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Clavelina moluccensis (Sluiter, 1904) Figure 1A #1175, only two zooids, pale blue in formalin, not fully mature, smaller one damaged. Larger one 20 mm in length with the characteristic muscle pattern (anastomosing and branching horizontal/diagonal), and also three dark reddish purple spots (still visible in formalin) between the siphons. Widely distributed in the tropical West Pacific, including Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Mozambique, Mauritius, Papua New Guinea, Taiwan, Philippines, Singapore, Guam. Detailed descriptions and figures: Kott (1990), Monniot C. (1997a), Monniot F. & Monniot C. (2001). Other references: Van Name (1918), Tokioka (1970), Millar (1975), Lambert (2003), Lee et al. (2016)., Published as part of Lambert, Gretchen, Lee, Serina Siew-Chen & Teo, Serena Lay-Ming, 2021, Ascidians collected during the 2013 Singapore Strait International Marine Biodiversity Workshop, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4933 (1) on pages 2-3, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4547842, {"references":["Sluiter, C. P. (1904) Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Part 1. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga-Expedition, 5 6 a, 1 - 126.","Kott, P (1990) The Australian Ascidiacea part 2, Aplousobranchia (1) and Supplement: Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 29, 1 - 266.","Van Name, W. G. (1918) Ascidians from the Philippines and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100, 49 - 174.","Tokioka, T. (1970) Ascidians from Mindoro Islands, the Philippines. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 18, 75 - 107. https: // doi. org / 10.5134 / 175626","Millar, R. H. (1975) Ascidians from the Indo-West-Pacific region in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). Steenstrupia, 3, 205 - 336.","Lambert, G. (2003) Marine biodiversity of Guam: the Ascidiacea. Micronesica, 35 - 36, 588 - 597.","Lee, S. S. - C., Chan, J. Y-H., Teo, S. L. - M. & Lambert, G. (2016) State of knowledge of ascidian diversity in South China Sea and new records for Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 34, 718 - 743."]}

During the 2013 Singapore Strait International Marine Biodiversity Workshop, hundreds of ascidians were collected along with numerous other marine phyla. Collections were made intertidally as well as subtidally by snorkel, SCUBA, trawling and dredging. While many ascidian specimens remain unidentified, 14 aplousobranchs, nine phlebobranchs and 17 stolidobranchs have been identified; a surprising 50% of these comprise 20 new records for Singapore. An additional new record of the phlebobranch Perophora namei collected from the same area in 2014 and 2015 is included here. Of the 21 new records, Aplidium cf. grisiatum, Distaplia regina, Euherdmania cf. digitata, Cnemidocarpa irene, Monandrocarpa monotestis and Polyandrocarpa rollandi are also first records for the entire South China Sea region.

Clavelina huntsmani Van Name, 1931 Figure 9A IHAK 2 BHAK 0079 UF 2447. Calvert Island, North Beach, east end low intertidal boulder field, shallow Scuba. IHAK 28 BHAK 1690 UF 2517. Calvert Island, Second Beach, snorkel, 5 m. MHAK 7 BHAK 0514 UF 2456. West Beach, boulder field. Small colony, three zooids. An excellent detailed description of this species is given by Van Name (1945), a repeat of his original 1931 description. He was obviously impressed with the zooids, and in describing the prominent dorsal and ventral pink lines in the otherwise transparent thorax of each zooid (Fig. 9A), he stated that they gave ���the colony a very handsome appearance���. According to Van Name (1945) the colonies may comprise up to hundreds of zooids up to about 4 cm in length. Distribution: British Columbia to northern Mexico (Lamb & Hanby 2005, who also include a beautiful photo of a subtidal colony in situ)., Published as part of Lambert, Gretchen, 2019, The Ascidiacea collected during the 2017 British Columbia Hakai MarineGEO BioBlitz, pp. 401-436 in Zootaxa 4657 (3) on page 416, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4657.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3371886, {"references":["Van Name, W. G. (1931) New North and South American ascidians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 61, 207 - 225.","Van Name, W. G. (1945) The North and South American ascidians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 84, 1 - 476.","Lamb, A. & Hanby, B. P. (2005) Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest - A Photographic Encyclopedia of Invertebrates, Seaweeds and Selected Fishes. Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park, BC., 398 pp."]}

A three-week intensive marine biodiversity survey was carried out at a small remote region of the central British Columbia coast at and near the Calvert Island Marine Station (Hakai Institute) July 21–August 11, 2017. The survey included daily sampling by the staff and a number of visiting taxonomists with specialties covering all the major groups of invertebrates. Many marine habitats were sampled: rocky and sand/gravel intertidal and tidepools, eelgrass meadows, shallow and deeper subtidal by snorkel and Scuba, plus artificial surfaces including the sides and bottom of the large floating dock at the Institute and settlement plates set out up to a year previously at various subtidal sites. Many new species were recorded by all the taxonomists. In this very biodiverse remote area 36 ascidian species were identified: 18 Aplousobranchia, 7 Phlebobranchia, and 11 Stolidobranchia, comprising a total of 15 solitary and 21 colonial species including two undescribed colonial species. This represents almost one third of all the known North American species from Alaska to southern California in this limited very remote area. Remarkably, only two are possible non-natives. Diplosoma listerianum (Milne-Edwards, 1841), was collected mostly on natural substrates including deeper areas sampled by Scuba, and one colony occurred on a settlement plate. A few Ciona savignyi Herdman, 1882 were collected, two from natural substrates and four from artificial surfaces. There were no botryllids, Styela clava Herdman, 1881, Didemnum vexillum Kott, 2002, or Molgula manhattensis (De Kay, 1843), though these are all common and sometimes very abundant non-natives in other parts of BC and along much of the U.S. west coast. Most of the species encountered are known in northern California, Washington, and southern BC, but only a small number are represented among the few known Alaska species.

This study is the first inventory of ascidians from shallow waters (0–25 m) of coastal and reef habitats in the southern Gulf of Mexico where ascidian diversity is poorly known. Sampled environments in 14 locations (38 sites) with 134 samples collected from 2015 to 2017 included coral reefs, coastal lagoons, mangroves, seagrass, ports, and artificial platforms. The 31 identified species comprise 19 genera and 13 families. Ten species are newly reported in the Gulf of Mexico:AscidiapanamensisBonnet & Rocha, 2011;Ecteinascidiastyeloides(Traustedt, 1882);CystodytesroseolusHartmeyer, 1912; Eudistomaaff.amanitum Paiva & Rocha, 2018;EudistomarecifenseMillar, 1977;EuherdmaniafasciculataMonniot, 1983; Euherdmaniaaff.vitrea Millar, 1961;Polycarpacartilaginea(Sluiter, 1885);Botrylloidesmagnicoecum(Hartmeyer, 1912) andDidemnumgranulatumTokioka, 1954. Two new species will be described separately (Clavelinasp. andPyurasp.). This study provides the first records for 26 species ascidians for the region as well as describes increased distributions of ten Atlantic species. Thus, our data provide a starting point for future ecological, experimental and taxonomic studies of ascidians of the Gulf of Mexico.

Colonial ascidians, Clavelina elegans (Oka, 1927) and Clavelina miniata Watanabe & Tokioka, 1973 are reported for the first time in Korean waters. As a result of this study, three species of the genus Clavelina are now recorded in Korean fauna. Clavelina elegans and C. miniata have been reported only from Japan. We expanded the distribution range of these species to Korea. The specimens of C. elegans and C. miniata were collected from the subtidal zone of Beomseom and Chagwido in Jeju-do by SCUBA diving. Detailed descriptions, illustrations and photographs of these species are provided in this paper.

Tunicates were collected from three harbors (Gampo, Bangeojin, Daebyeon) in Gyeongsangnam-do and one harbor (Seogwipo) in Jejudo Island during the period from August 2008 to January 2011 and were identified on the basis of their morphological characteristics. Among them, colonial tunicate Clavelina lepadiformis (Muller, 1776) belonging to the family Clavelinidae was found to be an invasive alien species introduced from the North Atlantic, and this is the first record of its occurrence in Korea.

13 Páginas ; 5 Figuras ; 1 Tabla, The phylogenetic relationships within the Order Aplousobranchiata (Ascidiacea) are largely unexplored. In this work, we study the phylogenetic status of the genera Clavelina and Pycnoclavella. Traditionally, both genera had been included in the family Clavelinidae, until the new family Pycnoclavellidae was defined, removing the genus Pycnoclavella from Clavelinidae. Not all authors accept the validity of Clavelina and Pycnoclavella as distinct genera, let alone their belonging to different families. In addition, the assignment of species to these genera, as well as to the genus Archidistoma, has been controversial. We analyzed sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I belonging to ten species of Pycnoclavella (including several formerly assigned to Archidistoma and Clavelina), 11 species of Clavelinidae, and ten species of other aplousobranch genera belonging to seven families, plus two outgroups. Two different tree construction methods (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) showed similar results. Pycnoclavella and Clavelina appeared in distinct clades but formed a monophyletic group relative to representatives of the main families of the order Aplousobranchiata. Our phylogenetic results indicate that both genera are valid but should be included within a single family, with the name Clavelinidae having precedence. The monotypic clavelinid genus Nephtheis branches in our trees within the clade of the genus Clavelina. Our results also confirm that some forms assigned to Archidistoma and Clavelina have been misplaced and belong to the genus Pycnoclavella. Pycnoclavella martae n.sp. is described., The research was funded by projects REN2001-2312-C03-02 and CTM2004-05265-C02-01 of the Spanish Government.

Fifty-one species are discussed of which five are new. Of the remaining 46 species, 20 previously known from one to three records and 11 more frequently recorded have their known geographic range and/or range of morphological variation extended and the synonymy of a further 15 species is revised. Taxonomic problems, including phylogeny, are addressed in Rhopalaea crassa, Pycnoclavella detorta, Ecteinascidia spp. and Plurella (see Phallusia polytrema). New species are Sigillina pulvinus, Polyclinum corbis, Perophora longicaulis, Stolonica brevigastra and Botrylloides saccus.

Aplousobranchia represents the largest order under the class Ascidiacea. Two reef associated aplousobranch ascidians, Rhopalaea macrothorax Tokioka, 1953 under the family Diazonidae and Clavelina robusta Kott, 1990 under the family Clavelinidae, found from the Andaman group of islands are reported as new records to the Indian waters. The present paper describes the taxonomic characters and distribution of these two newly recorded species.

We report five alien ascidians with some distinct features that were investigated from August 2009 to October 2011 in Korea, among which Ascidiella aspersa (Müller, 1776) belonging to family Ascidiidae of order Phlebobranchia and Molgula manhattensis (De Kay, 1843) belonging to family Molgulidae of order Stolidobranchia are newly discovered invasive species. These ascidians were identified and their phylogenetic relationships were clarified through molecular analysis using about 680 bp of nuclear 18S rDNA and about 670 bp of mt-COI genes along with detailed morphological characteristics, and reported for the first time in Korea. It was discovered that A. aspersa was widespread three coastlines of Korea except Jeju Island, and M. manhattensis first found in Mokpo, Gunsan, and Incheon in June 2010 extended into Busan of Korea Strait in 2011.

Mead, A., Carlton, J.T., Griffiths, C.L., Rius, M. (2011): Introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine species of South Africa. Journal of Natural History 45 (39-40): 2463-2524, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.595836, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.595836

Pycnoclavella tabella Kott, 1990 (Figure 8B) Pycnoclavella tabella Kott 1990a, p 77. Distribution Previously recorded (see Kott 1990a): South Australia (Spencer Gulf); Victoria (Portsea). New records: South Australia (Kangaroo I., 10–12 m, SAM E3292); Tasmania (Tasman Peninsula, 15–17 m, SAM E3291); Victoria (Portsea, SAM E3290). The species is usually in large aggregates on rocky walls and roofs of caves and overhanging ledges. This species has been recorded by scuba divers from relatively shallow waters. Description Specimens have the characteristic tangle of sandy, fragile, thin basal stolons, and narrow, often branching vertical stalks containing the long abdomina, also encased in thin, sandy test. On top of these vertical branches are the small spherical thoraces in thin, transparent, sand-free test, sometimes with a greenish oily appearance in life., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 183, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1990 a. The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29: 1 - 266."]}

Clavelina mirabilis Kott, 1972 Clavelina mirabilis Kott, 1972: 165; 1990a: 50. Distribution. New records: Tasmania (Bicheno, Hairy Wall dive site east of Governor’s I., rock slope, 15–20 m, SAM E2845). Previously known from only two specimens off Waldegrave I., S.A. The new record suggests that the species has a wide range in the Southern Ocean, extending into the Great Australian Bight and up the eastern coast of Tasmania. Description. The newly recorded specimen has a common cylindrical stalk but the thoracic parts of the zooids are independent of one another each in a separate covering of clear transparent test. Thoracic muscle bands are arranged as recorded for the type, namely 8E, 8B, 2D., Published as part of KOTT, PATRICIA, 2003, New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea, pp. 1611-1653 in Journal of Natural History 37 (13) on page 1616, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110104258, http://zenodo.org/record/5260089

Pycnoclavella detorta (Sluiter, 1904) Podoclavella detorta Sluiter, 1904: 6; not Kott, 1957b: 130. Clavelina detorta: Van Name, 1918: 133; Millar, 1975: 209; Monniot, F., 1988: 202; Monniot and Monniot, 2001: 231. Pycnoclavella detorta: Kott, 1990a: 71. Distribution. New records: Queensland (Swain Reefs, QM G305809). The new record confirms that the species is a common component of the West Pacific ascidian fauna (see Kott, 1990a). Larvae are present in the newly recorded specimens (collected in July). Remarks. Podoclavella detorta: Kott, 1957b (BM 1956. 5.2.19) has been re-examined. The specimens are long, narrow, horny stems up to 5 cm long, containing the long oesophageal neck and the slightly expanded distal part of the abdomen. They are joined to one another at their base by short stolons. However, the thoraces have disintegrated, and it was not possible to confirm Kott’s (1957b) description. Apart from the reported four rows of stigmata and longer and horny stalks, these specimens are like P. detorta. At this stage the significance of the reported differences is not known. Clavelina auracea Monniot, 1997a is also similar to P. detorta, except for ferilization of the eggs in a brood pouch at the postero-dorsal corner of the abdomen, five (rather than six) rows of stigmata, and the larvae. Although they lack the usual frontal plate of Clavelina larvae, the larval adhesive organs are not inverted tubes as in Pycnoclavellidae. Monniot (1997a) has not described the cerebral vesicle and it is not clear if an otolith is present or not. The affinities of this species are problematical, although the fertilization of eggs at the posterior end of the thorax suggests that it is closer to Clavelina than to Pycnoclavella., Published as part of KOTT, PATRICIA, 2003, New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea, pp. 1611-1653 in Journal of Natural History 37 (13) on page 1617, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110104258, http://zenodo.org/record/5260089

16 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, 3 additional files., [Background] Tunicates have been recently revealed to be the closest living relatives of vertebrates. Yet, with more than 2500 described species, details of their evolutionary history are still obscure. From a molecular point of view, tunicate phylogenetic relationships have been mostly studied based on analyses of 18S rRNA sequences, which indicate several major clades at odds with the traditional class-level arrangements. Nonetheless, substantial uncertainty remains about the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of key groups such as the Aplousobranchia, Appendicularia, and Thaliacea., [Results] Thirty new complete 18S rRNA sequences were acquired from previously unsampled tunicate species, with special focus on groups presenting high evolutionary rate. The updated 18S rRNA dataset has been aligned with respect to the constraint on homology imposed by the rRNA secondary structure. A probabilistic framework of phylogenetic reconstruction was adopted to accommodate the particular evolutionary dynamics of this ribosomal marker. Detailed Bayesian analyses were conducted under the non-parametric CAT mixture model accounting for site-specific heterogeneity of the evolutionary process, and under RNA-specific doublet models accommodating the occurrence of compensatory substitutions in stem regions. Our results support the division of tunicates into three major clades: 1) Phlebobranchia + Thaliacea + Aplousobranchia, 2) Appendicularia, and 3) Stolidobranchia, but the position of Appendicularia could not be firmly resolved. Our study additionally reveals that most Aplousobranchia evolve at extremely high rates involving changes in secondary structure of their 18S rRNA, with the exception of the family Clavelinidae, which appears to be slowly evolving. This extreme rate heterogeneity precluded resolving with certainty the exact phylogenetic placement of Aplousobranchia. Finally, the best fitting secondary-structure and CAT-mixture models suggest a sister-group relationship between Salpida and Pyrosomatida within Thaliacea., [Conclusion] An updated phylogenetic framework for tunicates is provided based on phylogenetic analyses using the most realistic evolutionary models currently available for ribosomal molecules and an unprecedented taxonomic sampling. Detailed analyses of the 18S rRNA gene allowed a clear definition of the major tunicate groups and revealed contrasting evolutionary dynamics among major lineages. The resolving power of this gene nevertheless appears limited within the clades composed of Phlebobranchia + Thaliacea + Aplousobranchia and Pyuridae + Styelidae, which were delineated as spots of low resolution. These limitations underline the need to develop new nuclear markers in order to further resolve the phylogeny of this keystone group in chordate evolution., This study is part of a Research Networks Program in Bioinformatics funded by the High Council for Scientific and Technological Cooperation between France and Israel (Grant # 3-3449 to DH, EJPD and YL). The present work was carried out as part of the Galathea 3 expedition under the auspices of the Danish Expedition Foundation (Dansk Ekspeditionsfond). This is Galathea 3 contribution no. P42 and also contributes to the Census of Marine Zooplankton. This work benefited from the bioinformatics cluster of the Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier. This is contribution ISEM 2009-88 of the Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR 5554 – CNRS).

Seventy‐eight species of Ascidiacea, including 21 new species from deeper waters (about 100 m and occasionally to about 500 m) off Western Australia appear to represent a diverse fauna not previously sampled. The relatively few solitary species taken include two possibly introduced (Styela plicata and S. clava). Large aplousobranch colonies dominate the collections. Aplousobranch species with numerous, small, deeply embedded zooids in massive three‐dimensional, vertical and often branched or stalked inflexible colonies supported by embedded sand (Polyclinindae) or calcareous spicules (Didemnidae) are common. Species with flexible stalks (enabling them to respond to prevailing currents) such as Clavelina meridionalis, Sigillina australis and S. cyanea were not taken often. Some known species (e.g. Synoicum chrysanthemum, and Atriolum tubiporum) previously considered rare were taken at these depths in significant numbers. Other unusual taxa (Pseudodiazona longigona and Condominium spp.) are recorded from ne...

Genus Euclavella Kott, 1990 Type species: Colella claviformis Herdman, 1899 Zooids are embedded completely in common test and both smooth-rimmed apertures, each on a short muscular siphon open separately to the exterior. Embryos appear to be fertilised and are incubated in the distal expanded part of the oviduct at the top of the oesophageal neck. Although replication has not yet been described for this monotypic genus it may involve the long posterior abdominal stolon containing an epicardial tube as in Pycnoclavella (see Trason 1963), rather than the mesodermal tissue of terminal ampullae of the branched stolonic vessels as it does in the Clavelinidae. This monotypic genus is assigned to the Pycnoclavellidae on the basis of its (possibly vegetative) stolon, wide branchial sac with wide interstigmatal membranes and deeply invaginated tubular larval adhesive organs. The developmental sequence of embryos at the top of the oesophageal neck where the distal part of the oviduct is expanded to act as a brood pouch also occurs in some Pycnoclavellidae (e.g. the detorta group: see Kott 2005), in some Clavelinidae (see Kott 1990) and in the South Australian Sigillina fantasiana (Kott, 1957)., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2007, Taxonomic affinities of three stalked colonial species of the Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from the central coast of New South Wales and indications of a trans-Tasman connection, pp. 633-645 in Journal of Natural History 41 (9 - 12) on page 635, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701248643, http://zenodo.org/record/5234077, {"references":["Kott P. 1990. The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29 (1): 1 - 266.","Herdman WA. 1899. Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1 - 139.","Trason WB. 1963. The life cycle and affinities of the colonial ascidian Pycnoclavella stanleyi. University California Publications Zoology 65 (4): 283 - 326.","Kott P. 2005. Catalogue of Tunicata in Australian Waters. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra. pp. i - iv, 1 - 301. CD-rom.","Kott P. 1957. Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and Polyclinidae Verrill. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 8 (1): 64 - 110."]}

Clavelina simplex sp. nov. (Figure 1D, E) Distribution Type locality. Tasmanian Canyons (Banks Strait, 168 m, 25 April 2004, Sherman sled, four syntypes, QM G308824). Description Colonies are short, rather stumpy cylinders, upright, up to 3 cm high and 1.5 cm diameter with the upper end rounded. The upper half to two-thirds of the colony is naked and transparent and the lower third to half is slightly translucent and has particles of sand and shell adhering to it. The base of the colony is irregular and has some sand attached to it. Up to 10 zooids are in each colony and open in what appears to be a circle around the upper surface. The test is darkly pigmented around the apertures. Conspicuous clusters of terminal ampullae of the fine-branching vascular stolons are in the test around the periphery of the lower two-thirds of the colony. The type material is crushed and mutilated and details of the zooid morphology are obscure. The branchial aperture is terminal and the atrial aperture is sub-terminal. Juvenile gonads are in the gut loop. Remarks Although the zooids in the present colonies are not well preserved and few adult organs are distinguishable, the species is readily recognised as belonging to this family Clavelinidae by the conspicuous clusters of crowded terminal ampullae and prolific branches of the test vessels that are known to be the site of replication. Clavelinidae, an aplousobranch family, is separated from others by its unique method of vegetative replication—budding in terminal ampullae of the test vessel. The new species is distinguished from others in the genus by its very simple colony with a circle of relatively short zooids around the top of each independent vertical lobe and by the profusion of terminal ampullae of test vessels that crowd the central test in the thick, cylindrical stalk behind the zooids. In its short zooids it most resembles the indigenous southern Australian species Clavelina cylindrica, which also has a large number of terminal ampullae. Clavelina cylindrica is a commonly encountered species in temperate Australian waters (Cockburn Sound to Bowen; Kott 1990a) but its zooids are only partially embedded clearly distinguishing it from the present species. In his notes on Distomidae, Caullery (1909) reported on a specimen from Western Port collected by Quoy and Gaimard that resembled Polyclinum cylindricum Quoy and Gaimard, 1834 (< Clavelina cylindrica) and had terminal ampullae of the test vessels that resemble those found in the present species. He assigned it to Chondrostachys Macdonald, 1858 (type species C. macdonaldi Bronn, 1862 from Bass Strait), a genus of the Clavelinidae, with relatively few longitudinal muscles, triradial adhesive organs, the anal opening near the atrial aperture and buds forming in the terminal ampullae of test vessels. (It had been noted in a footnote to Macdonald’s paper by the editor of the journal Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1858) that Chondrostachys resembled the Clavelinidae closely; and subsequently Chondrostachys macdonaldi was recognised as a junior synonym of Clavelina cylindrica). The genus Clavelina is well represented in the temperate ascidian fauna of Australia and world-wide by a number of colonial species with partially embedded zooids (C. cylindrica, C. australis, C. moluccensis, C. pseudobaudinensis), some with completely embedded zooids (C. baudinensis) and a few solitary or almost solitary ones (Clavelina dagysa, C. ostrearium). One other monotypic genus of the family, Euclavella (E. claviformis) with completely embedded zooids, also is known from temperate waters of Australia and New Zealand. Clavelinidae is not represented in the sub-Antarctic or Antarctic and its diversity in temperate Australian waters may be the result of isolation from the tropical fauna. The presence of this new species in the southern Ocean may also be a result of its isolation from a related temperate species., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on pages 182-183, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1990 a. The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29: 1 - 266.","Caullery M. 1909. Recherches sur la famille des Distomidae. Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique 42: 1 - 59.","Quoy J, Gaimard P. 1834. Mollusques. In: Voyages de decouvertes de l'Astrolabe 1826 - 29. Zoologie 3: 559 - 626.","Macdonald JD. 1858. Anatomical observations on a new form of compound tunicata (Chondrostachys). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 3) 1: 401.","Bronn HG. 1862. Weichthiere. In: Die Klassen und Ordnungen des ThierReichs. Volume 3 (1). Leipzig: C. F. Winter. p 103 - 223."]}

Clavelina arafurensis Tokioka, 1952 (see Kott 2004): 18.015 ° S, 146.645 ° E, depth 55 m., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 176, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Tokioka T. 1952. Ascidians collected by Messrs Renzi Wada and Seizi Wada from the Pearl Oyster bed in the Arafura Sea in 1940. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 2: 91 - 142.","Kott P. 2004. Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 20: 37 - 81."]}

Clavelina moluccensis (Sluiter, 1904) (see Kott 2004): Kangaroo I., Kingsgate Jetty, depth 3–5 m, SAM E3298., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 177, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Sluiter CP. 1904. Die Tunicaten der Siboga - Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expeditie 56 A: 1 - 126.","Kott P. 2004. Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 20: 37 - 81."]}

Pycnoclavella diminuta Kott, 1990a (see Kott 2002): off Noosa Heads, depth 8–10 m, QM G308791; Magnetic I., AIMS 17506., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 177, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1990 a. The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29: 1 - 266.","Kott P. 2002. Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 18: 19 - 55."]}

Clavelina oliva Kott, 1990a (see Kott 2002): 15.245 ° S, 145.375 ° E, depth 24 m., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 177, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1990 a. The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29: 1 - 266.","Kott P. 2002. Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 18: 19 - 55."]}

Clavelina pseudobaudinensis (Kott, 1976) (see Kott 1990a): Flinders Pier, depth 2–4 m, SAM E3299., Published as part of Kott, Patricia, 2006, Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1), pp. 169-234 in Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4) on page 177, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, http://zenodo.org/record/5232431, {"references":["Kott P. 1976. Ascidian fauna of Western Port Bay, Victoria and a comparison with that of Port Phillip Bay. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 37: 53 - 96.","Kott P. 1990 a. The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29: 1 - 266."]}

Kott, Patricia (2006): Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1). Journal of Natural History 40 (3-4): 169-234, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600621601, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930600621601

Monniot, Françoise, Monniot, Claude (2001): Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific. Zoosystema 23 (2): 201-383, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5391440, {"references": ["BREWIN B. I. 1950. - Ascidians of New Zealand. Part V: Ascidians from the East coast of Great Barrier Island. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 78 (2-3): 354-362.", "BREWIN B. I. 1953. - Australian ascidians of the subfamily Holozoinae and a review of the subfamily. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 81 (1): 53-64.", "BREWIN B. I. 1957. - Ascidians of New Zealand. X: Ascidians from North Aukland. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 84 (3): 577-580.", "DRASCHE R. VON 1882. - Oxycorynia, eine neue Synascidien-Gattung. Verhandlungen der zoologisch botanischen Gesellschaft Wien Osterreich 32: 175-178.", "GOSLINER T. M., BEHRENS D. W. & WILLIAMS G. C. 1996. - Coral Reef Animals of the Indo-Pacific. 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Nephtheis fascicularis (Drasche, 1882) Oxycorynia fascicularis Drasche, 1882: 175. Type locality: Caroline Islands. Nephtheis fascicularis – Monniot F. & Monniot C. 1996: 201, fig. 34, pl. 6A, western Pacific. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Philippines. Luzon, Maricaban Island, Bethlehem, 13°40.36’N, 120°50.50’E, 13 m, 22.VII.1994 (MNHN A3 NEP 4). Federated States of Micronesia. Pohnpei, NE lagoon, Tehpehk Island, bath sponge farm growing on nylon line, 6°57.68’N, 158°17.85’E, 8 m, 15.X.1996 (MNHN A3 NEP 5). Palau. West channel, 7°32.42’N, 134°28.37’E, 7 m, 21.X.1997 (MNHN A3 NEP 7); 12 m (MNHN A3 NEP 8). Indonesia. Komodo Island, coll. Erhardt (MNHN A2 NEP 6)., Published as part of Monniot, Françoise & Monniot, Claude, 2001, Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific, pp. 201-383 in Zoosystema 23 (2) on page 249, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5391440, {"references":["DRASCHE R. VON 1882. - Oxycorynia, eine neue Synascidien-Gattung. Verhandlungen der zoologisch botanischen Gesellschaft Wien Osterreich 32: 175 - 178."]}

Morphological and molecular data based on the COI gene were used to describe a new species of the colonial ascidian genus Pycnoclavella. The new species, P. stolonialis, is widespread sublittorally in the Irish Sea and also occurs on the western Irish coast, Wales and eastern England and may be locally common. It has been commonly known as the ‘pin head’ sea squirt since first recorded from Northern Ireland in 1984 but has not yet been formally described. P. stolonialis is the only described species of Pycnoclavella combining the presence of stolons, peribranchial incubation mode and a larva lacking an otolith. In addition, it features ca. 10% sequence divergence with the closest species of the genus in our phylogenetic trees. P. stolonialis showed intermediate characters between two groups of Pycnoclavella; the stanleyi and the aurilucens groups. Larval morphology and molecular data supported the inclusion of P. stolonialis within the aurilucens group, but the stolonial colony structure is characteristic of the stanleyi group. This implies that colony structure may not be a good character for separating these two groups. New information on distribution is given for P. atlantica, P. aurilucens and P. communis.

Material collected in 1963 and 1964 by the International Indian Ocean Expedition includes ascidians from areas where the fauna is well-known such as the Mozambique Channel and from the relatively unknown southern Arabian Sea. Of the 29 species identified six are described as new to science, including one from a new genus of the family Polyclinidae.

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

An account is given of 39 species of Australian ascidians of the families Clavelinidae and Polyclinidae, of which 14 are new. The larvae of certain species are considered in relation to specific and phylogenetic patterns within the genera and families. The geographical distribution of species is discussed.