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This paper considers how the codex as a medium, specifically via its illustration and layout, translates into material forms the literary and textual choices of the texts it transmits in order to make its version of the Troy story tangible, and thus intelligible for its medieval readers. It takes as an example the first prose version of the Roman de Troie of Benoît de Sainte-Maure, probably composed in the last quarter of the thirteenthcentury in Frankish Greece, and focuses more specifically on a late manuscript of Prose 1, recently rediscovered, the manuscript F°26 from the Abbey of Maredsous (Belgium), made almost two centuries later, c. 1450, in the Burgundian Netherlands. This paper argues that this codex, in its specific context of production and within its textual and visual traditions, allow its audience to come into contact with the long-lost city of Troy, and the narrative that evokes it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Prior to the introduction of novel food ingredients into the food supply, safety risk assessments are required, and numerous prediction models have been developed and validated to evaluate safety. Methods: The allergenic risk potential of Helaina recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF, Effera™), produced in Komagataella phaffii (K. phaffii) was assessed by literature search, bioinformatics sequence comparisons to known allergens, glycan allergenicity assessment, and a simulated pepsin digestion model. Results: The literature search identified no allergenic risk for Helaina rhLF, K. phaffii, or its glycans. Bioinformatics search strategies showed no significant risk for cross-reactivity or allergenicity between rhLF or the 36 residual host proteins and known human allergens. Helaina rhLF was also rapidly digested in simulated gastric fluid and its digestibility profile was comparable to human milk lactoferrin (hmLF), further demonstrating a low allergenic risk and similarity to the hmLF protein. Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate a low allergenic risk potential of Helaina rhLF and do not indicate the need for further clinical testing or serum IgE binding to evaluate Helaina rhLF for risk of food allergy prior to introduction into the food supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the visual embodiment of the theme of Christ's teaching in the European visual tradition. The author shows that the pedagogical metaphors of the Teacher and the Educator, vivid in the New Testament texts and the works of the first Christian writers, were reflected in the fine arts through certain iconographic formulas. An assumption is made about the possibility of a pedagogical interpretation of the symbolic image of the Good Shepherd (basing on Clement of Alexandria). Variations in the image of the Teacher in the works of the 4-5th centuries are also analyzed: these are compositions with Christ the Wonderworker and Christ the Philosopher, which had different iconographic prototypes. Regardless of the characteristics of the portrait interpretation of Christ, special attributes (rhetorical gesture, pallium, scroll or open codex) allow to identify Him as a Teacher. The view on Christ as the Teacher and righteousness and divine wisdom, incomparable with earthly knowledge, is a specific of the patristic tradition. The development of Christian art under the influence of liturgical theological the formation caused appearance of new subjects and interpretations in medieval art. Plots previously associated with the theme of Christ’s teaching receive a different view within the framework of typological exegesis. The author shows that the main “pedagogical” plot, which received consistent development in the art of the Middle Ages, is the image of the young Christ in the Jerusalem temple (Luke 2:41-51). The plot was popular due to the veneration of the image of the baby Jesus, general interest in His childhood, and also in connection with the cults of the Mother of God. In the iconography of the 15-17th centuries the polemical component of the plot is often emphasized, with the scene being interpreted as a variant of a dispute. In apocryphal texts dedicated to the childhood of Jesus, there are episodes of interaction between the Divine Youth and school teachers, who generally showed pedagogical carelessness towards the child and recognized His “disability to learn.” In illustrations of the plot children sympathize and support their “classmate” and even glorify Him as God. Finally, in the late Middle Ages, the story of the giving of the Lord's Prayer was spread, with the direct interaction of the Teacher and Preacher with their listeners articulated.

Games and books, understood in the broadest possible sense, interrelate in numerous different ways. Books and games can take each other's form; they inspire and augment, expand and specify, contextualize and transform one another. We can 'read' games, and we can 'play' books. This article is an editorial to a Special Issue that discusses game-book hybrids, gamebooks, as complex entities worthy of their own attention. The focus is specifically on the intersections of games and books (instead of, for instance, games and literature, or games and narratives) as these offer a site for a fruitful cross-disciplinary work. The editorial briefly surveys the field and lays out the basics of games and books as interdisciplinary sites of research. It then introduces a tentative typology for mapping out the interconnectedness of games and books. Finally, the editorial introduces and briefly contextualizes the articles in the Special Issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Precautionary Allergen (“may contain”) Labelling (PAL) is used by industry to communicate potential risk to food-allergic individuals posed by unintended allergen presence (UAP). In 2014, the World Allergy Organization (WAO) highlighted that PAL use was increasing, but often applied inconsistently and without regulation — which reduces its usefulness to consumers with food allergy and those purchasing food for them. WAO proposed the need for a regulated, international framework to underpin application of PAL. In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations convened an expert consultation to address the issue of PAL, the outputs of which are now being considered by the Codex Committee on Food Labelling (CCFL). Objectives: To summarise the latest data to inform the application of PAL in a more systematic way, for implementation into global food standards. Methods: A non-systematic review of issues surrounding precautionary labelling and food allergens in pre-packaged products. Results: Approximately, 100 countries around the world have legislation on the declaration of allergenic ingredients. Just a few have legislation on UAP. Given the risks that UAP entails, non-regulated PAL creates inconvenience in real life due to its unequal, difficult interpretation by patients. The attempts made so far to rationalize PAL present lights and shadows. Conclusions: At a time when CCFL is considering the results of the FAO/WHO Expert Consultation 2020–2023, we summarise the prospects to develop an effective and homogeneous legislation at a global level, and the areas of uncertainty that might hinder international agreement on a regulated framework for PAL of food allergens.

In many historical literature periods, heroic and romantic tales are among the most appealing and popular tales, and they also rank among the notable pieces of folklore literature. Numerous of these codices, including both poetry and prose, are still in draft form and have not yet been revised. Due to the significance and intrinsic value of these texts, the purpose of the current study is introducing a new prose version of the Bahram and Golandam narrative. Bahram and Golandam is one of the Persian folklore stories. This story which was among the Iranian stories narrated in traditional home-based schools had gained a lot of popularity. As a result, there are several prose and poem versions of it with some similarities but each with unique characteristics. The version evaluated in the present research is written at the end of one of the authentic versions of Rana and Ziba's poem. it has no date, but it is complete and readable. there are also some verses between the text of the story. according to the language style, this new version of Bahram and Golandam story seems to be antecedent of the version published in adabiate –e-maktab-kaneii iran in terms of time.In this research, in addition to editing and introducing this version, an attempt has been made to evaluate some of its linguistic and contextual characteristics, using a descriptive-analytical and content-based methodology.

The library of the Pauline monastery of Budaszentlőrinc was plundered and burnt down by the Ottoman troops after the Battle of Mohács, and according to current research, all volumes of this grandiose collection perished in the fire. This study draws attention to the existence of a surviving codex. The volume is a 13th-century Latin Bible richly decorated with initials and miniatures that was produced in a Parisian workshop and is currently held in the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp under shelfmark M. 17.3. The study reviews the international scholarly literature related to the codex and clarifies an episode of its provenance: based on the Turkish entry (previously incorrectly identified as Arabic) on folio 247r, it was seized by the Ottoman forces in 1526 and not in 1546. From a codicological perspective, it clarifies the inconsistencies of the foliation, supplements the list of entries found in the volume, and ascertains the mutilation of the pages. It also provides further evidence to support the hypothesis that the codex originally consisted of two volumes and links the rebinding to the Flemish merchant Gillis de Grave operating in Ancona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The proximity to tumor cells is pivotal to the anti-tumor functions of CD8+ T cells, but the mechanism underlying the regulation of CD8+ T cell spatial distribution remains elusive. Here, we utilize the cellular neighborhood algorithm to identify the spatial architectures that regulate the localization and inter-cellular communication of CD8+ T cells in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The presence of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and other lymphocytes in the same cellular neighborhoods were identified as one type of spatial architecture that restricted the proximity of CD8+ T cells to tumor cells and heralded a poor prognosis. In such architecture, CD8+ T cells tended to aggregate around themselves and CD4+ T cells instead of approaching tumor cells. In this study, we identified a spatial architecture for the regulation of CD8+ T cells and deciphered a novel immune evasion mechanism of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in a topologically regulated manner. The anti-tumor function of CD8+ T cells is dependent on their proximity to tumor cells. Current studies have focused on the infiltration level of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment, while further spatial information, such as spatial localization and inter-cellular communication, have not been defined. In this study, co-detection by indexing (CODEX) was designed to characterize PDAC tissue regions with seven protein markers in order to identify the spatial architecture that regulates CD8+ T cells in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The cellular neighborhood algorithm was used to identify a total of six conserved and distinct cellular neighborhoods. Among these, one unique spatial architecture of CD8+ T and CD4+ T cell-enriched neighborhoods enriched the majority of CD8+ T cells, but heralded a poor prognosis. The proximity analysis revealed that the CD8+ T cells in this spatial architecture were significantly closer to themselves and the CD4+ T cells than to the tumor cells. Collectively, we identified a unique spatial architecture that restricted the proximity of CD8+ T cells to tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment, indicating a novel immune evasion mechanism of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in a topologically regulated manner and providing new insights into the biology of PDAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prace Jezykoznawcze is the property of University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To better query regional sources of metal(loid) exposure in an under-communicated region, available scientific literature from 50 national universities (undergraduate and graduate theses and dissertations), peer-reviewed journals, and reports published in Spanish and English were synthesized with a focus on metal(loid) bioaccumulation in Peruvian food and medicinal products utilized locally. The study considered 16 metal(loid)s that are known to exert toxic impacts on humans (Hg, Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Sn, Ni, Ag, Pb, Se, Tl, Ti, and U). A total of 1907 individual analyses contained within 231 scientific publications largely conducted by Peruvian universities were analyzed. These analyses encompassed 239 reported species classified into five main food/medicinal groups—plants, fish, macroinvertebrates and mollusks, mammals, and "others" category. Our benchmark for comparison was the World Health Organization (Codex Alimentarius) standards. The organisms most frequently investigated included plants such as asparagus, corn, cacao, and rice; fish varieties like trout, tuna, and catfish; macroinvertebrates and mollusks including crab and shrimp; mammals such as alpaca, cow, chicken eggs, and milk; and other categories represented by propolis, honey, lichen, and edible frog. Bioaccumulation-related research increased from 2 to more than 25 publications per year between 2006 and 2022. The results indicate that Peruvian food and natural medicinal products can have dangerous levels of metal(loid)s, which can cause health problems for consumers. Many common and uncommon food/medicinal products and harmful metals identified in this analysis are not regulated on the WHO's advisory lists, suggesting the urgent need for stronger regulations to ensure public safety. In general, Cd and Pb are the metals that violated WHO standards the most, although commonly non-WHO regulated metals such as Hg, Al, As, Cr, and Ni are also a concern. Metal concentrations found in Peru are on many occasions much higher than what has been reported elsewhere. We conclude that determining the safety of food/medicinal products is challenging due to varying metal concentrations that are influenced not only by metal type but also geographical location. Given the scarcity of research findings in many regions of Peru, urgent attention is required to address this critical knowledge gap and implement effective regulatory measures to protect public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2005, a team of Polish archaeologists discovered three Coptic codices, two on papyrus and one on parchment, in the rubbish dump of a hermitage at Sheik Abd el-Gurna, Egypt. While the parchment codex and the remains of the bindings of the papyrus ones have been conserved, the text blocks of the papyrus codices were opened and disassembled and after being disinfected remained untouched for nearly 15 years, until the current project started. Currently, all three books are stored in the collection of the Coptic Museum in Cairo. Our team undertook the conservation of and archaeometric research on the papyrus codices. The first of the books contains the Canons of Pseudo-Basil, while the second is an Encomium of St. Pisenthios. Both codices have been palaeographically dated to the seventh-eighth centuries CE. In this paper, we describe our project and present the results of the work carried out on the Canons of Pseudo-Basil. Our work involved photography in transmitted light, measurements of the thickness of the papyrus leaves, and digital microscopy under three-light illumination. These measurements allowed us to determine the types of the inks and characterize the papyrus writing substrate. For conservation, we used a novel method developed in the Egyptian Museum in Berlin that comprises suspending papyrus folios on a translucent, extremely thin Japanese paper inside glass frames without the use of adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionPrior to the introduction of novel food ingredients into the food supply, safety risk assessments are required, and numerous prediction models have been developed and validated to evaluate safety.MethodsThe allergenic risk potential of Helaina recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF, Effera™), produced in Komagataella phaffii (K. phaffii) was assessed by literature search, bioinformatics sequence comparisons to known allergens, glycan allergenicity assessment, and a simulated pepsin digestion model.ResultsThe literature search identified no allergenic risk for Helaina rhLF, K. phaffii, or its glycans. Bioinformatics search strategies showed no significant risk for cross-reactivity or allergenicity between rhLF or the 36 residual host proteins and known human allergens. Helaina rhLF was also rapidly digested in simulated gastric fluid and its digestibility profile was comparable to human milk lactoferrin (hmLF), further demonstrating a low allergenic risk and similarity to the hmLF protein. ConclusionCollectively, these results demonstrate a low allergenic risk potential of Helaina rhLF and do not indicate the need for further clinical testing or serum IgE binding to evaluate Helaina rhLF for risk of food allergy prior to introduction into the food supply.

Ṣaḥîfe, Arap toplumunda Cahiliye döneminden itibaren bilinen ve yaygın olarak kullanılan bir kavramdır. Müslümanlar açısından Mekke döneminde vahiy dışında ṣaḥîfe kullanma ihtiyacı olmadığı söylenebilir. Ancak bu durum Medine’de bir şehir devleti tesis edilmesiyle büyük bir ivme kazanmış; Hz. Peygamber, kâtiplerine bu bağlamda dinî, siyasi, idarî, diplomatik, sosyal ve ekonomik hayata dair çok sayıda yazı yazdırmıştır. Sahâbe neslinin, bunlardan bağımsız olarak Hz. Peygamber’in sağlığında ya da vefatı sonrasında onun gazveleri, seriyyeleri ve genel anlamda sîretine yönelik notlar tuttuğu bilinmektedir. Bazı sahâbîler kayda alma noktasında talebe ve kölelerinden istifade etmişlerdir. Bazen de tâbiîn kuşağından bir talebe, bir ya da daha fazla sahâbîden dinlediği rivayetleri kaydetmiş; böylece ilgili sahâbînin ilmî birikimini birebir yansıtan bir ṣaḥîfe ortaya koymuştur. Ṣaḥîfelerin bazılarında iman, ahlak, fıkıh ve fıkhın ibadetler dışında kalan kısmı gibi çeşitli konuların ele alındığı, bazı ṣaḥîfelerde ise meġāzî gibi belli bir konu üzerinde yoğunlaşıldığı görülmektedir. Çoğu ṣaḥîfede ana tema olarak meġāzîye ağırlık verilmesi ise Medine döneminde gerçekleşen yoğun askerî faaliyetlerin bir yansıması ve Eyyâmü’l-Arab anlatımı geleneğinin İslâm toplumundaki iz düşümü olarak değerlendirilebilir. Ṣaḥîfelerden mülhem rivayetlerin hadis mecmualarında Kitâbü’l-Meġāzî başlığı altında toplanmasını da aynı bağlamda düşünmek mümkündür. Birbirinden bağımsız kişilerin tuttukları notlar olan ṣaḥîfeler, bir sistematik ve kronolojiden yoksun oldukları için sadece bunlara dayanılarak bir siyer inşası mümkün olmamıştır. Bununla birlikte belge niteliği taşımaları ve genel hatlarıyla bir usul üzere rivayet edilmeleri sebebiyle ilk siyer eserlerine birincil derecede kaynaklık ettikleri bir gerçektir. Sahâbe ṣaḥîfeleri kendilerinden sonra çocuklarına ve torunlarına tevarüs etmiştir. Bu yeni nesil, bu yazılı malzemeyi halihazırda hayatta olan sahâbîler ve Medine halkından aldıkları bilgilerle geliştirmiştir. Yine onların, ṣaḥîfelerde geçen rivayetleri aile ve yakın çevreleri ile tâbiîn kuşağı ilim meraklılarına tedris ettikleri bilinmektedir. Ṣaḥîfeler orijinal haliyle günümüze kadar ulaşamamışsa da miras bırakıldıkları sahâbe çocukları, torunları ve ilim ehli vasıtasıyla süreç içerisinde meşhur hadis mecmualarında yer almışlar ve meġāzî başta olmak üzere çeşitli başlıklar altında okuyucunun istifadesine sunulmuşlardır. Ṣaḥîfeler, kendilerinden istifade ettiği anlaşılan Ebân b. Osman’ın güvendiği kimselere tashih ettirdiği siyere dair notları ile küçük hacimli bir kitapçık (risale) boyutu kazanmış; sahâbeden doğrudan rivayette bulunan ‘Urve b. ez-Zübeyr’in ve birçok ṣaḥîfeden faydalanan Zührî’nin günümüze ulaşamayan meġāzîleri ile telif bir eser vücuda getirecek boyutlara ulaşmıştır. Bilinen ilk siyer eserlerinde yer alan hacimli ṣaḥîfelere ve daha küçük çaplı olanlarına araştırmada yer yer işaret edilmiştir. Çalışma, siyer ilmi açısından ṣaḥîfelerin oluşum süreci ve mahiyeti ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Birinci el kaynak değeri taşıyan ve çoğu hadis mecmualarında yer alan bu yazılı malzemelerin, ilk dönem siyer eserlerine kaynaklık etme ve siyer ilminin teşekkülü noktasındaki katkıları ise bundan sonra yapılacak akademik çalışmalarla ortaya konulabilir.

The human kidney is composed of many cell types that vary in their abundance and distribution from normal to diseased organ. As these cell types perform unique and essential functions, it is important to confidently label each within a single tissue to accurately assess tissue architecture and microenvironments. Towards this goal, we demonstrate the use of co-detection by indexing (CODEX) multiplexed immunofluorescence for visualizing 23 antigens within the human kidney. Using CODEX, many of the major cell types and substructures, such as collecting ducts, glomeruli, and thick ascending limb, were visualized within a single tissue section. Of these antibodies, 19 were conjugated in-house, demonstrating the flexibility and utility of this approach for studying the human kidney using custom and commercially available antibodies. We performed a pilot study that compared both fresh frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded healthy non-neoplastic and diabetic nephropathy kidney tissues. The largest cellular differences between the two groups was observed in cells labeled with aquaporin 1, cytokeratin 7, and α-smooth muscle actin. Thus, our data show the power of CODEX multiplexed immunofluorescence for surveying the cellular diversity of the human kidney and the potential for applications within pathology, histology, and building anatomical atlases.

BackgroundBreastfeeding is important for the health and development of the child, and for maternal health, in all country contexts. However, global sales of breast-milk substitutes (BMS), including infant, follow-up and toddler formulas, have 'boomed' in recent decades. This raises the importance of international food standards established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) on the safety, composition and labelling of BMS. Such standards appear to be strongly contested by governments, industry and civil society groups, yet few studies have investigated the politics of Codex standard-setting processes. The aim of this paper is to understand who participates in decision-making, and how actors frame and contest proposals to revise the Codex Standard on Follow-up Formula (FUF).MethodsWe adopted a case study design involving two steps. First, we enumerated government, industry, civil society, and international organization stakeholders participating in standard-setting processes of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU). Second, we conducted a framing analysis of stakeholder inputs during the FUF standard revision in CCNFSDU meetings. Publicly available online meeting reports (2015-2019) were retrieved, analyzed using a theoretical framework, and organized thematically.ResultsHigh-income country (HIC) delegates greatly outnumbered those from other country income categories. Industry representation was higher compared with other observer categories. Member state delegations included more industry representation than civil society representation, and were occasionally the only member state delegates. Industry stakeholders framed arguments in terms of trade implications, science, and flexible standards. Civil society groups used public health, science, and pro-breastfeeding frames.ConclusionCodex BMS standard-setting procedures are dominated by HICs and industry groups. Limited representation of civil society, and of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), suggest actions are needed to substantially increase support for their involvement at Codex. Such representation may help to counteract power asymmetries and commercial influences on food standards for infants and young children.

This research presents a medieval musical manuscript that has not yet been analyzed in detail. Catalogued under the name of Graduale Latino-Bohemicum, and currently held in the Batthyaneum Library of Alba Iulia, it has many peculiarities in comparison with other similar codices from the Transylvanian area, hence also compared with other Czech manuscripts. We offer analysis around the date of its creation, then debate different naming options. To create the proper context of understanding for the analysis, we present a brief historical background of the time and place in question, that is the turbulent 15th and 16th century of Europe, with special focus on Transylvania. We continue with the physical aspects of the manuscript that guide us through the colorful world of medieval codices. From a structural standpoint the work has two delimited parts. The bilingual manuscript starts with chants written in Czech and finishes with melodies in Latin. The existence of the Czech language, as well as many other clues govern us to set up hypotheses regarding its provenance. During the content analysis we dedicate a subchapter to the later page inserts that contain additional notes for the chants, wherefrom we can further conclude theories about the usage of the codex, authors of the later annotations, and so forth. We offer a more in-depth analysis of the musical notation where aspects like rhythm, staff, neumes used and special solutions are shown. Finally, we conclude all major, raised questions related to the name, origin, and genre.

This paper is a case study of the manuscripts of the Diamond Sūtra completed by an old man who lived in Dunhuang during the early tenth century. It investigates the textual and physical aspects of these manuscripts and reconstructs their production and use in an attempt to offer additional information on local religious life and the reproduction and transmission of the Diamond Sūtra during the medieval period. The first section focuses on a special version of the Diamond Sūtra which survives in the old man's manuscripts and examines its textual and paratextual characteristics. This version, originating in Xichuan, provides valuable clues regarding the function and use of the Diamond Sūtra during the medieval period. The second section, based on the examination of paleographic and codicological features of the manuscripts, delineates the religious practices and motivations involved in their production and sheds light on medieval Buddhist manuscript culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Goya is the property of Fundacion Lazaro Galdiano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The importance of the international food regulatory system to global health, is often overlooked. There are calls to reform this system to promote healthy and sustainable food systems centred on the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), the United Nation's (UN's) standard-setting body. Yet this presents a significant political challenge, given Codex has historically prioritized food safety risks over wider harms to public health, and is dominated by powerful food exporting nations and industry groups with a primary interest in trade expansion. To better understand this challenge, we examine who participates and contests Codex standards, using the development of the new Guidelines on Front-of-pack Nutrition Labelling (FOPNL) as a case study. Methods: The study involved: (i) collecting Codex Committee on Food Labelling (CCFL) documents (2016-2023); (ii) identification, categorization, and enumeration of actors involved in the development of the Guidelines; and (iii) guided by a constructivist framework, analysis of how actors framed and contested key provisions of the Guidelines. Results: Country representation was skewed towards high-income (47.9%). Member state delegations were dominated by non-health ministries (59.8%) and industry actors (16.1%). Industry actors comprised the large majority of observers (84.2%) and civil society actors representing public health interests the least (12.2%). Commercial actors used frames supporting positive FOPNL messages (eg, low in salt) opposing negative ones (eg, "high-in" sugar warnings) and called for product exemptions (eg, sports foods and baby foods). Public health actors used frames supporting simplified FOPNL to reduce consumer confusion, that hold up public health goals, and prevent inappropriate marketing. Conclusion: Participation in the Guidelines development process suggests stronger preferences for trade facilitation and commerce over public health. Ambitions to reform the international food regulatory system may require an examination of who participates and how to address this asymmetrical representation of interests. These results suggest the need to greatly strengthen public health representation at Codex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its introduction by Mark Weiser, ubiquitous computing has received increased interest in the dawn of technological advancement. Supported by wireless technology advancement, embedded systems, miniaturization, and the integration of various intelligent and communicative devise, context-aware ubiquitous applications actively and intelligently use rich contextual information to assist their users. However, their designs are subject to continuous changes imposed by external factors. Nowadays, software engineering, particularly in the fields of Model-Driven Engineering, displays a strong tendency towards developing applications for pervasive computing. This trend is also fueled by the rise of generative artificial intelligence, paving the way for a new generation of no-code development tools and models specifically trained on open-source code repositories to generate applications from their descriptions. The specificities of our approach lies in starting with a graphical model expressed using a domain-specific language (DSL) composed of symbols and formal notations. This allows for graphically instantiating and editing applications, guiding and assisting experts from various engineering fields in defining ubiquitous applications that are eventually transformed into peculiar models. We believe that creating intelligent models is the best way to promote software development efficiency. We have used and evaluated recurrent neural networks, leveraging the recurrence of processing the same contextual information collected within this model, and enabling iterative adaptation to future evolutions in ubiquitous systems. We propose a prototype instantiated by our meta-model which tracks the movements of individuals who were positive for COVID-19 and confirmed to be contagious. Different deep learning models and classical machine learning techniques are considered and compared for the task of detection/classification of COVID-19. Results obtained from all techniques were evaluated with confusion matrices, accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score. In summary, most of the results are very impressive. Our deep learning approach used a RNN architecture produced up to 92.1% accuracy. With the recent development of OpenAI Codex, optimized for programming languages, we provided the same requirements to the Codex model and asked it to generate the source code for the COVID-19 application, comparing it with the application generated by our workshop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Ilahiyat Dergisi / Cumhuriyet Theology Journal is the property of Cumhuriyet Universitesi, Ilahiyat Fakultesi / Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Theology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The market for commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF) is rapidly expanding in Southeast Asia; however, the existence and content of mandatory national policies, standards and legislation (binding legal measures) for CPCF in the region is unclear. To assess the status of national binding legal measures for CPCF in Southeast Asia, a legal and policy desk review was conducted in seven countries (Cambodia, Laos People's Democratic Republic, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam). The alignment of the national binding legal measures relevant to CPCF was assessed against guidance on CPCF nutrient composition and labelling requirements provided by Codex Alimentarius and the World Health Organization (WHO). Each of the seven countries had at least two national binding legal measures related to the nutrient composition or labelling of CPCF; however, there was limited alignment with the guidance from Codex and WHO. No country was fully aligned with the three CPCF‐specific Codex standards/guidelines and only one country was in full alignment with the recommendations related to the protection of breastfeeding from the 'WHO Guidance on ending the inappropriate promotion of foods for infants and young children'. The findings of the review indicate that the existing national binding legal measures are insufficient to ensure that the CPCF sold as suitable for older infants and young children are nutritionally adequate and labelled in a responsible manner that does not mislead caregivers. Improved and enforced national binding legal measures for CPCF, in alignment with global guidance, are required to ensure that countries protect, promote and support optimal nutrition for children 6–36 months of age. Key messages: Given the proliferation of commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF) in Southeast Asia, national binding legal measures are essential to ensure CPCF are nutritionally suitable for older infants and young children (IYC), and are labelled in a manner that does not mislead caregivers.All seven Southeast Asian countries included in this review were found to have at least two national binding legal measures related to the nutrient composition and/or labelling practices of CPCF. However, there was limited alignment between these binding legal measures and the available guidance documents.No country was fully aligned with the six relevant Codex Alimentarius (Codex) standards and only one country was fully aligned with guidance from the World Health Organization (WHO). Existing binding legal measures do not ensure that CPCF are nutritionally adequate and labelled in a responsible way that enables caregivers to make healthy choices for older IYC.Countries in Southeast Asia urgently require consolidated guidance on how to develop appropriate, legally binding and enforceable standards for CPCF nutrient composition and labelling. Existing guidance is fragmented and Codex standards are outdated and insufficient for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The market for commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF) is rapidly expanding in Southeast Asia; however, the existence and content of mandatory national policies, standards and legislation (binding legal measures) for CPCF in the region is unclear. To assess the status of national binding legal measures for CPCF in Southeast Asia, a legal and policy desk review was conducted in seven countries (Cambodia, Laos People's Democratic Republic, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam). The alignment of the national binding legal measures relevant to CPCF was assessed against guidance on CPCF nutrient composition and labelling requirements provided by Codex Alimentarius and the World Health Organization (WHO). Each of the seven countries had at least two national binding legal measures related to the nutrient composition or labelling of CPCF; however, there was limited alignment with the guidance from Codex and WHO. No country was fully aligned with the three CPCF‐specific Codex standards/guidelines and only one country was in full alignment with the recommendations related to the protection of breastfeeding from the ‘WHO Guidance on ending the inappropriate promotion of foods for infants and young children’. The findings of the review indicate that the existing national binding legal measures are insufficient to ensure that the CPCF sold as suitable for older infants and young children are nutritionally adequate and labelled in a responsible manner that does not mislead caregivers. Improved and enforced national binding legal measures for CPCF, in alignment with global guidance, are required to ensure that countries protect, promote and support optimal nutrition for children 6–36 months of age.

Catullus Online, a collection of the author’s poems and a repository of the conjectures collected through the centuries, was published by Dániel Kiss with the support of the Abteilung für Griechische und Lateinische Philologie of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, in 2013. Kiss faced many difficulties in the creation of such a resource, both from a technical standpoint and from the inner complexity of the philological tradition behind Catullus and his poems. He still ended up creating a rather interesting Scholarly Digital Edition, which has made such work more accessible, even to those that don’t typically belong in the academic world, offering the possibility to access high-quality photos of the manuscripts, a curated apparatus and much other information about the texts and the author, with just a simple click. What is mostly missing in this project is a more sophisticated digital interface, a lost opportunity to further enhance the quality of such a Scholarly Digital Edition.

The extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-EB) encompass several important human pathogens and are found on the World Health Organization (WHO) priority pathogens list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. They are a group of organisms which demonstrate resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (3GC) and their presence has been documented worldwide, including in aquaculture and the aquatic environment. This risk profile was developed following the Codex Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance with the objectives of describing the current state of knowledge of ESBL-EB in relation to retail shrimp and salmon available to consumers in Canada, the primary aquacultured species consumed in Canada. The risk profile found that Enterobacterales and ESBL-EB have been found in multiple aquatic environments, as well as multiple host species and production levels. Although the information available did not permit the conclusion as to whether there is a human health risk related to ESBLs in Enterobacterales in salmon and shrimp available for consumption by Canadians, ESBL-EB in imported seafood available at the retail level in Canada have been found. Surveillance activities to detect ESBL-EB in seafood are needed; salmon and shrimp could be used in initial surveillance activities, representing domestic and imported products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents a medieval musical manuscript that has not yet been analyzed in detail. Catalogued under the name of Graduale Latino-Bohemicum, and currently held in the Batthyaneum Library of Alba Iulia, it has many peculiarities in comparison with other similar codices from the Transylvanian area, hence also compared with other Czech manuscripts. We offer analysis around the date of its creation, then debate different naming options. To create the proper context of understanding for the analysis, we present a brief historical background of the time and place in question, that is the turbulent 15th and 16th century of Europe, with special focus on Transylvania. We continue with the physical aspects of the manuscript that guide us through the colorful world of medieval codices. From a structural standpoint the work has two delimited parts. The bilingual manuscript starts with chants written in Czech and finishes with melodies in Latin. The existence of the Czech language, as well as many other clues govern us to set up hypotheses regarding its provenance. During the content analysis we dedicate a subchapter to the later page inserts that contain additional notes for the chants, wherefrom we can further conclude theories about the usage of the codex, authors of the later annotations, and so forth. We offer a more in-depth analysis of the musical notation where aspects like rhythm, staff, neumes used and special solutions are shown. Finally, we conclude all major, raised questions related to the name, origin, and genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of data visualisation has long aimed to devise solutions for generating visualisations directly from natural language text. Research in Natural Language Interfaces (NLIs) has contributed towards the development of such techniques. However, the implementation of workable NLIs has always been challenging due to the inherent ambiguity of natural language, as well as in consequence of unclear and poorly written user queries which pose problems for existing language models in discerning user intent. Instead of pursuing the usual path of developing new iterations of language models, this study uniquely proposes leveraging the advancements in pre-trained large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and GPT-3 to convert free-form natural language directly into code for appropriate visualisations. This paper presents a novel system, Chat2VIS, which takes advantage of the capabilities of LLMs and demonstrates how, with effective prompt engineering, the complex problem of language understanding can be solved more efficiently, resulting in simpler and more accurate end-to-end solutions than prior approaches. Chat2VIS shows that LLMs together with the proposed prompts offer a reliable approach to rendering visualisations from natural language queries, even when queries are highly misspecified and underspecified. This solution also presents a significant reduction in costs for the development of NLI systems, while attaining greater visualisation inference abilities compared to traditional NLP approaches that use hand-crafted grammar rules and tailored models. This study also presents how LLM prompts can be constructed in a way that preserves data security and privacy while being generalisable to different datasets. This work compares the performance of GPT-3, Codex and ChatGPT across several case studies and contrasts the performances with prior studies.

Prenent en consideració el paper actual i futur de la intel·ligència artificial en la licitació pública, el present article es centra, des de l’òptica de les directrius de la Llei 15/2022, integral per a la igualtat de tracte i la no-discriminació, en la potencialitat que pot correspondre a la intel·ligència artificial davant la detecció i l’actuació contra les col·lusions en la contractació pública. Dins d’aquest nou dret computacional de la competència o “antitrust 3.0” es detallarà el paper capdavanter que ha assumit l’Autoritat Catalana de la Competència (ACCO) pel que fa a la posada en marxa, en fase experimental, de l’eina informàtica ERICCA, i, en paral·lel, la seva participació activa dins del projecte Computational Antitrust del Stanford Center for Legal Informatics (CodeX).

The luxury manuscript book, decorated with frontispieces or miniatures, was especially widespread in Moldova and less so in Wallachia, during the first quarter of the 16th century. The given study presents the Gospel (for holidays and working days throughout the year) and a Tetraevangel (Four Gospels) – two richly decorated manuscripts, belonging to the era of Neagoe Basarab. The Gospel is a gift from the voivode himself, who arrived at Sucevița Monastery through an unclear contest of circumstances. The manuscript was made, most likely, in one of the scriptoriums active in Neagoe Basarab’s time, as the danie inscription on the iron indicates. The Tetraevangel, which preserved – not on the pages of the codex, but on its hardware – the name of Marcea postelnicul (the seneschal) and his wife Marga, the sister of Neagoe Basarab, was discovered by Alexandru Odobescu, in 1860, in the rich library of the Monastery Bistrita (Vâlcea county). The very elegant calligraphy of the titles and the text of the two gospels recalls that of the 15th century Moldavian codices: in their frontispieces we find a related type of decorative motifs based on chained circles similar to that used by Gavril Uric. These similarities do not allow the inscription of the manuscripts in a local Wallachian tradition, but rather place them in an area of influence of the book decoration of the neighboring country.

Background Breastfeeding is important for the health and development of the child, and for maternal health, in all country contexts. However, global sales of breast-milk substitutes (BMS), including infant, follow-up and toddler formulas, have ‘boomed’ in recent decades. This raises the importance of international food standards established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) on the safety, composition and labelling of BMS. Such standards appear to be strongly contested by governments, industry and civil society groups, yet few studies have investigated the politics of Codex standard-setting processes. The aim of this paper is to understand who participates in decision-making, and how actors frame and contest proposals to revise the Codex Standard on Follow-up Formula (FUF).Methods We adopted a case study design involving two steps. First, we enumerated government, industry, civil society, and international organization stakeholders participating in standard-setting processes of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU). Second, we conducted a framing analysis of stakeholder inputs during the FUF standard revision in CCNFSDU meetings. Publicly available online meeting reports (2015-2019) were retrieved, analyzed using a theoretical framework, and organized thematically.Results High-income country (HIC) delegates greatly outnumbered those from other country income categories. Industry representation was higher compared with other observer categories. Member state delegations included more industry representation than civil society representation, and were occasionally the only member state delegates. Industry stakeholders framed arguments in terms of trade implications, science, and flexible standards. Civil society groups used public health, science, and pro-breastfeeding frames.Conclusion Codex BMS standard-setting procedures are dominated by HICs and industry groups. Limited representation of civil society, and of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), suggest actions are needed to substantially increase support for their involvement at Codex. Such representation may help to counteract power asymmetries and commercial influences on food standards for infants and young children.

To better query regional sources of metal(loid) exposure in an under-communicated region, available scientific literature from 50 national universities (undergraduate and graduate theses and dissertations), peer-reviewed journals, and reports published in Spanish and English were synthesized with a focus on metal(loid) bioaccumulation in Peruvian food and medicinal products utilized locally. The study considered 16 metal(loid)s that are known to exert toxic impacts on humans (Hg, Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Sn, Ni, Ag, Pb, Se, Tl, Ti, and U). A total of 1907 individual analyses contained within 231 scientific publications largely conducted by Peruvian universities were analyzed. These analyses encompassed 239 reported species classified into five main food/medicinal groups—plants, fish, macroinvertebrates and mollusks, mammals, and “others” category. Our benchmark for comparison was the World Health Organization (Codex Alimentarius) standards. The organisms most frequently investigated included plants such as asparagus, corn, cacao, and rice; fish varieties like trout, tuna, and catfish; macroinvertebrates and mollusks including crab and shrimp; mammals such as alpaca, cow, chicken eggs, and milk; and other categories represented by propolis, honey, lichen, and edible frog. Bioaccumulation-related research increased from 2 to more than 25 publications per year between 2006 and 2022. The results indicate that Peruvian food and natural medicinal products can have dangerous levels of metal(loid)s, which can cause health problems for consumers. Many common and uncommon food/medicinal products and harmful metals identified in this analysis are not regulated on the WHO’s advisory lists, suggesting the urgent need for stronger regulations to ensure public safety. In general, Cd and Pb are the metals that violated WHO standards the most, although commonly non-WHO regulated metals such as Hg, Al, As, Cr, and Ni are also a concern. Metal concentrations found in Peru are on many occasions much higher than what has been reported elsewhere. We conclude that determining the safety of food/medicinal products is challenging due to varying metal concentrations that are influenced not only by metal type but also geographical location. Given the scarcity of research findings in many regions of Peru, urgent attention is required to address this critical knowledge gap and implement effective regulatory measures to protect public health.

Foods have become open to physical, chemical, and biological degradation due to their structural properties. The concept of food safety includes measures that can be taken against these types of may occur hazards and risks. Risk analysis is a planned approach created to identify risks to food safety and to reduce likely occur risks in terms of human health. The processes take a long time of storage, transportation, and distribution of products in international agriculture and food trade make them more vulnerable to physical, chemical, and biological risks. Food control systems applied in foreign trade of agricultural and food products are carried out based on risk analysis. In this study, the place and importance of risk analysis in foreign trade of agricultural and food products have been mentioned, and it has been tried to reveal the worldwide legislation regulations, practices, and development related to risk analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most important respiratory diseases. It is characterised by a progressive course with individual differences in clinical presentation and prognosis. The use of multidimensional indices such as the BODE, eBODE, BODEX, CODEX, ADO, and Charlson Comorbidity Index has been proposed to predict the survival rate of COPD patients. However, there is limited research on the prognostic significance of these indices in predicting long-term survival rates in patients with COPD. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the prognostic value of the BODE, eBODE, BODEX, CODEX, ADO, COTE and Charlson Comorbidity Index in predicting 5- and 10-year survival in patients with COPD. (2) Methods: A total of 170 patients were included in the study and their clinical and functional characteristics of COPD progression, such as dyspnoea, body mass index and spirometry data, were evaluated. A Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to calculate 5- and 10-year survival rates. The predictive value of each index was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. (3) Results: The 5-year survival rate was 62.35% and the 10-year survival rate was 34.70%. The BODE, eBODE, BODEX, CODEX, ADO, COTE and Charlson Comorbidity Index were all significantly associated with the 10-year survival rate of COPD patients (p < 0.05). The hazard ratios (HRs) for these indices were as follows: BODE (HR = 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21–1.39); eBODE (HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.21–1.37); BODEX (HR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.35–1.63); CODEX (HR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.31–1.54); COTE (HR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.36–1.75); ADO (HR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.29–1.54); and Charlson Comorbidity Index (HR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.22–1.48). (4) Conclusions: The multidimensional indices are a useful clinical tool for assessing the course and prognosis of COPD. These indices can be used to identify patients at a high risk of mortality and guide the management of COPD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiplexed imaging, which enables spatial localization of proteins and RNA to cells within tissues, complements existing multi-omic technologies and has deepened our understanding of health and disease. CODEX, a multiplexed single-cell imaging technology, utilizes a microfluidics system that incorporates DNA barcoded antibodies to visualize 50 + cellular markers at the single-cell level. Here, we discuss the latest applications of CODEX to studies of cancer, autoimmunity, and infection as well as current bioinformatics approaches for analysis of multiplexed imaging data from preprocessing to cell segmentation and marker quantification to spatial analysis techniques. We conclude with a commentary on the challenges and future developments for multiplexed spatial profiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article we are presenting briefly deals with the changes that occurred in the decrees of marriage law in the current Codex of Canon Law, promulgated in 1983, and which were made in three cases (can. 1086, § 1; can. 1117; can. 1124) by Pope Benedict XVI with his apostolic letter of MP Omnium in mentem from October 26, 2009, and in 6 cases (can. 1108, § 3; can. 1109; can. 1111, § 1; can. 1112, § 1; can. 1116, § 3; can. 1127, § 1) by Pope Francis with his apostolic letter of MP De concordia inter Codices dated September 15, 2016. At te Pope’s Benedict cases, it was about omitting the sentence „and did not fall from it by a formal act“ from three canons (can. 1086, § 1; can. 1117 and can. 1124), and at the Pope’s Francis cases, the changes consisted in adding new paragraphs in two canons (can. 1108, § 3 and can. 1116, § 3), in supplementing two paragraphs by referring to the new, 3rd paragraph in can. 1108, and in two canons (can. 1109 and 1127, § 1) on the replacement of two terms by others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Públic is the property of Revista Catalana de Dret Public and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Novel studies and book history alike emphasize the significance of Walter Scott's creation of his Magnum Opus edition (1829–33): a repossession, on behalf of a newly individuated author and between the covers of a uniformly manufactured edition, of publications that had previously appeared as the works of sundry authorial eidolons. For a nineteenth‐century culture of collected editions, this act of rebinding represented a foundational moment. But Scott's novels also figured prominently within a robust tradition of commonplacing and scrapbooking in which books were understood as things that came apart, literally and figuratively, as well as things that came together. Nineteenth‐century readers were keen to cut up, recontextualize, and reboot Scott's printed works inside their own homemade manuscript volumes. Guided by their practices, we are able to see how Scott's own novels—particularly Waverley, Rob Roy, The Monastery—yield an alternative account of the book as something scrappy, loosely bound, and made through scissors and paste methods: a temporary gathering ready to be dispersed once more. This essay explores the implications of this alternative account of the book for our ideas of novelistic form, and in particular for what Elaine Freedgood has called the "diegetic illusion": a way of conceptualizing texts as though they were tightly bound books, which understands novels as the containers for enclosed, bounded worlds. To trace these implications is to see how the dispersive readings that helped define Scott's nineteenth‐century afterlife might also prove useful points of reference for twenty‐first‐century efforts to decolonize novel studies' understanding of its object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breastfeeding is important for the health and development of the child, and for maternal health, in all country contexts. However, global sales of breast-milk substitutes (BMS), including infant, follow-up and toddler formulas, have 'boomed' in recent decades. This raises the importance of international food standards established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) on the safety, composition and labelling of BMS. Such standards appear to be strongly contested by governments, industry and civil society groups, yet few studies have investigated the politics of Codex standard-setting processes. The aim of this paper is to understand who participates in decision-making, and how actors frame and contest proposals to revise the Codex Standard on Follow-up Formula (FUF). Methods: We adopted a case study design involving two steps. First, we enumerated government, industry, civil society, and international organization stakeholders participating in standard-setting processes of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU). Second, we conducted a framing analysis of stakeholder inputs during the FUF standard revision in CCNFSDU meetings. Publicly available online meeting reports (2015-2019) were retrieved, analyzed using a theoretical framework, and organized thematically. Results: High-income country (HIC) delegates greatly outnumbered those from other country income categories. Industry representation was higher compared with other observer categories. Member state delegations included more industry representation than civil society representation, and were occasionally the only member state delegates. Industry stakeholders framed arguments in terms of trade implications, science, and flexible standards. Civil society groups used public health, science, and pro-breastfeeding frames. Conclusion: Codex BMS standard-setting procedures are dominated by HICs and industry groups. Limited representation of civil society, and of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), suggest actions are needed to substantially increase support for their involvement at Codex. Such representation may help to counteract power asymmetries and commercial influences on food standards for infants and young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Algorithmic cellular segmentation is an essential step for the quantitative analysis of highly multiplexed tissue images. Current segmentation pipelines often require manual dataset annotation and additional training, significant parameter tuning, or a sophisticated understanding of programming to adapt the software to the researcher’s need. Here, we present CellSeg, an open-source, pre-trained nucleus segmentation and signal quantification software based on the Mask region-convolutional neural network (R-CNN) architecture. CellSeg is accessible to users with a wide range of programming skills. Results CellSeg performs at the level of top segmentation algorithms in the 2018 Kaggle Data Challenge both qualitatively and quantitatively and generalizes well to a diverse set of multiplexed imaged cancer tissues compared to established state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms. Automated segmentation post-processing steps in the CellSeg pipeline improve the resolution of immune cell populations for downstream single-cell analysis. Finally, an application of CellSeg to a highly multiplexed colorectal cancer dataset acquired on the CO-Detection by indEXing (CODEX) platform demonstrates that CellSeg can be integrated into a multiplexed tissue imaging pipeline and lead to accurate identification of validated cell populations. Conclusion CellSeg is a robust cell segmentation software for analyzing highly multiplexed tissue images, accessible to biology researchers of any programming skill level.

This review analyzes the first academic publication of the works written by Metropolitan Daniel (1522–1539). He was the head of Russian Church in the years when the Moscow principality was being transformed into the Moscow kingdom, which claimed its proper place in the providential history. The hierarch is well known to literary critics as the initiator of wide-scale book enterprises that proclaimed the symbolic dignity of Moscow in its new function of the “Third Rome.” Daniel’s own writings, concentrated in four large units, had little chance to attract attention because they neglected the problems relevant for his time. An exemplary publication of Daniel’s writings prepared by L.I. Zhurova as well as the text history of his writings makes it possible to revise the traditional estimation of this part in Daniel’s books heritage. The reviewer draws attention to the structural innovations made by Daniel who enriched Russian literature with new genres and new forms. As it turns out, the allegedly dull works of the Metropolitan are closely related to his work as an ideologist of the Russian state.

The extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-EB) encompass several important human pathogens and are found on the World Health Organization (WHO) priority pathogens list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. They are a group of organisms which demonstrate resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (3GC) and their presence has been documented worldwide, including in aquaculture and the aquatic environment. This risk profile was developed following the Codex Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance with the objectives of describing the current state of knowledge of ESBL-EB in relation to retail shrimp and salmon available to consumers in Canada, the primary aquacultured species consumed in Canada. The risk profile found that Enterobacterales and ESBL-EB have been found in multiple aquatic environments, as well as multiple host species and production levels. Although the information available did not permit the conclusion as to whether there is a human health risk related to ESBLs in Enterobacterales in salmon and shrimp available for consumption by Canadians, ESBL-EB in imported seafood available at the retail level in Canada have been found. Surveillance activities to detect ESBL-EB in seafood are needed; salmon and shrimp could be used in initial surveillance activities, representing domestic and imported products.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been clearly identified as a major global health challenge. It is a leading cause of human deaths and also has a toll on animals, plants, and the environment. Despite the considerable socio-economic impacts, the level of awareness of the problem remains woefully inadequate, and antimicrobials are not generally recognized as a global common good, one that everyone has a role and responsibility to conserve. It is imperative for antimicrobial stewardship to be more widely implemented to achieve better control of the AMR phenomenon. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations plays an important role in promoting and facilitating antimicrobial stewardship. The specific needs to be addressed and barriers to be overcome, in particular, in low- and middle-income countries in order to implement antimicrobial stewardship practices in agrifood systems are being identified. As a global community, it is essential that we now move beyond discussing the AMR problem and focus on implementing solutions. Thus, FAO provides multi-pronged support for nations to improve antimicrobial stewardship through programs to strengthen governance, increase awareness, develop and enhance AMR surveillance, and implement best practices related to antimicrobial resistance in agrifood systems. For example, FAO is developing a platform to collect data on AMR in animals and antimicrobial use (AMU) in plants (InFARM), working on a campaign to reduce the need to use antimicrobials, studying the use of alternatives to the use of antimicrobials (especially those used for growth promotion) and actively promoting the implementation of the Codex Alimentarius AMR standards. Together, these will contribute to the control of AMR and also bring us closer to the achievement of multiple sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]