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This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sodium monensin on the hepatic accumulation of copper in sheep. Twenty-four Santa Inês crossbred sheep were used and allocated in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with six repetitions and considering the factors dietary copper (basal and high) and supplementation (with and without sodium monensin). Thus, four homogeneous groups were formed: control (basal diet); monensin (Mon), 30 ppm of monensin; copper (Cu), 10 10 mg/kg BW per day of copper; monensin + copper (MonCu). The experimental period lasted 14 weeks. Liver and bile samples were collected at the beginning and end of the experiment to determine mineral element concentrations, and weekly blood samples for biochemical, hematological, and mineral evaluation. Liver copper concentrations at the beginning of the experiment did not vary between groups, while mean liver copper concentrations at the end of the experiment were higher in the MonCu, Cu, and Mon groups when compared to the control. At the end of the study, hepatic copper concentration was influenced by copper (p = 0.0001) and monensin (p = 0.0003) supplementation. Copper-supplemented groups had reduced liver iron contents (p = 0.0287) and increased copper concentrations in bile. The biochemical evaluation showed increased serum GGT and AST activity (p 0.05) in the Cu and MonCu groups from the eleventh week on compared to the control and Mon groups. The increase in activity of these enzymes was influenced by copper supplementation (p = 0.0340). Monensin interferes positively with the hepatic accumulation of copper and the supplementation of this additive may predispose sheep to copper poisoning.

We evaluated the clinical aspects and feeding behavior of cattle with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) caused by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Ten healthy Nelore heifers were subjected to an adjusted SARA induction protocol using citrus pulp (CP). Clinical examinations were performed at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 h intervals after induction, with ruminal fluid, blood, and feces sampling. The animals&rsquo, feeding behavior was evaluated on, before, and for 3 days after SARA by observing the animals every 5 min for 24 h. The dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily. The ruminal pH during SARA was always lower than baseline, with an acidotic duration of 547 &plusmn, 215 min, a minimum pH of 5.38 &plusmn, 0.16, and an average pH of 5.62 &plusmn, 0.1. SARA was mainly caused by SCFAs (maximum 118.4 &plusmn, 9.3 mmol/L), with the production of l-lactic acids (7.17 mmol/L) and d-lactic acids (0.56 mmol/L) 6 h after the experiment began. The DMI was reduced by 66% and 48% on days 1 and 2, respectively, and returned to normal levels on day 3. SARA caused a reduction in feed intake and rumination time, as well as an increase in the time spent in decubitus on days 1 and 2. These results were influenced by the ruminal pH, ruminal movement, and osmolarity. Furthermore, SARA caused different degrees of depression, which became more pronounced with higher ruminal lactic acid concentrations.

RESUMO O presente trabalho objetivou comparar o efeito do flunixin meglumine, cetoprofeno e meloxicam no tratamento da dor pós-operatória de ovinos submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia. Foram utilizados 32 ovinos, machos, pesando em média 35,5±3,5kg, distribuídos em três grupos: GFlu (flunixin meglumine 1,1mg/kg i.v.), GCet (cetoprofeno 3,0mg/kg i.v.) e GMel (meloxicam 0,5mg/kg i.v.). Exame clínico e coletas de sangue foram realizados no M0 (pré-avaliação), M1 (10 minutos após a pré-avaliação), M2 (início da sutura para fixação da cânula ruminal), M3 (logo após o término da cirurgia) e em duas, 12, 23, 25, 48 e 72 horas após a cirurgia (M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h, M48h e M72h), quando foram avaliados cortisol, glicose, proteína total, albumina, γ-glutamiltransferase (GGT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatina quinase (CK), ureia, creatinina e hemograma. Nos M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h e M48h, foi realizada avaliação comportamental. O GFlu apresentou maior concentração de cortisol no M12h e no M48h e maior escore de dor na fístula e no testículo no M12h, quando comparado ao GMel. Os animais do GCet apresentaram menor interação com outros membros da baia no M23h. A ação analgésica do meloxicam foi maior em animais submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia, quando comparado ao flunixin meglumine e ao cetoprofeno.

Dietary chromium supplementation before, during, and after weaning was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that chromium supplementation could reduce weaning-induced cortisol release in beef calves. We examined the effects of chromium supplementation in 150 crossbred calves (male and female) between five and six months of age. The calves were randomly divided by sex and breed into two equal homogeneous groups (n=75). One group was used as the control, and the other experimental group received supplementation with 0.9mg of chromium carbon-amino-phospho-chelate per 100kg BW. The chromium supplement was mixed with mineral salt for the consumption of 0.1% of BW, and the supplement was administered via creep feeding 60 days before and 60 days after forced weaning. Calves were weighed, and their blood and urine samples were obtained at four time-points: T0 (60 days before weaning), T1 (at weaning), T2 (48 hours after weaning), and T3 (60 days after weaning). Blood samples were used to determine chromium, cortisol, total protein, and albumin concentrations, and urine samples were used to determine urinary creatinine and chromium levels. Cumulative weight gain was higher in calves supplemented with chromium before weaning and during the experiment (P

Blood transfusion is a therapeutic procedure of great importance for veterinary medicine, in spite of only few studies in the literature on hemotherapy in goats. We aimed to evaluate the biochemical, blood gas, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation of goats submitted to homologous transfusion of fresh whole blood or stored for 15 and 35 days. Eighteen adult male goats were submitted to a single phlebotomy to remove 30% of the blood volume, and we transfused 20mL/kg of whole blood stored in CPDA-1 bags according to the experimental group, being: G0 composed goats who received fresh blood, G15 and G35 goats that received blood stored for 15 and 35 days, respectively. For the biochemical evaluation, blood gas, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, blood samples were collected at the following moments: before the induction of anemia (TC0); 6 hours after phlebotomy and before transfusion (TC1); 1, 6, 12, 24 and 96 hours after transfusion (T1, T6, T12, T24 and T96 respectively); 8, 16 and 32 days after transfusion (T8d, T16d and T32d respectively). Before transfusion, blood samples were also withdrawn from the bags for the same analyzes. Statistical analyzes were performed in the statistical program GRAPHPAD PRISM 5.0, adopting a significance level of 5%. The bags of blood stored for 15 and 35 days showed more biochemical changes, blood gas, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation than fresh blood bags. As for the biochemical analysis, after the transfusion was observed an increase of the total protein, albumin, glucose and creatine kinase in the 3 groups, and elevation of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and urea in G15 and G35. The changes observed in the blood gas analysis had no clinical significance, as they were within the reference values for the species. The goats that received stored blood showed disorder in their antioxidant system through alteration of the SOD activity. In the analysis of lipid peroxidation no difference between the groups for the concentration of malondialdehyde was found. Thus, it can be concluded that transfusion of whole fresh stored blood in goats did not compromise the blood gases, lipid peroxidation and liver and renal functions of the transfused animals. In addition, the method was proved to be efficient to restore, among other components, the total protein and albumin. The transfusion, as performed in this study, proved to be safe for used in the clinical practice of goats.

Hyperketonemia in sheep is associated with a disease known as pregnancy toxemia. The purposes of this study were to (1) induce hyperketonemia by infusion with D-beta-hydroxybutyrate (D-BHB) in eighteen healthy, non-pregnant, non-lactating ewes, (2) to evaluate the metabolic pathways in which recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) may be involved, and (3) to evaluate the possible benefits of preventive rbST therapy on the metabolic profiles of the sheep. The sheep were intravenously infused with a D-BHB solution over 2 h. Three days prior to the infusion, one group (n = 9) was injected with a single dose of 160 mg rbST, and the other group (n = 9) was injected with saline as a control. Blood samples were collected and metabolic profiles were analyzed every 20 min during the infusion and at 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min post-infusion. Hyperketonemia was successfully achieved, demonstrated by serum BHB concentrations of 3.9 and 3.0 mmol/L in the rbST and control groups, respectively, without the presence of clinical signs. An increase in peripheral insulin resistance was observed after infusion but not during the infusion, in the rbST group. Higher glucose concentrations were observed in the rbST group post-infusion, suggesting a positive impact of D-BHB on gluconeogenesis. Our data suggest that prophylactic treatment with rbST may be useful in sheep to reduce the risk of PT.

The effects of feeding, fasting, and re-feeding on the metabolic and ruminal profiles of growing cattle were studied. Blood and urine samples were obtained from 12 crossbred steers weighing approximately 300 kg during the following periods: 11 h of normal feeding (postprandial period), 48 consecutive hours of fasting, followed by 48 h of re-feeding. Compared with the postprandial period, fasting caused the following modifications: moderate hypoglycemia accompanied by remarkable lipolysis detected by the increase in plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFAs); absence of hepatic lipidosis, as there were no changes in aspartate aminotransferase activity or serum cholesterol levels; mild ketogenesis, confirmed by the slight increase of β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB); increased amino acid burn for energy production, verified by the increase in serum urea contents. There were strong positive correlations between the plasma levels of FFAs and βHB (r = 0.68; p < 0.001), fasting duration and FFA concentration (r = 0.92; p < 0.00001), and fasting duration and serum urea (r = 0.52; p < 0.001); there was a negative correlation between fasting duration and blood glucose (r = −0.52; p < 0.0001). During this same period, mild hypovolemia characterized by an increase in intravascular volume deficit was observed. The metabolic condition observed during fasting was completely reversed during re-feeding, except for the temporarily higher proteolysis.

RESUMO Este estudo avaliou a capacidade de um sal mineral rico em molibdênio (Mo) em prevenir a intoxicação cúprica acumulativa (ICA), mediante a análise das variáveis clínicas e dos teores de cobre (Cu) e Mo hepático. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos cruzados da raça Ile-de-France, aleatoriamente distribuídos igualmente em cinco grupos, em que o grupo 1 recebia dieta contendo 80% de volumoso e 20% de concentrado, os grupos 2 e 3 recebiam 50% de volumoso e 50% de concentrado, e os grupos 4 e 5 recebiam a mesma dieta dos grupos 2 e 3, com a adição diária de 150mg de sulfato de Cu. Os grupos 1, 3 e 5 recebiam sal mineral contendo 300ppm de Mo. Foram realizadas três biópsias hepáticas para determinação de Cu, Mo e Zn. Três ovinos do grupo 4 e um do grupo 5 manifestaram ICA. Não houve diferença na frequência de mortalidade entre os grupos (P=0,56). Os teores de Cu hepático nos ovinos com ICA (2450ppm) foram superiores aos que não intoxicaram (1518ppm). Quanto maior a ingestão de Mo na dieta, menor foi o acúmulo de Cu hepático ao término do experimento (r = -0,72). ABSTRACT The aim of this project is to evaluate the capacity of a molybdenum-rich mineral salt in the prevention of cumulative cooper poisoning (CCP) in sheep, through clinical and hepatic copper and molybdenum concentrations. Twenty five crossbreed Ile-de-France sheep were randomly distributed equally into five groups. Group 1 received a 80% forage and 20% concentrate diet, groups 2 and 3 received a 50% forage and 50% concentrate diet, and groups 4 and 5 received the same diet as groups 2 and 3 with a daily supplementation of 150 mg of copper sulfate. Groups 1, 3 and 5 received a mineral salt with 300 ppm of molybdenum. Three times during the experiment a liver biopsy was carried out to evaluate the degree of copper accumulation. Three sheep from group 4 and one sheep from group 5 showed a clinical picture of CCP. There was no difference in the frequency of mortality between groups 4 and 5 (P=0.56). The liver copper concentration was higher in sheep with CCP (2450 ppm) compared to sheep that did not present CCP (1518 ppm). The higher the ingestion of molybdenum in the diet the lower the liver copper concentration at the end of the experiment (r=-0.72).

O objetivo deste estudo foi a comparação das metodo-logias mais comuns empregadas em diferentes fazendas para a avaliação da qualidade do colostro e identificação de falha na transferência de imunidade passiva (FTIP) em bezerras Holandesas. Sessenta e oito bezerras Holandesas recém-nascidas foram distribuídas em dois grupos: G1 - provenientes de propriedade com manejo de colostro adequado; G2 - oriundas de propriedade com falhas no manejo do colostro. Foram colhidas amostras de colostro fornecido para cada bezerra de cada grupo (250 ml) para a avaliação de IgG, sólidos totais, PT e albumina. Amostras sanguíneas foram obtidas às 48 horas de vida para a determinação de PT e de globulina e para a estimativa indireta de IgG por meio dos testes de turvação pelo sulfato de zinco, precipitação pelo sulfito de sódio e coagulação do glutaraldeído. Os teores de IgG observados no colostro pelo colostrômetro (G1: 98,63 ±1 5,58 mg/ml; G2: 85,66 ± 29,81 mg/ml; p = 0,09), índice Brix (G1: 27,61 ± 2,96%; G2: 22,40 ± 4,58%; p = 0,00), PT (G1: 10,42 ± 2,29g/dL; G2: 9,04 ±2 ,29g/dL; p = 0,06) e albumina (G1: 1,25 ± 0,37g/dL; G2: 0,91 ± 0,38g/dL; p = 0,00) foram superiores no G1 quando comparados ao G2. A determinação de PT no soro das bezerras foi realizada por um analisador bioquímico automático, revelando taxas de FTIP (< 5,2 g/dL) somente no G2 (46,67%). Os resultados dos testes qualitativos (turvação pelo sulfato de zinco, precipitação pelo sulfito de sódio e coagulação do glutaraldeído) foram diferentes dos resultados de PT (p = 0,00) e não se mostraram eficientes para a detecção da FTIP. Esta pesquisa demonstrou que além do uso do colostrômetro para a avaliação da qualidade do colostro, a utilização do refratrômetro Brix e níveis de PT do colostro devem ser consideradas. A identificação de FTIP no rebanho pode ser realizada seguramente por meio dos níveis séricos de PT e globulina.

Objetivou-se conhecer os teores de cobre, zinco, ferro e molibdênio em soro e fígado de pequenos ruminantes criados nos municípios de Casa Nova e Juazeiro, estado da Bahia, e verificar se há carência primária ou secundária de cobre. Foi avaliado um total de 160 amostras de ovinos e caprinos de ambos os sexos, coletados nos períodos seco e chuvoso. O valor de cobre sérico para caprinos foi de 13,8±0,3±mol/L e para ovinos foi de 12,2±0,4±mol/L, enquanto os teores hepáticos médios foram de 220ppm para caprinos e 238ppm para ovinos. O valor de zinco sérico para caprinos foi de 28,3±1,0±mol/L e para ovinos foi de 28,7±0,8±mol/L, enquanto os teores hepáticos médios foram de 99ppm para caprinos e 92ppm para ovinos. O valor de ferro sérico para caprinos foi de 61±3±mol/L e para ovinos foi de 64±2±mol/L, enquanto os teores hepáticos foram de 172ppm para caprinos e 221ppm para ovinos. Os valores médios de cobre não indicam ocorrência de carência deste elemento nos pequenos ruminantes criados nos municípios estudados. Os teores de zinco encontravam-se dentro dos intervalos de normalidade, não sendo verificada a necessidade de suplementação extra deste mineral. Os teores de ferro sérico apresentavam-se bem elevados, contudo sem que houvesse interferência suficiente no metabolismo do cobre de forma a resultar em uma deficiência cúprica. The aim of this research was to know the copper, zinc, iron and molybdenum content in serum and liver of small ruminants raised in the cities of Casa Nova and Juazeiro, state of Bahia, and verify the occurrence of primary or secondary copper deficiency. A total of 160 samples of sheep and goats of both sexes collected in the dry and rainy season were evaluated. The values for serum copper in goats was 13.8±0.3±mol/L and in sheep it was 12.2±0.4 ±mol/L, while the mean liver concentration was 220 ppm for goats and 238 ppm for sheep. The serum zinc value for goats was 28.3±1.0±mol/L and for sheep it was 28.7±0.8±mol/L, while the mean liver concentration was 99 ppm for goats and 92 ppm for sheep. Serum iron value for goats was 61±3±mol/L and for sheep it was 64±2±mol/L, while liver levels were 172 ppm for goats and 221 ppm for sheep. Copper mean values do not indicate the occurrence of copper deficiency in small ruminants raised in the cities studied. Zinc levels were within the normal values and do not require extra supplementation of this mineral. The serum iron levels were elevated, however it did not interfere in copper metabolism in order to result in a cupric deficiency.

We assessed the effects of guaraná (Paullinia cupana) consumption on plasma catechins, erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) and biomarkers of oxidative stress (ex vivo LDL oxidation, plasma total antioxidant status and ORAC, and lymphocyte single cell gel electrophoresis) in healthy overweight subjects. Twelve participants completed a 15-day run-in period followed by a 15-day intervention with a daily intake of 3 g guaraná seed powder containing 90 mg (+)-catechin and 60 mg (-)-epicatechin. Blood samples were taken on the first and last day of the intervention period, fasting and 1 h post-dose. The administration of guaraná increased plasma ORAC, while reducing ex vivo LDL oxidation (only in the first study day) and hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage in lymphocytes, at 1 h post-dose. Plasma catechin (0.38 ± 0.12 and 0.44 ± 0.18 nmol mL(-1)), epicatechin (0.59 ± 0.18 and 0.64 ± 0.25 nmol mL(-1)) and their methylated metabolites were observed at 1 h post-dose but were almost negligible after overnight fasting. The activities of catalase (in both study days) and glutathione peroxidase (in the last intervention day) increased at 1 h post-dose. Furthermore, the activity of both enzymes remained higher than the basal levels in overnight-fasting individuals on the last intervention day, suggesting a prolonged effect of guaraná that continues even after plasma catechin clearance. In conclusion, guaraná catechins are bioavailable and contribute to reduce the oxidative stress of clinically healthy individuals, by direct antioxidant action of the absorbed phytochemicals and up-regulation of antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes.

To study the dynamics on the concentration of mammary secretion whey proteins of goats during the dry period eight Saanen goats were selected through traditional methods of semiology. The mammary secretion was assessed eight times during the 30-day dry period. Whey was obtained by coagulating mammary secretion with rennet. Total proteins concentration was determined by the biuret method and protein fractions were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on a 12% gel (SDS-PAGE 12%). There was an increase in protein concentration of mammary secretion serum proteins during the dry period with changes in the percentage distribution of proteins fractions, accompanied with the appearance of new fractions. It may be concluded that involution is associated with increased concentration of components of the innate (albumin, lactoferrin) and acquired (immunoglobulin) system and with evidences for increased degradation of casein.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la presentación clínica, perfil bioquímico, y la respuesta al tratamiento en los caballos con hipocalcemia inducida experimentalmente. Doce yeguas se distribuyeron en un grupo control (n = 5) y un grupo tratado (n = 7). Ácido etilendiaminotetraacético disódico (Na2EDTA 5%) se infundió a los animales hasta que presentaron signos clínicos de hipocalcemia, momento en el que fueron tratados con una solución comercial con calcio, fósforo, magnesio, y la glucosa en una dosis de 1 mL/ kg / PV de 30 minutos. El grupo control recibió 0,9% solución salina en el mismo volumen. Exámenes físicos y colección de muestras sanguíneas se realizaron en cuatro oportunidades: T0 (basal), T1 (al final de la infusión de Na2EDTA), T2 (al final del tratamiento), y T3 (24 horas después del fin del experimento). Todas las yeguas presentaron una disminución temporal en las concentraciones de calcio total y de magnesio y se observaron signos clínicos de hipocalcemia. En el curso del tratamiento, la taquicardia, taquipnea, hipofonesis, y la atonía del ciego desaparecieron, así como aumentaron las concentraciones de calcio total magnesio. El tratamiento efectuado posibilitó la recuperación de la hipocalcemia clínica dentro de 30 minutos y retorno de las concentraciones de los principales parámetros bioquímicos a los valores basales., The aim of this study was to examine the clinical presentation, biochemical profile and response to treatment among horses with experimentally-induced hypocalcemia. Twelve adult, mixed breed mares were used. A 5% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (Na2EDTA) solution was infused into all the mares until the animals presented clinical signs of hypocalcemia, at which point they were divided into a control group (n = 5) and a treatment group (n = 7). The treated group received an infusion of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and glucose at a dosage of 1 mL/kg/BW during 30 minutes. The control group received 0.9% saline solution at the same dosage. Clinical examination and blood sample collection were performed at the times T0 (baseline- thirty minutes before beginning the Na2EDTA), T1 (at the end of the Na2EDTA infusion), T2 (at the end of the treatment) and T3 (24 hours after the end of the experiment). Serum calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased in response to Na2EDTA administration. The clinical signs of hypocalcemia in the mares included tachycardia, tachypnea, hypophonesis and cecal atony. These signs disappeared over the course of treatment, while total calcium and magnesium increased. Treatment produced recovery from clinical hypocalcemia within 30 minutes and promoted return of the main biochemical parameters to baseline values.

Para avaliar as proteínas do soro lácteo durante a lactação, o soro obtido a partir de 48 amostras de leite coletadas de 12 vacas da raça Jersey antes da ordenha foi estudado. Os animais foram distribuídos em três grupos: terço inicial (30-120 dias de lactação), terço médio (121-210 dias de lactação) e terço final da lactação (mais de 211 dias de lactação). O proteinograma consistiu da concentração de proteína total do soro lácteo, determinado pelo método de biureto e da eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE). A diminuição gradual e significativa de algumas frações do soro de leite foi observada durante a lactação, albumina, lactoferrina, imunoglobulinas, β-lactoglobulina e α-lactoalbumina. Os valores de normalidade obtidos para as proteínas do soro do leite de vacas Jersey foram: proteína total do soro de leite 569,0-713,0mg/dL, lactoferrina 36,0-49,0mg/dL, albumina 24,0-34.0mg/dL, cadeia pesada de imunoglobulina 38,0-51,0 mg/dL; cadeia leve de imunoglobulina 59,0-95,0mg/dL, β-lactoglobulina 207,0-256,0mg/dL, α-lactoalbumina 117,0-157,0mg/dL, proteína com 226 KDa 5,80-12.0mg/dL, e proteína com 118 kDa 2,30-6.80mg/dL. To evaluate the whey proteins during the lactation, whey obtained from 48 milk samples collected from 12 Jersey cows before milking were studied. Cows were distributed into three groups as follows: early (30-120 days), middle (121-210 days) and end of lactation (more than 211 days). The proteinogram consisted of total proteins concentration determined by biuret method and polyacrymalide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A gradual and significant decrease of some fractions of the whey was observed during the lactation cycle albumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, β-lactoglobulin and α -lactoalbumin. The normal ranges obtained for the whey proteins of Jersey cows were: whey total proteins 569.0 to 713.0mg/dL, lactoferrin 36.0 to 49.0mg/dL, albumin 24.0 to 34.0mg/dL, immunoglobulin's heavy chain 38.0 and 51.0mg/dL; immunoglobulin's light chain 59.0 to 95.0mg/dL, β-lactoglobulin 207.0 to 256.0mg/dL, α-lactoalbumin 117.0 to 157.0mg/dL; protein with 226 KDa 5.80 to 12.0mg/dL, and protein with 118 KDa 2.30 to 6.80mg/dL.

Resumo: Peixes-boi da Amazônia (Trichechus inungui) jovens são frequentemente encontrados e resgatados de rios, no entanto para avaliar e monitorar o estado de saúde desses animais é necessário conhecer os valores de referência das variáveis hematológicas e bioquímicas nessa faixa etária. O trabalho objetivou determinar os valores hematológicos e bioquímicos de peixes-boi da amazônia jovens e saudáveis, mantidos em cativeiros. Foram coletadas 20 amostras sanguíneas de peixes-boi para a realização do hemograma e bioquímica. Os valores médios e desvio padrão das variáveis hematológicas foram: volume globular, 37±4%; eritrócitos, 4,4±0,35x106/μL; hemoglobina, 12,5±1,6g/dL; volume corpuscular médio (VCM), 85,33±4,28fL; hemoglobina corpuscular media (HCM), 28,29±1,39pg; e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular media (CHCM), 33,13±0,20%, leucócitos totais, 9.080±1.868x103/μL; segmentados, 5.078±1.044,24x103/μL; linfócitos 3.556±1,063x103/μL; eosinófilos, 288± 215,51x103/μL; e monócitos, 165± 114,11x103/μL. A média e o intervalo (mínimo e máximo) das variáveis bioquímicas foram: creatinina quinase (CK), 112,53 (50,10-295,80) U/L; aspartato aminotransferase (AST), 6,02 (2,80-10,20) U/L; gama glutamiltransferase (GGT), 25,24 (10,80-45,30) U/L; fosfatase alcalina (FA), 98,73 (14,66-198,30) U/L; proteína total, 6,12 (5,38-7,10) g/dL; albumina, 4,23 (3,50-5,00) g/dL; colesterol, 310,13 (144-518) mg/dL; triglicerídeos, 127,98 (57,50-213,50) mg/dL; glicose, 43,63 (24,50-73,80) mg/dL; ureia, 30,21 (14,30-54,25); creatinina, 1,34 (0,93-1,76) mg/dL; cálcio, 10,08 (9,25-11,10) mg/dL; e fósforo inorgânico; 6,50 (4,10-8,80) mg/dL. No presente trabalho foi possível determinar valores hematológicos e bioquímicos de peixes-boi da Amazônia (Trichechus inungui) jovens, mantidos em cativeiro, os quais podem ser utilizados como referência para animais em cativeiro e de vida livre, mantidos em condições ambientais, e de manejo, semelhantes. Abstract: Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) young are often found and rescued from rivers, however to assess and monitor the health status of the animals is necessary to know the reference values of hematological and biochemical variables in this age group. The study aimed to determine hematological and biochemical values of healthy young manatee amazonian, kept in captivity. Were collected 20 blood samples of manatees in captivity for the hematological and biochemical evaluation. Means and standard deviations of hematological variables were: pack cell volume, 37±4%; red blood cell, 4.4±0.35x106/μL; hemoglobin, 12.5±1.6g/dL; mean corpuscular volume (VCM), 85.33±4.28fL; mean corpuscular hemoglobin (HCM), 28.29±1.39pg; and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (CHCM), 33.13±0.20%. White blood cell, 9,080±1,868x103/μL; neutrofil, 5,078±1,044.24x103/μL; lymphocytes 3,556±1,063x103/μL; eosinophil, 288±215.51x103/μL; and monocyte, 1.65±114.11x103/μL. Means and ranges (minimum and maximum) of values for the analytes were: creatine kinase (CK), 112.53 (50.10-295.80) U/L; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 6.02 (2.80-10.20) U/L; γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), 25.24 (10.80-45.30) U/L; alkaline phosphatase (FA), 98.73 (14.66-198.30) U/L; total protein, 6.12 (5.38-7.10) g/dL; albumin, 4.23 (3.50-5.00) g/dL; cholesterol, 310.13 (144-518) mg/dL; triglycerides, 127.98 (57.50-213.50) mg/dL; glucose, 43.63 (24.50-73.80) mg/dL; urea, 30.21 (14.30-54.25); creatinine, 1.34 (0.93-1,76) mg/dL; calcium, 10.08 (9.25-11.10) mg/dL; and inorganic phosphorum, 6.50 (4.10-8.80) mg/dL. In the present study we determined hematological and biochemical values of manatees Amazonian (Trichechus inunguis) young held in captivity, which can be used as a reference for animals in bondage and free life, kept under similar ambient conditions, and management similar.

The study was designed to assess the effects of in vitro selenium addition on intracellular hydrogen peroxide production by neutrophils from the milk and blood of dairy cows. Blood from 10 dairy cows and 20 milk samples from five dairy cows were incubated with 0 mg (control) or 10μM of sodium selenite. Then, milk and blood neutrophils were submitted for evaluation of intracellular hydrogen peroxide production by flow cytometry using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate as a probe. The selenium status of the animals was evaluated by determination of the blood glutathione peroxidase activity. The results of the present work showed that in vitro selenium supplementation leads to an enhancement in intracellular hydrogen peroxide production, which indicates an improvement in the bactericidal effects of blood and milk neutrophils even in cows with a selenium-adequate status. Thus, the present study showed that in vitro Se supplementation leads to an enhancement in intracellular hydrogen peroxide production, indicating an improvement in the bactericidal effects of blood and milk neutrophils in cows with Se-adequate status.

Twelve male sheep were intoxicated with copper and four served as controls. When hemoglobinuria was first diagnosed, the poisoned sheep were randomly distributed into two groups: 4 untreated and 8 tetratiomolybdate-treated. Blood samples and clinical evaluation were performed daily, from the onset of poisoning until the 30 th day. Analysis of packed cell volume, plasma free hemoglobin, and blood gas were made. Elevated heart rates and rectal temperature, and reduced respiratory and ruminal movement rates were recorded in the intoxicated group. The poisoned sheep developed mild alkalosis caused by bicarbonate retention, while a short-periodic increase of pCO 2 occurred to compensate the ongoing alkalosis. Elevated degree of anemia was directly proportional to heart rate, while high degree of alkalosis was inversely proportional to respiratory rate. Further, there was an elevated positive relationship between plasma free hemoglobin and rectal temperature, and an increase in rectal temperature accompanied a reduced ruminal movement.

No estudo das infecções e dos mecanismos inflamatórios do trato respiratório posterior, a diluição desconhecida de amostras de lavados traqueobrônquicos leva a um grave problema na interpretação das concentrações de várias substâncias. Foi investigada a amplitude da diluição em uma situação clínica verdadeira, com o objetivo de determinar a validez do uso da dosagem da ureia em lavados traqueobrônquicos para correção da diluição. As amostras do estudo consistiram em lavados traqueobrônquicos obtidos de sete potros com infecção por Rhodococcus equi. Foi realizada a contagem celular total e diferencial e comprado com o quadro clínico e a recuperação bacteriana de todas as amostras. Os fatores de diluição dos lavados variaram entre 14,3 e 130 (média 59,7). O uso da ureia como marcador de diluição melhorou a exatidão na determinação da concentração total de células nos lavados. Estes resultados sugerem que a prática de mensurar substâncias em lavado traqueobrônquico sem correção da diluição possa induzir a falsas conclusões.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:00:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782010000800017.pdf: 133976 bytes, checksum: 5478dc0f341fbaac6eaf63ef49bc3f92 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:00:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782010000800017.pdf: 133976 bytes, checksum: 5478dc0f341fbaac6eaf63ef49bc3f92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:58:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782010000800017.pdf: 133976 bytes, checksum: 5478dc0f341fbaac6eaf63ef49bc3f92 (MD5) S0103-84782010000800017.pdf.txt: 32078 bytes, checksum: aecf5946cd328f7769a95ef5e0db8753 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:15:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782010000800017.pdf: 133976 bytes, checksum: 5478dc0f341fbaac6eaf63ef49bc3f92 (MD5) S0103-84782010000800017.pdf.txt: 32078 bytes, checksum: aecf5946cd328f7769a95ef5e0db8753 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:15:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782010000800017.pdf: 133976 bytes, checksum: 5478dc0f341fbaac6eaf63ef49bc3f92 (MD5) S0103-84782010000800017.pdf.txt: 32078 bytes, checksum: aecf5946cd328f7769a95ef5e0db8753 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-01 Para testar a eficiência de vários tratamentos de intoxicação por amônia em bovinos, foram utilizados 25 garrotes que receberam cloreto de amônio por infusão intravenosa (iv) até o surgimento de quadro convulsivo. em seguida, os animais foram alocados em um dos cinco grupos experimentais e tratados da seguinte forma: 1) controle: infusão (iv) de 300mL de solução salina isotônica (SSI), no decorrer de 4h; 2) infusão (iv) de 30mL kg-1 PV de SSI no decorrer de 4h e administração de 4L de água intraruminal por meio de sonda esofágica (ASE); 3) mesmo tratamento do grupo 2 e dose única (iv) de furosemida (2mg kg-1 PV) (F); 4) injeção (iv) de 5mL kg-1 PV de solução salina hipertônica (SSH) 7,2% nos primeiros 30min, seguida de 20mL kg-1 PV de SSI e 4L de ASE; 5) mesmo tratamento do grupo 4 e dose única de F. No decorrer de 4h após a convulsão, foram determinados os teores plasmáticos de amônia e glicose, ureia, creatinina, potássio e sódio séricos, volume e gravidade específica da urina, e excreção urinária de amônio e ureia. No momento da convulsão, os teores de amônia plasmáticos foram muito altos e idênticos em todos os tratamentos, mas no 120°min, nos grupos tratados com associação de SSH+SSI+ASE (grupos 4 e 5), houve diminuição desse metabólito. O uso de furosemida (grupos 3 e 5) não aumentou a excreção total de urina. A terapia com associação de SSH+SSI+ASE aumentou ainda o volume urinário e a excreção percentual urinária de ureia e amônia durante o período crítico da 1ª hora de tratamento, mas o uso de SSI+ASE (grupos 2 e 3) teve resultados intermediários. A eficiência do tratamento com SSH+SSI+ASE ou SSI+ASE foi superior ao grupo controle. Embora com efeito menor que o observado com SSH+SSI+ASE, a SSI+ASE promoveu melhora no quadro clínico geral e, ao término do experimento, promoveu também uma adequada desintoxicação da amônia. To test the efficiency of some treatments for ammonia poisoning in cattle, 25 steers were used. Ammonium chloride solution was infused intravenously (iv) in each steer until the onset of convulsive episode. Thereafter, the animals were distributed in one of the five different groups, as follows: 1) control: infusion (iv) of 300mL isotonic saline solution (ISS) throughout the following 4h; 2) infusion (iv) of ISS 30mL kg-1 BW throughout the following 4h and administration of 4L water (W) through stomach tube; 3) the same as group 2, plus a single dose (iv) 2g furosemide kg-1 BW (F); 4) injection of 5mL kg-1 BW hypertonic saline solution (HSS) (7.2%) (iv) throughout the first 30min, followed by 20mL kg-1 BW of ISS and 4L W.; 5) the same as group 4 and a single dose of F. For the next 4h after the convulsion, plasma concentration of ammonia and glucose, serum urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium, urine total volume and specific gravity, and urinary excretion of ammonium and urea were followed. At the convulsion, the ammonia blood levels were high and similar among the groups, but at the 120th min the animals treated with HSS+ISS+W (groups 4 and 5) had lower values than the control. Furosemide (groups 3 and 5) did not prevent an increase in the total excretion of urine. The therapy with HSS+ISS+W still increased the urinary volume and the total urinary excretion of urea and ammonium during the critical 1st h of treatment, while the use of ISS+W had intermediate results. The efficiency of the treatment with HSS+ISS+W or ISS+W was better than the control group. Although with lower efficiency as seen in the treatment with HSS+ISS+W, the ISS+W caused an improvement in the clinical picture and at the end of the experiment generated an adequate ammonia detoxification. Universidade Anhembi-Morumbi Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Departamento de Clínica Médica Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia

Background: Physiological events occur in the transition period marked by negative energetic balance, where the energetic demand is higher due to fetal nutrition and lactogenesis and intensified by the decrease of the dry matter intake in the pre-partum period. The adaptation of cows is dependent of homeostatic and homeorhetic mechanisms regulated by catecholamine, cortisol, GH, IGF-I, insulin and glucagon but the priorization of homeorhetic mechanisms could result in metabolic diseases. Considering the scarce longitudinal studies about the Brazilian conditions the aim of this project was to evaluate the influence of transition period on metabolic indicators, cortisol and IGF-I in Holstein cows.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirteen cows, from 2nd to 4th lactation were evaluated weakly from week -2 to week +3 in relation to calving to determine the body condition score (BCS), metabolic and endocrine profile. The BCS decreased between week -2 (BCS = 4.0) and +1 (BCS = 3.0), followed by and slight increase on weeks +2 and +3 (P = 0.000). The most of metabolic indicators and hormones have changed during the transition period (P ≤ 0.05), especially around calving. It was possible to detect the peak of cortisol, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), ß-hydroxibutyrate (BHB), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) on delivery and week +1. On the other hand, total calcium, triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL) decreased was observed around parturition. Insulin like growth factor type I (IGF-I) showed marked reduction between pre and postpartum, and the lowest value was observed in the week +1. TP and GLOB had the lowest value on calving and globulin has a gradual increase from delivery to week +3.Discussion: Cows included in this experiment had dystocia (4/13, 30.8%), retention of placenta (1/13, 7.7%) and clinical hypocalcemia (1/13, 7.7%). One of the animals with episodes of dystocia was also aggravated by ketosis in week +1 and +2 (1/13, 7.7%). Uterine infections were observed in five animals (5/13, 38.4%). Of this total of animals with uterine infection (5/13), three had already expressed earlier disturbances: two cows had dystocia and one cow with retention of placenta. The weight loss observed between pre and postpartum may be due to an increase of energy demand for fetal maintenance and the concomitant initiation of lactation, in conjunction with an approximately 30% reduction in dry matter intake during the transitional period. The hyperglycemia concomitant with the peak of cortisol at delivery may be explaining by the activation of the somatotropic axis, due to the stress of calving. The increase of NEFA, BHB and AST around calving associated with decreased of TG and CHOL could be associated with homeorhetic mechanisms, especially lipolysis and gluconeogenesis. The IGF-I decrease in postpartum may be by the decreased expression of receptors for growth hormone (GH) in the liver, and consequently reduced synthesis and/or IGF-I hepatic clearance, which reduce of the negative feedback of IGF-I on GH secretion. The total calcium concentrations were below the threshold (8.50 mg/dL) established by Goff [10] at parturition, week +1 and +2 and probably is due to the secretion of 20-30 g of calcium per day during the colostrum synthesis. Total protein and albumin have a slight variation, except for the peak observed on week +3 due to uterine infection.Keywords: body condition score, non-esterified fatty acids, ß-hydroxibutyrate, total calcium, hormones.

Six healthy crossbred yearling 250kg steers were infused intravenously, during four hours, with five liters of each of the six different isotonic solutions of sodium salts containing 150 mMol/l of the bicarbonate, acetate, propionate, L-lactate, D and L-lactate and chloride in a 6 x 6 latin square experimental design. Blood was collected from the jugular vein, anaerobically, for blood gas analysis, samples were obtained at different times throughout the infusion (zero, 1st, 4th and 8th h ). Urine was collect for determining the pH at the same schedule. Higher blood pH was found in cattle infused with all buffers than the chloride infused animals; higher level of blood bicarbonate and base excess were obtained at 4th and 8th h with bicarbonate and L-lactate, as well as with pCO2 at the 8th h. These results show that treatments with B and L lead to a slight accumulation of buffers in the blood, and generate a discrete metabolic alkalosis compensated organically by a small retention of CO2. Best alkalinizing effects are obtained by bicarbonate and L-lactato infusions. Bicarbonate infusions causes a high urinary pH.

Doze novilhos foram experimentalmente intoxicados por administracao intrarruminal com alta dose de ureia (0,5g/kg PV) para estudar o efeito da intoxicacao por ureia sobre o figado e/ou musculatura. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue no decorrer do experimento para determinar o teor de amonia e as atividades de gama glutamiltransferase (gGT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e creatina quinase (CK). Onze novilhos apresentaram quadro clinico tipico de intoxicacao por amonia, porem um animal sucumbiu. Animais intoxicados apresentaram alto teor de amonia e elevada atividade de CK e AST. Quanto mais elevados foram os teores de amonia maiores foram as atividades de AST (r=0,59) e CK (0,61). A correlacao entre AST e CK foi alta e significativa (r=0,80), ocorrendo o inverso com AST e gGT (r=0,19). Tanto a atividade de AST como de CK aumentaram significativamente a partir dos episodios convulsivos decorrentes da intoxicacao por amonia. Estes resultados indicam que ocorreu uma expressiva lesao muscular, mas nao hepatica, visto que a CK e uma enzima tipica da musculatura estriada; e o AST encontra-se tanto na musculatura estriada como nos hepatocitos, enquanto que a gGT esta presente somente em celulas hepaticas.

Para avaliar o metabolismo oxidativo, perfil bioquímico e o efeito da suplementação com vitamina E intramuscular no período periparto, foram utilizadas 24 ovelhas, hígidas, da raça Santa Inês, no último mês de gestação. As ovelhas foram distribuídas em dois grupos que receberam, com intervalo de 14 dias, duas aplicações pela via intramuscular profunda de 2 mL de solução fisiológica (grupo controle-GC), ou 200 UI de vitamina E (grupo tratado-GT). Estes grupos foram subdivididos em P1 e P2. No P1, as ovelhas receberam a segunda dose de solução fisiológica ou vitamina entre 1 e 7 dias da data do parto. No P2, a segunda dose foi administrada entre 15 e 25 dias da data do parto. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos seguintes momentos: previamente à primeira aplicação (M0), 15 dias após a primeira aplicação (M1), no momento do parto (M2), 7 dias após o parto (M3), duas semanas após o parto (M4) e 4 semanas após o parto (M5). Foram analisadas as variáveis do perfil bioquímico: proteína total, albumina, globulina, uréia, creatinina, creatinofosfoquinase (cK), ácido úrico, aspartatoaminotransferase (AST), gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT), colesterol, triglicérides, glicose, beta hidroxibutirato (BHB) , ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA). Do metabolismo oxidativo foram determinas as atividades da superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutationa reduzida (GSH) e habilidade de redução férrica plasmática (HRFP). Em P1, não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos tratado e controle nas concentrações de proteína total, globulina, cK, ácido úrico, glicose, triglicérides, BHB, NEFA, SOD, GSH-Px e GSH. Porém em P1, foram observadas maiores concentrações em de albumina em M0 (P=0,039); uréia em M1 (P=0,018), M2 (P=0,005) e M3 (P=0,040); a creatinina em M2 (P=0,030) e M3 (P=0,047); GGT em M1 (P= 0,01) e M2 (P=0,024); colesterol em M2 (P=0,041) e HRFP em M3 (P= 0,022) para as ovelhas tratadas em relação às controle. Em P1, a AST foi maior para o controle em relação ao tratado em M2 (P=0,030). Em P2, foram observadas maiores atividades para o grupo controle nas variáveis SOD em M3 (P=0,013) e GSH-Px em M4 (P=0,027) e maior HRFP em M4 (P=0,023) para o grupo tratado. A aplicação de duas doses de vitamina E (200 UI, via IM) aumentou as concentrações de HRFP no pós-parto tanto em P1 como em P2. Oxidative metabolism, biochemical profile and the effect of intramuscular vitamin E supplementation on sheeps per partum period were evaluated using 24 healthy Santa Ines sheep, in the last month of pregnancy. The lambs were randomly divided into two groups, control group-CG and treated group-TG. CG received 2 mL of saline and TG received 200 IU of vitamin E, both treatments were done with two doses within interval of 14 days, by deep intramuscular injection of. These groups were further divided into P1 and P2. In P1 the sheep received the second or vitamin saline dose between 1 and 7 days before delivery date. In P2, the second dose was administered between 15 and 25 days before delivery. Blood samples were collected at the following times: before the first application (M0), 15 days after (M1), at birth (M2), 7 days postpartum (M3), two weeks after delivery (M4) and four weeks after delivery (M5). The variables of biochemical profile analyzed were: total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, creatine kinase (CK), uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acids non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Oxidative metabolism variable were: activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reduced glutathione (GSH) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (HRFP). No differences were observed between the P1 treated and control groups in the concentrations of total protein, globulin, CK, uric acid, glucose, triglycerides, BHB, NEFA, SOD, GSH-Px and GSH. However higher concentrations of albumin in M0 (P = 0.039), urea in M1 (P = 0.018), M2 (P = 0.005) and M3 (P = 0.040), creatinine in M2 (P = 0.030 ) and M3 (P = 0.047), GGT in M1 (P = 0.01) and M2 (P = 0.024), cholesterol in M2 (P = 0.041) and HRFP at M3 (P = 0.022) for ewes treated we observed. AST concentration was greater for control in M2 (P = 0.030). In P2, higher activities were observed for the control group in the variables SOD in M3 (P = 0.013), GSH-Px in M4 (P = 0.027) and higher FRAP in M4 (P = 0.023) for the treated group. The application of two doses of vitamin E (200 IU, im) increased the concentrations of FRAP postpartum in both P1 and P2.