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In the current European Union pesticide risk assessment for soil organisms, effect endpoints from laboratory studies (Tier 1) and field studies (higher‐tier risk assessment) are compared with predicted environmental concentrations in soil, derived from the proposed use pattern. The simple but conservative initial Tier 1 risk assessment considers a range of worst‐case assumptions. In contrast, the higher‐tier assessment focuses on specific conditions tested in the corresponding field study. Effect modeling, such as toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TKTD) modeling, is considered a promising future tool to address uncertainties in soil risk assessment, such as extrapolation to different ecological, pedo‐climatical, or agronomical situations, or to serve as an intermediate tier for potential refinement of the risk assessment. For the implementation of TKTD modeling in soil organism risk assessment, data on earthworm growth and reproduction over time are required, which are not provided by the standard Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) 222 laboratory test. The underlying study with carbendazim presents a new earthworm cocoon test design, based on the OECD 222 test, to provide the necessary data as input for TKTD modeling. This proposed test design involves destructive samplings at days 7, 14, 21, and 28, enabling the determination of growth, cocoon number, and the number of juveniles hatched per cocoon in 7‐day intervals. The new cocoon test allowed the disentanglement of the toxic effect of carbendazim in earthworms: At the highest concentration prominent effects on growth and reproductive output were observed, and the number of cocoons was significantly reduced compared to control. The results highlighted different physiological modes of action: effect on growth via higher maintenance costs as a primary mode of action as well as a reduced number of cocoons (effect on reproduction) and a lower number of juveniles hatching from each cocoon (hazard during oogenesis) as a secondary mode of action. We provide an example of how this new test's data can be used to feed a dynamic energy budget theory–TKTD model of Eisenia fetida. We also validate it against the original OECD 222 test design, outlining its potential future use in soil risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2377–2386. © 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract During captivity, round stingrays, Urobatis halleri, became infected with the marine leech Branchellion lobata. When adult leeches were deprived of blood meal, they experienced a rapid decrease in body mass and did not survive beyond 25 days. If kept in aquaria with host rays, B. lobata fed frequently and soon produced cocoons, which were discovered adhered to sand grains. A single leech emerged from each cocoon (at ~ 21 days), and was either preserved for histology or molecular analysis, or monitored for development by introduction to new hosts in aquaria. Over a 74-day observation period, leeches grew from ~ 2 to 8 mm without becoming mature. Newly hatched leeches differed from adults in lacking branchiae and apparent pulsatile vesicles. The microbiome of the hatchlings was dominated by a specific, but undescribed, member of the gammaproteobacteria, also recovered previously from the adult leech microbiome. Raising B. lobata in captivity provided an opportunity to examine their reproductive strategy and early developmental process, adding to our limited knowledge of this common group of parasites.

Due to prolong domestication, silkworm develops less immunity and less adaptability for which they are often attacked by different agents and is vulnerable to various pathogens resulting in disease that causes loss of almost 20% of the total cocoon production every year. Any abnormal condition of a part, organ or system of an organism from various causes such as infection inflammation environmental factors or genetic defect and characterized by an identifiable group of signs symptoms or both. Diseases of silkworm are big challenge to the rearers. Grasserie, Muscardine, Pebrine, Flacherie, and Cytoplasmic polymerasic are the major diseases observed in cocoon culture. caused by Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus (BmNPV). Generally, bivoltine silkworms are more susceptible to diseases as compared to multivoltine silkworm breed. The factors responsible for disease incidence are higher pathogen load, wider fluctuation of temperature between day and night, higher humidity in the later stage of rearing and poor quality of mulberry leaves available for rearing in North West Indian condition. The most popular methods of disease control in silkworm are prophylactic. There is no race of B. mori, totally resistant or immune to diseases and pests. Hence, proper disinfection is required to kill all the pathogens present in the rearing environment and to eliminate risk of disease transmission as "Prevention is better than cure" is best in silkworm rearing. The present study deals with pathogen and pathogenesis of silkworm along with their prevention and control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Considering the importance of comparing the silkworm performances of Iranian and imported commercial hybrids from China production traits, viability index and cocoon dimensions index were investigated in eight Iranian (31×32, 32×31, 103×104, 104×103, 151×154, 154×151, 153×154 and 154×153), and nine imported Chinese commercial hybrids (Suju×Minghu (S×M), Minghu×Suju (M×S), Baiyue×Qiufeng (B×Q), Qiufeng×Baiyue (Q×B), BaiyueB×QiufengA (BB×QA), QiufengA×BaiyueB (QA×BB), 781×7532, Lianggang No2 and Guican No 5) in the present study. Materials and Methods: After eggs hatched and according to the standard protocols, the studied hybrids were reared under the same conditions at Iran Silk Research Center (ISRC). Statistical analyses were done in three replications of 200 larvae (totally 600 records per each hybrid) based on completely randomized design. For comparing the means, Tukey's statistical test was used at a significance level of P<0.05. The GLM procedure was used in SAS software version 9.4. Data generated in respect of the studied traits were subjected for further analysis by a multiple trait evaluation index using the following formula: evaluation index (E.I.)= (A-B/C×10) + 50, where A is value of a particular breed for particular trait, B is mean value for a particular trait of all the hybrids, C is standard deviation of a particular trait for all the hybrids, 10 is standard unit and 50 is fixed value. Minimum / average Evaluation Index (E.I) value fixed for selection of a hybrid is >50. Based on the evaluation index (E.I) consisted of production traits and viability, best hybrids were identified. Results and Discussion: The result of the research showed the close competition between Iranian and Chinese silkworm hybrids. In the situation that the performance of Iranian 32×31 and 31×32 hybrids for traits related to weight, shell weight and shell percentage of best cocoons was higher than the other hybrids but based on a composite index that was used in this research, 151×154, 154×151, 153×154 and 154×153 hybrids showed superiority. Based on this index, M×S and S×M as well as BB×QA and QA×BB had a higher average than the other hybrids. This result is based on the average of two-way crosses for the hybrids that both pairs were used in the experiment. Conclusion: Generally, the results of mean comparisons and evaluation index showed that Iranian hybrids had better performance in all traits related to produce cocoons than the Chinese hybrids. Although, Chinese hybrids were significantly different from the Iranian for pupa viability percentage trait as Lianggang No2 hybrid showed the highest value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the impact of light on the reproductive performance of leeches for the first time using the Mediterranean medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820, which is important in medicinal leech aquaculture. Gravid leeches were subjected to three different light conditions: 24-h Light, 24-h Dark, and Daylight (14-h light and 10-h dark) for 11 weeks. Gravidity ended at the 8th week for the Dark (5.33 ± 0.38 weeks) and Daylight (5.41 ± 0.29 weeks) groups, whereas it persisted for 11 weeks in the Light group (6.75 ± 0.51 weeks) (p = 0.031). In comparison to the Daylight group (cocoons: 40, offspring: 538), the Light (cocoons: 50, offspring: 723) and Dark (cocoons: 45, offspring: 576) groups achieved a greater yield of cocoons (p = 0.312) and offspring (p = 0.323). We invite discussion on the notion that the enhanced reproductive capacity of leeches in full light and full dark conditions, as opposed to daylight, may be attributed to the disturbance of their circadian rhythms. Impact statement: Effects of light on reproductive performance of leeches were investigated for the first time. Gravidity lasted 3 weeks longer in the 24-hour light group. Cocoon and offspring were more abundant in 24-h light and 24-h dark groups. Findings are thought to be due to the disruption of the circadian rhythms of the leeches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During captivity, round stingrays, Urobatis halleri, became infected with the marine leech Branchellion lobata. When adult leeches were deprived of blood meal, they experienced a rapid decrease in body mass and did not survive beyond 25 days. If kept in aquaria with host rays, B. lobata fed frequently and soon produced cocoons, which were discovered adhered to sand grains. A single leech emerged from each cocoon (at ~ 21 days), and was either preserved for histology or molecular analysis, or monitored for development by introduction to new hosts in aquaria. Over a 74-day observation period, leeches grew from ~ 2 to 8 mm without becoming mature. Newly hatched leeches differed from adults in lacking branchiae and apparent pulsatile vesicles. The microbiome of the hatchlings was dominated by a specific, but undescribed, member of the gammaproteobacteria, also recovered previously from the adult leech microbiome. Raising B. lobata in captivity provided an opportunity to examine their reproductive strategy and early developmental process, adding to our limited knowledge of this common group of parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global rise in human population has escalated food demand, leading the agricultural sector to heavily rely on pesticides, which over time contaminate soil. To preserve the environment, it is imperative to adopt sustainable agricultural practices. Pesticides adversely affect earthworm survival and cocoon production, rendering them unsuitable for agricultural purposes. Bioremediation combined with bioaugmentation offers a solution to improve pesticide-contaminated agricultural soil. Although earthworms are effective in soil bioremediation, even sublethal doses of pesticides can diminish their lifespan and reproductive capabilities. This study specifically highlights the impact of sublethal toxicity from AlP (Aluminium phosphide) and DDVP (dichlorvos) on Eisenia fetida. Initial findings indicate a substantial reduction in cocoon production in the early stages following pesticide exposure, yet subsequent bioaugmentation with cow dung marginally increased cocoon production. Thus, incorporating bioaugmentation with cow dung is essential when employing earthworms for bioremediation in pesticide-contaminated soil. Furthermore, this study underscores the significant harm that pesticide residues and sublethal doses inflict on soil fauna and the microorganisms residing within macrofauna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholesterol is a component of cell membranes and a precursor of hormones, and excess levels are associated with disease development; therefore, it must be maintained within the normal range. Silkworm cocoons are known to contain bioactive substances. Therefore, we compared the bioactivities of pigmented and white silkworm cocoons. Sericin extract of the Yeonnokjam (YN) variety, which contained a high flavonoid content, showed the highest antioxidant activity and inhibited cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme activity. YN-fed mice showed a 26% reduction in serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. In addition, a 27% decrease in cholesterol accumulation in the liver was observed. Mechanistically, YN reduced the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 2 proteins by 34 and 13%, respectively. In conclusion, YN suppresses cholesterol synthesis in the liver and stimulates bile acid secretion, which contributes to reduction in cholesterol levels, suggesting its potential as a cholesterol-lowering agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) or abdominal cocoon is a very rare cause of subacute intestinal obstruction. We hereby report an elderly male presenting with recent-onset subacute intestinal obstruction with characteristic imaging findings of this entity in a background of abdominal tuberculosis on computed tomography (CT) scan that enabled timely diagnosis and appropriate clinical management. The report aims to highlight the typical radiological findings of this rare entity that may otherwise go undetected on imaging investigations, thereby causing a delay in diagnosis with adverse clinical outcomes. Case presentation A 57-year-old male patient presented to the hospital with complaints of diffuse abdominal pain with obstipation and recurrent episodes of vomiting since last three days. Clinical evaluation also revealed an ill-defined lump in right lower abdomen. An urgent contrast-enhanced CT scan after oral contrast administration was performed that revealed dilated, clumped up small bowel loops in a ‘whorl-like’ pattern in right iliac fossa region. These obstructed loops were encased by a thick peritoneal membrane giving a ‘cocoon-like’ appearance. Also appreciated were scattered punctate calcific foci in jejunal walls and adjacent peritoneum along with mild ascites. On the basis of typical imaging findings, provisional diagnosis of tubercular cocoon abdomen was given that was later confirmed by laboratory investigations and diagnostic laparoscopy. Conclusion Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis or cocoon abdomen is an extremely rare cause of subacute intestinal obstruction. Further, cocoon abdomen in a background of abdominal tuberculosis is even rarer. However, this case report highlights the characteristic imaging findings for broader audience that enabled prompt diagnosis and appropriate clinical management in this case, achieving optimal clinical outcome.

An experiment was carried out at Department of Sericulture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru to know the effect of foliar application of different volumes of nano nitrogen on growth and yield of mulberry and its subsequent effect on silkworm Bombyx mori L. (FC1 X FC2). The study resulted in significant improvement in silkworm (FC1 x FC2), when fed with mulberry leaves raised with different volumes of nano nitrogen fertilizer. Significantly shorter fifth instar larval duration (8.67 days), higher fifth instar larval weight (36.65 g/10 larvae) and better ERR (100 %) were observed from the silkworm batches fed with leaves harvested from mulberry plants raised with foliar application of 0.4% nano nitrogen fertilizer @ 225 ltr per acre on 25th day after pruning + 50% soil application of N, which was on par with silkworm batches fed with leaves harvested from mulberry plants raised with foliar application of 0.4% nano nitrogen fertilizer @ 200 ltr per acre on 25th day after pruning + 50% soil application of N showing shorter fifth instar larval duration (8.67 days), higher fifth instar larval weight (36.07 g/10 larvae) and better ERR (100 %). The cocoon parameters of silkworm (FC1 x FC2) viz., cocoon yield by weight (22.62 kg/10,000 worms), cocoon yield by number (10,000 / 10,000 worms), cocoon weight (2.26 g), cocoon shell weight (0.50 g), pupal weight (1.77 g), cocoon shell ratio (21.90 %) and reeling parameters viz., average filament length (1280.46 m) and non-breakable filament length (1251.01 m) were significantly superior in the silkworm groups fed with leaves harvested from mulberry plants raised with foliar application of 0.4% nano nitrogen fertilizer @ 225 ltr per acre on 25th day after pruning + 50% soil application of N, which was on par with the silkworm batches fed with leaves harvested from mulberry plants raised with foliar application of 0.4% nano nitrogen fertilizer @ 200 ltr per acre on 25th day after pruning + 50% soil application of N showing cocoon yield by weight (22.50 kg/10,000 worms), cocoon yield by number (10,000 / 10,000 worms), cocoon weight (2.25 g), cocoon shell weight (0.48 g), pupal weight (1.77 g), cocoon shell ratio (21.45 %) and reeling parameters viz., average filament length (1232.10 m) and non-breakable filament length (1197.60 m). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) or abdominal cocoon is a very rare cause of subacute intestinal obstruction. We hereby report an elderly male presenting with recent-onset subacute intestinal obstruction with characteristic imaging findings of this entity in a background of abdominal tuberculosis on computed tomography (CT) scan that enabled timely diagnosis and appropriate clinical management. The report aims to highlight the typical radiological findings of this rare entity that may otherwise go undetected on imaging investigations, thereby causing a delay in diagnosis with adverse clinical outcomes. Case presentation: A 57-year-old male patient presented to the hospital with complaints of diffuse abdominal pain with obstipation and recurrent episodes of vomiting since last three days. Clinical evaluation also revealed an ill-defined lump in right lower abdomen. An urgent contrast-enhanced CT scan after oral contrast administration was performed that revealed dilated, clumped up small bowel loops in a 'whorl-like' pattern in right iliac fossa region. These obstructed loops were encased by a thick peritoneal membrane giving a 'cocoon-like' appearance. Also appreciated were scattered punctate calcific foci in jejunal walls and adjacent peritoneum along with mild ascites. On the basis of typical imaging findings, provisional diagnosis of tubercular cocoon abdomen was given that was later confirmed by laboratory investigations and diagnostic laparoscopy. Conclusion: Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis or cocoon abdomen is an extremely rare cause of subacute intestinal obstruction. Further, cocoon abdomen in a background of abdominal tuberculosis is even rarer. However, this case report highlights the characteristic imaging findings for broader audience that enabled prompt diagnosis and appropriate clinical management in this case, achieving optimal clinical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several yellow larvae with black spots were discovered in the wild of Chinese Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, and were further raised in captivity. Reared adults exhibit a striking black and white wing pattern, and they represent unequivocally a new species, here described as Rondotia melanoleuca sp. nov. Molecular analyses suggest that this species could be sister to all previously known species of Rondotia.

Foliar application of nano nitrogen 0.4 per cent @ 200 L/acre after 25 DAP + without inoculation (T3) has recorded lowest total larval duration (473.33 h), zero per cent disease incidence, zero per cent larval mortality, highest fifth instar larval progression (100.00%), ERR (100.00%), larval weight (35.71 g/10 larvae), cocoon weight (2.13g), pupal weight (1.67g), shell weight (0.45g), floss weight (23.09mg), cocoon shell ratio (21.35%) and denier (2.79) under healthy conditions. Among fourth instar BmNPV inoculated batch, foliar application of nano nitrogen 0.4 per cent @ 200 L/acre after 25 DAP (T1) has recorded lowest total larval duration (518.16 h), disease incidence (38.23%), larval mortality (29.31%), highest fifth instar larval progression (76.00%), ERR (62.98%), larval weight (29.38g), cocoon weight (1.73g), pupal weight (1.44g), shell weight (0.30g), floss weight (19.15mg), cocoon shell ratio (17.17%) and denier (2.53). Whereas, fifth instar BmNPV inoculated batch foliar application of nano nitrogen at 0.4 per cent at 200 L/acre after 25 DAP (T2) has recorded lowest total larval duration (484.16 h), disease incidence (27.02%), larval mortality (23.29%), highest fifth instar larval progression (84.33%), ERR (78.14%), larval weight (32.98g/10 larvae), single cocoon weight (1.90g), pupal weight (1.55g), shell weight (0.37g), floss weight (20.17mg), cocoon shell ratio (19.26%) and denier (2.65). The study evidenced that foliar application of nano nitrogen exhibited positive effects on growth and development of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. and also in managing the BmNPV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The ectoparasitic wasp Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) can parasitize various species of lepidopteran pests. To maximize its potential for biological control, it is necessary to investigate its gene function through genome engineering. RESULTS: To test the effectiveness of genome engineering system in H. hebetor, we injected the mixture of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) ‐associated (Cas) 9 protein and single guide RNA(s) targeting gene white into embryos. The resulting mutants display a phenotype of eye pigment loss. The phenotype was caused by small indel and is heritable. Then, we compared some biological parameters between wildtype and mutant, and found there were no significant differences in other parameters except for the offspring female rate and adult longevity. In addition, cocoons could be used to extract genomic DNA for genotype during the gene editing process without causing unnecessary harm to H. hebetor. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be used for H. hebetor genome editing and it does not adversely affect biological parameters of the parasitoid wasps. We also provide a feasible non‐invasive genotype detection method using genomic DNA extracted from cocoons. Our study introduces a novel tool and method for studying gene function in H. hebetor, and may contribute to better application of H. hebetor in biocontrol. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with the multi-objective optimization of raw silk qualities using the desirability function approach. Raw silk qualities are primarily governed by silk cocoon characteristics. In this paper, the complexity of simultaneous optimization of conflicting raw silk properties are resolved using a hybrid multi-objective optimization model where predictive power of support vector regression and optimization capability of genetic algorithm are employed with desirability function. The individual desirability of raw silk qualities is assessed from the four silk cocoon properties such as defective cocoon percentage, shell ratio, cocoon weight and cocoon volume. Raw silk parameters such as filament length, tenacity, renditta and reelability are combined together to express overall desirability. The proposed multi-objective optimization model can determine the optimum cocoon parameters essential to produce good-quality raw silk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six parental pure lines of Iran silkworm were recorded individually, with forty males and forty females in each of these six parental lines acting as parents of selected groups. In addition, as random groups, forty males and forty females having equal average with the average community in each one of these six parental lines were chosen. With the condition on lines amplification system, silkworms grandfather and mother were cultured, and three types of commercial hybrid larvae eggs produced in the fourth generation. Each of these larvae eggs were produced in two states (parental lines and random parental lines). The performance of these two hybrids was compared and the results of the individual selection system of parental lines on the performance of these hybrids were analyzed. In this study, 27 traits were studied. Based on obtained results, it is cleared that selection increase performance in silkworm hybrids. In all hybrids, the traits of alive larvae number, produced cocoon number, single best cocoon weight, and 10000 larvae cocoon weight showed significant increase based on selection (P < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silk, as a natural protein fiber, has a soft touch and bright color. The main body of silk fibers is fibroin, with a proportion of from 70% to 80%, and the outer layer is wrapped with sericin with a proportion of from 20% to 30%, which plays a protective role for the fibroin. Nevertheless, an excessive presence of sericin will affect the luster and softness of the silk, which is detrimental to the processing and production of silk products. Therefore, it is essential to perform degumming treatment on the silkworm cocoons. Traditional methods for degumming silk primarily include alkaline degumming, soap degumming, and acid degumming. However, these degumming methods commonly result in issues such as a rough texture, poor mechanical properties, susceptibility to yellowing, and the presence of residual chemical substances with irritating odors in the silk after degumming. In recent years, a new type of silkworm cocoon degumming method—enzyme degumming, has been widely applied in the field of silk degumming due to its advantages such as environmental friendliness, non-toxicity, mild reaction conditions, high catalytic efficiency, easy degradation, and strong specificity. The use of enzyme preparations for the degumming of silkworm cocoons primarily relies on the biological characteristics of enzymes. Silk proteins undergo hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes, causing the cleavage of peptide bonds and the formation of bioactive peptides. Therefore, biological enzyme preparations (proteases) have been increasingly used to replace other chemical refining agents in the refining and processing of silk. This represents a promising and prospective research area. In this paper, alkaline protease (NP-TEE) and textile refining enzyme (AP-TRE) were used to degum silkworm cocoons. The degumming rate, single-fiber tensile breaking strength, and whiteness were used as the indexes to examine silk properties. An orthogonal test was conducted to determine the optimal process for the enzymatic degumming of cocoons. The experimental results show that the two enzyme degumming processes have an effect on the degumming effect of cocoons, and the performance of silk after degumming with textile refining enzyme is better compared with that of alkaline protease degumming. The optimal degumming process conditions of cocoons by textile refining enzyme are as follows: a degumming temperature of 55 ℃, a degumming time of 60 min, and an enzyme concentration of 5 mL/L. The degumming rate of cocoons is 17. 07%, with an average breaking strength of single silk fiber of 12. 20 cN/dtex, and whiteness of cocoons of 66. 04% which is higher than the original cocoons of 58. 78%. The infrared spectra show that there is no significant difference in the structure between cocoons treated with the textile refining enzyme method and the original silkworm cocoons. Under scanning electron microscopy, it is observed that the surface of silk fibers treated with textile refining enzyme appears smoother and more even compared to the original silk fibers. TGA analysis shows that there is no significant change in the thermal stability of silk fibers after degumming with textile refining enzymes. This approach provides a new choice for cocoon degumming process, and it will contribute to subsequent industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey bees play a critical role as pollinators. However, their reproduction success and survival face severe threats due to the deterioration of their living environment. Notably, environmental conditions during their preimaginal stage inside brood cells can influence their immune capabilities and overall health after emergence. During the in-cell developmental stage, workers are in close contact with cocoons, which can become a source of stress due to accumulated metals. To investigate this potential threat, experiments were conducted to examine the impact of cocoons in brood cells used to rear different generations on the metal content and detoxification gene expression levels in Apis cerana cerana. Our findings indicated significant differences in the layers, weight, base thickness, and metal contents like Cr, Cd, Pb, Mn, Ni, and As of cocoons in multi-generation brood cells compared to single-generation brood cells. These increases led to significant elevations in metal levels and upregulations of the four CYP450 detoxification genes in both six-day-old larvae and newly emerged workers. In conclusion, this study highlights the negative impact of cocoons in multi-generation brood cells on bee health and provides evidence supporting the development of rational apiculture management strategies for ecosystem stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to reveal formative visions with philosophical thought that relies in its methodology on drawing inspiration from the cocoon, to create a craft from in the view of sustainable development as a view gallery that employspalm tree fibers as a sustainable raw material according to Egypt's vision 2030 with an experimental approach to revive and develop a craft from the heritage that is inspired from one body to another with biological in systems Biological for a life cycle based on the stage of weaving the cocoon and then dormancy within it. Moulting, the stage of exit and emergence, has four axesThe first axis is technical and plastic treatments with Arjun fibers. The second axis is serial Handicrafts in a family. The third axis is two-dimensional Handicrafts. The fourth axis is three-dimensional Handicrafts. The exhibition produced (8) family Handicrafts and (15) individual Handicrafts based on the retinal and texture formation in the 3D space with a descriptive and analytical approach to achieve the concepts of formation, growth, transparency, fluid space, reproduction, emanation, moiré, realization of internal and external space, and abstraction from the mass of the form to achieve movement, dynamism and overlay of all kinds ( Imaginary, real, macro, partial) to analyze the visual vision of the cocoon and the identity of transformation with linear relations and aesthetic values, resulting from plastic relations and tactile manifestations. We achieve formative relations that support the teaching of the Handicrafts course in the light of sustainable development.

Introduction: Considering the production of new silkworm hybrids by prominent countries in the sericulture industry such as China and the import of these hybrids to the country in recent years, it is necessary to update these evaluations so that correct decisions can be made to choose the most suitable type of hybrid in terms of functional traits. Therefore, such comparisons are done annually and the results are sent to the Iran Sericultural Corporation- Silk Worm Research Center as an executive body for final decision. The present study aimed to investigate the performance of eight Chinese commercial silkworm hybrids, including Suju×Minghu (S×M), Minghu×Suju (M×S), Baiyue×Qiufeng (B×Q), Qiufeng×Baiyue (Q×B), BaiyueB×QiufengA (BB×QA), QiufengA×BaiyueB (QA×BB), 874×873, and 874×873. Hybrids 872×871 and 872×871 also were among the studied hybrids, but due to the decrease in the performance of cocoon-related traits compared to other hybrids that had a big difference in terms of the obtained values, they were removed and excluded from the final analysis. Materials and methods: The desired hybrids for 14 traits including best cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (BCW), total cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (TCW), number of cocoons per liter (NCPL), weight of cocoons per liter (WCPL), percentage of pupa viability (PPV), mean weight of a cocoon (MWC), mean weight of a cocoon shell (MWCS), mean of cocoon shell percentage (MCSP), mean weight of a male cocoon (MWMC), mean weight of a male cocoon shell (MWMCS), mean of male cocoon shell percentage (MMCSP), mean weight of a female cocoon (MWFC), mean weight of a female cocoon shell (MWFCS), and mean of female cocoon shell percentage (MFCSP) were reared in the spring of 2022 after hatching and according to standard methods and under the same conditions in Iran Silk Research Center and their performance was recorded. Each silkworm hybrid was reared in three replications of 200 larvae (total number of observations including 600 records per hybrid for all traits) in a completely randomized design. The analysis of the obtained data was done by SAS software by using the procedure of generalized linear model (GLM), and the average performance of the traits was compared to each other using Tukey's range test at the probability level of P<0.05. Results and discussion: The results of the analysis of variance for the studied traits showed that the effect of the hybrid type for most of the studied traits including best cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (BCW), total cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (TCW), number of cocoons per liter (NCPL), the weight of cocoons per liter (WCPL), mean weight of a cocoon (MWC), mean weight of a cocoon shell (MWCS), mean of cocoon shell percentage (MCSP), mean weight of a male cocoon (MWMC), mean weight of a male cocoon shell (MWMCS), mean of male cocoon shell percentage (MMCSP), mean weight of a female cocoon (MWFC), mean weight of a female cocoon shell (MWFCS) and mean of female cocoon shell percentage (MFCSP) was significant (P<0.05). In the meantime, only traits of the percentage of pupa viability (PPV) as the most important index related to survival and the mean of male cocoon shell percentage (MMCSP) were not affected by the hybrid type (P<0.05). The average performance of the hybrids showed a significant difference (P<0.05) for all the traits except for the percentage of pupa viability (PPV) and the mean of cocoon shell percentage (MCSP). The BB×QA hybrid showed a higher performance than other hybrids for six traits including the best cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (BCW), the total cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (TCW), the weight of cocoons per liter (WCPL), the mean weight of a cocoon (MWC), the mean weight of a male cocoon (MWMC), and the mean weight of a female cocoon (MWFC) (P<0.01). Also, the M×S hybrid showed a higher performance than other hybrids for the five traits of the mean weight of a cocoon shell (MWCS), mean of cocoon shell percentage (MCSP), mean weight of a male cocoon shell (MWMCS), mean weight of a female cocoon shell (MWFCS), and the mean of female cocoon shell percentage (MFCSP) (P<0.05). In addition, the M×S hybrid showed the lowest value compared to other hybrids for the number of cocoons per liter (NCPL), which the lower values of this trait are preferred (P<0.01). Conclusions: Based on the results of the present research, the priority of importing and rearing silkworm eggs in 2023 is suggested for BB×QA and M×S hybrids. Although the performance of these two hybrids with other hybrids, except for the 874×873 and 874×873 hybrids, is not significant in most of the examined traits, they can still be considered as next-import priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the potential of Eisenia fetida (Redworm) in composting different types of waste, namely tea waste (TW), vegetable waste (VW) (leaves of cauliflower), and mixed food waste (MFW).Method The experiment was set up inside the Lab room during the summer. For vermicompost preparation, 27 equal size vermi beds of moist sawdust were prepared in a tub basin. The organic wastes were separately fed to earthworms along with 10 grams of bonemeal and 10 grams of eggshell powder as supplemented materials. The mature worms, offspring, and cocoons were then counted after 14 weeks of the experiment. Moisture and pH of vermicompost were measured in the laboratory.Result The results show that Eisenia fetida preferred tea waste more than vegetable and mixed food waste. The total number of earthworms, including young, increased by 7.13 times in Tea waste with Bonemeal (TW-BM). In mixed food waste composting, the total number was increased by 3.06 times, and mature worms were increased by 0.21times in MFW-ES. However, all worms died in vegetable waste due to high pH and moisture. The productivity of vermicompost was higher in tea waste ranging from 39.86±0.59% (TW-C) to 43.64±2.75% (TW-ES).Conclusion The study concluded that a large number of leafy vegetables are not suitable for the health of earthworms. Significant results were obtained regarding the number of mature worms, offspring production, changes in the total number of worms, number of cocoons, and productivity of vermicompost among three kinds of waste composted.

One of the objectives of regulating the procurement and distribution of silkworm eggs based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number P.37/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/6/2017 is to ensure the fulfillment of the need for quality silkworm eggs in sufficient quantities and continuous. The aim of the research is to develop a silkworm business development strategy in East Java Province. The research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive approach. Data collection was carried out using observation methods, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and surveys. The survey was conducted in 2 ways, namely interviews and filling out questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the Force Field Analysis (FFA) approach, taking into account the driving factors (D) and inhibiting factors (H). The results showed that the main driving factor for the development of the silkworm business in East Java Province was the initiation of silkworm-based educational tourism destinations. On the other hand, the main inhibiting factor was the suboptimal role of the government. The conclusions of the research and policy recommendations based on the consideration of the main driving factors and the main inhibiting factors. The silkworm business development strategy in East Java Province can be implemented by increasing the government's role in formulating policies for the integrated development of silkworm cultivation, aiming for zero waste. This strategy will be complemented by the the concept of educational tourism involving community participation.

With the increase in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the influent and the organic/hydraulic loading rate (OLR/HLR), the treatment efficiency of the vermifiltration (VF) process decreases. Also, the treatment performance of the VF process varies with the type of wastewater, even if all the other operating conditions remain the same. To date, the inhibitory effects of wastewater, e.g., its composition, concentration, and OLR/HLR, on earthworms (EWs) and VF's treatment efficacy have been completely overlooked. Herein, such inhibitory effects on the survival, growth, and reproduction of the EWs have been investigated using real brewery, dairy, domestic, and diluted brewery wastewater. The acute and chronic tests were performed in vertical subsurface flow reactors in accordance with the guidelines with some modifications. Results showed that 50% mortality of EWs occurred within 11–21, 16–33, 21–41, and 24–48 days for brewery, diluted brewery, dairy, and domestic wastewater, respectively, at the HLR of 8–4 m3 m−2day−1. For each wastewater, the maximum growth of EWs was observed at the lowest tested HLR (4 m3 m−2day−1). Domestic sewage ensured the highest number of juvenile (20–38 nos. EW−1) and cocoon production (10–15 nos. EW−1), followed by dairy (juveniles: 7–21; cocoons: 5–10), diluted brewery (juveniles: 4–15; cocoons: 2–9), and brewery wastewater (juveniles: 2–12; cocoons: 2–7), with the HLR and OLR having a negative impact on the same. Therefore, brewery wastewater had the highest biological inhibition on survival and biological activities of the EWs, whereas domestic sewage had the least. The dilution given to brewery wastewater reduced the extent of the inhibitory effects imposed on the survival, growth, and reproduction of EWs. Results of this study indicated that the VF technology is more suitable for treating domestic sewage, can treat dairy wastewater substantially, and can treat brewery wastewater, but appropriate pretreatment (such as bioaugmentation or dilution) may be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An account is provided, with images, of the larva, pupa and cocoon of Zelleria hepariella Stainton, 1849. These are compared to descriptions and illustrations provided by previous authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the advantages and disadvantages of natural silk, how beautiful and beneficial properties of clothes made of silk fabrics are for human health, as well as the information of consumers determined through a questionnaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat utilization is a major component of animal behavior and ecology, yet nighttime habitat utilization by diurnal animals remains understudied for many taxa. Sheltered sleeping sites are considered particularly important for parrotfishes (Labridae: Scarini) inhabiting coral reefs, where predation risk is most prominent at night. Parrotfishes are also known to sleep in mucus cocoons, which allegedly function as a means of predator and/or ectoparasite avoidance. In this study, we present the first systematic characterization of nocturnal habitat utilization and cocoon formation in parrotfishes, in their natural environment. We performed a total of 153 surveys and sampled 225 individual parrotfishes (of 11 species) and characterized their sleeping sites. We found that several species utilized sleeping sites with distinct characteristics, such as exposed sites that provided little to no coverage or sleeping sites well above the reef floor. However, most species exhibited substantial overlap in site characteristics and exposure. We found that the utilization of sheltered sleeping sites did not correlate with body size or life stage, suggesting that sleeping-site selection in parrotfish is unlikely to be driven by competitive exclusion. We also found that while some species either never or rarely formed cocoons, many species exhibited facultative cocoon formation that was not clearly associated with exposure or habitat. While we expected cocoons to be more frequent in exposed sites to avoid predators, or on soft substrates to avoid ectoparasites, we found no effect of either predictor. As many species exhibited a wide range of sleeping sites and behaviors, nocturnal habitat utilization does not appear to be a major axis for niche differentiation in this guild. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image recognition methods classify or categorize objects by extracting significant properties from digital images of the objects and are used in the field of agriculture for quality determination. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, deep-learning techniques and tools such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been used in image recognition. Existing discrimination studies have tended to extract features from images and classify them using multivariate analysis; however, deep learning algorithms have the self-learning ability to extract the feature points themselves for each neural layer. In this study, we developed models for discriminating dead cocoons using various discriminant analysis methods, including deep learning options, to establish an automation technology for the sericulture industry. A 100 W halogen light source was used for direct irradiation onto the cocoons, and a camera was positioned at the bottom of the cocoons (of which 43.9% were dead) to obtain RGB images. We conducted discrimination analyses based on the color space using four discrimination algorithms, namely, k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine, linear discriminant analysis, and partial least squares-discriminant analysis, within deep learning models (a proposed lightweight CNN model, VGG16, ResNet50, EfficientNetB0, MobileNet, ShuffleNet, GhostNet, and ConvNext). The proposed lightweight CNN model, which consisted of six convolutional layers and two fully connected layers, showed the highest discrimination accuracy (97.66%) in the Lab color space. It was thus confirmed that it is possible to automate the discrimination of dead cocoons using digital images and deep learning techniques.

Context Sericin is a component protein in the silkworm cocoon [Bombyx mori Linnaeus (Bombycidae)] that improves dysmorphic cardiac mitochondria under hypercholesterolemic conditions. This is the first study to explore cardiac mitochondrial proteins associated with sericin treatment.Objective To investigate the mechanism of action of sericin in cardiac mitochondria under hypercholesterolaemia.Materials and methods Hypercholesterolaemia was induced in Wistar rats by feeding them 6% cholesterol-containing chow for 6 weeks. The hypercholesterolemic rats were separated into 2 groups (n = 6 for each): the sericin-treated (1,000 mg/kg daily) and nontreated groups. The treatment conditions were maintained for 4 weeks prior to cardiac mitochondria isolation. The mitochondrial structure was evaluated by immunolabeling electron microscopy, and differential mitochondrial protein expression was determined and quantitated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry.Results A 32.22 ± 2.9% increase in the percent striated area of cardiac muscle was observed in sericin-treated hypercholesterolemic rats compared to the nontreatment group (4.18 ± 1.11%). Alterations in mitochondrial proteins, including upregulation of optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and reduction of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit (NDUFS1) expression, are correlated with a reduction in mitochondrial apoptosis under sericin treatment. Differential proteomic observation also revealed that sericin may improve mitochondrial energy production by upregulating acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (ACAT1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1α subcomplex subunit 10 (NDUFA10) expression.Discussion and conclusions Sericin treatment could improve the dysmorphic mitochondrial structure, metabolism, and energy production of cardiac mitochondria under hypercholesterolaemia. These results suggest that sericin may be an alternative treatment molecule that is related to cardiac mitochondrial abnormalities.

Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the potential of Eisenia fetida (Redworm) in composting different types of waste, namely tea waste (TW), vegetable waste (VW) (leaves of cauliflower), and mixed food waste (MFW). Method The experiment was set up inside the Lab room during the summer. For vermicompost preparation, 27 equal size vermi beds of moist sawdust were prepared in a tub basin. The organic wastes were separately fed to earthworms along with 10 grams of bonemeal and 10 grams of eggshell powder as supplemented materials. The mature worms, offspring, and cocoons were then counted after 14 weeks of the experiment. Moisture and pH of vermicompost were measured in the laboratory. Result The results show that Eisenia fetida preferred tea waste more than vegetable and mixed food waste. The total number of earthworms, including young, increased by 7.13 times in Tea waste with Bonemeal (TW-BM). In mixed food waste composting, the total number was increased by 3.06 times, and mature worms were increased by 0.21times in MFW-ES. However, all worms died in vegetable waste due to high pH and moisture. The productivity of vermicompost was higher in tea waste ranging from 39.86±0.59% (TW-C) to 43.64±2.75% (TW-ES). Conclusion The study concluded that a large number of leafy vegetables are not suitable for the health of earthworms. Significant results were obtained regarding the number of mature worms, offspring production, changes in the total number of worms, number of cocoons, and productivity of vermicompost among three kinds of waste composted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical defense of insects is effective for avoiding predation, but may carry a cost in terms of life history traits. If chemical defenses require the resources and/or nutrients necessary for the larva or post-larval stages to survive, grow, and reproduce, there will be a trade-off between chemical defense and other traits, particularly in habitats where larvae are subjected to frequent predator attacks. The larvae of Osmylus hyalinatus McLachlan (Neuroptera: Osmylidae) are semiaquatic, inhabiting the edges of small streams and ponds, where they encounter multiple predators both on land and in water. Larvae of this species spray a hyaline liquid from an anal opening when disturbed. The liquid is stored in the posterior half of the hindgut. Daily stimulation of larvae to exhaust the stored liquid, thereby simulating repeated predator attacks, resulted in smaller adult body size at emergence than the control, but had little effect on the larval/pupal period, cocoon production (for predator avoidance of prepupae and pupae), reproductive potential, or chemical defense of adults in which prothoracic glands release a substance that smells unpleasant to predators. The lack of such effects is explained in part by adults gaining more resources through feeding than the larval stages, as well as nuptial gifts from males to females. The spraying liquids and silk used to spin cocoons are both discharged from an anal opening; therefore, a trade-off between these two materials is plausible and should be examined in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey bees play a critical role as pollinators. However, their reproduction success and survival face severe threats due to the deterioration of their living environment. Notably, environmental conditions during their preimaginal stage inside brood cells can influence their immune capabilities and overall health after emergence. During the in-cell developmental stage, workers are in close contact with cocoons, which can become a source of stress due to accumulated metals. To investigate this potential threat, experiments were conducted to examine the impact of cocoons in brood cells used to rear different generations on the metal content and detoxification gene expression levels in Apis cerana cerana. Our findings indicated significant differences in the layers, weight, base thickness, and metal contents like Cr, Cd, Pb, Mn, Ni, and As of cocoons in multi-generation brood cells compared to single-generation brood cells. These increases led to significant elevations in metal levels and upregulations of the four CYP450 detoxification genes in both six-day-old larvae and newly emerged workers. In conclusion, this study highlights the negative impact of cocoons in multi-generation brood cells on bee health and provides evidence supporting the development of rational apiculture management strategies for ecosystem stability.

Fabric-to-fabric abrasion was carried for soft silk fabrics at dry and wet state under 500 and 1000 cycles and abraded samples were evaluated for bursting strength. Abrasion resistance of soft silk was also evaluated with wool abradant to arrive at the standard abrasion cycle. Yarn samples were removed from the abraded areas of 25%, 50%, and 75% of standard abrasion cycles of soft silk fabrics and then tensile strength was evaluated at dry and wet condition to understand the extent of damage happened due to abrasion.

Calcium oxalate (CaOx) is a minor constituent that is predominant in wild silk cocoons. While CaOx is abundantly accumulated in wild silkworm cocoons, domesticated silkworms have acquired and acclimated to less CaOx crystal deposition. Although CaOx is thought to be counterproductive in the cocoon, it plays a vital role in the protection, water resistance, CO2 gating, reflection, thermal insulation, etc. of the cocoon. In this review, recent advances in our understanding of CaOx function in wild silk cocoons, CaOx biosynthesis in host plants, and CaOx transport and deposition to cocoons are discussed. The constraints of CaOx in reeling wild silk cocoons are also discussed with the aspect of demineralization for commercial exploitation of wild silk fibres. This review presents a summary of reliable findings as well as potential research avenues for biologists interested in the commercialization of wild cocoons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silk has attracted the attention of researchers as a biomedical and cosmetic material because of its good biocompatibility and cytocompatibility. Silk is produced from the cocoons of silkworms, which have various strains. In this study, silkworm cocoons and silk fibroins (SFs) were obtained from ten silkworm strains, and their structural characteristics and properties were examined. The morphological structure of the cocoons depended on the silkworm strains. The degumming ratio of silk ranged from 22.8% to 28% depending on the silkworm strains. The highest and lowest solution viscosities of SF were shown by 9671 and 9153, respectively, showing a 12-fold difference. The silkworm strains of 9671, KJ5, and I-NOVI showed a two-fold higher work of ruptures for the regenerated SF film than 181 and 2203, indicating that the silkworm strains considerably influence the mechanical properties of the regenerated SF film. Regardless of the silkworm strain, all silkworm cocoons showed good cell viability, making them suitable candidates for advanced functional biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The living collection of the silkworm gene pool is of great practical importance in the creation of new species. In addition to preserving the silkworm gene pool, it should also be enriched so that breeders can take full advantage of it. In the reporting year, spring feeding of 62 breeds was carried out, biological indicators were determined, and seed material for the next year was procured. İn order to study biological indicators, 25 female and 25 male cocoons are taken from each of 43 species in replication, first the cocoons and then the cocoon membrane were weighed on an electronic scale? And then the average mass of the live cocoon and the silkiness of the live cocoon were determined based on the calculation. The purpose of the scientific research work is to keep the local breeds in the gene pool in a pure condition and to improve their biological indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted in 2020 at Bhattadev University, Bajali, Assam, India to evaluate the effects of castor, Ricinus communis L. and an alternative host plant, Ficus benghalensis L., on the morpho-economic traits of the Eri silkworm, Samia ricini Donovan and to identify the suitable host plant. During this study, all the larval, cocoon parameters were recorded and all the data were statistically analysed by using student t- test at p < 0.05 level in SPSS software (version 26). The result of the present study reveals that commercial characteristics such as mature larval weight (g), Cocoon weight(g), pupal weight (g), shell weight(g), shell ratio%, ERR% was found to be highest in Castor (8.74 ± 0.39 g, 3.45 ± 0.12 g, 2.89 ± 0.12 g, 0.52 ± 0.01 g, 15.43 ± 0.80%, 76%) than banyan (6.28 ± 0.11 g, 1.95 ± 0.03 g, 1.69 ± 0.03 g, 0.24 ± 0.01 g, 12.57 ± 0.77%, 60%). Significant differences at 5% level were recorded concerning the Larval duration (days), Larval weight(g), pupal weight(g), cocoon weight(g), shell weight(g), shell ratio %. Thus the present study reveals that erisilkworm reared on the leaves of castor showed superiority than banyan. But castor plant is not available throughout the year and, as we found in this study, erisilkworm can be successfully reared on banyan leaves, so considering the rearing performance of the Eri silkworm on banyan leaves future investigation can be carried out to identify the best secondary food plant for the erisilkworm among banyan, barkessuru, papaya, and other secondary host plants of Eri silkworm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apis cerana cerana has the biological characteristic of gnawing off the old brood cells which reared multiple generations of workers. This study investigated the internal structure of newly built, old, and semi-rebuilt brood cells and their effects on the morphological development of workers to understand the significance of Apis cerana cerana gnawing off the old brood cells. The results showed that there was no significant difference among the three diameters (at the top, middle, and bottom positions) of newly built or semi-rebuilt brood cells (P > 0.05), but these changed within the old brood cells (P < 0.05). The top, middle, or bottom diameters of the newly built and semi-rebuilt brood cells were significantly larger than those of the old brood cells (P < 0.05), but were almost the same between the newly built and the semi-rebuilt brood cells (P > 0.05). The weight and base thickness of the cocoon were significantly greater in the old brood cells than those in the semi-rebuilt brood cells (P < 0.05). Importantly, the birth weight, body length, and the tested six external morphological indices did not show a significant difference between the newly built and semi-rebuilt brood cells (P > 0.05) but were significantly larger than those of old brood cells (P < 0.05). The size of the brood cell and the external morphology of the workers showed a positive correlation. This study highlights the significance of Apis cerana cerana gnawing off the old brood cells providing a reference for its scientific rearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]