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In this study, the influence of primer contamination on enamel bonding was analyzed. Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SMP), CLEARFIL SE Bond 2 (SE2), Scotchbond Universal (SBU) Adhesive, and Scotchbond Etchant (35% phosphoric acid; PA) were used. Ground bovine enamels were divided into eight groups based on the bonding protocols. The bonding interfaces after an acid-base challenge were observed via scanning electron microscopy to determine the acid-base resistant zone (ABRZ). Moreover, the bonding interfaces after the nanoleakage challenge were analyzed via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. ABRZ was observed in all the samples except PA_ONLY (applied PA etching, No primer and No adhesive resin). The funnel-shaped erosion was detected only in X_SBU (applied SBU without PA etching). The nanoleakage test revealed silver patterns in some groups. The nanoleakage, i.e., the penetration of the silver ions, was detected in the groups wherein primer was applied on PA-pre-etched enamel.

This prospective, randomized, split-mouth clinical trial assessed the 3-year clinical performance of a highly filled flowable composite and a conventional paste-type composite in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs). A total of 84 NCCLs in 27 subjects were included in this split-mouth design study and randomly divided into two groups: a highly filled flowable composite Clearfil Majesty ES Flow group (ES, n = 42) and a conventional paste-type composite Majesty group (MJ, n = 42). Clearfil SE Bond was used following the manufacturer’s instructions. The restorations were evaluated at baseline (BL) and 1, 2, and 3 years using FDI (World Dental Federation) criteria. Data were analysed by a paired chi-squared test for intergroup comparisons and the Friedman test for intragroup comparisons (α = 0.05). Both groups had a 97.3% retention rate at the 3-year evaluation. The acceptable scores (FDI scores 1–3) for each criterion exhibited no significant difference between the MJ and ES groups at any time point (p = 1.00). The marginal adaptation performance of ES was significantly better than that of MJ at every evaluation point (p < 0.05). The 3-year clinical performance of ES in NCCLs was similar to that of MJ. When the restorations were clinically acceptable, ES showed better marginal adaptation than MJ. Compared with conventional paste-type composites, highly filled flowable composites showed similar clinical performance and better marginal adaptation for restoring NCCLs after 3 years. TRN: ChiCTR1900028484 . Date of registration: December 22, 2019, retrospectively registered.

Background/purpose: Despite the clinical appeal of restoring deep class II cavities in single increment using bulk-fill resin composite, sealing of bulk-filled composite restorations is a concern. This study evaluated interfacial adaptation of bulk-fill composite restoration to axial wall and gingival floor of class II cavities using cross-polarization optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT). Materials and methods: Box-shaped class II cavities were prepared in extracted molars and divided into three groups (n = 7) according to adhesive used; Clearfil SE Bond 2 (SE2), Tetric-N Bond Self-Etch (TSE) or Tetric-N Bond Universal (TNU). All adhesives were applied in self-etch mode and according to manufacturers' recommendation. Then, preparations were bulk-filled with Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior Restorative resin composite and immersed in a contrast agent. Tomographic images of axial wall and gingival floor of each restoration were obtained by CP-OCT (IVS-300, Santec) with a central wavelength of 1330 nm and were imported to an image analysis software to quantify microleakage. Results: Mann–Whitney U test showed statistically significant difference in microleakage percentage between the groups at both axial wall and gingival floor (p

Background This study aimed to evaluate the effect of double application of universal adhesives on bond strength to dentine after ionizing radiation. Methods One hundred and forty caries-free human third molars were used. Half of the teeth were irradiated (IR) (70.2 Gy). The IR and non-IR teeth were assigned into seven groups (n = 10). Universal adhesives Single Bond Universal (3M Oral Care), Gluma Bond Universal (Heraeus Kulzer) and Prime&Bond Elect (Dentsply) were employed (following manufacturer's instructions and double application). Two-step self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray Noritake) was used as control. After composite build-ups were bonded to mid-coronal occlusal dentine surfaces, the specimens were stored in water (37 degrees C/24 h) and sectioned into microspecimens. The specimens were subjected to mu TBS testing (1.0 mm/min). Failure analysis was performed using stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy. Data were analysed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (P = 0.05). Results The radiotherapy caused reduction in the bond strength of universal adhesives when the adhesives were used with single application after radiotherapy (P < 0.05). The double application resulted in increased bond strength of the universal adhesives to IR dentine (P < 0.05). Conclusions The double application was beneficial in improving the dentine bond strength of universal adhesives affected by radiotherapy after ionizing radiation.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of flowable composite lining and dentin location on internal dentin fracture formation in the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) test using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). MTBS test beams (1.0×1.0 mm) were prepared from human superficial and deep dentin, which was bonded with a self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond) and hybrid composite resin (Clearfil AP-X), with or without flowable lining (Clearfil Majesty ES-Flow). We tested 4 groups according to placement technique (with vs. without flowable liner) and dentin (superficial vs. deep) locations. Cross-sectional 2D images of the bonded interface were obtained before and after the MTBS test. Internal dentin fracture after MTBT was observed as a bright zone in SS-OCT. Flowable lining significantly reduced internal fracture formation in dentin (p

ERTURK AVUNDUK, AYSE TUGBA/0000-0002-7879-8150 WOS: 000481788100019 PubMed: 31199544 The purpose of this study was to comparatively evaluate the effects of different caries removal methods on microleakage success of class V adhesive restorations by means of light microscopy (stereomicroscope) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. Sixty-four human teeth with class V caries that measured with DIAGNOdent were used. The samples were divided into four groups (n = 16) randomly according to caries removing methods of conventional method, Carisolv, Papacarie, and Er,Cr:YSGG laser system. The self-etch Clearfil SE Bond and Clearfil Majesty Es-II were used as restoration materials. After thermal cycles of 2,000 (5 and 55 degrees C) samples were immersed in a 50% wt/wt AgNO3. Samples were finally imaged and scored under light microscopy and SEM, respectively. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis H, pairwise comparison and Wilcoxon's T tests at 5% significance level (p < .05). Statistical analysis demonstrated that there was no significant difference between microleakage scores in dentin regions but there were significant difference between the Papacarie and Er,Cr:YSGGlaser in terms of leakage scores in enamel sites. No statistically significant difference in leakage scores emerged between light microscopy and SEM.

Objective: To compare the shear bond strength (SBS) after thermocycling of four universal adhesives applied in self-etch mode on dentin and etch-and-rinse mode on enamel. Study design: Flat 144 buccal or lingual dentin and enamel surfaces from 72 non-carious primary molars were prepared. Samples were segregated into 12 groups (n=12): Adper Single Bond 2 etch-and-rinse (SB_T) and Clearfil SE Bond self-etch (SE_S) applied to enamel and dentin served as controls. Scotch Bond Universal Adhesive (SBU), Clearfil S3 Bond Universal Adhesive (SEU), Tetric N-Bond Universal Adhesive (TEN), and All Bond Universal (BIS) were applied in etch-and-rinse mode to enamel and in self-etch mode to dentin. They were thermocycled for 5000 cycles. SBS testing and the evaluation of fracture mode were performed. Results: SB_T showed statistically higher SBS than other adhesive groups using etch-and-rinse mode on enamel. SE_S and BIS had statistically higher SBS than other adhesive groups using self-etch mode on dentin. Mixed failure was the most common failure mode in each group. Conclusion: The universal adhesives did not show higher SBS than SB_T when using etch-and-rinse on enamel. All universal adhesives showed higher SBS than SB_T and had SBS similar to SE_S, except SBU when using self-etch mode on dentin.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of phosphoric acid etching, metal primer or silane coupling agent application on dentin bonding performance of a 2-step self-etch adhesive system. Human dentin surfaces were prepared and divided into four groups depending on the pre-treatment method: no pretreatment (Clearfil SE Bond 2, CONTROL); 40% phosphoric acid (K-Etchant GEL, K); metal primer (Alloy Primer, AP); or silane coupling agent (Porcelain Bond Activator, PB). The specimens were sectioned into beams, separated into 2 subgroups (n=20): no thermocyling or thermocycled (TC), and subjected to a µTBS test and an acid-base challenge for SEM observation. Statistically lower results were observed between K and AP groups, PB and CONTROL, and PB with/without TC (p

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the interface between a calcium silicate cement (CSC), Biodentine and dental adhesives in terms of sealing ability. Materials and methods Microleakage test: 160 standardized class II cavities were prepared on 80 extracted human molars. The cavities were filled with Biodentine and then divided into 2 experimental groups according to the time of restoration: composite resin obturation 15 minutes after Biodentine handling (D0); restoration after 7 days (D7). Each group was then divided into 8 subgroups (n = 5) according to the adhesive system used: etch-and-rinse adhesive (Prime & Bond); self-etch adhesive 2 steps (Optibond XTR and Clearfil SE Bond); self-etch adhesive 1 step (Xeno III, G-aenial Bond, and Clearfil Tri-S Bond); and universal used as etch-and-rinse or self-etch (ScotchBond Universal ER or SE). After thermocycling, the teeth were immersed in a silver nitrate solution, stained, longitudinally sectioned, and the Biodentine/adhesive percolation was quantified. Scanning electron microscopic observations: Biodentine/adhesive interfaces were observed. Results A tendency towards less microleakage was observed when Biodentine was etched (2.47%) and when restorations were done without delay (D0: 4.31%, D7: 6.78%), but this was not significant. The adhesives containing 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate monomer showed the most stable results at both times studied. All Biodentine/adhesive interfaces were homogeneous and regular. Conclusions The good sealing of the CSC/adhesive interface is not a function of the system adhesive family used or the cement maturation before restoration. Biodentine can be used as a dentine substitute.

This study aimed to analyze the interaction of a MDP-based universal dentin bonding system (DBS) with Er, Cr: YSGG laser irradiation, measuring the microtensile bond strength to dentin over a six-month period. The experimental design involved three factors: DBS (Adper Scotchbond Universal; Clearfil SE Bond, Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose and Adper Single Bond 2), laser (Control and Er, Cr: YSGG), and time (initial- 7 days and 6 months). Eighty dentin samples from molars were prepared (n=10) with laser irradiation after primer and DBS application. After 7 days, were subjected to micro tensile bond strength test. The data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p

Good margin integrity with a tight seal of the adhesive interface is considered one of the key factors for the clinical success of composite restorations. This study investigated the effect of enamel etching with phosphoric acid on the margin integrity of self-etch bonded composite restorations in demineralized enamel. Crowns of bovine incisors were assigned into 14 groups (n = 10 per group) of which ten groups (groups 1–5 and 8–12) were demineralized (21 days, acid buffer, pH 4.95) to create artificial carious lesions. Standardized Class V cavities were prepared in all specimens. Demineralized groups were either etched with phosphoric acid for 10, 30, 60, or 120 s (groups 2–5 and 9–12), or no etching was performed (groups 1 and 8). The non-demineralized (sound) groups were etched for 10 s (groups 7 and 14) or remained non-etched (groups 6 and 13). Resin composite restorations were then placed using either a one-step (iBond Self Etch, groups 1–7) or two-step self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond, groups 8–14). Margin integrity of the restorations was assessed after thermocycling (5000×, 5–55 °C) using scanning electron microscopy, and the percentage of continuous margins (%CM) was statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). Phosphoric acid etching significantly increased %CM in both demineralized and sound enamel. For iBond Self Etch, a significant increase in %CM in demineralized enamel was observed with increased etching times. All etched groups treated with Clearfil SE Bond and those etched for 60 or 120 s and treated with iBond Self Etch showed similar %CM in demineralized enamel as in etched sound enamel, and significantly higher %CM than in non-etched sound enamel. In conclusion, enamel etching with phosphoric acid improves margin integrity of composite restorations in demineralized enamel when bonded with the examined adhesives.

Objective We aimed to evaluate morphological, mechanical and chemical characteristics at resin–dentin interfaces using multiple combinations of adhesives and resins after a short-term biofilm-induced degradation. Methods Cervical cavities were prepared in bovine incisors, treated by Clearfil SE Bond 2 (SE) or FL-Bond II (FL), restored by Clearfil Majesty ES Flow (ES) or Beautifil Flow Plus (BFP) and grouped into SE-ES, SE-BFP, FL-ES and FL-BFP. After biofilm challenge, interfacial gaps and dentin wall lesions were examined by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Gap depth (GD), gap pattern scale (GPS) and dentin wall lesion depth (WLD) were evaluated from confocal laser scanning microscope. Microhardness of dentin lesions was measured with a Vickers microhardness tester. Chemical elements in resins and dentin wall lesions were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). Morphological structures of interfacial gaps were observed by SEM. Results OCT could detect adhesive-dentin-bonded and adhesive-dentin-debonded gaps. SE-containing groups showed significantly lower GPS than FL-containing groups. FL-BFP showed significantly lower WLD than FL-ES. Microhardness of dentin wall lesions was higher than that of outer lesions and they showed significant differences in FL-BFP. SE-BFP showed a lower GPS curve and higher intensities of Ca and P in the upper half of dentin wall lesions than other groups. From SEM, microgaps between filler and matrix, break and loss of matrix, separation of adhesive matrix with hybrid layer occurred at interfacial gaps. Significance The morphological, mechanical and chemical characteristics of resin–dentin interfacial degradation depend on the component and chemistry of restorative materials.

Objectives This in vivo study compared the antibacterial effect of a self-etch adhesive with and without the brominated monomer 12-methacryloyloxydodecyl-pyridinium bromide (MDPB) on carious dentin after selective caries removal. Methods 10 patients showing deep primary carious lesions at two posterior teeth without pulpal symptoms were included. At visit I, carious tissue was selectively removed and carious dentin was sampled with a sterile roundbur (Komet No. 18). One cavity was restored with composite (SDR, Ceram X; DENTSPLY DeTrey) using an MDPB-containing self-etch adhesive (Clearfil Protect Bond, Kuraray Noritake; PB). The other restoration served as a control (Clearfil SE Bond II, Kuraray Noritake; SE). At visit II after 8 weeks, carious dentin was sampled again. Bacterial growth in carious dentin was differentiated using microbial cultivation. Bacterial DNA from intact cells and cell-free DNA were quantified using 16S rRNA gene-based real-time PCR and the microbial community composition was analyzed by amplicon deep-sequencing. Wilcoxon test was applied for statistical analysis. Results Both treatments showed a decrease of intact bacterial cells in carious dentin at visit II compared to visit I (PB: visit I: 1.1*106, visit II: 1.7*105 (p = 0.03); SE: visit I: 1.1*107, visit II = 2.4*105 (p = 0.002)). No statistically significant reduction of cell-free bacterial DNA was detected (PB: visit I: 6.1*105, visit II: 1.6*105 (p = 0.08); SE: visit I: 5.3*105, visit II: 2.9*105 (p = 0.10)). The decrease of intact cell-derived (p = 0.371) and cell-free DNA (p = 0.455) did not differ significantly between PB and SE. Lactobacillus was most abundant within the microbial community at both visits. Alpha-diversity was not affected by treatment and samples showed high intra- and interindividual diversity. Conclusion and clinical significance Both self-etch adhesives have an antibacterial effect due to a decrease of bacterial DNA after selective caries removal. However, the results do not reveal any additional antibacterial effect by MDPB. The study is registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00011532).

This study assessed the effect of the resin-coating technique on the bond strength and internal adaptation of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-fabricated inlays. Seventy-two mesio-occlusal-distal (MOD) cavities were prepared and distributed into 3 groups according to the resin-coating technique utilized: uncoated group, G-Premio Bond (1-step) group, and Clearfil SE Bond 2+Clearfil Majesty ES Flow (2-step+Flow) group. The MOD inlays were fabricated and cemented with RelyX Ultimate (RXU), G-CEM LinkForce (LinkForce), or Panavia V5 (PV5). After 5,000 thermal cycles, each specimen was sectioned and subjected to microtensile bond strength (MTBS) testing and an internal adaptation evaluation. For the uncoated group, RXU exhibited higher MTBS than LinkForce and PV5 (p

This study determined the micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) of two self-etching adhesives to dentin surface after smear layer removal with a novel ultrasonic brushing method. Ninety-five dentin discs were ground flat with diamond burs and divided into 5 groups; no treatment (control), brushing with a custom-made brush for 10 and 30 s without and with ultrasonic application. The smear layer thickness was evaluated using SEM. The 24 h µSBS of Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) and Clearfil Tri S Bond (CTS) to these dentin surfaces were evaluated. Smear layer thickness decreased significantly from control, brushing without, and brushing with ultrasonic groups, respectively. The µSBS of CSE were higher than CTS in all groups. The µSBS were improved with ultrasonic brushing for 30 s for both adhesives. Ultrasonic brushing is the effective method in mechanical smear layer removal which can improve bond strength of self-etching adhesives to ground dentin.

The bonding of light-activated adhesives to root canal dentin with an additional touch-polymerization activator has been insufficiently examined.The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of touch-polymerization activators and extended light-irradiation time on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of light-activated adhesives.Post cavities were prepared in 50 extracted mandibular premolars and bonded using PrimeBond Universal (PBU); PBU+Self Cure Activator (SCA); Clearfil SE Bond 2 (SEB); SEB+Clearfil DC Activator (DCA); or Clearfil Universal Bond Quick ER (UBQ). After light-irradiation for 10 or 20 seconds, the post cavities were filled with dual-activated resin core materials. Eight beams were prepared per specimen and subjected to the μTBS test. The μTBS data were analyzed by using 3-way ANOVAs with the Bonferroni correction (α=.05).The 3-way ANOVAs indicated that the use of touch-polymerization activators (SCA and DCA) significantly increased the μTBS of PBU and SEB in both the coronal (P=.015) and apical (P=.001) regions. The extension of light-irradiation time to 20 seconds significantly improved their μTBS in the apical region (P.001), but not in the coronal region (P=.09). Light-irradiation for 20 seconds increased the μTBS of UBQ significantly in the coronal region (P=.014).Touch-polymerization activators improved the bond strength of light-activated adhesives to root canal dentin, especially when combined with an extended light-irradiation time.

Background: Silane promotes bonding between ceramic and resin cement. Silane function could be improved by heat treatment and adding 4-Methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of heat treatment and adding 4‑META to silanes on the microtensile bond strength of IPS e.max CAD ceramic and resin cement. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 32 IPS e.max CAD blocks (6 mm × 6 mm × 4 mm) were randomly divided into 8 groups of 4. The ceramic surfaces were etched by 10% hydrofluoric (HF) for 20 s, and Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus, Clearfil Porcelain Bond Activator (CPA) +4‑META, CPA + Clearfil SE Bond (CPA + SE), and Bis‑Silane with and without Oven drying at 100°C for 5 min were applied on the ceramic surfaces as silanes, and then, the ceramics were bonded to composite disks by dual‑cured resin cements. Ultimately, a total of 120 sticks ( 1 mm × 1 mm × 8 mm) were subjected to microtensile bond strength test (15 sticks from each group) and the failure types were assessed by stereomicroscope at 40x. Data were analyzed by two‑sided analysis of variance test and Student’s t‑test the P values were considered to be < 0.05. Results: The Bis Silane group (two bottles) showed maximum bond strength (P = 0.009). Heat treatment significantly reduced the bond strength in Bis Silane (P = 0.0001); but, in other groups, it did not show significant effect on the bond strength. Adding 4‑META to CPA did not significantly affect the microtensile bond strength of IPS e.max CAD ceramic to resin cement, and there was no difference in mode of failure between groups. Conclusion: The effect of silane type was significant on the microtensile bond strength of the ceramic to resin cement. The effect of 4‑META on the bond strength was not significant. The interaction between silane type and heat treatment on the bond strength of ceramic to resin cement was also significant. Key Words: IPS e.max CAD, resin cement, silane

AIM To evaluate the shear bond strength of orthodontic lingual bracket systems bonded to extracted premolar teeth (Reliance self-etching primer, Clearfil Protect Bond) and self-etching primer (Clearfil SE Bond) Materials and methods: A total of 160 extracted human first premolars were selected and divided into four groups of 10 for each bracket system to be used with four different primers. Each sample was then embedded in an acrylic block, till the coronal portion. Instron testing machine model LR LOYD 50 K was used for testing the shear bond strength. RESULTS The results obtained, suggested that all the primers had clinically acceptable shear bond strength with all the bracket system considered in the study. However, there were statistically significant differences in the shear bond strength in intergroup comparisons. CONCLUSION The Reliance Self-Etching primer showed the highest bond strength with Alias lingual bracket system by Ormco, followed by clearfil protect bond, clearfil SE bond, and transbond, with the Alias lingual bracket system in the same order. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study was initiated to understand the shear bond strength of self-etching primer and its efficacy over the conventional primer, which will be of use to the clinician while selecting the primer for bonding of the bracket systems and overcome debonding of brackets encountered during the treatment progress.

Purpose: The aims to evaluate the antibacterial effect of different bioactive component containing dental adhesives before and after artificial aging. Materials and methods: Two bio-active adhesives; Clearfil Protect Bond and FL Bond II, two non-bioactive adhesives, Clearfil SE Bond and Clearfil S3 Bond were used for this study. Antibacterial activities of the fresh and aged samples against Streptococcus mutans were investigated with Direct Contact Test. Data were analyzed with Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U multiple comparison tests. Results: For fresh samples FL Bond II and Clearfil Protect Bond exhibit similar antibacterial effect but Clearfil Protect Bond showed significantly higher antibacterial effect after aging the samples (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of two universal adhesives (Universal Single Bond and All Bond Universal) and a two-step self-etch adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond) to dentine at various temperatures. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty dentin specimens were divided randomly to 12 groups, according to adhesive systems (Universal Single Bond and All Bond Universal, Clearfil SE Bond) and temperature ( 4ºC, 20 ºC, 36ºC, 55ºC) used. Dentin specimens were prepared (n :10, adhesives were applied, and composite cylinders were polymerized. Statistical analysis of the SBS data was performed using Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s Honestly Significant Differences post-hoc test. Results: The Clearfil SE Bond was shown to have higher SBS than the universal adhesives at all temperatures; however, there was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). In both groups, the lowest SBS values were observed in the samples at 4°C while the highest SBS values were observed in the samples at 55°C. In this case, there was a statistically significant difference (P 0.05). En todos los grupos, los valores más bajos de SBS se observaron en las muestras a 4°C, mientras que los valores de SBS más altos fueron obtenidos en las muestras a 55°C (P

Dentin biomodification using collagen cross-linkers has been proposed as one of the strategies to improve bond durability of adhesives to dentin. However, literature is not very consistent regarding their benefit, in particular when cross-linkers are applied in clinically realistic application times. This study investigated the effect of three cross-linkers on the mini-interfacial fracture toughness (mini-iFT) of four adhesives bonded to dentin following either etchrinse (ER) or self-etch (SE) modes.60 molars were randomly divided in accordance with the three variables: cross-linker, adhesive and bonding mode (n=5). The cross-linkers glutaraldehyde (5wt%; GA), proanthocyanidin (6.5wt%; PA), or UVA-activated riboflavin (0.5wt%; RB), and distilled water (control) were applied on dentin for 60s after acid-etching (ER) or before self-etching (SE). The 3-step ER adhesive (3ERa) OptiBond FL (Kerr), the 2-step SE adhesive (2SEa) Clearfil SE Bond 2 (Kuraray Noritake) and the universal adhesives G-Premio Bond (GC) and PrimeBond Active (Dentsply), the latter two employed in both ER and SE modes, were applied following the respective manufacturer's instructions. Composite buildups (8×8×8mm) were made using Filtek Supreme XTE (3M) prior to 1-week storage in artificial saliva. After the teeth were sectioned into mini-specimens (1.5×2.0×18mm), a single notch was prepared at the adhesive-dentin interface. Half of the specimens were immediately loaded until failure by 4-point bending to determine the mini-iFT, while the remaining specimen set was tested upon 6-month aging. Data were statistically analyzed with a linear model (p0.05).No significant decrease in mini-iFT was noted only for PA (p0.05), while the mini-iFT decreased for both other cross-linkers and in quite a similar way as when solely water (Wa) was applied.The cross-linker proanthocyanidin (PA) applied in clinically relevant conditions was able to maintain a stable mini-iFT after 6-month aging. The incorporation of UVA-activated riboflavin (RB) and glutaraldehyde (GA) in the dentin-bonding protocol appeared not effective to improve the stability of adhesive-dentin interfaces.

Despite improvements in dental adhesive materials, internal adaptation remains a challenge in bonded restorations. The aim of this study was to compare microgaps and internal floor adaptation between two different self-etch adhesives in class-V cavities using cross-polarization optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT). In this in vitro study, standardized round class-V cavities were prepared in 20 non-carious human upper central incisor teeth. They were randomly divided into two groups, TN and SE, with each group receiving a different dental adhesive. In TN group, the adhesive used was all-in-one Tetric N-Bond Self-Etch (TN; Ivoclar/Vivadent, Liechtenstein), while SE group was bonded with two-step self-etch Clearfil SE Bond 2 adhesive (SE; Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc, Japan). The prepared cavities were restored with flowable composite and then stored in distilled water for 24 h. Next, they were immersed in silver nitrate, followed by immersion in a photo-developing solution. Optical comparison was carried out by CP-OCT to assess microgaps and composite adaptation at the cavity floor. A Mann–Whitney test was applied to the data, which showed a statistically significant difference in composite adaptation among the two groups (p

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the adhesive performance of three different universal adhesives to repair aged amalgam by composite resins with or without Alloy Primer. Materials and Methods: Sixty amalgam samples were prepared, aged, and randomly divided into 12 main groups according to adhesive procedures used. Composite buildups were placed on amalgam surfaces. After micro-shear bonding test, the fracture surfaces were examined under the scanning electron microscopy statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests. Results: Without use of Alloy Primer, all of the universal adhesives provided similar bond strength values with conventional adhesives (P > 0.05); however, an Alloy Primer significantly increased the bond strength values of universal adhesives (P < 0.05). No significant difference in bond strength values was noted for conventional adhesives with or without Alloy Primer (P > 0.05) except for Clearfil SE Bond (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded; using Alloy Primer before universal adhesives increased the bond strength significantly.

Aim The aim of this study is to assess marginal microleakage of cervical cavities restored with composite resins and two different adhesive techniques subjected to at-home and in-office bleaching. Materials and methods In this randomized, blind laboratory experiment, 60 bovine teeth recently extracted were collected and divided into six groups (n = 10 each group). The teeth received cervical cavity preparations (2 mm × 3 mm × 1 mm) with enamel margins. Two different adhesive systems were used (Single Bond 2 and Clearfil SE Bond), in addition to composite resin (Z250). Restored teeth received two different bleaching gels (Opalescence PF and Opalescence Boost). Teeth were thermocycled and analyzed under confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results No significant differences were observed (p > 0.05) in microleakage scores between the two groups not subjected to bleaching nor between the four groups that received bleaching treatment (p > 0.05), regardless of the gel and adhesive system employed. However, when comparing nonbleached with bleached teeth, those not subjected to bleaching showed statistically lower marginal microleakage scores (p post hoc test, with significance set at 5%. Conclusion Marginal microleakage in composite resin restorations is influenced by the action of bleaching agents used both at-home and in-office, regardless of the adhesive system employed (total-etch or self-etch). Clinical significance Both at-home and in-office bleaching agents have an influence on the adhesive interface of resin restorations, producing changes and inducing marginal leakage. How to cite this article Klein Jr CA, da Silva D, Reston EG, Borghetti DLB, Zimmer R. Effect of At-home and In-office Bleaching on Marginal Microleakage in Composite Resin Restorations using Two Adhesive Systems. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(3):248-252.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of bio-active and non-bio-active self-etch adhesive sytems on bacterial microleakage of class II box cavities with restoration margins in dentin. Two bio-active (Clearfil Protect Bond and F1 Bond II) and two nonbio-active (Clearfil SE Bond and Clearfil s3 Bond) adhesive systems were selected for the study. Eighty mesial and distal class II box cavities were prepared on fourty sound human third molar teeth. The teeth were then divided into four groups with 10 teeth in each group. Groups were restorated using different adhesive systems. The restored specimens were immersed into a culture medium containing streptococcus mutans for bacterial microleakage test. Serial sections of the specimens were used to evaluate the bacterial lekage by using light microscope. The data obtained from the test of bacterial microleakage was evaluated using 2-way mixed analysis of variance (p

To measure microshear bond strength (μSBS) and nanoleakage (NL) of self-etch universal adhesives under core buildup restorations using different curing protocols, at 24h and after 6-month water storage.Middle dentin of 55 molars was divided into: Clearfil Universal Bond [CFU], PrimeBond Elect [PBE], and One Coat 7 Universal [OCU]. All-Bond Universal [ABU] and Clearfil SE Bond [CSE] were used as control. CFU, PBE and OCU were: light-cured [LC], dual-cured [DC] and self-cured [SC]. Data were analyzed separately (two-way ANOVA), Tukey's test (α=0.05).μSBS: At 24h OCU/LC resulted in statistically higher μSBS than ABU. CSE/DC showed statistically higher μSBS than all DC adhesives. PBE/LC resulted in significant lower μSBS than the respective DC/SC modes (p0.001). At 6-month, both CFU and PBE (LC/SC), resulted in a significant decrease in μSBS. μSBS for OCU/DC decreased significantly (p0.001) compared to the respective LC/SC modes. NL: At 24h, ABU showed %NL similar to CBU/LC and OCU/LC (p0.05). CSE/DC resulted in significantly higher %NL than OCU/DC but significantly lower than PBE/DC. CFU/LC/SC resulted in significantly lower %NL than CFU/DC. PBE/SC resulted in significant lower %NL than PBE/LC and PBE/DC. OCU/LC and OCU/DC resulted in significant lower %NL than OCU/SC (p0.001). At 6-month ABU, CSE, CFU/LC and CFU/SC, resulted in a significant increase in %NL.Self-cured activator and different curing protocols influenced μSBS and NL of self-etch universal adhesives, but this influence was material-dependent.

Objectives Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) can construct cross-sectional images of internal biological structures. The aim of this study was to evaluate enamel cracks at the cavosurface margin of composite restorations using SS-OCT. Methods Bowl-shaped cavities were prepared at two locations (mid-coronal and cervical regions) on the enamel surface of 60 bovine teeth. Half of the cavities (30) were treated with phosphoric acid gel. A two-step self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond) was applied to all cavities and a flowable composite was placed in bulk. After 7 days in water at 37 °C, three-dimensional (3D) images of the specimens were obtained using SS-OCT, and cross-sectional views of the cavosurface margin were examined. Presence and extent of enamel cracks along the cavosurface margin circumference were evaluated using a 5-point scale. The results were statistically compared with Wilcoxon rank sum test with Bonferroni correction. Results 3D SS-OCT could detect enamel cracks at the cavosurface margin of composite restorations. Cervical regions caused more enamel cracking than mid-coronal regions. Phosphoric acid etching increased the incidence of enamel cracks compared with the preparations without etching. Conclusion SS-OCT can be used to detect enamel cracks at the margins of composite restorations noninvasively. Presence and extent of enamel cracks depended on the enamel region and bonding protocol. Clinical significance SS-OCT can be used to detect enamel cracks at the margins of composite restorations noninvasively. Selective phosphoric acid etching of the enamel significantly increased the incidence of marginal cracks, especially in cervical preparation.

Aim: Evaluate the effect of adhesives systems combined with desensitizer agents on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of a composite resin to dentin. Methods: Cervical dentin of thirty-two human molars were used to simulate hypersensitivity areas. The teeth were divided into four groups (n=8), according to the type of adhesive system and desensitizer agents. No desensitizer was used in the control (Clearfil SE Bond – CS). Two experimental groups were pretreated with either MS Coat Bond (MS) or Biofluorid 12 (BF) immediately prior to bonding with CS. The last group corresponded to Gluma Comfort Bond + Desensitizer (GC) application. After dentin treatments, a composite block was built-up on dentin surface and after 24 hours teeth were serially sectioned to obtain bonded bean specimens. Beams were stored in water for 24 hours or one year. Subsequently, the specimens were submitted to the μTBS test. Data were analyzed by two-way mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni’s test (α = 0.05). Results: At 24 hours, there was no significant difference in μTBS among groups. However, at one year, dentin treated with MS or BF demonstrated significantly lower μTBS of CS to dentin compared to control and GC, which kept their μTBS stable. Conclusion: The effect of MS and BF desensitizer agents on the μTBS of CS to dentin did not reduce the μTBS at 24 hours, but it decreases significantly after one year.

The present study aimed to investigate the changes in the enamel bond strengths of universal adhesives in the early phase of specimen creation and evaluate the effect of double-layer application on enamel bond effectiveness using different etching modes. Four universal adhesives, namely Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, G-Premio Bond, Scotchbond Universal, and Tokuyama Universal Bond, were used. Clearfil SE Bond two-step self-etch adhesive system was used as a comparison. Fifteen specimens per group were used for determining the shear bond strength (SBS) to bovine enamel in the etch-and-rinse or self-etch mode. The adhesive was applied to specimens in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions (single-layer application), or the adhesive was applied twice (double-layer application). The bonded specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 5 min or 1, 6, 12, or 24 h before SBS testing. The flexural properties of the resin composite Clearfil AP-X were measured for the same storage periods. All universal adhesives exhibited increased SBS values with prolonged storage periods regardless of the application technique or etching mode used. Double-layer application was associated with higher SBS values than single-layer application for most universal adhesives over the same storage period. Phosphoric acid pre-etching and double-layer application of universal adhesives resulted in increased enamel bond strength in the early phase of specimen bonding. Care should be taken when using universal adhesives in the self-etch mode for enamel bonding because the enamel adhesion is sensitive to the duration after filling.

Background:Contamination is a common problem in pediatric restorative dentistry and there are a few studies that investigate blood contamination, hemostatic agents, and tooth dentin.Aim:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of blood contamination and hemostatic agents on the bond strength of two different bonding systems with the dentin of primary teeth.Materials and Methods:Buccal and lingual dentin surfaces of 40 primary second molar teeth were used for this study. Specimens were divided into 4 groups according to the contamination and hemostatic agents (Blood-B, Ankaferd Blood Stopper-A, ViscoStat-V, Control-C) and then every group was further divided into two subgroups according to the bonding systems (Clearfil SE Bond-I, All Bond Universal-II,n= 10 per group). A bulk-fill composite resin was built-up on the surfaces. The specimens were tested in the micro shear mode at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min on a universal test machine. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA and Tukey's tests atP< 0.05.Results:Significant differences have been detected in the micro shear bond strengths only between the Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) (AI = 13.72 ± 4.47 and AII = 9.12 ± 4.4) and control groups (CI = 22.78 ± 10.86 and CII = 16.49 ± 6.55) without regards to the bonding systems. The highest scores were obtained in the control groups. Clearfil SE Bond showed better performance than All Bond Universal in all groups.Conclusion:It was determined that only the ABS contamination groups showed statistically significant decreases in the bond strengths when compared with control groups.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:09:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 This study evaluated how adding EGCG to a SEP (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray) affects the physicomechanical properties of adhesive, and the long-term microtensile bond strength (µTBS) to dentin. Flexural strength (FS, n = 10) and degree of conversion (DC, n = 5) of the adhesive were analyzed after adding EGCG to SEP in two forms (powder or diluted in water), and in different concentrations (0.00%–control, 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.05%). The µTBS was tested by randomly dividing dentin fragments into 4 groups (n = 10): EGCG-SEP: EGCG (0.01%) added to SEP; EGCG-PRE: EGCG (0.01%) dentin pretreatment; CHX-PRE: 2% chlorhexidine dentin pretreatment; SEP: SEP applied without modification. After restoration of the dentin surface, beam-shaped specimens were submitted to µTBS after 24 h or 12 months of storage in artificial saliva. Particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP) of EGCG-SEP and SEP solutions were measured at different storage periods (baseline, 14 or 28 days). Data was submitted to ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis tests (α = 0.05). FS (p = 0.485) and DC (p = 0.6067) were not different among the groups. CHX-PRE and EGCG-PRE had significantly higher µTBS means than EGCG-SEP, but none differed from SEP (p = 0.053). µTBS decreased significantly after 12 months of storage (p < 0.001). PS (p < 0.001), and ZP (p = 0.003) means in EGCG-SEP were statistically higher and more negative, respectively, than SEP. PDI did not differ among the groups (p > 0.05). Incorporation of EGCG into SEP did not change adhesive properties; however, it influenced solution stability and did not prevent the decrease in long-term µTBS to dentin. Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic Instituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to measure the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of a new universal adhesive (UA) bonded to dentin following a quick bonding mode. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experimental UA 'SKB-100,' now commercialized as Clearfil Universal Bond Quick ('C-UBq'; Kuraray Noritake), was investigated, with Scotchbond Universal ('SBU'; 3M Oral Care) and the two-step self-etch (SE) adhesive Clearfil SE Bond 2 ('C-SE2'; Kuraray Noritake) serving as references. The adhesives were employed separately in etch&rinse (E&R) and SE modes on each tooth half following a split-tooth design and following their respective instructions for use, except for C-UBq that besides the manufacturer's instructed quick bonding mode was also applied and left untouched for 20 s prior to light curing ('C-UBq_20s') and for C-SE2 that was also applied in the E&R mode. μTBS of half of the specimens was measured upon 1 week (1w), with the other half tested after 6-month (6m) storage in distilled water at 37 °C. Data were statistically analyzed using linear mixed-effects modeling and three-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). The adhesive-dentin interfaces were ultrastructurally characterized by TEM. RESULTS: C-UBq revealed a significantly lower μTBS than C-SE2. The highest μTBS was recorded for C-UBq_20s_1w and C-SE2_1w, both when applied in E&R mode. However, μTBS of C-UBq_20s significantly decreased upon aging in both modes. C-SE2 presented the significantly highest 'aged' μTBS. CONCLUSION: C-UBq applied in the quick bonding mode did not underperform to the UAs applied for 20 s. Superior bonding effectiveness was achieved by C-SE2 in SE and E&R bonding modes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Extended application time of C-UBq improved solely its immediate but not aged bonding effectiveness. ispartof: CLINICAL ORAL INVESTIGATIONS vol:24 issue:8 pages:2837-2851 ispartof: location:Germany status: published

Evaluation of gap formation at the interfaces of a two-step self-etching adhesive with/without pre-etching was performed using sweptsource optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Round cavities were prepared in bovine incisors at the middle (MC) and cervical (CC) thirds of the crown and the cervical third of the root (CR). Clearfil SE bond was directly applied to one group (SE) and another (PA) was pretreated with K-etchant gel. Following restoration by flowable composite resin, the teeth were thermally challenged and stored for 2 months. Interfacial gaps observed in the cross-sectional OCT images were analyzed and the bottom cavities exhibited increased gaps compared to the margin and dentin-enamel junction (DEJ). The CR site had a larger gap than at MC and CC in the SE group. DEJ separation at the MC was significantly smaller than that at CC in both groups. Therefore, gap formation depends on the cavity region, location, and bonding protocol.

Objective The objective was to apply the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in situ synthesized in an adhesive resin. Materials and methods Silver 2-ethylhexanoate was added into Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray Inc.) to form 0.0% Ag, 0.1% Ag, 0.2% Ag groups. The size and distribution of AgNPs formed in light-cured adhesive resin disks were observed by TEM. The degree of conversion was evaluated by FTIR. The cytotoxicity against human periodontal ligament fibroblasts was examined by CCK-8 assay. After each water-storage time (1 week, 4 weeks, 3 months, 12 months), biofilms of Streptococcus mutans on the resin disks were observed by SEM and tested for live/dead staining and colony-forming units. Results The average particle sizes of evenly dispersed AgNPs in the 0.1% Ag and 0.2% Ag groups were 10.9 ± 3.7 nm and 8.8 ± 4.2 nm, respectively. The incorporation of AgNPs did not compromise the degree of conversion and biocompatibility of the 0.1% Ag and 0.2% Ag groups. After 12 months of water storage, the antibacterial properties of 0.1% Ag and 0.2% Ag groups were much higher than that of 0.0% Ag group. Conclusion The in situ synthesis of AgNPs might be a promising technique in the antibacterial modification of dental adhesive resin.

Objective To evaluate the influence of the thickness of the adhesive layer and demineralized dentin on the decision to replace composite restoration. Materials and Methods Eighty human third molars with occlusal preparations (Class I) were randomly assigned to eight groups (n = 10): adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond [CSE] or Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SBU]); the number of adhesive layers (one or two); and substrate (sound or demineralized dentin). A blinded examiner evaluated radiographs of each restored tooth. Obtained scores for the presence or absence of radiolucent zone under restoration were submitted to a relative risk (RR) calculus and Z-test, and the scores for the decision to replace restorations were submitted to Fisher's exact test (p

To evaluate the water storage degradation of resin–dentine bonds of different adhesive systems to primary and permanent human dentine. Flat occlusal human dentine surfaces of 15 primary molars and 15 permanent molars were randomly assigned according to adhesive systems: Adper Single Bond 2; Clearfil SE Bond and One Up Bond F Plus. After bonding procedures, the adhesives were applied according to the manufacturers’ instructions and composite resin blocks were built. Restored teeth were sectioned rendering rectangular sticks (RS) (0.4 mm2). The RS were submitted to microtensile bond strength (µTBS) test according to the water storage time: 24 h, 1-year, and 2-years. Mean µTBS values were analysed by three-way analysis of variance (mixed design) and Tukey post hoc test (α = 0.05). The failure mode was analysed at 400× magnification. All three factors isolated showed significant influences on µTBS, as did the cross-product interactions between material vs. storage time (p = 0.01) and substrate vs. storage time (p = 0.002). Bond strength means to primary dentine were lower than to permanent dentine (34.7 ± 10.1 and 45.8 ± 12.9 mPa, respectively) after 2-years of water storage. The one-step self-etch adhesive (One Up Bond F Plus) showed less stable bond strength after 2-years of water storage. The resin–dentine bond of primary teeth was more prone to degradation over time compared to permanent dentine.

AimThis study was conducted to evaluate the microleakage of class V cavities restored with composite resin and different adhesive systems.Materials and methodsIn this experimental epidemiological investigation, a total of 75 freshly extracted human teeth were collected. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups (n = 25). Three different intermediate adhesive materials (Clearfil SE Bond, Single Bond, and Xeno III) were used for each group.ResultsOn testing without the application of occlusal load, the maximum microleakage was seen for group III (Xeno III) followed by group I (Clearfil SE) and then group II (Single Bond). On application of occlusal load, the maximum microleakage was seen for group III (Xeno III) followed by group II (Single Bond) and then group I (Clearfil SE Bond). The data were analyzed statistically using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann– Whitney U test.ConclusionGroup III showed the maximum amount of microleakage both with and without occlusal load.Clinical significanceAll adhesives under investigation exhibited a certain amount of microleakage in enamel and dentin.How to cite this articleAnjum S, Malik A, Sharma S. Evaluation of Microleakage in Class V Restorations with Three different Adhesive Systems. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(6):497-500.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of pre-treating dentin with chlorhexidine, at concentrations of 0.2% and 2%, and remineralizing paste containing CPP-ACP (MI Paste – GC) on the bond strength of adhesive systems. Material and methods: In total, 80 slides of dentin were used. These slides were 2 mm thick and were obtained from bovine incisors. Standard cavities were created using diamond bur number 3131. In the control groups, a Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SUA) self-etching adhesive system of 3M ESPE and a Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) adhesive system of Kuraray were applied, following the manufacturer’s instructions. In the other groups, dentin was pretreated with chlorhexidine (0.2% and 2%) for 1 min and with MI Paste for 3 min. The cavities were restored with Z350 XT resin (3M ESPE). After 24 h of storage, the push-out test was applied at a speed of 0.5 mm/min. Results: The different dentin pretreatment techniques did not affect the intra-adhesive bond strength. There was a difference between treatment with MI Paste and chlorhexidine 0.2% in favor of the SUA, with values of 15.22 and 20.25 Mpa, respectively. Conclusions: The different pretreatment methods did not alter the immediate bond strength to dentin. Differences were only recorded when comparing the adhesives.

Objectives This study aims to determine dentin bonding durability of universal adhesives using shear bond strength (SBS) tests under various degradation conditions. Methods G-Premio Bond (GP, GC), Scotchbond Universal (SU, 3 M ESPE) and All Bond Universal (AB, Bisco) were compared with conventional two-step self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE Bond (SE, Kuraray Noritake Dental). Bonded specimens were divided into three groups of ten, and SBSs with bovine dentin were determined after the following treatments: 1) Storage in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h followed by 3000, 10,000, 20,000 or 30,000 thermal cycles (TC group), 2) Storage in distilled water at 37 °C for 3 months, 6 months or 1 year (water storage, WS group) and 3) Storage in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h (control). Results SE bonded specimens showed significantly higher SBSs than universal adhesives, regardless of TC or storage periods, although AB specimens showed significantly increased SBSs after 30,000 thermal cycles. In comparisons of universal adhesives under control and degradation conditions, SBS was only reduced in SU after 1 year of WS. Conclusion Following exposure of various adhesive systems to degradation conditions of thermal cycling and long term storage, SBS values of adhesive systems varied primarily with degradation period. Clinical significance Although universal adhesives have lower SBSs than the two-step self-etch adhesive SE, the present data indicate that the dentin bonding durability of universal adhesives in self-etch mode is sufficient for clinical use.