that frequency in relatively ungrammatical expressions in language use is one of the central mechanisms of language change. (Incheon National University)

Integer errors continue to create vulnerabilities. In fact, Integer Overflow or Wraparound is listed at position 11 in the 2020 CWE Top 25 Most Dangerous Software Weaknesses. This poster describes the Expression Evaluation (EE) visualization tool that helps students understand the type conversions that take place implicitly within a C program. This tool depicts step-wise the coercions that take place within the evaluation of a user specified expression with mixed integer type operands. The system enables students to create unlimited examples to test their understanding. The tool was evaluated in the classroom and shown to be easy to use and effective.

This study examines whether Chinese complement coercion sentences with aspectual verbs will elicit processing difficulty during real-time comprehension. Complement coercion is a linguistic phenomenon in which certain verbs (e.g., start, enjoy), requiring an event-denoting complement, are combined with an entity-denoting complement (e.g., book), as in The author started a book. Previous studies have reported that the entity-denoting complement elicited processing difficulty following verbs that require event argument compared with verbs that do not (e.g., The author wrote a book). While the processing of complement coercion has been extensively studied in Indo-European languages such as English and German, it is relatively under-researched in Sino-Tibetan languages such as Mandarin Chinese. Given the fact that there are many linguistic elements behaving distinctly in the different language families, for instance, verbs with respect to their semantic properties and syntactic representations of the complement, it is meaningful to investigate whether or not the existing linguistic differences have any effect on the processing of complement coercion in Mandarin. With this research goal, we recorded self-paced reading time of 61 native Mandarin speakers to investigate the processing of the entity-denoting complement in sentences with three different verb types (aspectual verbs which require an event-denoting complement, preferred verbs which denote a preferred interpretation of the aspectual expressions, and non-preferred verbs which denote a non-preferred but plausible interpretation of the aspectual expressions), as exemplified in 顾客开始/填写/查看这份问卷 gù-kè kāi-shǐ/tián-xiě/chá-kàn zhè-fèn wèn-juàn “The customer started/filled in/checked the questionnaire.” It was found that the entity noun complement (e.g., 这份问卷 zhè-fèn wèn-juàn “the questionnaire”) elicited significantly longer reading times in coercion sentences than non-coercion counterparts. The results are compatible with the previous findings in English that complement coercion sentences impose processing cost during real-time comprehension. The study contributes empirical evidence to coercion studies cross-linguistically.

The chapter has two parts. In the first part, I introduce a more fine-grained analysis of evaluative sentences. I distinguish between evaluations proper and directions for action with several degrees of constraint: commands, pieces of advice, suggestions, and so on. I call the latter “ductive-statements.” Thus, I affirm that the realm of morals has two branches: one relative to evaluations, which are is-sentences ranging from the several degrees between good and bad to the indifferent (adiaphoron); the other relative to sentences having a “ductive” force (do-statements) that impose, with different degrees of coercion, a course of action. In the second part of the chapter, I address Searle’s famous argument concerning the derivation of ought-sentences from is-sentences. Relying on my previous distinctions, I argue that Searle’s derivation is flawed in two main points, which I present and discuss at length.

At least since Quine (From a logical point of view. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1953) it has been suspected that a semantic theory that rests on defining features, or on what are taken to be “analytic” properties bearing on the content of lexical items, rests on a fault line. Simply put, there is no criterion for determining which features or propertiesFeatures are to be analytic and which ones are to be synthetic or contingent on experience. Deep down, our concern is what cognitive science and its several competing semantic theories have to offer in terms of solution. We analyze a few cases, which run into trouble by appealing to analyticity, and propose our own solution to this problem: a version of atomism cum inferences, which we think it is the only way out of the dead-end of analyticity. We start off by discussing several guiding assumptions regarding cognitive architecture and on what we take to be methodological imperatives for doing semantics within cognitive science—that is a semantics that is concerned with accounting for mental states. We then discuss theoretical perspectives on lexical causatives and the so-called “coercion” phenomenon or, in our preferred terminology, indeterminacy. And we advance, even if briefly, a proposal for the representation and processing of conceptual content that does away with the analytic/synthetic distinction. We argue that the only account of mental content that does away with the analytic/synthetic distinction is atomism. The version of atomism that we sketch accounts for the purported effects of analyticity with a system of inferences that are in essence synthetic and, thus, not content constitutive.

C#, Dart, Pyret, Racket, TypeScript, VB: many recent languages integrate dynamic and static types via gradual typing. We systematically develop four calculi for gradual typing and the relations between them, building on and strengthening previous work. The calculi are as follows: $\lambda{B}$ , based on the blame calculus of Wadler and Findler (2009); $\lambda{C}$ , inspired by the coercion calculus of Henglein (1994); $\lambda{S}$ inspired by the space-efficient calculus of Herman, Tomb, and Flanagan (2006); and $\lambda{T}$ based on the threesome calculus of Siek and Wadler (2010). While $\lambda{B}$ and $\lambda{T}$ are little changed from previous work, $\lambda{C}$ and $\lambda{S}$ are new. Together, $\lambda{B}$ , $\lambda{C}$ , $\lambda{S}$ , and $\lambda{T}$ provide a coherent foundation for design, implementation, and optimization of gradual types. We define translations from $\lambda{B}$ to $\lambda{C}$ , from $\lambda{C}$ to $\lambda{S}$ , and from $\lambda{S}$ to $\lambda{T}$ . Much previous work lacked proofs of correctness or had weak correctness criteria; here we demonstrate the strongest correctness criterion one could hope for, that each of the translations is fully abstract. Each of the calculi reinforces the design of the others: $\lambda{C}$ has a particularly simple definition, and the subtle definition of blame safety for $\lambda{B}$ is justified by the simple definition of blame safety for $\lambda{C}$ . Our calculus $\lambda{S}$ is implementation-ready: the first space-efficient calculus that is both straightforward to implement and easy to understand. We give two applications: first, using full abstraction from $\lambda{C}$ to $\lambda{S}$ to establish an equational theory of coercions; and second, using full abstraction from $\lambda{B}$ to $\lambda{S}$ to easily establish the Fundamental Property of Casts, which required a custom bisimulation and six lemmas in earlier work.

This study explores whether or not Mandarin sentences with complement coercion are acceptable to native speakers. Complement coercion is a phenomenon in which some event-selecting verbs (e.g., begin), which semantically select an event-denoting complement, can occur with an entity-denoting complement (e.g., Mary began the book). While the phenomenon has been extensively studied in English, it is debatable whether complement coercion sentences are also available in Mandarin. To provide empirical evidence, Mandarin speakers were invited to rate the acceptability of coercion sentences composed of aspectual verbs with entity-denoting complements (e.g., 完成这篇文章 ‘finished (writing/reading) the article’), and non-coercion counterparts (e.g., 翻译这篇文章 ‘translate the article’). Results show that the coercion sentences are generally acceptable to native speakers of Mandarin. The results support previous findings in relevant studies on Mandarin, and further provide cross-linguistic evidence for this universal phenomenon.

Low-frequency grammatical constructions as well as marked, unexpected interpretations of more productive ones are often associated with specific contexts, including socio-culturally defined genres. In the present work, I investigate the post-posed subject construction in stage directions, which features unique morpho-syntax in the grammar of English, and the context-specific, conventional interpretation of the present tense in the same genre. While both of these patterns exhibit idiosyncratic features that warrant constructional status, they are shown to relate systematically to other constructions in the language. Such formal and functional motivation can be captured in terms of constructional inheritance and genre-sensitive coercion, i.e. coercion that takes into account the functional requirements of specific genres. Constructional frameworks thus emerge as fully capable to account for the “periphery” of linguistic structures in a way that accommodates both their idiosyncratic and their regular (inherited) components, and provide a principled way of modeling speakers' knowledge of variable grammar. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

We present a view of perception as the classification of objects and events in terms of types in the sense of TTR, a Type Theory with Records. We argue that such types can be used to give a formal model of concepts and cognitive processing involving concepts. This yields a view that natural language semantics is based on our cognitive perceptual ability. The paper provides an overview of some key ideas in TTR including the important notion of record type. We suggest that record types can be used to model frames in a way that relates to the Düsseldorf notion of frame as well as those of Fillmore and Barsalou.

Several academic institutes provide students, as the first programming course, with an understanding of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) paradigm. This requires the teacher to face several obstacles due to the necessity to explain various and deep concepts such as type, data abstraction, encapsulation and different forms of polymorphism such as overloading, coercion, sub-typing, and parameterization. This paper proposes and evaluates a teaching strategy based on a flipped classroom approach for one selected topic in a second-year programming university course, Programming II, held at the University of Bari and focused on the OOP paradigm. This approach lets the students learn and train on their own before coming to class. Here, they will apply the knowledge during face-to-face lessons to elaborate, reflect and compare on what has been learned. We provided a preliminary evaluation of the approach through a quasi-experiment aiming at comparing two groups of students: one instructed by a flipped classroom approach and the other one by the traditional approach. Results show that the flipped group understands better concepts and produces better source code than the traditional group.

The goal of this study was to analyze the conceptualization of YPA (youth-to-parent aggression) in relation to terms, definitions, typologies and assessment instruments. To achieve this aim, a systematic review was carried out using the PRISMA protocol. Assessment instruments for YPA were examined in accordance with COSMIN (Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments). After reviewing the literature on conceptualization and measuring instruments, some gaps were found. The use of some particular terms was justified depending on the age of children and severity of case. Taking into account the theoretical background, a full definition of YPA was offered. Moreover, this study revealed that it was possible to discriminate four typologies of YPA (Offensive, Defensive, Affective, and Situational) as a function of the coercion level and nature of the violence. Eleven instruments to measure YPA were analyzed exhaustively, with the most reported and robust psychometric properties being internal consistency and structural validity, while other validity evidence was understudied. The CPV-Q (12–25 years) obtained the highest rating as a promising instrument. The initial psychodiagnosis of a YPA situation would help in the individual or family intervention, as well as prevent more severe situations of YPA through early intervention.

In his "Tactics of Scientific Research" (1960), his work on avoidance, his discovery of equivalence classes and his cautions on applications of coercion, Murray Sidman created high standards for behavior analytic research. I illustrate his influence in the context of three examples he might have characterized as pilot studies. Each examined trial N+1 response probabilities depending on whether trial N responding had produced a reinforcer. Differentially reinforced interresponse times, keys pecked in arbitrary matching, and two-key response sequences provided no robust evidence that reinforcing some response property on trial N raises the probability of responding with that property on trial N+1. These negative findings shed light on the nature of operant classes and on the relation of reinforcers to the responses that produced them. Through selection, reinforcers create operant classes and engender variations of the responses within those classes; operant classes are held together by common contingencies. Sidman extended our understanding of operant classes by expanding them to include equivalence relations.

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag zeigt, wie die Themen der Sozialen Psychiatrie im Rahmen einer semiotischen Kulturtheorie etwa durch Begriffe wie „Institution“, „Code“, „Sinn“, „Kommunikation“ oder „ästhetische Erfahrung“ diskutiert werden können. In diesem Sinne hatte die Soziale Psychiatrie zwar immer schon Bezug zur Kulturtheorie, insbesondere zu einer phänomenologisch-hermeneutisch begründeten Theorie des „Sinns“. Mit der Theorie der Semiosen (Zeichenprozesse) wird gezeigt, wie der kommunikative Sinn von Sprechakten formal repräsentiert werden kann: zum Nutzen einer arbeitsteiligen Kooperation.

The goal of this paper is to provide both a description and an explanation of the combination of minimizers (ligeramente 'slightly') with gradable adjectives in Spanish. According to Kennedy & McNally (2005) these elements are degree items that are sensitive to the scalar structure of adjectives and are combined with closed scale, minimum standard adjectives. Unexpected combinations, according to this semantics, are considered as cases of coercion. In this paper we propose that minimizers create derived adjectives. They are modifiers of the adjective's granularity, which allow the selection of the standard of comparison to take into account a greater number of degree distinctions. From this proposal, this article shows that unexpected combinations of ligeramente with gradable adjectives, such as un cine ligeramente lleno ‘a slightly crowded cinema’, can be explained without the need to propose that a coercion process takes place.

This paper offers a fresh perspective on (restrictions on) aspectual coercion, thereby focusing on the essentially epistemic import of aspectual constructions. The case study that I will discuss is the unexpected use of the simple tenses for ongoing event reports in sentences involving full-verb inversion. I will argue that this attestation of the simple present/past in inverted sentences can be analyzed as a kind of aspectual mismatch between the higher-order construction and the embedded tenses. Yet at a more basic, epistemic level of analysis, there is no mismatch: the full-verb inversion construction and the embedded tenses are similar in the sense that both report events that are conceived of as fully and instantly identifiable.

The central point of discussion is how idiom motivation is reflected in the Conventional Figurative Language Theory. Most lexical units are motivated to a certain extent, i.e. they point to their actual meaning via the meanings of their parts, either parts of their structure or of their conceptual basis. Several types of motivation can be distinguished in the field of phraseology. Apart from the quite small number of idioms where no comprehensible link can be found between the literal reading and the figurative meaning that would allow for a meaningful interpretation of a given expression, all other idioms have to be considered transparent or motivated. Idioms form a very heterogeneous domain in terms of motivation. There are levels of motivation and semantic predictability both from the perspective of a speaker and from the perspective of the semantic structure of a given unit. In this paper, we present a typology of motivation that captures all types of transparent idioms. The typology of idiom motivation connects our theory to the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor and to the Construction Grammar approaches.

The focus of the article is on current discussions on the heuristic significance of the "soft power" concept, examines the socio-political and philosophical foundations of the phenomenon, and states the de-Americanization of the soft power discourse and the related changes in the behavior of the new "soft power" actors.The theoretical basis of the article is the conceptual interpretation of the concept of "power" proposed by Joseph Nye as an alternative to Realistic and Neo-Realistic models of power relations in modern world politics. Nye singled out coercion, influence and attractiveness as equivalent dimensions of force.The research methodology is based on formal-logical and content-logical methods.The research procedure first of all is built around the typology of criticism of "soft power" as a concept and the prospects for its overcoming.In the analysis of the results, it is noted that Nye in the concept of "soft power" had verified the accents of modern socio-philosophical and political-philosophical approaches in relation to the power-discourse of international relations. It is predicted that the theoretical comprehension of the "soft power" will develop, as its use by states will continue. First, it concerns "rising forces" (such as China and India).In conclusion, it is emphasized that the ability of the state to compete globally in three areas (economic growth, military technological development and value-cultural impact) allows us to talk about it in terms of full power, which is impossible without resorting to the complex phenomenon of "soft power", questions of national identity in a new way and to the non-material grounds of the state.

En este artí­culo presentamos, en términos muy generales, los supuestos básicos del enfoque teórico conocido como Gramática de Construcciones (GC), para luego exponer en detalle el modo en que, desde esta perspectiva, se analiza el fenómeno semántico-gramatical de la coerción aspectual, con referencia a ejemplos del español. Para llevar a cabo esta exposición, nos concentramos en la propuesta de Michaelis (2004), que destaca tanto por su cuidadoso desarrollo como por su rigor formal.

This paper deals with the question of how and why resultative constructions change into anteriors. This discussion will be based on synchronic data concerning tener + past participle, a resultative construction used in modern Spanish. One of the latter's most frequent is te lo tengo dicho 'I have (already) told you'. This is remarkable since decir 'to tell' is a non-transitional verb; te lo tengo dicho thus violates the requirement that resultatives should only combine with transitional verbs. In the literature, such mismatches between the semantics of a given construction and the meaning of its lexical filler have been claimed to normally trigger coercion, i.e. an inferential repair mechanism giving rise to special meaning effects. Thus, coercion - despite being conceived as a purely synchronic mechanism - is a prime candidate for an explanation of the change from resultative to anterior. In line with this hypothesis, occurrences of te lo tengo dicho are attested in my corpus where the latter is specified by quantifying adverbials such as muchas veces 'many times'. However, speaker judgements indiacte that even te lo tengo dicho muchas veces is not an iterative anterior construction, but still a resultative. Based on synchronic data taken from the CREA-corpus, it will be shown that in the vast majority of its occurrences, te lo tengo dicho is part of an dialogal discourse pattern where certain argumentative effects based on its resultative meaning are highly relevant. Crucially, therefore, in such "strong" uses a coercive shift towards an anterior meaning is excluded. On a more abstract level, it will be shown that coercion is controlled by pragmatic factors; in the case of te lo tengo dicho muchas veces, conceptual/semantic plausibility is systematically overridden by pragmatic relevance.

In his book Processual Sociology (2016), Andrew Abbott proposes a radically new theoretical perspective for sociology. This review essay discusses the strengths and weaknesses of his “processual” approach, in comparison with other dynamic perspectives in sociology such as, in particular, Norbert Elias’s “process sociology.” It critically questions central ideas and arguments advanced in this book: the reduction of social processes to “events,” the focus on stability as the central explanandum of sociological theory, the implicit separation of individual and social processes, the proposition that the social world changes faster than the individual, the idea that “excess” rather than “scarcity” is the central problematic of human affairs, the strong emphasis on the inherent normativity of sociological concepts, the focus on values as the core of human social life, the neglect of human interdependence, power, coercion, and violence, and the distinction between “moral facts” and “empirical facts.” Detailed criticisms of the arguments in various chapters are given, and alternative viewpoints are proposed. The conclusion is that Processual Sociology fails to provide a fruitful approach for understanding and explaining social processes, and that it even represents, in several respects, theoretical regression rather than progress.

It is widely observed that relational adjectives (RAdjs) in English can be coerced into qualitative adjectives (QAdjs) rather freely ( Farsi 1968 ; Beard 1991 ; Bauer et al. 2013 ; Nikolaeva & Spencer 2013 ; Lieber 2015 ). However, the process of coercion and its output properties have not been studied extensively. This paper presents a conversion analysis of the process and discusses how it is effected in the grammar and how converted QAdjs differ from non-converted suffixal ones, such as similatives. The analysis considers the working of the truthfulness operator within a class name NP. Clearly demarcating different adjective classes, the findings of this paper contribute to research on both conversion and RAdj.

This paper presents an underspecification account of type mismatch in English and Mandarin Chinese ‘BEFORE/AFTER’+non-event-complement (NEC) constructions, with a view to uncovering the mechanisms underlying the semantic well-formedness of type mismatch in surface structure. As this construction is used to locate an event on the time axis, it requires a point of time complement. The study finds that when the complement slot, which is typically filled by a telic event or a time phrase, is filled by NECs (artifact nouns, proper nouns, kin terms, pronominals or number-classifiers), the construction will coerce the NECs into telic events from which a point in time could be derived; and in that meaning enrichment process, the NECs are semantically underspecified. The research suggests that type coercion does not solely operate at the level of lexical semantics in that many cases of type coercion are more conventionalized and more contextualized than lexical. Therefore, other factors such as world knowledge, linguistic context and conventionality have to be taken into consideration in order to get an adequate account of the phenomenon. Based on the mechanisms uncovered, the paper makes a formal description of the syntactic process in which type coercion works, and builds a usage-based hierarchy of proneness to type coercion for English and Mandarin NECs.

One distinctive feature of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) is that it distinguishes two types of derivational processes: Lexical derivation, which takes place in the lexicon, and syntactic derivation, which takes place in the grammar. The aim of this paper is to consider some of the implications of this approach by addressing three major issues: i) on the basis of which criteria do we decide which derivational processes are lexical and which are syntactic, ii) how does the FDG approach deal with recursive processes of derivation, and iii) how do these two derivational processes interact with other types of word formation, such as compounding, conversion and back-formation.

Kearns (1988) has previously proposed two types of Light Verb Constructions in English: True Light Verb Constructions and Vague Action Verb Constructions. This paper claims that the Korean Light Verb Construction without an accusative marker corresponds to the True Light Verb Construction in English, while the Korean Light Verb Construction with an accusative marker corresponds to the Vague Action Verb Construction in English. Joh (2017) has claimed that, for the former, we can apply the Type Coercion mechanism, while, for the latter, a Co-compositional process takes place. Extending this analysis, this paper claims that the two types of Korean Light Verb Constructions can be explained by the two different generative mechanisms. One of the biggest advantages of this paper is that it finds that the two types of Light Verb Construction observed in Korean is not an isolated phenomenon but provides clear and concrete evidence to the claim that there are two different types of Light Verb Constructions in natural languages by showing that they can be morphologically evidenced.

The aim of this paper is to explain differences in the degrees of acceptability of sentences with co-occurring telic verbs and atelic durative time span adverbials. The interpretation of such sentences requires coercion of the aspectual information, solving the semantic mismatch by making the conflicting information compatible. Successful coercion means that a sentence will thereby achieve perfect acceptability, whereas less successful coercion will produce lower degrees of acceptability. The results of 37 participants rating the acceptability of 30 sentences with conflicting aspectual information were as follows: (1) Telic verbs describing a process promote successful coercion. (2) Specific semantic properties of the nominal phrases (NPs) contribute to coercion. Cumulative NPs denoting concrete entities (e.g., bare concrete mass nouns) promote coercion and so give higher acceptability scores. NPs denoting abstract entities promote coercion only when they are definite. The results show that the aspectual interpretation of sentences is supported by processes of semantic enrichment to resolve the co-occurrence of conflicting linguistic expressions. Our study also reveals that we need to address how we can implement contextual information in an experimental set-up to address the remaining gaps in explaining the differences in the acceptability ratings.

Dynamic verbs followed by the perfective aspect morpheme -le(V-le) in Chinese typically designate bounded events but can also encode states. This article proposes that the eventive designations are at the basic level and the stative interpretations are at the derived level through aspectual coercion. The categorical shifts from the former to the latter may be brought about by a number of factors, which include sentences with nonagent subject/topic, general stative sentences, and certain adverbs. These factors introduce aspectual properties incompatible with V-le's basic-level eventive interpretation. They trigger a coercion procedure to reconcile the incompatibilities, leading to aspectual reinterpretations. These findings are discussed in light of the principle of external override and the analytic nature of the Chinese language.