174 results on '"Coates, AM"'
Search Results
2. The impact of time of day on energy expenditure: Implications for long-term energy balance
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Shaw, E, Leung, GKW, Jong, J, Coates, AM, Davis, R, Blair, M, Huggins, Kate, Dorrian, J, Banks, S, Kellow, NJ, Bonham, MP, Shaw, E, Leung, GKW, Jong, J, Coates, AM, Davis, R, Blair, M, Huggins, Kate, Dorrian, J, Banks, S, Kellow, NJ, and Bonham, MP
- Abstract
There is evidence to indicate that the central biological clock (i.e., our endogenous circadian system) plays a role in physiological processes in the body that impact energy regulation and metabolism. Cross-sectional data suggest that energy consumption later in the day and during the night is associated with weight gain. These findings have led to speculation that when, as well as what, we eat may be important for maintaining energy balance. Emerging literature suggests that prioritising energy intake to earlier during the day may help with body weight maintenance. Evidence from tightly controlled acute experimental studies indicates a disparity in the body’s ability to utilise (expend) energy equally across the day and night. Energy expenditure both at rest (resting metabolic rate) and after eating (thermic effect of food) is typically more efficient earlier during the day. In this review, we discuss the key evidence for a circadian pattern in energy utilisation and balance, which depends on meal timing. Whilst there is limited evidence that simply prioritising energy intake to earlier in the day is an effective strategy for weight loss, we highlight the potential benefits of considering the role of meal timing for improving metabolic health and energy balance. This review demonstrates that to advance our understanding of the contribution of the endogenous circadian system toward energy balance, targeted studies that utilise appropriate methodologies are required that focus on meal timing and frequency
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- 2019
3. When assessing liking and taste properties does scale direction matter?
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Coates, AM, Hill, AM, Broad, L, Tan, Sze Yen, Coates, AM, Hill, AM, Broad, L, and Tan, Sze Yen
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- 2017
4. 0912 THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL SHIFT WORK ON THEIR CHILD’S DIET
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Watson, EJ, primary, Coates, AM, additional, Banks, S, additional, and Kohler, M, additional
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- 2017
- Full Text
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5. Relationship between erythrocyte omega-3 content and obesity is gender dependent.
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Howe, PRC, Buckley, JD, Murphy, KJ, Pettman, T, Milte, C, Coates, AM, Howe, PRC, Buckley, JD, Murphy, KJ, Pettman, T, Milte, C, and Coates, AM
- Abstract
Epidemiological evidence of an inverse association between consumption of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) and obesity has been conflicting, even though studies in animal models of obesity and limited human trials suggest that LC n-3 PUFA consumption may contribute to weight loss. We used baseline data from a convenience sample of 476 adults (291 women, 185 men) participating in clinical trials at our Centre to explore relationships between erythrocyte levels of LC n-3 PUFA (a reliable indicator of habitual intake) and measures of adiposity, viz. body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and body fat (BF) assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Means ± SD of assessments were BMI: 34 ± 7 and 31 ± 5 kg/m2; WC: 105 ± 16 and 110 ± 13 cm; BF: 48 ± 5 and 35% ± 6% in women and men respectively. Erythrocyte levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were similar in men and women while docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) was higher and EPA + DHA (Omega-3 Index) slightly lower in men than in women. Both DHA and EPA + DHA correlated inversely with BMI, WC and BF in women while DPA correlated inversely with BF in men. Quartile distributions and curvilinear regression of the Omega-3 Index versus BMI revealed a steep rise of BMI in the lower range of the Omega-3 Index in women, but no association in men. Thus the results highlight important gender differences in relationships of specific LC n-3 PUFA in erythrocytes to markers of adiposity. If these reflect causal relationships between LC n-3 PUFA consumption and risk of obesity, gender specific targeted interventions should be considered.
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- 2014
6. Self-management for obesity and cardio-metabolic fitness: description and evaluation of the lifestyle modification program of a randomised controlled trial.
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Pettman, TL, Misan, GM, Owen, K, Warren, K, Coates, AM, Buckley, JD, Howe, PR, Pettman, TL, Misan, GM, Owen, K, Warren, K, Coates, AM, Buckley, JD, and Howe, PR
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Sustainable lifestyle modification strategies are needed to address obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. Intensive, individualised programs have been successful, but are limited by time and resources. We have formulated a group-based lifestyle education program based upon national diet and physical activity (PA) recommendations to manage obesity and cardio-metabolic risk factors. This article describes the content and delivery of this program, with information on compliance and acceptability. METHODS: Overweight/obese adults (n = 153) with metabolic syndrome were recruited from the community and randomly allocated to intervention (INT) or control (CON). Written copies of Australian national dietary and PA guidelines were provided to all participants. INT took part in a 16-week lifestyle program which provided a curriculum and practical strategies on 1) dietary and PA information based on national guidelines, 2) behavioural self-management tools, 3) food-label reading, supermarkets tour and cooking, 4) exercise sessions, and 5) peer-group support. Compliance was assessed using attendance records and weekly food/PA logs. Participants' motivations, perceived benefits and goals were assessed through facilitated discussion. Program acceptability feedback was collected through structured focus groups. RESULTS: Although completion of weekly food/PA records was poor, attendance at information/education sessions (77% overall) and exercise participation (66% overall) was high, and compared with CON, multiple markers of body composition and cardio-metabolic health improved in INT. Participants reported that the most useful program components included food-label reading, cooking sessions, and learning new and different physical exercises, including home-based options. Participants also reported finding self-management techniques helpful, namely problem solving and short-term goal setting. The use of a group setting and supportive 'peer' leaders were found to be
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- 2008
7. The Effect of Equatorial Domain Peptide Sequences ofM. tuberculosisChaperonin 60.1 on Pulmonary Eosinophilia in a Murine Model of Allergic Lung Inflammation.
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Vasquez, YR, primary, Tormay, P, additional, Coates, AM, additional, Page, CP, additional, and Spina, D, additional
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- 2009
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8. Chronic consumption of a wild green oat extract (Neuravena) improves brachial flow-mediated dilatation and cerebrovascular responsiveness in older adults.
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Wong RH, Howe PR, Coates AM, Buckley JD, and Berry NM
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- 2013
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9. Acute resveratrol supplementation improves flow-mediated dilatation in overweight/obese individuals with mildly elevated blood pressure.
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Wong RH, Howe PR, Buckley JD, Coates AM, Kunz I, and Berry NM
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- 2011
10. Impact of cocoa flavanol consumption on blood pressure responsiveness to exercise.
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Berry NM, Davison K, Coates AM, Buckley JD, and Howe PR
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Impaired endothelial vasodilatation may contribute to the exaggerated blood pressure (BP) responses to exercise in individuals who are overweight/obese. The present study investigated whether consumption of cocoa flavanols, which improve endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), can modify BP responsiveness to exercise. Twenty-one volunteers (eight females and thirteen males, 54.9 (se 2.2) years, BMI 31.6 (se 0.8) kg/m2, systolic BP 134 (se 2) mmHg, diastolic BP (DBP) 87 (se 2) mmHg) were randomised to consume single servings of either a high-flavanol (HF, 701 mg) or a low-flavanol (LF, 22 mg) cocoa beverage in a double-blind, cross-over design with 3-7-d washout between treatments. Two hours after cocoa consumption, FMD was measured, followed by continuous beat-to-beat assessment (Finapres) of BP before and during 10 min of cycling at 75% of age-predicted maximum heart rate. Averaged data from two assessments on each type of beverage were compared by analysis of covariance using pre-exercise BP as the covariate. Pre-exercise BP was similar after taking LF and HF (153 (se 3)/88 (se 3) v. 153 (se 4)/87 (se 2) mmHg, respectively, P>0.05). However, the BP response to exercise (area under BP curve) was attenuated by HF compared with LF. BP increases were 68% lower for DBP (P = 0.03) and 14% lower for mean BP (P = 0.05). FMD measurements were higher after taking HF than after taking LF (6.1 (se 0.6)% v. 3.4 (se 0.5)%, P < 0.001). By facilitating vasodilation and attenuating exercise-induced increases in BP, cocoa flavanols may decrease cardiovascular risk and enhance the cardiovascular benefits of moderate intensity exercise in at-risk individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2010
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11. Dose-dependent increases in heart rate variability and arterial compliance in overweight and obese adults with DHA-rich fish oil supplementation.
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Sjoberg NJ, Milte CM, Buckley JD, Howe PR, Coates AM, and Saint DA
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Heart rate (HR) variability and large arterial compliance can be improved using fish oils. DHA, a component of fish oil, has cardiovascular health benefits, but its effect on HR variability (HRV) and arterial compliance is yet to be quantified. Sixty-seven overweight or obese adults (thirty-six males and thirty-one females; 53 (sem 2) year; BMI 31.7 (sem 1.1) kg/m(2)) were randomly allocated to consume either 6 g/d sunola oil (control; n 17), fish oil (260 mg DHA+60 mg EPA per g) at doses of 2 g/d (n 16), 4 g/d (n 17) or 6 g/d (n 17). Blood pressure, HR and compliance of large and small arteries were measured while supine at baseline and after 12 weeks in all participants, and HRV was assessed in a subgroup of forty-six participants. There was no effect of fish oil on blood pressure, small artery compliance or HR. However, the low frequency:high frequency ratio of HRV decreased with increasing doses of fish oil (r - 0.34, P = 0.02), while large artery compliance increased (r 0.34, P = 0.006). Moreover, the changes in these biomarkers were significantly correlated (r - 0.31, P = 0.04) and may reflect fish oil-induced improvements in arterial function and cardiac autonomic regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2010
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12. Dose-dependent effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil on erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid and blood lipid levels.
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Milte CM, Coates AM, Buckley JD, Hill AM, and Howe PRC
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- 2008
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13. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake is associated with age but not cognitive performance in an older Australian sample
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Alison M. Coates, Emma Tregoweth, Alexandra T. Wade, Jonathan D. Buckley, Danielle Greaves, Ashleigh E. Smith, Hannah A.D. Keage, Tim Olds, Wade, AT, Tregoweth, E, Greaves, D, Olds, TS, Buckley, JD, Keage, HAD, Coates, AM, and Smith, AE
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Male ,030309 nutrition & dietetics ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Physiology ,n-3 ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cognition ,0302 clinical medicine ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ,Omega 3 fatty acid intake ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance ,Cognitive decline ,cognitive function ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,0303 health sciences ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,aging ,Age Factors ,Australia ,Fatty acid ,Middle Aged ,Fish oil ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,nutrition ,chemistry ,Dietary Supplements ,Female ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,omega-3 ,business ,Essential nutrient ,diet ,Long chain ,Polyunsaturated fatty acid ,polyunsaturated fatty acids - Abstract
Background: Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3 PUFA) are essential nutrients and may be capable of delaying age-related cognitive decline. However, previous studies indicate that Australians are not meeting recommendations for LCn-3 PUFA intake. The current study therefore examined LCn-3 PUFA intake in an older Australia sample, as well as associations between LCn-3 PUFA intake and cognitive function. Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from 90 adults aged 50 to 80 years. LCn-3 PUFA intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and red blood cell fatty acid profiles were used to calculate the Omega-3 Index (RBC n-3 index). Cognitive function was measured using Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Ill. Results: Positive associations were observed between age and RBC n-3 index (b=0.06, 95% CI: 0.01–0.10, P=0.01), and age and LCn-3 PUFA intake from fish oil capsules (b=17.5, 95% CI: 2.4 − 32.5 mg/day, P=0.02). When adjusting for LCn-3 PUFA from fish oil capsules, the association between age and RBC n-3 index was no longer significant. No associations were observed between LCn-3 PUFA intake and cognitive function. Conclusion: LCn-3 PUFA and fish oil consumption increased with age in this sample of older Australians, particularly due to supplement intake. However, LCn-3 PUFA intake was not associated with cognitive function. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
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- 2020
14. Salivary levels of alpha-amylase are associated with neurobehavioral alertness during extended wakefulness, but not simulated night-shift work
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Siobhan Banks, C. Della Vedova, Alison M. Coates, Jason M. White, Crystal Grant, Maja Pajcin, Jillian Dorrian, Charlotte C Gupta, Pajcin, M, Banks, S, Dorrian, J, Gupta, CC, Coates, AM, Grant, CL, White, JM, and Della Vedova, CB
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Automobile Driving ,Adolescent ,shift-work ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Audiology ,Shift work ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,ciradian ,Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm ,Reaction Time ,Medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Attention ,050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology ,Circadian rhythm ,Wakefulness ,Saliva ,alertness ,media_common ,Psychomotor learning ,saliva ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,alpha-amylase ,Healthy Volunteers ,Circadian Rhythm ,Alertness ,Digit symbol substitution test ,biomarker ,Female ,alpha-Amylases ,business ,Arousal ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Night Shift Work ,Biomarkers ,Psychomotor Performance ,Vigilance (psychology) - Abstract
Sleep loss is one of the most common causes of accidents and errors in operational environments. Currently, no single method satisfies all of the requisite criteria of an effective system for assessing the risk of injury prior to safety being compromised. Research has concentrated towards the development of a biomarker for individualized assessment of sleepiness-related deficits in neurobehavioral alertness, with salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) recently reported as a potential biomarker during acute total sleep deprivation. The present study extends on previous research by investigating the association between sAA and neurobehavioral alertness during simulated night-shift work, during individuals are required to work at night when biological processes are strongly promoting sleep and sleep during the day when endogenous processes are promoting wakefulness. In a laboratory-controlled environment, 10 healthy non-shift working males aged 24.7 ± 5.3 years (mean ± SD) underwent four consecutive nights of simulated night-shift work. Between 17:30–04:30 h participants provided saliva samples and completed a 3 min psychomotor vigilance test (PVT-B), 40 min simulated driving task, and 3 min digit symbol substitution test (DSST). Higher sAA levels were associated with faster response speed on the PVT-B, reduced lane variability on the simulated driving task, and improved information processing speed on the DSST during the first night-shift. There were no associations between sAA levels and performance outcomes during subsequent night-shifts. Findings indicate that the usability of sAA to assess the risk of neurobehavioral deficits during shift-work operations is limited. However, the robust circadian rhythm exhibited by sAA during the protocol of circadian misalignment suggests that sAA could serve as a potential circadian marker. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
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- 2018
15. Nuts and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
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Sze Yen Tan, Alison M. Coates, Alison M. Hill, Coates, AM, Hill, AM, and Tan, SY
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0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Disease ,Gut flora ,Antioxidants ,03 medical and health sciences ,Vascular Stiffness ,Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ,Risk Factors ,Environmental health ,Epidemiology ,microbiota ,Medicine ,Humans ,Nuts ,cardiovascular diseases ,Dyslipidemias ,Inflammation ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,biology ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Fatty liver ,cholesterol ,vascular stiffness ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,nuts ,Diet ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Oxidative Stress ,inflammation ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Hypertension ,Disease prevention ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Vascular function ,Risk Reduction Behavior ,Dyslipidemia - Abstract
Purpose of Review: We review recent epidemiological and clinical studies investigating the consumption of tree nuts and peanuts and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality as well as CVD risk factors. Recent Findings: A greater consumption of tree nuts and peanuts is associated with a reduced risk of CVD mortality, as well as lower CVD events. Furthermore, risk factors associated with the development of CVD such as dyslipidemia, impaired vascular function, and hypertension are improved with regular tree nut and peanut consumption through a range of mechanism associated with their nutrient-rich profiles. There is weak inconsistent evidence for an effect of nut consumption on inflammation. There is emerging evidence that consuming tree nuts reduces the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and promotes diversity of gut microbiota, which in turn may improve CVD outcomes. Summary: Evidence for CVD prevention is strong for some varieties of tree nuts, particularly walnuts, and length of supplementation and dose are important factors for consideration with recommendations. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
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- 2018
16. Validation and reproducibility of an Australian caffeine food frequency questionnaire
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Mark Kohler, Emily J Watson, Alison M. Coates, Siobhan Banks, Watson, EJ, Kohler, M, Banks, S, and Coates, AM
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Adult ,Food diary ,food frequency questionnaire ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Diet Surveys ,Mean difference ,Beverages ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Caffeine ,Environmental health ,Humans ,Medicine ,nutrition assessment ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Food science ,Chocolate ,reproducibility ,caffeine ,validation studies ,Reproducibility ,business.industry ,questionnaire ,Australia ,Reproducibility of Results ,Food frequency questionnaire ,food and beverages ,Australian population ,chemistry ,Caffeine consumption ,business ,Kappa ,Food Science - Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure validity and reproducibility of a caffeine food frequency questionnaire (C-FFQ) developed for the Australian population. The C-FFQ was designed to assess average daily caffeine consumption using four categories of food and beverages including; energy drinks; soft drinks/soda; coffee and tea and chocolate (food and drink). Participants completed a seven-day food diary immediately followed by the C-FFQ on two consecutive days. The questionnaire was first piloted in 20 adults, and then, a validity/reproducibility study was conducted (n = 90 adults). The C-FFQ showed moderate correlations (r = .60), fair agreement (mean difference 63 mg) and reasonable quintile rankings indicating fair to moderate agreement with the seven-day food diary. To test reproducibility, the C-FFQ was compared to itself and showed strong correlations (r = .90), good quintile rankings and strong kappa values (κ = 0.65), indicating strong reproducibility. The C-FFQ shows adequate validity and reproducibility and will aid researchers in Australia to quantify caffeine consumption. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
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- 2017
17. Reply to letter to the editor on: 'is there a relationship between excessive sugar consumption and sleep quality in children?'
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Mark Kohler, Siobhan Banks, Emily J Watson, Alison M. Coates, Watson, EJ, Coates, AM, Banks, S, and Kohler, M
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0301 basic medicine ,Consumption (economics) ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Letter to the editor ,Sleep quality ,business.industry ,Dietary sugar ,Sugar consumption ,Sleep in non-human animals ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Medicine ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Food Science - Abstract
Sir,We would like to thank Pereira, Tufik and Hachul for their interest and comments regarding our article titled: “Total dietary sugar consumption does not influence sleep or behaviour in Australi...
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- 2018
18. Adiposity is related to decrements in cardiorespiratory fitness in obese and normal-weight children
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Tsiros, MD, Coates, AM, Howe, PRC, Walkley, J, Hills, AP, Wood, RE, and Buckley, JD
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child ,peak oxygen uptake ,Body mass index ,cycle ergometry - Abstract
Background: Obese children are typically less physically active than theirnormal-weight peers and are often assumed to be 'unfit'. Methods: Obese (N = 107) and normal-weight (N = 132) 10-13-year-olds participated.Fat-free mass (FFM), percent fat, physical activity and peak oxygenuptake (VO2peak) were assessed. Analyses were adjusted for socioeconomic status(SES) Objective: Investigate the relationships between adiposity, physical activity levelsand cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in obese and normal-weight children. A secondaryaim was to examine obese/normal-weight differences in CRF. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
- Published
- 2016
19. Dose-related effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on blood pressure
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Narelle M. Berry, Gary Misan, Alison M. Coates, Jonathan D. Buckley, Kade Davison, Peter R. C. Howe, Davison, K, Berry, NM, Misan, G, Coates, AM, Buckley, JD, and Howe, PRC
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Ambulatory blood pressure ,Flavonols ,Diastole ,Blood Pressure ,Animal science ,Double-Blind Method ,Internal Medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,ambulatory blood pressure ,Aged ,Cacao ,Postmenopausal women ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Plant Extracts ,business.industry ,Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Effective dose (pharmacology) ,Surgery ,Menopause ,Dose–response relationship ,Blood pressure ,cocoa ,Hypertension ,Ambulatory ,Female ,dose–response ,flavanols ,business ,Phytotherapy - Abstract
Consumption of flavanol-containing cocoa products has been shown to lower blood pressure (BP), but the minimum dose required to reduce BP is not known. This study aimed to examine the effect of three different doses of cocoa flavanols (CF) on 24-h mean arterial BP. Twenty four hour ambulatory BP (24-ABP) monitoring was performed in 32 men and 20 postmenopausal women with untreated mild hypertension (seated clinic BP >130/85 and
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- 2010
20. Weighing up the evidence : a systematic review of measures used for the sensation of breathlessness in obesity
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Marie T. Williams, Y Gerlach, Alison M. Coates, Gerlach,Y, Williams, MT, and Coates, AM
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Psychometrics ,Visual analogue scale ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,assessment ,Concurrent validity ,Psychological intervention ,Sensation ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Motor Activity ,dyspnoea ,Severity of Illness Index ,Quality of life (healthcare) ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,medicine ,Humans ,overweight ,Obesity ,Pain Measurement ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,breathlessness ,Reproducibility of Results ,Baseline Dyspnea Index ,respiratory system ,medicine.disease ,Dyspnea ,Scale (social sciences) ,instruments ,Physical therapy ,Quality of Life ,Female ,business - Abstract
Breathlessness on exertion is common in people with obesity. Assessments of breathlessness may include sensation (intensity, sensory quality or unpleasantness) and/ or the behavioral/emotional consequences of the sensation (respiratory-related functional impairment, disability or quality of life). This systematic review of primary studies published since 2005 evaluated how has the sensation of breathlessness been assessed in adults with increased adiposity. A total of 41 articles were retained from the systematic search strategy resulting in 20 instruments. The Modified Borg Scale (perceived exertion-intensity), the Medical Research Council (MRC) Scale and Baseline Dyspnea Index (BDI; both assess respiratory-related functional impairment) were, respectively, the most frequently reported instruments. Few instruments had been tested for reliability and validity in people with increased adiposity. Visual Analog Scale, Modified Borg Scale, descriptors of sensory quality, MRC and BDI can be recommended as instruments based on their psychometric properties (reliability (correlations >0.8) and concurrent validity (correlation with severity of airways obstruction and walking distance)). A greater number of instruments were identified that assessed the consequences of the breathlessness rather than breathlessness as a sensation. If sensation drives behavior, comprehensive data on the sensation of breathlessness might assist in understanding the behavioral consequences of interventions. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
- Published
- 2013
21. Day-to-day physical functioning and disability in obese 10- to 13-year-olds
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Tsiros, M D, Buckley, J D, Howe, PRC, Olds, T, Walkley, J, Taylor, L, Mallows, R, Hills, AP, Kagawa, M, and Coates, AM
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child ,quality of life ,body mass index ,locomotor activity ,chronic limitation of activity - Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether obesity is related to impaired day-to-day physical functioning and disability in children. Conclusions: As anticipated, obesity appears to undermine physical functioning in children, including the capacity to perform basic locomotor skills yet, unexpectedly, participation in key life areas related to physical functioning appeared largely unaffected. Methods: An observational case-control study was conducted in three Australian states. Obese (n = 107) and healthy-weight (n = 132) 10- to 13-year-olds (132 male, 107 female) were recruited via media advertisements. Assessment of body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), locomotor capacity (six-minute walk test [6MWT], timed up and down stairs test [TUDS] and timed up and go [TUG]) and child-reported physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were undertaken. Participants wore an accelerometer for 8 days and completed two use-of-time telephone interviews to assess participation in key life areas. Results: Compared with their healthy-weight counterparts, obese children had lower physical HRQoL scores (P
- Published
- 2012
22. Obesity the new disability? Investigating the impact of fatness on day-to-day physical functioning in 10-13 year olds
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Andrew P. Hills, L. Taylor, Alison M. Coates, Masaharu Kagawa, J.D. Buckley, Margarita D. Tsiros, Peter R. C. Howe, R. Mallows, Tim Olds, Jeff Walkley, Tsiros, MD, Buckley, JD, Howe, PRC, Olds, T, Walkley, J, Taylor, L, Mallows, R, Hills, AP, Kagawa, M, Coates, AM, and Australian and New Zealand Obesity Society Annual Scientific Meeting Adelaide 20 October 2011
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Gerontology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Physical functioning ,business.industry ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Physical therapy ,Medicine ,Day to day ,business ,medicine.disease ,Obesity - Abstract
Aim: To examine if obesity is related to impaired physical functioning and disability in children. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
- Published
- 2011
23. Acute resveratrol supplementation improves flow-mediated dilatation in overweight/obese individuals with mildly elevated blood pressure
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Alison M. Coates, Iris Kunz, Jonathan D. Buckley, Peter R. C. Howe, Rachel H.X. Wong, Narelle M. Berry, Wong, RH X, Howe, PRC, Buckley, JD, Coates, AM, Kunz, I, and Berry, NM
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Brachial Artery ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Diastole ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Overweight ,Resveratrol ,Placebo ,Placebos ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Double-Blind Method ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,medicine.artery ,Stilbenes ,medicine ,Humans ,Obesity ,Brachial artery ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Cross-Over Studies ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,business.industry ,food and beverages ,Middle Aged ,Crossover study ,Vasodilation ,Dose–response relationship ,Endocrinology ,Blood pressure ,chemistry ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Dietary Supplements ,Hypertension ,Female ,Endothelium, Vascular ,medicine.symptom ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery (FMD) is a biomarker of endothelial function and cardiovascular health. Impaired FMD is associated with several cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension and obesity. Various food ingredients such as polyphenols have been shown to improve FMD. We investigated whether consuming resveratrol, a polyphenol found in red wine, can enhance FMD acutely and whether there is a dose-response relationship for this effect. METHODS AND RESULTS: 19 overweight/obese (BMI 25-35 kg m(-2)) men or post-menopausal women with untreated borderline hypertension (systolic BP: 130-160 mmHg or diastolic BP: 85-100 mmHg) consumed three doses of resveratrol (resVida™ 30, 90 and 270 mg) and a placebo at weekly intervals in a double-blind, randomized crossover comparison. One hour after consumption of the supplement, plasma resveratrol and FMD were measured. Data were analyzed by linear regression versus log(10) dose of resveratrol. 14 men and 5 women (age 55 ± 2 years, BMI 28.7 ± 0.5 kg m(-2), BP 141 ± 2/89 ± 1 mmHg) completed this study. There was a significant dose effect of resveratrol on plasma resveratrol concentration (P < 0.001) and on FMD (P < 0.01), which increased from 4.1 ± 0.8% (placebo) to 7.7 ± 1.5% after 270 mg resveratrol. FMD was also linearly related to log(10) plasma resveratrol concentration (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Acute resveratrol consumption increased plasma resveratrol concentrations and FMD in a dose-related manner. This effect may contribute to the purported cardiovascular health benefits of grapes and red wine.
- Published
- 2009
24. Health-related quality of life in obese children and adolescents
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Paul N. Grimshaw, Peter R. C. Howe, Margarita D. Tsiros, Tim Olds, Jonathan D. Buckley, Alison M. Coates, Jeff Walkley, Leah Brennan, Andrew P. Hills, Tsiros, MD, Olds, TS, Buckley, JD, Grimshaw, Paul, Brennan, LC, Walkley, J, Hills, AP, Howe, PRC, and Coates, AM
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Gerontology ,Male ,Adolescent ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Health Status ,review ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,CINAHL ,Overweight ,Cochrane Library ,law.invention ,Body Mass Index ,BMI ,Randomized controlled trial ,Quality of life ,law ,Weight loss ,Medicine ,Humans ,overweight ,Obesity ,Child ,youth ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,Patient Acceptance of Health Care ,medicine.disease ,humanities ,HRQOL ,pediatric ,Child, Preschool ,Quality of Life ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Body mass index - Abstract
Objective: This review addresses the effect of overweight and obese weight status on pediatric health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Method: Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, AMED and PubMed were searched for peer-reviewed studies in English reporting HRQOL and weight status in youth (
- Published
- 2009
25. Fasting as an intervention to alter the impact of simulated night-shift work on glucose metabolism in healthy adults: a cluster randomised controlled trial.
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Centofanti S, Heilbronn LK, Wittert G, Dorrian J, Coates AM, Kennaway D, Gupta C, Stepien JM, Catcheside P, Yates C, Grosser L, Matthews RW, and Banks S
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Aims/hypothesis: Night-shift work causes circadian misalignment and impairs glucose metabolism. We hypothesise that food intake during night shifts may contribute to this phenomenon., Methods: This open-label, multi-arm, single-site, parallel-group controlled trial involved a 6 day stay at the University of South Australia's sleep laboratory (Adelaide, SA, Australia). Healthy, non-shift-working adults without obesity (N=55; age 24.5 ± 4.8 years; BMI 24.8 ± 2.8 kg/m
2 ) were assigned to the next available run date and cluster randomised (1:1:1) to fasting-at-night (N=20), snack-at-night (N=17), or meal-at-night (N=18) conditions. One participant withdrew from each group, prior to starting the study. Due to study design, neither participants nor people collecting their measurements could be blinded. Statistical and laboratory staff were concealed to study allocation. Participants were fed at calculated energy balance, with the macronutrient composition of meals being similar across conditions. The primary outcomes were a linear mixed-effects model of glucose, insulin and NEFA AUC in response to a 75 g OGTT that was conducted prior to and after 4 consecutive nights of shift work plus 1 night of recovery sleep. Insulin sensitivity, insulinogenic and disposition indexes were also calculated., Results: Night-shift work impaired insulin sensitivity, as measured by insulin AUC (p=0.035) and the insulin sensitivity index (p=0.016) across all conditions. Insulin secretion, as measured by the insulinogenic index, was increased in the fasting-at-night condition only (p=0.030), resulting in a day×condition interaction in glucose AUC (p<0.001) such that glucose tolerance was impaired in the meal-at night (+2.00 [95% CI 1.45, 2.56], p<0.001) and snack at-night (+0.96 [0.36, 1.56], p=0.022) conditions vs the fasting-at-night (+0.34 [-0.21, 0.89]) condition. A day×condition interaction was also observed in NEFA AUC (p<0.001), being higher in the meal-at-night (+0.07 [0.03, 0.10]. p=0.001) and snack-at-night (0.01 [-0.03, 0.05], p=0.045) conditions vs the fasting-at-night condition (-0.02 [-0.06, 0.01]). No adverse events occurred., Conclusions/interpretation: The timing of food intake has a critical effect on glucose metabolism during simulated night-shift work, which was readily amendable to a meal re-timing intervention., Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12616001556437 FUNDING: This work was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), APP1099077., (© 2024. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2024
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26. Braving the new world.
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Coates AM
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- 2024
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27. Better diet quality is associated with reduced body pain in adults regardless of adiposity: Findings from the Whyalla Intergenerational Study of Health.
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Ward SJ, Coates AM, Baldock KL, Stanford TE, and Hill AM
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- Humans, Female, Male, Adult, Middle Aged, Aged, Diet, Healthy, Hand Strength, Adiposity, Body Mass Index, Diet, Waist Circumference, Pain
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Dietary intake has been associated with pain and physical function, but it is unclear if these relationships are mediated by adiposity. Data were derived from the Whyalla Intergenerational Study of Health (n = 654, 57% women). Structural equation modelling tested the hypotheses that adiposity (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), or body fat (BF, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry)) would mediate the relationship between diet quality (Dietary Guideline Index (DGI) total, core, or non-core scores) and pain (Short Form-36 bodily pain scale (SF36-BPS)), or physical function (grip-strength), overall, and by gender. Adiposity did not mediate a relationship between DGI scores and pain. Direct effects were observed between DGI total scores and SF36-BPS accounting for BMI (β = 0.170, 95% CI 0.002, 0.339), and between DGI core food scores and SF36-BPS (BMI, β = 0.278, 95% CI 0.070, 0.486; WC, β = 0.266, 95% CI 0.058, 0.474; BF, β = 0.266, 95% CI 0.060, 0.473). In women, direct effects existed between DGI scores and SF36-BPS (DGI total scores, BMI, β = 0.388, 95% CI 0.162, 0.613; WC, β = 0.372, 95% CI 0.146, 0.598; BF, β = 0.382, 95% CI 0.158, 0.605, and DGI core scores, BMI, β = 0.482, 95% CI 0.208, 0.757; WC, β = 0.472, 95% CI 0.197, 0.747; BF, β = 0.467, 95% CI 0.195, 0.739), and DGI total scores and grip-strength (BMI, β = 0.075, 95% CI 0.008, 0.142; WC, β = 0.076, 95% CI 0.009, 0.143; BF, β = 0.079, 95% CI 0.011, 0.146). Better diet quality is associated with lower bodily pain, irrespective of adiposity. Findings highlight the potential role of diet quality in pain management and function, particularly in women., Competing Interests: Author declarations The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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28. Blood Flow-Restricted Training and Time Trial Performance: A Cohort Study of World-Class Rowers.
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Thompson KMA, Pethick WA, Clarke J, Winegarden A, Johnson E, Coates AM, Stellingwerff T, and Burr JF
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- Humans, Female, Male, Hemoglobins metabolism, Hemoglobins analysis, Young Adult, Physical Conditioning, Human methods, Physical Conditioning, Human physiology, Regional Blood Flow physiology, Physical Endurance physiology, Adult, Lactic Acid blood, Water Sports physiology, Athletic Performance physiology, Oxygen Consumption physiology
- Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to explore the potential impact of incorporating blood flow restriction (BFR) training within a training block characterized by minimal high-intensity work on 2000-m rowing ergometer time trial (TT) performance in elite/world-class rowers. Physiological markers often associated with endurance performance (maximal aerobic capacity, V̇O 2max ; blood lactate thresholds and hemoglobin mass, Hb mass ) were measured to determine whether changes are related to an improvement in performance., Methods: Using a quasi-experimental, observational study design (no control group), 2000-m TT performance, V̇O 2max , submaximal work rates eliciting blood lactate concentrations of ~2 and ~4 mmol·L -1 , and Hb mass were measured before and after 4 wk of noncompetitive season training, which included BFR rowing. BFR training consisted of 11 sessions of 2 × 10 min of BFR rowing at a workload equating to blood lactate concentrations of ~2 mmol·L -1 . Paired t -tests were used to compare pre-/postvalues, and Pearson correlation was used to examine whether physiological changes were associated with changes to TT performance., Results: TT performance improved in both female (1.09% ± 1.2%, ~4.6 ± 5.2 s; P < 0.01) and male (1.17% ± 0.48%, ~4.5 ± 1.9 s; P < 0.001) athletes. V̇O 2max increased in female rowers only ( P < 0.01), but both sexes had an increase in work rates eliciting blood lactate concentrations of 2 mmol·L -1 (female: 184 ± 16 to 195 ± 15 W, P < 0.01; male: 288 ± 23 to 317 ± 26 W, P = 0.04) and 4 mmol·L -1 (female: 217 ± 13 to 227 ± 14 W, P = 0.02; male: 339 ± 43 to 364 ± 39 W, P < 0.01). No changes in Hb mass (both sexes, P = 0.8) were observed. Improvements in TT performance were not related to physiological changes (all correlations P ≥ 0.2)., Conclusions: After 4 wk of training with BFR, the improvement in TT performance was greater than what is typical for this population. Physiological variables improved during this training block but did not explain improved TT performance., (Copyright © 2024 by the American College of Sports Medicine.)
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- 2024
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29. High-intensity interval versus moderate-intensity continuous cycling training in Parkinson's disease: a randomized trial.
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Kathia MM, Duplea SG, Bommarito JC, Hinks A, Leake E, Shannon J, Pitman J, Khangura PK, Coates AM, Slysz JT, Katerberg C, McCarthy DG, Beedie T, Malcolm R, Witton LA, Connolly BS, Burr JF, Vallis LA, Power GA, and Millar PJ
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- Humans, Female, Male, Aged, Middle Aged, Muscle Strength physiology, Cardiorespiratory Fitness physiology, Quality of Life, Bicycling physiology, Parkinson Disease physiopathology, Parkinson Disease therapy, High-Intensity Interval Training methods, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Exercise Therapy methods
- Abstract
Exercise training is recommended to improve the quality of life in those living with Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the optimal prescription to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and disease-related motor symptoms remains unknown. Twenty-nine participants with PD were randomly allocated to either 10 wk of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) ( n = 15; 6 female) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) ( n = 14; 5 female). The primary outcome was the change in maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o
2peak ). Secondary outcomes included changes in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III motor score, Parkinson's Fatigue Scale (PFS)-16, resting and exercise cardiovascular measures, gait, balance, and knee extensor strength and fatigability. Exercise training increased V̇o2peak (main effect of time, P < 0.01), with a clinically meaningful difference in the change following HIIT versus MICT (Δ3.7 ± 3.7 vs. 1.7 ± 3.2 mL·kg-1 ·min-1 , P = 0.099). The UPDRS motor score improved over time ( P < 0.001) but without any differences between HIIT versus MICT (Δ-9.7 ± 1.3 vs. -8.4 ± 1.4, P = 0.51). Self-reported subjective fatigue (PFS-16) decreased over time ( P < 0.01) but was similar between HIIT and MICT groups ( P = 0.6). Gait, balance, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were unchanged with training (all P > 0.09). Knee extensor strength increased over time ( P = 0.03) but did not differ between HIIT versus MICT (Δ8.2 ± 5.9 vs. 11.7 ± 6.2 Nm, P = 0.69). HIIT alone increased the muscular endurance of the knee extensors during an isotonic fatigue task to failure ( P = 0.04). In participants with PD, HIIT and MICT both increased V̇o2peak and led to improvements in motor symptoms and perceived fatigue; HIIT may offer the potential for larger changes in V̇o2peak and reduced knee extensor fatigability. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The optimal exercise prescription to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and disease-related motor symptoms in adults with Parkinson's disease remains unknown. In a single-center randomized trial consisting of either 10 wk of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), we found that both training modes increased V̇o2peak , with a larger clinically meaningful difference following HIIT. Both exercise modes improved motor symptoms and subjective fatigue, whereas HIIT increased the muscular endurance of the knee extensors.- Published
- 2024
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30. Effects of intensified training with insufficient recovery on joint level and single muscle fibre mechanical function: the role of myofibrillar Ca 2+ sensitivity.
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Roussel OP, Pignanelli C, Hubbard EF, Coates AM, Cheng AJ, Burr JF, and Power GA
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Intense exercise training with insufficient recovery time is associated with reductions in neuromuscular performance. However, it is unclear how single muscle fibre mechanical function and myofibrillar Ca
2+ sensitivity contribute to these impairments. We investigated the effects of overload training on joint-level neuromuscular performance and cellular-level mechanical function. Fourteen athletes (4 female and 10 male) underwent a 3-week intensified training protocol consisting of up to 150% of their regular training hours with three additional high-intensity training sessions per week. Neuromuscular performance of the knee extensors was assessed via maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force, electrically evoked twitch contractions, and a force-frequency relationship. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis to assess single fibre mechanical function. Neither MVC force nor twitch parameters were altered following training (all p > 0.05 ), but a rightward shift in the force-frequency curve was observed with average reduction in force of 6%-27% across frequencies 5-20 Hz (all p < 0.05). In single fibres, maximal force output was not reduced following training, but there was a rightward shift in the force-pCa curve driven by a 6% reduction in Ca2+ sensitivity ( p < 0.05 ). These data indicate intensified training leads to impaired Ca2+ sensitivity at the single fibre level, which in part explains impaired neuromuscular function at the joint level during lower frequencies of activation. This is an important consideration for athletes, as performance is often assessed at maximal levels of activation, and these underlying impairments in force generation may be less obvious., Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.- Published
- 2024
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31. A Characterization of the Cardiac Physiology and Aortic Pulse Wave Properties of Artistic Swimmers Across Competitive Levels.
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Baker RE, Cheung CP, Coates AM, Currie KD, King TJ, Mountjoy ML, and Burr JF
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Purpose: The distinct physical and environmental stressors of artistic swimming (previously termed synchronized swimming) result in unique hemodynamic stimuli. Given that the hemodynamic stress associated with participation in an exercise modality drives adaptation of the heart and central vasculature, artistic swimming may produce a distinct cardiovascular phenotype. Presumably, athletes competing at the highest levels also have greater training exposure and, thus, exhibit more adaptation. The purpose of this study was to characterize cardiovascular form and function across the competitive spectrum of artistic swimmers., Methods: Cardiovascular structure and function were compared in a cross-sectional study of healthy controls, varsity, and elite artistic swimmers, using pulse wave analysis, pulse wave velocity, and echocardiographic images both at rest and during isometric handgrip exercise., Results: Aortic stiffness was similar across all groups, as were characteristics of the decomposed aortic pressure waveform. At rest, both varsity and elite swimmers demonstrated similar systolic function compared to controls. However, peak left ventricular twist was greater in varsity and elites (controls: 8.0 ± 3.9, varsity: 12.8 ± 8.6, elites: 13.4 ± 3.9; both p < 0.02). Furthermore, elites demonstrated greater peak left ventricular radial strain (controls: 29.2 ± 9.9, varsity: 32.5 ± 10.3, elites: 53.9 ± 15.1; both p < 0.001) and longitudinal strain (controls: -16.9 ± 1.6, varsity: -16.5 ± 1.8, elites: -19.5 ± 3.2; both p < 0.04). In contrast to controls, both varsity and elite artistic swimmers demonstrated no change in peak late diastolic transmitral filling velocity (controls: Δ0.2 ± 0.04 m/s, varsity: Δ0.06 ± 0.04 m/s, elites: Δ0.05 ± 0.04 m/s) during isometric handgrip exercise (both p > 0.05), with elites demonstrating lower peak velocity than varsity swimmers, (p = 0.048) indicating preservation of diastolic function., Conclusions: Artistic swimmers demonstrate distinct cardiac physiology at rest and during isometric handgrip, with a greater extent of distinguishing features observed in those competing at the highest level of competition., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Funding Source: The study was funded by a Discovery Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (JFB 03974), the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (JFB 35460), and the Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation, and Science (JFB 460597). Authors who attended the 2019 FINA World Championships received per diem financial support which was for duration of their stay to support costs of living. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 by the American College of Sports Medicine.)
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- 2024
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32. Effects of weight loss through dietary intervention on pain characteristics, functional mobility, and inflammation in adults with elevated adiposity.
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Ward SJ, Coates AM, Carter S, Baldock KL, Berryman C, Stanton TR, Yandell C, Buckley JD, Tan SY, Rogers GB, and Hill AM
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Background: The relationship between adiposity and pain is complex. Excess weight increases the risk for chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP), driven by increased biomechanical load and low-grade systemic inflammation. Pain limits physical function, impacting energy balance contributing to weight gain. The primary aims of this study were to profile pain characteristics in participants with overweight or obesity and determine if weight loss through dietary-induced energy restriction, and presence of CMP, or magnitude of weight loss, was associated with changes in adiposity, pain, functional mobility, and inflammation., Methods: This was a secondary analysis of data from adults (25-65 years) with overweight or obesity (BMI 27.5-34.9 kg/m
2 ) enrolled in a 3-month, 30% energy-restricted dietary intervention to induce weight loss (January 2019-March 2021). Anthropometric measures (weight, waist circumference and fat mass), pain prevalence, pain severity (McGill Pain Questionnaire, MPQ), pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale, VAS), functional mobility (timed up and go, TUG) and inflammation (high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, hsCRP) were assessed at baseline and 3-months., Results: One hundred and ten participants completed the intervention and had weight and pain assessed at both baseline and 3-months. Participants lost 7.0 ± 0.3 kg, representing 7.9% ± 3.7% of body mass. At 3-months, functional mobility improved (TUG -0.2 ± 0.1 s, 95% CI -0.3, -0.1), but there was no change in hsCRP. Compared to baseline, fewer participants reported CMP at 3-months ( n = 56, 51% to n = 27, 25%, p < 0.001) and presence of multisite pain decreased from 22.7% to 10.9% ( p < 0.001). Improvements in anthropometric measures and functional mobility did not differ between those presenting with or without CMP at baseline. Improvements in pain were not related to the magnitude of weight loss., Conclusion: Weight loss was effective in reducing pain prevalence and improving functional mobility, emphasizing the importance of considering weight-loss as a key component of pain management., Clinical Trial Registration: identifier, ACTRN12618001861246., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Ward, Coates, Carter, Baldock, Berryman, Stanton, Yandell, Buckley, Tan, Rogers and Hill.)- Published
- 2024
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33. Construct validity and test-retest reliability of a chrononutrition questionnaire for shift work and non-shift work populations.
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Phoi YY, Bonham MP, Rogers M, Dorrian J, and Coates AM
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- Humans, Female, Male, Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Middle Aged, Work Schedule Tolerance physiology, Time Factors, Young Adult, Circadian Rhythm physiology, Sleep physiology, Feeding Behavior physiology, Shift Work Schedule
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The irregular eating patterns of both shift workers and evening chronotypes adversely affect cardiometabolic health. A tool that conveniently captures temporal patterns of eating alongside an indicator of circadian rhythm such as chronotype will enable researchers to explore relationships with diverse health outcome measures. We aimed to investigate the test-retest reliability and convergent validity of a Chrononutrition Questionnaire (CNQ) that captures temporal patterns of eating and chronotype in the general population (non-shift workers, university students, retirees, unemployed individuals) and shift work population. Participants attended two face-to-face/virtual sessions and completed the CNQ and food/sleep/work diaries. Outcomes included subjective chronotype, wake/sleep/mid-sleep time, sleep duration, meal/snack regularity, meal/snack/total frequency, times of first/last/largest eating occasions (EO), main meal (MM) 1/2/3, and duration of eating window (DEW). 116 participants enrolled (44.5 ± 16.5 years, BMI: 27.3 ± 5.8 kg/m
2 , 73% female, 52% general population); 105 completed the study. Reliability was acceptable for chronotype, sleep, and all temporal eating patterns except on night shifts. Convergent validity was good for chronotype and sleep except for certain shift/shift-free days. Generally, meal/snack regularity and frequency, and times of first/last EO showed good validity for the general population but not shift workers. Validity was good for DEW (except work-free days and afternoon shifts) and times of MM 1/2/3 (except afternoon and night shifts), while time of largest EO had poor validity. The CNQ has good test-retest reliability and acceptable convergent validity for the general and shift work population, although it will benefit from further validation, especially regarding regularity, frequency, and times of first and last eating occasions across more days amongst a larger sample size of shift workers. Use of the CNQ by researchers will expand our current understanding of chrononutrition as relationships between timing of food intake and the multitude of health outcomes are examined.- Published
- 2024
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34. The effects of fasting compared to eating a meal or snack during simulated night shift on changes in metabolism associated with circadian misalignment: a protocol and methods paper.
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Yates CL, Centofanti S, Heilbronn L, Kennaway D, Coates AM, Dorrian J, Wittert G, Gupta CC, Stepien JM, Catcheside P, and Banks S
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Study Objectives: This protocol paper outlines the methods that will be used to examine the impact of altering meal timing on metabolism, cognitive performance, and mood during the simulated night shift., Methods: Participants (male and female) will be recruited according to an a priori selected sample size to complete a 7-day within and between participant's laboratory protocol. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of the three conditions: meal at night or snack at night or no meal at night. This protocol includes an 8-hour nighttime baseline sleep, followed by 4 consecutive nights of simulated nightshift (7 hours day sleep; 10:00-17:00 hours), and an 8-hour nighttime sleep (return to dayshift). During the simulated night shift, meals will be provided at ~06:30, 09:30, 14:10, and 19:00 hours (no eating at night); ~06:30, 19:00, and 00:30 hours (meal at night); or ~06:30, 14:10, 19:00, and 00:30 hours (snack at night). Meal composition will be strictly controlled throughout the study (45%-65% carbohydrates, 15%-25% protein, and 20%-35% fat per day) with daily energy provided to meet individual needs using the Harris-Benedict equation (light/sedentary activity). The primary outcome measures are serum concentrations of blood glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids area under the curve in response to the oral glucose tolerance test. Mixed-effect ANOVAs will be conducted., Conclusions: This protocol paper describes a methodology to describe an innovative approach to reduce the metabolic disease impact associated with shift work., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Sleep Research Society.)
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- 2024
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35. Cannabis containing THC impairs 20-min cycling time trial performance irrespective of the method of inhalation.
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Cheung CP, Baker RE, Coates AM, and Burr JF
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- Female, Humans, Male, Aerosols, Cannabidiol, Cannabinoids, Cross-Over Studies, Bicycling, Cannabis chemistry, Dronabinol analysis
- Abstract
Herein, we examine the human exercise response following cannabis inhalation, taking into consideration varied cannabinoid concentrations and different inhalation methods. A semirandomized crossover study design was used, with measures of perceived exertion and physiological responses to submaximal and maximal exercise. Participants ( n = 14, 9 males 5 females) completed exercise after 1 ) smoking Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-predominant cannabis (S-THC), 2 ) inhaling aerosol (vaporizing) from THC-predominant cannabis (V-THC), 3 ) inhaling aerosol from cannabidiol (CBD)-predominant cannabis (V-CBD), or 4 ) under control conditions. All exercise was performed on a cycle ergometer, with submaximal testing performed at 100 W followed by an evaluation of maximal exercise performance using an all-out 20-min time trial. Metabolism was characterized via the analysis of expired gases while subjective ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were reported. During submaximal cycling, heart rate was higher during S-THC and V-THC compared with both control and V-CBD (all P < 0.02). During maximal exercise, V̇e was lower in V-THC compared with control, S-THC, and V-CBD (all P < 0.03), as was S-THC compared with control ( P < 0.05). Both V̇o
2 and RPE were similar between conditions during maximal exercise (both P > 0.1). Mean power output during the 20-min time trial was significantly lower in the S-THC and V-THC conditions compared with both control and V-CBD (all P < 0.04). Cannabis containing THC alters the physiological response to maximal and submaximal exercise, largely independent of the inhalation method. THC-containing cannabis negatively impacts vigorous exercise performance during a sustained 20-min effort, likely due to physiological and psychotropic effects. Inhalation of cannabis devoid of THC and primarily containing CBD has little physiological effect on the exercise response or performance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Inhalation of cannabis containing THC alters physiological responses to both submaximal and maximal exercise and reduces mean power output during a 20-min time trial, regardless of whether it is inhaled as smoke or aerosol. In contrast, cannabis devoid of THC and predominantly containing CBD has no effect on physiological responses to exercise or performance.- Published
- 2024
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36. Effects of energy-restricted diets with or without nuts on weight, body composition and glycaemic control in adults: a scoping review.
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Mead LC, Hill AM, Carter S, and Coates AM
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Energy-restricted (ER) diets promote weight loss and improve body composition and glycaemic control. Nut consumption also improves these parameters. However, less is known about the combined benefit of these two strategies. This scoping review implemented a systematic search of Medline, Embase and Scopus to identify randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of ER diets with or without nuts on body mass, body composition and glycaemic control in adults. After reviewing titles and abstracts, twenty-nine full-text articles were screened, resulting in seven studies reported in eight papers that met the inclusion criteria. Energy restriction was achieved by prescribing a set energy target or reducing intake by 1000-4200 kJ from daily energy requirements. Interventions ranged from 4 to 52 weeks in duration and contained 42-84 g/d of almonds, peanuts, pistachios or walnuts. While all studies reported that energy restriction resulted in significant weight loss, the addition of nuts to ER diets demonstrated significantly greater weight loss in only approximately half of the included studies (4/7 studies). There was limited evidence to support additional benefits from nuts for body composition measures or glycaemic control. Although improvements in weight loss and glycaemia were not consistent when nuts were included in ER diets, no study revealed an adverse effect of nut consumption on health outcomes. Future studies could explore the effect of consuming different types and amounts of nuts, combined with various levels of energy restriction on weight, body composition and glycaemic control.
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- 2024
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37. Impact of Blood Flow Restriction Exercise on Central Hemodynamics and Fluid Regulating Hormones.
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Thompson KMA, Gamble ASD, Coates AM, and Burr JF
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- Humans, Exercise physiology, Hemodynamics physiology, Blood Pressure physiology, Hormones, Regional Blood Flow physiology, Muscle, Skeletal physiology, Blood Flow Restriction Therapy, Resistance Training methods
- Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to characterize both the efficacy of altered restriction pressures and consequences of optimized blood flow restriction (BFR) for altering the cardiovascular and fluid regulating response in humans., Methods: This work comprised a series of related trials. Phase 1: during semi-recumbent cycling (5 min, 60 W) with BFR at 0%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of participants' lowest arterial occlusion pressure (LOP) echocardiographic images were collected alongside continuous heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). In phase 2, 24 h fluid balance (intake-output) and fluid-regulating hormone responses were measured after a practical BFR exercise session (treadmill walking: 5·3 min, 1 min rest, 5 km·h -1 , 5% incline, 100% LOP). Phase 3 examined the magnitude and effect of blood volume distribution following BFR treadmill walking using a modified CO-rebreathe technique., Results: Cardiac ejection fraction remained stable irrespective of cuff pressure and despite a reduction in end-diastolic volume (Δ of 11 ± 9 mL, P = 0.02). HR and BP were highest at 100% LOP (ΔHR = 18 ± 19 bpm, ΔSBP = 51 ± 30 mm Hg, ΔDBP = 33 ± 15 mm Hg, ΔRate Pressure Product = 76 ± 32 bpm·mm Hg·100 -1 ). BFR treadmill walking stimulated a greater release of fluid-regulating hormones than normal walking (Δrenin = BFR: 25.3 ± 24.2 vs CON: 9.1 ± 11.8 ng·L -1 ; Δcopeptin = BFR: 50.1 ± 97.9 vs. CON: 0.43 ± 0.8 pmol·L -1 ), but no difference in fluid retention was observed ( P = 0.2). Approximately 27% of total blood volume was confined to the legs during BFR, but the relative volume trapped in the legs was not related to fluid-regulating hormone release (renin r = -0.04, P = 0.9; copeptin r = 0.27, P = 0.3)., Conclusions: BFR exercise elicits the largest cardiovascular effect using 100% LOP, with evidence of appreciable fluid regulating hormonal response during a typical BFR exercise session. The relative volume of blood sequestered in the limb does not appear to drive this response., (Copyright © 2023 by the American College of Sports Medicine.)
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- 2024
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38. Study protocol for a 15-week randomised controlled trial assessing the independent effects of high-cholesterol and high-saturated fat diets on LDL cholesterol.
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Carter S, Hill AM, Yandell C, Buckley JD, and Coates AM
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- Adult, Humans, Cholesterol, Cholesterol, LDL, Diet, High-Fat adverse effects, Dietary Fats adverse effects, Fatty Acids adverse effects, Lipids, Lipoproteins, Lutein, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Triglycerides, Zeaxanthins, Adolescent, Young Adult, Middle Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases etiology, Cardiovascular Diseases prevention & control, Hypercholesterolemia
- Abstract
Introduction: Previous research has associated high dietary cholesterol intake with raised low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and thus increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Emerging research suggests that it is saturated fat, not dietary cholesterol, associated with increased CVD risk. Despite being high in cholesterol, eggs, low in saturated fat, are not adversely associated with blood lipids or CVD risk. This paper describes a randomised controlled counter-balanced, cross-over trial assessing the effects of a high-cholesterol/low-saturated fat (egg) diet and a low-cholesterol/high-saturated fat diet (egg free) on blood lipids and lipoproteins, while accounting for physical activity levels which can also influence these parameters. The primary aim is to demonstrate that high cholesterol intake (from eggs) within a healthy, low-saturated fat diet does not adversely affect blood lipid levels and lipoprotein profiles. Instead, we propose that adverse effects on these parameters are mediated by saturated fat intake. The secondary aim is to explore relationships between changes in blood lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations and alterations in physical activity, examining whether changes in physical activity mediate effects on blood lipids and lipoproteins., Methods and Analysis: Fifty-two adults aged 18-60 years with LDL-C less than 3.5 mmol/L will be randomly allocated to three isocaloric diets for 5 weeks each: a high-cholesterol (600 mg)/low-saturated fat (6%) (egg) diet, a low-cholesterol (300 mg)/high-saturated fat (12%) (egg free) diet and a control diet that is high in both cholesterol (600 mg) and saturated fat (12%). Lipid and lipoprotein levels, lipoprotein size and concentrations, blood pressure, blood glucose, physical activity levels, and plasma lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations will be measured. Treatment effects will be analysed using linear mixed effects models., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethics approval was obtained from the University of South Australia Human Research Ethics Committee no. 204 327. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and national and international presentations., Trial Registration Number: NCT05267522., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
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- 2024
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39. Characterising concurrent pain experience and dietary patterns in people with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a feasibility study protocol.
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Ward SJ, Coates AM, Baldock KL, Berryman C, and Hill AM
- Abstract
Introduction: Nutrition-related factors linked to pain chronicity and disability include weight status and dietary behaviours. Dietary patterns associated with concurrent pain episodes, however, remain poorly characterised. This paper outlines the protocol for a feasibility study that aims to characterise pain-related dietary and lifestyle behaviours in people experiencing chronic musculoskeletal pain., Methods: The study will recruit participants who experience musculoskeletal pain on 5 or more days of the week for at least 3 months. Participants will attend two in-person clinic visits where physical measurements and a series of pain and lifestyle questionnaires will be completed. Visits will be conducted pre and post a 2-week self-monitoring period where participants will self-report concurrent diet, sleep, mood, and pain on four days and will wear a wrist-worn activity monitor (GENEActiv). Key feasibility metrics will evaluate participant recruitment, enrolment and retention rates, and compliance with the study data collection protocol., Discussion: There remains a lack of evidence behind dietary advice as an adjunct pain management tool. Upon completion of the protocol, feasibility outcomes will identify challenges to guide the design and delivery of a dietary intervention for chronic musculoskeletal pain., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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40. Altered carbohydrate oxidation during exercise in overreached endurance athletes is applicable to training monitoring with continuous glucose monitors.
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Coates AM, Thompson KMA, Grigore MM, Baker RE, Pignanelli C, Robertson AA, Frangos SM, Cheung CP, and Burr JF
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- Humans, Blood Glucose, Glucose, Athletes, Physical Endurance, Exercise
- Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate whether carbohydrate utilization is altered during exercise in overreached endurance athletes and examine the utility of continuous glucose monitors (CGM) to detect overreaching status., Methods: Eleven endurance athletes (M:8, F:3) completed a 5-week training block consisting of 1 week of reduced training (PRE), 3 weeks of high-intensity overload training (POST), and 1 week of recovery training (REC). Participants completed a Lamberts and Lambert Submaximal Cycling Test (LSCT) and 5 km time-trial at PRE, POST, and REC time points, 15 min following the ingestion of a 50 g glucose beverage with glucose recorded each minute via CGM., Results: Performance in the 5 km time-trial was reduced at POST (∆-7 ± 10 W, p = 0.04, η p 2 = 0.35) and improved at REC (∆12 ± 9 W from PRE, p = 0.01, η p 2 = 0.66), with reductions in peak lactate (∆-3.0 ± 2.0 mmol/L, p = 0.001, η p 2 = 0.71), peak HR (∆-6 ± 3 bpm, p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.86), and Hooper-Mackinnon well-being scores (∆10 ± 5 a.u., p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.79), indicating athletes were functionally overreached. The respiratory exchange ratio was suppressed at POST relative to REC during the 60% (POST: 0.80 ± 0.05, REC: 0.87 ± 0.05, p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.74), and 80% (POST: 0.93 ± 0.05, REC: 1.00 ± 0.05, p = 0.003, η p 2 = 0.68) of HR-matched submaximal stages of the LSCT. CGM glucose was reduced during HR-matched submaximal exercise in the LSCT at POST (p = 0.047, η p 2 = 0.36), but not the 5 km time-trial (p = 0.07, η p 2 = 0.28) in overreached athletes., Conclusion: This preliminary investigation demonstrates a reduction in CGM-derived glucose and carbohydrate oxidation during submaximal exercise in overreached athletes. The use of CGM during submaximal exercise following standardized nutrition could be employed as a monitoring tool to detect overreaching in endurance athletes., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2024
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41. The Effect of Commencing Rotating Shift Work on Diet and Body Composition Changes in Graduate Paramedics: A Longitudinal Mixed Methods Study.
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Clark AB, Coates AM, Choi T, Meadley B, Bowles KA, and Bonham MP
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Australia, Body Mass Index, Interviews as Topic, Longitudinal Studies, Body Composition, Diet psychology, Feeding Behavior psychology, Paramedics, Shift Work Schedule
- Abstract
Objectives: Diet quality often changes as shift workers adjust to atypical work schedules, however, limited research exists examining the early effects of starting rotating shift work on diet and body composition. This study explored dietary behavior changes occurring in graduate paramedics during the first year of exposure to rotating shift work, and investigated dietary intake, diet quality and anthropometric changes over two years. Methods: Participants from a graduate paramedic cohort in Melbourne, Australia were approached after two years of shift work for study inclusion. Using a mixed method study approach, the qualitative component comprised individual in-depth interviews to explore perceived dietary behavior changes experienced over the first year of shift work. Interview transcripts were thematically analyzed and guided by the COM-B model (capability, opportunity, motivation, and behavior) and theoretical domains framework (TDF). Diet quality and dietary intake were quantitatively assessed by the Australian Eating Survey
TM at baseline, one year, and two years, along with body weight, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) to monitor changes. Results: Eighteen participants were included in the study. From the interviews, participants reported: 1. food choices are driven by wanting to fit in with coworker food habits, 2. food choices and mealtimes are unpredictable and 3. paramedics try to make healthy food choices but give in to less healthy options. While daily energy intake and diet quality scores did not differ in the first two years of shift work, daily energy from takeaway foods significantly increased (mean difference (MD): 2.96% EI; 95% CI: 0.44 - 5.48; p = 0.017) and increases in weight (MD: 2.96 kg; 95% CI: 0.89-5.04; p = 0.003), BMI (MD: 1.07 kg/m2 ; 95% CI: 0.26 - 1.87; p = 0.006) and waist circumference (MD: 5.07 cm; 95% CI: 1.25-8.89; p = 0.006) were also evident at two years. Conclusions: This study contributes new information on dietary changes and the current early trajectory of unintentional weight gain and takeaway reliance occurring within a graduate paramedic cohort over two years of shift work. To reduce the unintended metabolic consequences commonly observed with rotating shift schedules, workplaces could improve access to healthier food options and enable behavioral support/education to address nutrition-related health risks.- Published
- 2024
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42. A Perspective on High-Intensity Interval Training for Performance and Health.
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Coates AM, Joyner MJ, Little JP, Jones AM, and Gibala MJ
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- Humans, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Exercise physiology, Lactic Acid, High-Intensity Interval Training methods, Athletic Performance physiology
- Abstract
Interval training is a simple concept that refers to repeated bouts of relatively hard work interspersed with recovery periods of easier work or rest. The method has been used by high-level athletes for over a century to improve performance in endurance-type sports and events such as middle- and long-distance running. The concept of interval training to improve health, including in a rehabilitative context or when practiced by individuals who are relatively inactive or deconditioned, has also been advanced for decades. An important issue that affects the interpretation and application of interval training is the lack of standardized terminology. This particularly relates to the classification of intensity. There is no common definition of the term "high-intensity interval training" (HIIT) despite its widespread use. We contend that in a performance context, HIIT can be characterized as intermittent exercise bouts performed above the heavy-intensity domain. This categorization of HIIT is primarily encompassed by the severe-intensity domain. It is demarcated by indicators that principally include the critical power or critical speed, or other indices, including the second lactate threshold, maximal lactate steady state, or lactate turnpoint. In a health context, we contend that HIIT can be characterized as intermittent exercise bouts performed above moderate intensity. This categorization of HIIT is primarily encompassed by the classification of vigorous intensity. It is demarcated by various indicators related to perceived exertion, oxygen uptake, or heart rate as defined in authoritative public health and exercise prescription guidelines. A particularly intense variant of HIIT commonly termed "sprint interval training" can be distinguished as repeated bouts performed with near-maximal to "all out" effort. This characterization coincides with the highest intensity classification identified in training zone models or exercise prescription guidelines, including the extreme-intensity domain, anaerobic speed reserve, or near-maximal to maximal intensity classification. HIIT is considered an essential training component for the enhancement of athletic performance, but the optimal intensity distribution and specific HIIT prescription for endurance athletes is unclear. HIIT is also a viable method to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and other health-related indices in people who are insufficiently active, including those with cardiometabolic diseases. Research is needed to clarify responses to different HIIT strategies using robust study designs that employ best practices. We offer a perspective on the topic of HIIT for performance and health, including a conceptual framework that builds on the work of others and outlines how the method can be defined and operationalized within each context., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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43. Almonds vs. carbohydrate snacks in an energy-restricted diet: Weight and cardiometabolic outcomes from a randomized trial.
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Carter S, Hill AM, Mead LC, Wong HY, Yandell C, Buckley JD, Tan SY, Rogers GB, Fraysse F, and Coates AM
- Subjects
- Humans, Adult, Middle Aged, Aged, Snacks, Glucose, Lipoproteins, LDL, Prunus dulcis, Cardiovascular Diseases prevention & control
- Abstract
Objective: This study evaluated weight and cardiometabolic outcomes after a 3-month energy-restricted diet (-30%) containing almonds (almond-enriched diet [AED]) or containing carbohydrate-rich snacks (nut-free control diet [NFD]) (Phase 1), followed by 6 months of weight maintenance (Phase 2)., Methods: Participants (25-65 years old) with overweight or obesity (BMI 27.5-34.9 kg/m
2 ) were randomly allocated to AED (n = 68) or NFD (n = 72)., Results: Both groups lost weight during Phase 1 (p < 0.001) (mean [SE], -7.0 [0.5] kg AED vs. -7.0 [0.5] kg NFD, p = 0.858) and Phase 2 (p = 0.009) (-1.1 [0.5] kg AED vs. -1.3 [0.6] NFD, p = 0.756), with improvements in percentage lean mass after Phase 2 (4.8% [0.3%], p < 0.001). Reductions occurred in fasting glucose (-0.2 [0.07] mmol/L, p = 0.003), insulin (-8.1 [4.0] pmol/L, p = 0.036), blood pressure (-4.9 [0.8] mm Hg systolic, -5.0 [0.5] mm Hg diastolic, p < 0.001), total cholesterol (-0.3 [0.1] mmol/L), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (-0.2 [0.1] mmol/L), very low-density lipoprotein (-0.1 [0.03] mmol/L), and triglycerides (-0.3 [0.06] mmol/L) (all p < 0.001), and high-density lipoprotein increased (0.1 [0.02] mmol/L, p = 0.011) by the end of Phase 2 in both groups. There were group by time interactions for lipoprotein particle concentrations: very small triglyceride-rich (-31.0 [7.7] nmol/L AED vs. -4.8 [7.9] nmol/L NFD, p = 0.007), small LDL (-109.3 [40.5] nmol/L AED vs. -20.7 [41.6] nmol/L NFD, p = 0.017), and medium LDL (-24.4 [43.4] nmol/L AED vs. -130.5 [44.4] nmol/L NFD, p = 0.045)., Conclusions: An energy-restricted AED resulted in weight loss and weight loss maintenance comparable to an energy-restricted NFD, and both diets supported cardiometabolic health. The AED resulted in greater improvements in some lipoprotein subfractions, which may enhance reductions in cardiovascular risk., (© 2023 The Authors. Obesity published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Obesity Society.)- Published
- 2023
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44. Investigating sensor location on the effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring during exercise in a non-diabetic population.
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Coates AM, Cohen JN, and Burr JF
- Subjects
- Humans, Glucose, Exercise physiology, Muscle, Skeletal, Blood Glucose, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring
- Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate whether continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors worn on the active muscle may provide enhanced insight into glucose control in non-diabetic participants during cycling exercise compared to traditional sensor placement on the arm. Data from 9 healthy participants (F:3) was recorded using CGM sensors on the arm ( triceps brachii ) and leg ( vastus medialis ) following 100 g glucose ingestion during 30 min experimental visits of: resting control, graded cycling, electrically stimulated quadriceps contractions, and passive whole-body heating. Finger capillary glucose was used to assess sensor accuracy. Under control conditions, the traditional arm sensor better reflected capillary glucose, with a mean absolute relative difference (MARD) of 12.4 ± 9.3% versus 18.3 ± 11.4% in the leg ( P = 0.02). For the intended use during exercise, the sensor-site difference was attenuated, with similar MARDs during cycling (arm:15.5 ± 12% versus leg:16.7 ± 10.8%, P = 0.96) and quadriceps stimulation (arm:15.5 ± 14.8% versus leg:13.9 ± 9.5%, P = 0.9). At rest, glucose at the leg was consistently lower than the arm ( P = 0.01); whereas, during graded cycling, the leg-glucose was lower only after maximal intensity exercise ( P = 0.02). There was no difference between sensors during quadriceps stimulation ( P = 0.8). Passive heating caused leg-skin temperature to increase by 3.1 ± 1.8°C versus 1.1 ± 0.72°C at the arm ( P = 0.002), elevating MARD in the leg (23.5 ± 16.2%) and lowering glucose in the leg ( P < 0.001). At rest, traditional placement of CGM sensors on the arm may best reflect blood glucose; however, during cycling, placement on the leg may offer greater insight to working muscle glucose concentrations, and this is likely due to greater blood-flow rather than muscle contractions. Highlights Wearing a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor on the arm may better reflect capillary glucose concentrations compared to wearing a sensor on the inner thigh at rest .With passive or active leg-muscle contractions, site-specific differences compared to capillary samples are attenuated; therefore, wearing a CGM sensor on the active-muscle during exercise may provide greater information to non-diabetic athletes regarding glucose flux at the active muscle.Discrepancies in CGM sensors worn at different sites likely primarily reflects differences in blood flow, as passive skin heating caused the largest magnitude difference between arm and leg sensor readings compared to the other experimental conditions (control, electric muscle stimulation, and cycling exercise).
- Published
- 2023
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45. Eggs and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: An Update of Recent Evidence.
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Carter S, Connole ES, Hill AM, Buckley JD, and Coates AM
- Subjects
- Humans, Risk Factors, Diet, Cardiovascular Diseases etiology
- Abstract
Purpose of Review: This review summarizes recent evidence published since a previous review in 2018 on the association between egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, CVD incidence, and CVD risk factors., Recent Findings: No recent randomized controlled trials were identified. Evidence from observational studies is mixed, with studies reporting either an increased risk or no association of highest egg consumption with CVD mortality, and a similar spread of increased risk, decreased risk, or no association between egg intake and total CVD incidence. Most studies reported a reduced risk or no association between egg consumption and CVD risk factors. Included studies reported low and high egg intake as between 0 and 1.9 eggs/week and 2 and ≥14 eggs/week, respectively. Ethnicity may influence the risk of CVD with egg consumption, likely due to differences in how eggs are consumed in the diet rather than eggs themselves. Recent findings are inconsistent regarding the possible relationship between egg consumption and CVD mortality and morbidity. Dietary guidance should focus on improving the overall quality of the diet to promote cardiovascular health., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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46. A scoping review of chronotype and temporal patterns of eating of adults: Tools used, findings, and future directions - CORRIGENDUM.
- Author
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Phoi YY, Rogers M, Bonham MP, Dorrian J, and Coates AM
- Published
- 2023
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47. Acute feeding with almonds compared to a carbohydrate-based snack improves appetite-regulating hormones with no effect on self-reported appetite sensations: a randomised controlled trial.
- Author
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Carter S, Hill AM, Buckley JD, Tan SY, Rogers GB, and Coates AM
- Subjects
- Adult, Humans, Snacks, Self Report, Insulin, Satiation physiology, Ghrelin, Obesity, Energy Intake, Sensation, Carbohydrates, Postprandial Period, Appetite physiology, Prunus dulcis
- Abstract
Purpose: Early satiety has been identified as one of the mechanisms that may explain the beneficial effects of nuts for reducing obesity. This study compared postprandial changes in appetite-regulating hormones and self-reported appetite ratings after consuming almonds (AL, 15% of energy requirement) or an isocaloric carbohydrate-rich snack bar (SB)., Methods: This is a sub-analysis of baseline assessments of a larger parallel-arm randomised controlled trial in overweight and obese (Body Mass Index 27.5-34.9 kg/m
2 ) adults (25-65 years). After an overnight fast, 140 participants consumed a randomly allocated snack (AL [n = 68] or SB [n = 72]). Appetite-regulating hormones and self-reported appetite sensations, measured using visual analogue scales, were assessed immediately before snack food consumption, and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min following snack consumption. A sub-set of participants (AL, n = 49; SB, n = 48) then consumed a meal challenge buffet ad libitum to assess subsequent energy intake. An additional appetite rating assessment was administered post buffet at 150 min., Results: Postprandial C-peptide area under the curve (AUC) response was 47% smaller with AL compared to SB (p < 0.001). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide AUC responses were larger with AL compared to SB (18%, p = 0.005; 39% p < 0.001; 45% p < 0.001 respectively). Cholecystokinin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, leptin and polypeptide YY AUCs were not different between groups. Self-reported appetite ratings and energy intake following the buffet did not differ between groups., Conclusion: More favourable appetite-regulating hormone responses to AL did not translate into better self-reported appetite or reduced short-term energy consumption. Future studies should investigate implications for longer term appetite regulation., Anzctr Reference Number: ACTRN12618001861246 2018., (© 2022. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2023
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48. Dietary Patterns under the Influence of Rotational Shift Work Schedules: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Author
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Clark AB, Coates AM, Davidson ZE, and Bonham MP
- Subjects
- Humans, Circadian Rhythm, Diet, Energy Intake, Feeding Behavior, Sleep, Shift Work Schedule
- Abstract
Workers employed in rotating shift schedules are at a higher metabolic risk compared with those in regular day and fixed shift schedules; however, the contribution of diet is unclear. This systematic review aimed to investigate how rotating shift work schedules affect dietary energy intake and dietary patterns compared with regular day and fixed shift schedules. In addition, intraperson energy intake and dietary pattern comparisons within rotating shift schedules were investigated. Database searches were conducted on MEDLINE, Cochrane, CINAHL, PSYCinfo, EMBASE, and Scopus, in addition to manual search of bibliographic references, to identify articles. Two separate meta-analyses compared dietary intake between day work and rotating shift work schedules and within the rotational shift work group (morning/day and night shifts). Differences in dietary patterns were synthesized narratively. Thirty-one studies (n = 18,196 participants) were included in the review, and meta-analyses were conducted with 24-hour mean energy intake data from 18 (n = 16,633 participants) and 7 (n = 327 participants) studies, respectively. The average 24-hour energy intake of rotating shift workers was significantly higher than that of workers in regular daytime schedules [weighted mean difference (WMD): 264 kJ; 95% confidence interval (CI): 70, 458 kJ; P < 0.008; I
2 = 63%]. However, the mean difference in 24-hour energy intake between morning/day shifts compared with night shifts within rotational shift schedules was not statistically significant (WMD: 101 kJ; 95% CI: -651, 852 kJ; P = 0.79; I2 = 77%). Dietary patterns of rotating shift workers were different from those of day workers, showing irregular and more frequent meals, increased snacking/eating at night, consumption of fewer core foods, and more discretionary foods. This review highlights that dietary intake in rotational shift workers is potentially higher in calories and features different eating patterns as a consequence of rotating shift work schedules. This review was registered at PROSPERO as ID 182507., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2023
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49. "Mars Bar and a Tin of Red Bull Kept Me and My Patients Alive": Exploring Barriers to Healthy Eating through Facebook Comments of Shiftworkers.
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McIntosh E, Ferguson SA, Dorrian J, Coates AM, Leung G, and Gupta CC
- Subjects
- Humans, Diet, Healthy, Feeding Behavior, Work Schedule Tolerance, Social Media
- Abstract
The negative impact of an unhealthy diet on the shiftworker population has been well-documented. However, little evidence exists on the underlying reasons for unhealthy eating behaviours and the existing barriers to healthy eating withinshiftwork environments. This qualitative study investigated the dietary behaviours reported by shiftworkers through Facebook comments. Comments were collected if they were on public shiftworker-relevant posts pertaining to dietary news or dietary information on Facebook and were posted by self-identified shiftworkers, relatives of shiftworkers, or partners of shiftworkers. A thematic analysis of the 144 comments collected generated four categories that can be used to understand the motivations for eating behaviour on-shift: what shiftworkers eat, where food is sourced from, when food is eaten, and why certain foods are chosen. Results reveal motivations, attitudes, and both internal and external barriers to healthy eating behaviours, as well as similarities and differences across shiftwork industries. Recommendations for future research include further explorations on the link between scheduled eating (e.g., time-restricted eating) and shiftwork, the impact of a rotating shift arrangements on dietary health behaviours, and the impact of interpersonal relationships on shiftworker dietary choices. Understanding these motivations will inform strategies to promote healthy eating and help understand barriers for shiftworkers.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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50. Investigating the roles of exercise intensity and biological sex on postexercise alterations in cardiac function.
- Author
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Coates AM, Millar PJ, and Burr JF
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, Female, Stroke Volume physiology, Exercise physiology, Fatigue, Ventricular Function, Left physiology, Echocardiography
- Abstract
The term exercise-induced cardiac fatigue (EICF) has typically been used to describe a transient reduction in cardiac function following prolonged-strenuous exercise. Recent evidence demonstrates that EICF can occur following only 45 min of high-intensity exercise when assessed using exercising stress echocardiography. This investigation sought to examine whether sprint intervals (SIT; 6 × 30 s Wingate tests), or 90-min moderate-cycling with sprint intervals (MIX; 90 min with 1 × 30 s Wingate test every 15 min) would cause greater EICF than 90 min (CON) or 3 h (LONG) moderate-cycling assessed using stress echocardiography, with a secondary aim to interrogate sex differences in EICF. Seventeen participants (M: 9, F: 8) underwent three cycling sessions with stress-echocardiography performed before-and-after each condition at a target heart rate (HR) of 100 beats·min
-1 , with the CON testing occurring at the mid-point of the 3 h LONG condition. For all conditions, measures of left ventricular (LV) systolic [stroke volume, ejection fraction (EF), peak longitudinal strain, isovolumetric contraction time, S ') and diastolic ( E / A , E ', isovolumetric relaxation time, longitudinal strain rate) function were reduced after exercise (all P < 0.05). In the right ventricle (RV), systolic function was reduced (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, S ', peak longitudinal strain and strain rate) following all conditions, and fractional area change was reduced to the greatest degree following SIT (condition × time, P = 0.01). Females demonstrated lesser impairments in LV EF, and elastance (ESP/ESV) compared with males ( P < 0.05). Markers of EICF occurred similarly following all cycling loads, suggesting the functional changes may be due to altered loading conditions and reduced stress-echocardiography workload. However, males experienced greater cardiac alterations in some measures, likely due to greater changes in postexercise loading conditions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This investigation sought to determine the role of exercise intensity on the magnitude of exercise-induced cardiac fatigue using stress echocardiography to maintain loading conditions, with a secondary purpose of assessing sex differences. Unexpectedly, it was found that all cycling loads elicited the same magnitude of functional alteration, which likely represents a common response to exercise and stress echocardiography, rather than intrinsic cardiac impairment. Males demonstrated greater alterations than females, likely due to sex differences in postexercise hemodynamics.- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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