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Bio-fertilizers could be a possible solution to help manage bio-waste problems and to maintain soil health conditions, especially in organic farms. Pruning of cactus pear produces from 6 to 10 tons/yearly of cladodes per hectare in specialized Italian orchards, which represents waste and a cost for disposal to farmers. Therefore, the aim of the work was to investigate the effects on soil physical properties, microflora activity, and basil plant growth of powdered pruning waste from cactus pear incorporated in the soil (10%, 20%, 30% 40% w/w). Moreover, we studied a dynamic composting process from fresh cladodes to produce stabilized end-products at the farm level. Our studies demonstrated that holding water ability and bulk density of soil were ameliorated by supplementing dried cladodes. Thus, gravitational and gravimetric water was positively correlated with the increase of added dried cladode in the soil (0.1% and 6.2 g H2O ± 0.3 in samples of 40% mixed soil versus 68% and 3.3 g H2O ± 0.3 in control). Furthermore, bulk density was reduced limiting soil compaction. Preliminary results on microbial activity suggested a possible selection/inhibition of some bacterial strains correlated with the increment of dry cladode supplementation. The basil plants grown in 20% mixed soil showed an increased biomass when compared to the control (+ 21%). Finally, raw cladode proved to be an excellent substrate for aerobic fermentation providing a final product of good quality and high moisture content (65%). These results are particularly relevant in organic agriculture where bio-fertilizers are recommended as economical, eco-friendly solution accessible also to marginal and small farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty Opuntia accessions from Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) were classified according to 52 quantitative and qualitative descriptors, including the traits of the cladodes, flowers, fruits, and spines, as described by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) guidelines. A database composed of 20 accessions and 52 traits was used to perform a cluster analysis based on the Euclidian distance and Ward's method and a canonical discriminant analysis. In terms of the analyzed characteristics, cactus pears with orange flesh showed less variability than cactus pears with white or purple flesh. Good classifications according to fruit flesh color were obtained using discriminant analysis. As a result of the cluster analysis, Opuntia plant accessions with white, orange, or purple-fleshed fruits were classified into four homogeneous groups according to the cubic clustering criteria. This study proves that it was possible to make a preliminary classification of Opuntia varieties from the Canary Islands based on a few main morphological characteristics. To improve the classification, a molecular analysis of the different Opuntia plants is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. belongs to the Cactaceae family and the genus Opuntia; it is a succulent plant that adapts to extreme climatic conditions. The aerial part of the plant consists of the cladodes, morphological changes of branches that appear green, are covered with thorns, and are essential to reduce excessive perspiration of water. The composition of cladodes is very varied, and the main constituents are water, fibers, polysaccharides, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, sterols, minerals, and polyphenols. Polyphenols are responsible for many beneficial activities for human health, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and nutritional properties. The purpose of this manuscript was to compare the properties of cladodes belonging to the same plant but with different stages of maturity. Relative extracts were tested both in vitro and on a cell line and antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties were found. The antioxidant activity was tested by the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) test, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) test, and the measurement of cellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Anti-apoptotic activity was evaluated by the annexin/PI assay and measurement of caspases 9 and 3 expression. The results obtained showed that the extracts considered possess antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. However, the different stages of maturity of cladodes are essential for the performance of both functions. In addition, important variations were made in the dissolution of the extracts that brought greater safety in their use. In conclusion, this manuscript provides further information on cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica, which can be used as adjuvants in many human pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A phytochemical investigation was carried out on cladode extracts from Opuntia microdasys and Opuntia macrorhiza. • Cladodes proved to be a source of phytochemical compounds to elaborate healthful foods. • Cladodes extracts have been shown to exert significant biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, analgesic and anti-inflammatory. The prickly pear is a plant belonging to the Cactaceae family, and it is the best-known species that has gained significant recognition in recent years. Opuntia sp. cladodes have been traditionally utilized as a functional food and in traditional medicine for treating chronic diseases. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and pharmacological activities of cladode extracts from Opuntia microdasys (Cl1) and Opuntia macrorhiza (Cl2), as well as to identify their phytochemical compounds. The chemical composition of the cladode extracts was analyzed using spectrophotometric methods, while the antioxidant activity was determined through DNA nicking assays. Microdilution assays were employed to assess the antimicrobial activity. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were determined using the acetic acid writhing test in mice and the carrageenan-induced Wistar rat paw edema test. The results revealed that the two extracts of cladodes from Cl1 and Cl2 were characterized by a high phenolic content (58.13 and 44.58 GAE/g of extract, respectively). All the tested extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against the strains tested, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.312 to 5 mg/mL and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values ranging from 1.25 to 10 mg/mL. The cladode extracts of Cl1 and Cl2 at a dose of 300 mg/kg showed a dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, with respective values of 64.76 % and 61.91 %. The maximum anti-inflammatory activity of all doses of cladode extracts was observed 5 h after carrageenan-induced paw edema, and all tested doses significantly inhibited the induced inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller is a plant belonging to the Cactaceae family adapted to live in environments characterized by long periods of drought and arid or desert climates. This plant is characterized by an aerial part composed of structures transformed by branches, called "cladodes", which are essential to reduce excessive perspiration of water and appear covered with thorns. The composition of the cladodes includes water, polysaccharides, fiber, proteins, vitamins, fatty acids, sterols, polyphenols, and minerals. The main purposes of this scientific work are (a) to compare the insoluble fiber (IF) extracted from the cladodes of O. ficus-indica belonging to the same plant but collected in different seasonal periods (winter and summer) and develop new extraction protocols that are able to improve the yield obtained and (b) evaluate the antioxidant potential of the fiber and study possible variations as a result of the extraction protocol chosen. The first objective was achieved (1) by measuring the amount of IF extracted from cladodes harvested in winter and summer (CW and CS, respectively) and (2) by modifying three variables involved in the fiber extraction protocol. To achieve the second objective, the following experiments were carried out: (1) measurement of the antioxidant potential of IF in CW and CS; (2) measurement of cellular reactive oxygen species; (3) measurement of the activity of some antioxidant enzymes; and (4) comparison of the polyphenol content in CW and CS. In conclusion, the results obtained showed that the IF extraction process can be improved, achieving a uniform yield regardless of seasonality; the antioxidant effect may vary depending on the extraction protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prickly pear (Opuntia megasperma var. orientalis), a pivotal species for the ecological balance of Española Island in Galapagos, has witnessed a severe decline in its population due to the enduring presence of introduced feral goats over several decades. Additionally, the inherent slow recovery of this species, requiring several years of development, has contributed to its population decline. Several attempts were carried out to restore this species, but they were not successful due to the island's extreme arid conditions. Subsequently, innovative water-saving technologies were introduced to ensure the survival and growth of the Opuntia species. Two water-saving technologies, Groasis Waterboxx® and Hydrogel, were applied in two distinct treatments, the first involving Waterboxx solely, and the second combining Waterboxx with Hydrogel, alongside a control group. Planting involved two types of cacti: cladodes and seedlings. To safeguard against potential damage from giant tortoises and local birds, protective mesh fencing was installed around the plants. Each monitoring session recorded plant survival and growth, evaluating the impact of water-saving technologies on cactus survival, maximum plant height reached, age at the time of plant death, and growth achieved since planting. Additionally, the study assessed the influence of climate on plant survival and growth. Unfortunately, the employment of protective mesh fences and Waterboxx containers resulted in the unintended loss of specific bird species. Consequently, a decision was taken to remove these protective measures, resulting in a substantial rise in herbivorous activity, and the subsequent mortality of nearly all plants. Our findings underscore the efficacy of water-saving technologies in Opuntia restoration. However, successful application necessitates a better understanding of these technologies within the unique conditions of the island. Future endeavors should focus on refining these techniques to minimize avian mortality while fostering biodiversity and restoring ecological equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correct species identification is critical for studies on biodiversity, ecology, and conservation. Determining Opuntia s.s. species is difficult because they have similar traits and are phenotypically plastic. Taxonomic keys are based on vegetative traits rather than reproductive ones such as flowers, because they are assumed to be too similar. We analyzed morphometric characteristics of flowers and cladodes over 6 years to determine which of these is most useful for differentiating Opuntia species from the Chihuahuan Desert. For each species (Opuntia robusta H.L. Wendl. ex Pfeiff., O. cantabrigiensis Lynch, O. tomentosa Salm-Dyck, and O. streptacantha Lem.), we tagged 20 hermaphroditic and 40 dioecious plants (totaling 100) from 2014 to 2020 to complete the sample size of flowers and cladodes. Seventeen morphometric characters were measured for new cladodes and 15 for flowers, and discriminant analysis was applied to determine which traits enabled species delimitation. Six of the 17 cladode characteristics combined explained 89% of the variation, while 9 floral characteristics combined explained 94% of the variation. Floral morphometrics proved to be very useful to accurately differentiate species and should be included, in addition to cladodes, in future taxonomic studies. Here, we provide the first taxonomic key that includes floral traits to identify Opuntia and a new description of each studied species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants of Opuntia have modified stems, which are called cladodes, and are specialized structures able to photosynthesize. This study was conducted in order to compare the anatomy of the cladodes of the fruitproducing cultivars Floreadora, Moradaza, and Solferino of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.). The thickness of cladodes, cuticle, epidermis, collenchyma, parenchyma cell walls, and xylem walls was measured; the number of cell strata of the epidermis, collenchyma, parenchyma cells, xylem vessels, and calcium oxalate crystals (druse), were counted, as well as the perimeter of parenchyma cells, xylem vessels, and mucilage cells. A completely randomized experimental design with three replications was used. Among the most outstanding results, it was determined that the cv. Solferino presented the greatest thickness of cladodes, cuticle, collenchyma, collenchyma strata, and druses, and the greatest number of parenchyma cells. Such findings may have interpretations for the adaptation of the Opuntia plants to certain extreme environments. This is because a thicker cuticle, epidermis, collenchyma, and parenchyma in these plants can improve survival and growth in arid conditions. At the same time, these characteristics can optimize the efficient use of water, while providing greater protection of the inner tissues. All of the above has applicability for the selection and cultivation of promising genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cactus pear is belongs to the Cactaceae family Opuntia. The cladodes are known as nopalitos, are frequently consumed and used in folk medicine due to their beneficial effects and phytochemical composition. Cactus in Tunisia is mostly localized in areas characterized by low quality soils and water scarcity. In this study we evaluate the amount of volatile compounds on the powder obtained from Opuntia microdasys Lehm. and macrorhiza Engelm. cladodes were investigated by HS-SPME-GC-MS and anatomical structure of cladodes was identify by light microscopy. The most important compound found in the cladodes of O. microdasys is limonene (11.20 %), while O.macrorhiza was mainly rich in camphor (49.10 %). The highest contents of phytochemicals compounds were found in the cladode of Opuntia microdasys. Light microscopy revealed the presence of a high number of calcium oxalate crystals in fresh cladodes.

Twenty Opuntia accessions from Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) were classified according to 52 quantitative and qualitative descriptors, including the traits of the cladodes, flowers, fruits, and spines, as described by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) guidelines. A database composed of 20 accessions and 52 traits was used to perform a cluster analysis based on the Euclidian distance and Ward’s method and a canonical discriminant analysis. In terms of the analyzed characteristics, cactus pears with orange flesh showed less variability than cactus pears with white or purple flesh. Good classifications according to fruit flesh color were obtained using discriminant analysis. As a result of the cluster analysis, Opuntia plant accessions with white, orange, or purple-fleshed fruits were classified into four homogeneous groups according to the cubic clustering criteria. This study proves that it was possible to make a preliminary classification of Opuntia varieties from the Canary Islands based on a few main morphological characteristics. To improve the classification, a molecular analysis of the different Opuntia plants is necessary.

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. belongs to the Cactaceae family and the genus Opuntia; it is a succulent plant that adapts to extreme climatic conditions. The aerial part of the plant consists of the cladodes, morphological changes of branches that appear green, are covered with thorns, and are essential to reduce excessive perspiration of water. The composition of cladodes is very varied, and the main constituents are water, fibers, polysaccharides, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, sterols, minerals, and polyphenols. Polyphenols are responsible for many beneficial activities for human health, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and nutritional properties. The purpose of this manuscript was to compare the properties of cladodes belonging to the same plant but with different stages of maturity. Relative extracts were tested both in vitro and on a cell line and antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties were found. The antioxidant activity was tested by the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) test, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) test, and the measurement of cellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Anti-apoptotic activity was evaluated by the annexin/PI assay and measurement of caspases 9 and 3 expression. The results obtained showed that the extracts considered possess antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. However, the different stages of maturity of cladodes are essential for the performance of both functions. In addition, important variations were made in the dissolution of the extracts that brought greater safety in their use. In conclusion, this manuscript provides further information on cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica, which can be used as adjuvants in many human pathologies.

The objective of the work was preparation and characterization of novel biomaterial produced by modification of the mucilage of nopal acylated with lauric acid and to increase the knowledge and better understanding about its relationship with the techno-functional properties. Hydrophobic mucilage was obtained, and its structural features were elucidated and confirmed by FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and 1H NMR. Modified mucilage exhibited significantly different physicochemical and functional properties compared to native mucilage. The modified mucilage was less soluble (15.65–16.99%), had lower water holding capacity (5.59–13.45 g/g), and exhibited greater oil holding capacity (4.47 g/g) than the native mucilage; in addition, it showed a surface tension of 57.2 mN/m, which correspond to a critical micellar concentration of 0.023 mg/mL. Acylated mucilage exhibited the highest foaming capacity (124.16%) at pH 10. This study demonstrates that the acylation of mucilage with lauric acid modifies the physicochemical and functional properties of mucilage from Opuntia ficus-indica and suggests applications in the food, pharmaceutical, or packaging industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller is a plant belonging to the Cactaceae family adapted to live in environments characterized by long periods of drought and arid or desert climates. This plant is characterized by an aerial part composed of structures transformed by branches, called “cladodes”, which are essential to reduce excessive perspiration of water and appear covered with thorns. The composition of the cladodes includes water, polysaccharides, fiber, proteins, vitamins, fatty acids, sterols, polyphenols, and minerals. The main purposes of this scientific work are (a) to compare the insoluble fiber (IF) extracted from the cladodes of O. ficus-indica belonging to the same plant but collected in different seasonal periods (winter and summer) and develop new extraction protocols that are able to improve the yield obtained and (b) evaluate the antioxidant potential of the fiber and study possible variations as a result of the extraction protocol chosen. The first objective was achieved (1) by measuring the amount of IF extracted from cladodes harvested in winter and summer (CW and CS, respectively) and (2) by modifying three variables involved in the fiber extraction protocol. To achieve the second objective, the following experiments were carried out: (1) measurement of the antioxidant potential of IF in CW and CS; (2) measurement of cellular reactive oxygen species; (3) measurement of the activity of some antioxidant enzymes; and (4) comparison of the polyphenol content in CW and CS. In conclusion, the results obtained showed that the IF extraction process can be improved, achieving a uniform yield regardless of seasonality; the antioxidant effect may vary depending on the extraction protocol.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and levels of nitrogen fertilization on the productive aspects of the spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera). The experiment was carried in Ribeirão do Largo, Southwest region of the state of Bahia, from April 2019 to April 2020. The experiment was carried out in a 2x4 factorial, in a randomized block design with eight treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of the absence or inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen fertilization levels 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg-1 of N ha-1. There was a positive effect for the use of the bacteria on cladode area index, height, number of secondary, tertiary and total cladodes, total weight for cladodes of all orders and also for final weight per ha-1. There was a significant effect of the use of the inoculant for the levels of total soluble sugars and starch, where there was a decrease in the values for the treatments submitted to the use of the bacteria. There was a quadratic effect for the weight of the tertiary cladodes, number of tertiary cladodes and total of spineless cactus when submitted to nitrogen fertilization levels. There was a linear test for cladodes area index when nitrogen fertilization was used. The use of Azospirillum brasilense is positive for the cultivation of spineless cactus, improving development and increasing crop productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opuntia spp. are crops well adapted to adverse environments and have great economic potential. Their constituents, including fruits, cladodes, and flowers, have a high nutritional value and are rich in value-added compounds. Cladodes have an appreciable content in dietary fiber, as well as bioactive compounds such as kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin. Fruits are a major source of bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids and vitamin C. The seeds are mainly composed of unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E. The flowers are also rich in phenolic compounds. Therefore, in addition to their traditional uses, the different plant fractions can be processed to meet multiple applications in the food industry. Several bakery products have been developed with the incorporation of cladode flour. Pectin and mucilage obtained from cladodes can act as edible films and coatings. Fruits, fruit extracts, and fruit by-products have been mixed into food products, increasing their antioxidant capacity and extending their shelf life. Betalains, obtained from fruits, can be used as food colorants and demonstrate promising applications as a sensor in food packaging. This work reviews the most valuable components of the different fractions of this plant and emphasizes its most recent food applications, demonstrating its outstanding value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The use of cacti, such as forage cactus, in goat feeding is widely practised in Northeast Brazil due to adaptation to climatic conditions, mainly in arid and semi-arid regions. During dry periods, when water is the main limiting factor for the development of most plant species, the growth of forage cactus is not compromised due to crassulacean acid metabolism. However, little is known about the effects of forage cactus on goats' diet in relation to meat quality. In this study, we evaluated the inclusion of 0, 25 and 55% of forage cactus replacing Tifton 85 hay in the diet of goats and its effects on meat quality. Meat from kids fed 55% of forage cactus showed greater acceptance by consumers. Therefore, it is recommended that Tifton 85 hay be replaced with 55% forage cactus, as it provides lower lipid content and higher monounsaturated fatty acid content in goat meat. Low rainfall in Northeast Brazil is a limiting factor for animal production. Forages that present crassulacean acid metabolism, such as forage cactus, are adapted to the edaphoclimatic conditions of this region, as they lose little water through the stomata. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the physical and chemical quality, fatty acid profile and sensory acceptance of the meat from goats fed forage cactus as a substitute for Tifton 85 hay. Twenty-one uncastrated mixed-breed goats with a mean body weight of 18 ± 0.86 kg and 7 ± 1 months of age were used. A completely randomized design with three treatments and seven replications per treatment was performed. The inclusion of 0 (control), 25 and 55% of forage cactus in substitution of Tifton 85 hay in the diet of the goats was evaluated. The lipid content in the meat of animals fed 25 and 55% of forage cactus was 1.33% and 1.26%, respectively, and was lower (p < 0.05) in relation to the meat of animals that received the control diet (1.56%). The inclusion of 55% of forage cactus provided an increase (p < 0.05) in the content of monounsaturated fatty acids in the meat (52.71%) in relation to the control meat (37.75%). Sensory analysis differed (p < 0.05) between treatments. We recommend replacing Tifton 85 hay with 55% forage cactus, as it presents greater sensory acceptance, and provides lower lipid content and higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids in goat meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prickly pear (Opuntia megasperma var. orientalis), a pivotal species for the ecological balance of Española Island in Galapagos, has witnessed a severe decline in its population due to the enduring presence of introduced feral goats over several decades. Additionally, the inherent slow recovery of this species, requiring several years of development, has contributed to its population decline. Several attempts were carried out to restore this species, but they were not successful due to the island’s extreme arid conditions. Subsequently, innovative water-saving technologies were introduced to ensure the survival and growth of the Opuntia species. Two water-saving technologies, Groasis Waterboxx® and Hydrogel, were applied in two distinct treatments, the first involving Waterboxx solely, and the second combining Waterboxx with Hydrogel, alongside a control group. Planting involved two types of cacti: cladodes and seedlings. To safeguard against potential damage from giant tortoises and local birds, protective mesh fencing was installed around the plants. Each monitoring session recorded plant survival and growth, evaluating the impact of water-saving technologies on cactus survival, maximum plant height reached, age at the time of plant death, and growth achieved since planting. Additionally, the study assessed the influence of climate on plant survival and growth. Unfortunately, the employment of protective mesh fences and Waterboxx containers resulted in the unintended loss of specific bird species. Consequently, a decision was taken to remove these protective measures, resulting in a substantial rise in herbivorous activity, and the subsequent mortality of nearly all plants. Our findings underscore the efficacy of water-saving technologies in Opuntia restoration. However, successful application necessitates a better understanding of these technologies within the unique conditions of the island. Future endeavors should focus on refining these techniques to minimize avian mortality while fostering biodiversity and restoring ecological equilibrium.

Five species of the genus Asparagus are recognized in the flora of Algeria: A. acutifolius L., A. albus L., A. horridus L., A. officinalis L., and the endemic A. altissimus Munby. The chorology of each of these species is fairly well known. In this study, morphological variation and the anatomical features of the cladodes have been evaluated in respect to each taxonomic unit and ecogeographical distribution and they suggest distinct adaptive strategies. Analyses have been performed on twenty-nine natural populations sampled along the east-west bioclimatic gradient of Northern Algeria. Multivariate analysis based on the main diagnostic descriptors underlines the interspecific differentiation particularly with respect to the stigma type, bifid versus trifid, shape of flowers, color of berry, and the number of cladodes in a fascicle. For each species, the anatomy of the cladodes is unique, unlike that of stems and roots. Interspecific differentiation was observed in the form of cross-sections of the cladode, thickness of the cuticle, shape of epidermal cells, number of vascular bundles and presence of raphides. Morphological and anatomical traits of the cladode constitute important interspecific criteria within the genus Asparagus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nopal pads at different maturity stages show changes in their chemical composition. They are an excellent nutritional source and should be included in human diets worldwide. Moreover, they can be considered a novel potential food resource and used for scientific studies when transformed into powders, to reduce product loss during harvest season. Their physicochemical properties in the maturity stage can be used to treat or prevent nutritional related diseases. The nopal pad powder at high maturity stages could help normalize the fiber intake, and the high amount of Ca and Mg could help maintain bone mineral density. Soluble fiber can be included in human diets by consuming f fresh young nopals. Authors considered it necessary to increase the studies of the nutritional properties of different varieties of nopal cladodes as a function of the maturity and select them according to the nutritional requirements.

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Abstract The nopal cactus is an essential part of the Mexican diet and culture. The per capita consumption of young cladodes averages annually to 6.4 kg across the nation. In addition to contributing to the country's food culture, the nopal is considered a food with functional characteristics since, in addition to providing fiber, an important group of polyphenolic compounds is present, which has given cladodes to be considered a healthy food, for what they have been incorporated into the diet of Mexican people and many other countries worldwide. Research suggests that polyphenols from cladodes act as antioxidants and antidiabetics. This review studies the main phenolic components in cladodes and summarizes both conventional and novel methods to identify them.

Opuntia spp. are crops well adapted to adverse environments and have great economic potential. Their constituents, including fruits, cladodes, and flowers, have a high nutritional value and are rich in value-added compounds. Cladodes have an appreciable content in dietary fiber, as well as bioactive compounds such as kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin. Fruits are a major source of bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids and vitamin C. The seeds are mainly composed of unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E. The flowers are also rich in phenolic compounds. Therefore, in addition to their traditional uses, the different plant fractions can be processed to meet multiple applications in the food industry. Several bakery products have been developed with the incorporation of cladode flour. Pectin and mucilage obtained from cladodes can act as edible films and coatings. Fruits, fruit extracts, and fruit by-products have been mixed into food products, increasing their antioxidant capacity and extending their shelf life. Betalains, obtained from fruits, can be used as food colorants and demonstrate promising applications as a sensor in food packaging. This work reviews the most valuable components of the different fractions of this plant and emphasizes its most recent food applications, demonstrating its outstanding value.

Low rainfall in Northeast Brazil is a limiting factor for animal production. Forages that present crassulacean acid metabolism, such as forage cactus, are adapted to the edaphoclimatic conditions of this region, as they lose little water through the stomata. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the physical and chemical quality, fatty acid profile and sensory acceptance of the meat from goats fed forage cactus as a substitute for Tifton 85 hay. Twenty-one uncastrated mixed-breed goats with a mean body weight of 18 ± 0.86 kg and 7 ± 1 months of age were used. A completely randomized design with three treatments and seven replications per treatment was performed. The inclusion of 0 (control), 25 and 55% of forage cactus in substitution of Tifton 85 hay in the diet of the goats was evaluated. The lipid content in the meat of animals fed 25 and 55% of forage cactus was 1.33% and 1.26%, respectively, and was lower (p < 0.05) in relation to the meat of animals that received the control diet (1.56%). The inclusion of 55% of forage cactus provided an increase (p < 0.05) in the content of monounsaturated fatty acids in the meat (52.71%) in relation to the control meat (37.75%). Sensory analysis differed (p < 0.05) between treatments. We recommend replacing Tifton 85 hay with 55% forage cactus, as it presents greater sensory acceptance, and provides lower lipid content and higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids in goat meat.

The article presents the effects of browse legume species addition on nutritional composition, fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of Opuntia cladodes silage.

Cladodes are considered by-products of Opuntia ficus-indica cultivation. Their addition as source of antioxidants to durum wheat breads could have effects on preventing cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and inflammation. The inclusion of 0-5-10-15% cladodes, harvested in three different locations, on quality and antioxidant properties of fortified durum wheat breads has been evaluated. The enrichment with 10% of cladodes resulted in an increase in the content of total phenolics (14.8 vs 2.7 mg GAE/100 g of control bread), a decrease of IC50 (3.28 vs 49.7 mg/ml of control bread), good rheological characteristics of loaves and largely positive evaluation by panel test. Fortification with 15% of cladodes caused an increase in the resistance to the mixture with a reduction of dough extensibility. In addition, the evaluation of different populations of Opuntia gave information about the valorization of the crop and could be a strategy to increase bioactive compounds in durum wheat breads.

Forage legumes are commonly used as an absorbent additive in high-moisture silages. Thus this study was carried out to assess the nutritive value, fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of Opuntia–legume browse mixed silages. Five browse legume species (Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia mellifera, Searsia lancea, Prosopis velutina, and Grewia flava) were mixed with Opuntia cladodes. The silage mixture was formulated at a ratio of 60 Opuntia cladodes: 40 leguminous browse species and ensiled in polythene bags and kept in a laboratory for 42 days to determine chemical composition and fermentation characteristics. Silage samples were also subjected to an aerobic stability test. One-way analysis of variance in a completely randomised design was used to analyse the data. The pH values for silages made from Opuntia cladodes with L. leucocephala, A. mellifera and G. flava were lower than 4.8, which is considered an indicator of good-quality silage. The water-soluble carbohydrates content of silages made with Opuntia cladodes and S. lancea and G. flava was within the range of 8–12 g/kg dry matter, which is sufficient for good fermentation. The highest CO2 production, which signifies poor aerobic stability, was recorded for the control silage (Opuntia) compared to all Opuntia–legume mixed silage treatments. The addition of legume browse leaf-meal to Opuntia cladodes improved nutritive value, fermentation characteristics, and silage quality. Therefore, despite some limitations, Opuntia–legume browse silages, particularly Opuntia–G. flava and Opuntia–L. leucocephala, proved to be beneficial for livestock, as they meet the nutritional requirement of a ruminant. Significance: This study underlines the importance of co-ensiling Opuntia cladodes and high protein legume browse hay to offer an alternative feeding strategy for ruminant livestock and ensure sustainable provision of high-quality feed during dry periods.

Food security is threatened in Southern Africa, because of unpredictable droughts and higher summer temperatures brought on by climate change and global warming. Durable and hardy plants that grow easily and quickly in such conditions must be adopted to ensure sustainable and reliable food supplies. The young cladodes (nopalitos) from the cactus pear plant, which adapts to hot and dry climates, is an underutilised alternative food source that can serve as a healthy vegetable. It thrives in many environments such as deserts, below sea level, high altitude regions and tropical regions with temperatures above 50°C. Nopalitos are a traditional staple vegetable and have been consumed in Mexico for over 9000 years. However, it is underutilised and unknown as an alternative vegetable in Africa. Research on the physiochemical and nutritional content has been conducted. However, the information on harvesting nopalitos from cultivars available in South Africa for optimal edible quality is not available. Good quality nopalitos are young, thin, bright green, soft, fresh and not too sour or slimy. This paper aims to identify the effect of and the interaction between size, cultivar and harvesting season to obtain optimal eating quality. Data were obtained for two cultivars (Morado and Fusicaulis) at 9 cm, 12 cm, 15 cm, 18 cm, 21 cm and 24 cm, which were harvested in spring (October) and autumn (March) over two years. The quality characteristics were translated into the measurable attributes of morphology (weight, width, diameter, volume and surface area), texture (firmness and compressibility), colour (L*, a*, b*, C*and h°), turgidity (moisture content, mucilage yield and viscosity) and gustatory (percentage titratable acidity, pH and total soluble solids). ANOVA and Principal Component Analyses were performed to determine significant differences and interactions between the length groups, two cultivars and two seasons. The results showed that the size, cultivar and season influenced the edible characteristics. Both cultivars were most tender at 15 cm and presented the best edible qualities in spring. Morado showed better colour, turgidity and gustatory qualities. Morado was thinner, a brighter green colour, less sour and less slimy compared to Fusicaulis nopalitos. • Nopalito quality is highly influenced by harvest size, cultivar and season. • At 15 cm, nopalitos from both Morado and Fusicaulis were the most tender. • Morado nopalitos was the preferred cultivar, but Fusicaulis also performed satisfactorily. • Spring harvest was preferable, but autumn harvest nopalitos were acceptable. • Morado was thinner, a brighter green colour, less sour and less slimy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Potassium and calcium were the most abundant mineral elements present. • Significant positive association was established between calcium, potassium and zinc contents. • Selection for increased Ca concentration could indirectly improve K and Zn concentrations. • Significant variations found in vitamin C content (8.95 – 124 mg/100 g dry weight). • β-carotene content significantly varied between the cultivars (3.9 – 31.4 mg/100 g dry weight). In addition to their use in traditional medicine, cactus pear (Opuntia species) are a source of vegetal nutrients in many countries. The aims of this study were to determine variability in the nutritional value of 42 spineless cactus pear cultivars, identify correlations between nutritional traits, and determine superior cultivars based on cladode nutritional value. Cladodes of 42 spineless cactus pear cultivars grown under the same glasshouse conditions were collected from the Roodeplaat research farm of the Agricultural Research Council, South Africa. The sliced, dried and powdered cladodes were subjected to quantitative analysis of their vitamin C, β-carotene and mineral element contents. Significant variations in nutritional values were observed among the different cultivars. Vitamin C content ranged from 8.95 mg/100 g in cultivar Ofer to 124 mg/100 g in cultivar Malta, whilst β-carotene content ranged from 3.9 mg/100 g in cultivar Murado to 31.4 mg/100 g in cultivar Cross X. Potassium and calcium were the most abundant mineral elements present, whilst iron was found to be the least present among the mineral elements quantified. A significant positive association was established between calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) contents. A direct selection for increased concentration of Ca could be a selection criterion for the development of population with an indirect improvement of K and Zn concentrations. The observed variations highlight the need for a careful cultivar selection for population and product development using spineless cactus pear cladodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barbary fig (Opuntia ficus-indica) has attracted great attention in extensive rural agriculture for its potential agronomic, medicinal, and environmental benefits. However, there is only incomplete information about its chemical profile. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry was applied to determine the concentrations of 11 major and trace elements (Br, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, P, Rb, Sr, Yb, and Zn) in cladodes of O. ficus-indica and the adjacent soil. For analytical accuracy, the standard reference materials CRM–IAEA 336 (Lichen) and CRM–NIST 1646a (Estuarine Sediment) were used. The relationships between the chemical elements were established by Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and principal component analysis (PCA). The results show that K, P, Fe, and Mn were the dominant essential elements in O. ficus-indica cladodes; however, Br, Cr, Cu, Rb, Yb, and Zn were present at low concentrations. The cladodes showed high enrichment with K, Sr, and Br (BEF > 1), but the values of this coefficient were below 1 for the remaining elements. The PCA showed that in the O. ficus-indica cladodes, the higher concentrations of Br, K, and Sr were correlated; conversely, the highest contents of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, P, Rb, Yb, and Zn were retained in the soil. The present findings enabled us to determine that O. ficus-indica has a high ability to accumulate K, P, Fe, and Mn in its cladodes. Therefore, the data obtained from the analysis of this cactus will be useful for nutritional and medicinal purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study characterises the phenolic compounds in ethanol, butanol, and ethyl acetate extracts from the fruit peels and cladodes of Opuntia stricta (syn. Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl) Haw), from Morocco using UHPLC/DAD/ESI-MS. Additionally, the study evaluates the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of these extracts. Thirteen phenolic compounds were found in Opuntia stricta extracts, such as flavonoids (kaempferol 3-O-arabinoside, isorhamnetin rhamnosyl-rutinoside, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin) and phenolic acid. The fruit peels were found to contain the highest phenolic content, protein, and total sugars. The antibacterial effect was investigated in vivo . The most active extract was the ethyl acetate extract of fruit peels and cladodes against Staphylococcus aureus and P. aeruginosa, with inhibition zone diameters of 16.2 and 15 mm, respectively, followed by dichloromethane extract, with zone diameters of 13.8 and 14 mm, respectively. Our results revealed higher antioxidant activity for the ethyl acetate and butanol extracts from fruit peels than cladodes.

The nopal cactus is an essential part of the Mexican diet and culture. The per capita consumption of young cladodes averages annually to 6.4 kg across the nation. In addition to contributing to the country's food culture, the nopal is considered a food with functional characteristics since, in addition to providing fiber, an important group of polyphenolic compounds is present, which has given cladodes to be considered a healthy food, for what they have been incorporated into the diet of Mexican people and many other countries worldwide. Research suggests that polyphenols from cladodes act as antioxidants and antidiabetics. This review studies the main phenolic components in cladodes and summarizes both conventional and novel methods to identify them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify the agent of black scab on prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica), the fungi associated with the disease were isolated and morphologically identified. The study was carried out from cladodes with characteristic symptoms of the disease collected in the town of Santa Cecilia Clavijero, in the municipality of San Juan Ixcaquixtla, Puebla. The fungi associated with the disease were identified as: Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aplosporella hesperidica and Didymella glomerata. To demonstrate their pathogenicity, the fungi were inoculated individually and in their combinations in six-month-old cladodes. Symptoms started 50 days after inoculation. The inoculation method that allowed the reproduction of the symptoms was the injection of a suspension at a concentration of 6 × 10³ conidia mL-1 of the mixture of the three fungi; cladodes inoculated with one and two fungi, did not result in the development of the disease. C. cladosporioides, A. hesperidica and D. glomerata are the causative agents of the nopal black scab, this being the first report of these pathogens in the nopal cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility to extract, by supercritical fluids, nutraceuticals as polyphenolic compounds, able in the prevention and in the treatment of a series of chronic-degenerative diseases, from plant matrices like the cactus pear. Supercritical fluid technology is an innovative method to extract nutraceuticals from natural matrices. This method offers numerous advantages that include the use of moderate temperatures, solvents with good transport properties (high diffusivity and low viscosity), and cheap and nontoxic fluids. Fresh cladodes from two different wild ecotypes of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. were extracted both with methanol and with SFE-CO2 using different samples preparations, to maximize the % yields and the selectivity of extraction of polyphenols. The biggest contents of phenolics, evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, has been observed with the sample dehydrated of O. ficus-indica cultivar that shows, as well, the best yield % (m/m) of extraction with both methanol and SFE-CO2. Better results were obtained with the samples of O. ficus-indica cult. (OFI cult.), in spite of the O. ficus-indica s.l. (OFI s.l.); the two different ecotypes of OFI showed dissimilar phytochemicals profile. We noticed that the reduction of both quantity and quality of polyphenols was drastic with the increase of pressure at 250 bar; this shows that high pressures result in a loss of bioactive principles, like polyphenols. By changing the variables of extraction processes with SFE-CO2 and by varying the preventive treatments of the natural matrices, it was possible to increase the selectivity and the purity of the products. Thus, the optimization of this useful and green technique allowed us to increase the value of the Opuntia cladodes, a by-product very diffused in Calabria, which is an extraordinary source of nutraceuticals. These extracts could be used directly as functional foods or as starting material in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical or cosmetic companies; they are safe and without any solvents traces and it is possible to obtain it in a few hours respect to the conventional extraction that requires longer extraction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cladodes are considered by-products of Opuntia ficus-indica cultivation. Their addition as source of antioxidants to durum wheat breads could have effects on preventing cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and inflammation. The inclusion of 0-5-10-15% cladodes, harvested in three different locations, on quality and antioxidant properties of fortified durum wheat breads has been evaluated. The enrichment with 10% of cladodes resulted in an increase in the content of total phenolics (14.8 vs 2.7 mg GAE/100 g of control bread), a decrease of IC50 (3.28 vs 49.7 mg/ml of control bread), good rheological characteristics of loaves and largely positive evaluation by panel test. Fortification with 15% of cladodes caused an increase in the resistance to the mixture with a reduction of dough extensibility. In addition, the evaluation of different populations of Opuntia gave information about the valorization of the crop and could be a strategy to increase bioactive compounds in durum wheat breads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Climate change characterized by global warming and frequent occurrence of prolonged drought spells has necessitated the cultivation of multi-purpose crops which are temperature and drought hardy. This paper evaluates the production potential of cactus pear [Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.] as an alternate and low-cost forage crop along with the recent advancements in its cultivation and utilization as food crop for supplementing the food security of rapidly increasing populace. The botanical, ecological and physiological traits enabling cactus pear to survive under harsh agro-climatic conditions have been objectively elaborated. A variety of impediments hampering its wide-scale cultivation and future breeding needs for improving the biomass production and nutritional quality have also been identified. The potential of cactus pear to reduce desertification along with imparting sustainability to modern, commercial and profitable agriculture in dry-lands makes it an exceptional plant. Its annual biomass (stems called cladodes) yield of 40-50 t ha-1 with an appropriate agronomic management may sustain 5-6 adult cows supporting a family of 12-16 people. However, its slow growth, less fruit yield, poor nutritional quality of forage and the fear of cactus pear becoming a noxious weed restricts its popularized cultivation and thus demands a comprehensive genetic improvement and agronomic technology package.

Increased blood cholesterol is a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This study tested the hypothesis that phenolic compounds can modulate the level of cholesterol transporters including Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) and ATP-binding cassette transporters in liver cells. HepG2 cells, used as a model of hepatocytes, showed a decrease in the abundance of cholesterol transporters comparatively to the control when treated with the Opuntia ficus-indica’s cladodes decoction. The decrease was between 13–70%, 25–60%, 9–60% and 23–60% for NPC1L1, ABCA1, ABCG5 and ABCG8 transporters, respectively, when using between 0.15 and 0.35 mg/mL of decoction in the culture medium. FTIR analysis showed changes in the amount of RNA, which may be the cause of the decrease in the level of several proteins. These in vitro results pave the way to a molecular explanation for the decoction of cladodes effect on cholesterol levels as it reduced the membrane cholesterol transporter proteins, NPC1L1, ABCG5/ABCG8 and ABCA1, in HepG2 cells.

Acid phosphatase (ACP) plays an important role in regulating phosphate nutrition in plants. Herein, for the first time, a novel ACP from Opuntia megacantha Salm-Dyck cladodes was purified to homogeneity and biochemically characterized. Specific activity of 8.78 U/mg was obtained with 11.29-fold purification and 15% yield. ACP was purified as monomer with molecular weight of 44 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE under denaturing and nondenaturing conditions. Optimum pH and temperature for ACP activity was 5.5 and 60 °C, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters (E a , ΔH , ΔG and ΔS) were also determined. ACP activity was stimulated by Ca2+, strongly inhibited by Cu2+ and Fe3+, and moderately inhibited by Mg2+ and Zn2+. Br−, CN−, F−, I− and N 3 − weakly inhibited ACP activity, where more than 70% of enzyme activity was remained at 5 mM. In addition, effect of β-ME, Cys, DTT, EDTA, H 2 O 2 , PMSF, SDS and TX-100 on ACP activity was investigated. k m , V max , k cat and k cat / k m of ACP for p -NPP were found to be 0.09 mM, 2.75 U/mL, 9.60 s−1 and 106.67 s−1 mM−1, respectively. The biochemical properties of ACP from Opuntia megacantha Salm-Dyck cladodes provide novel features with other plant ACPs and basic knowledge of ACP in Opuntia species. • A novel acid phosphatase (ACP) from O. megacantha cladodes was purified. • O. megacantha cladodes ACP was biochemically characterized. • Purified ACP existed as a monomer with a molecular weight of 44 kDa. • Optimum pH and temperature of ACP were determined as 5.5 and 60 °C, respectively. • ACP retained more than 70% of its activity at 5 mM of Br−, CN−, F−, I− and N 3 −. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the first instance of isolation and identification of different flavonoid and phenolic acid compounds from Opuntia littoralis cladodes and fruits. • 8-Carbomethoxy-5‑hydroxyl‑6-methylisoflavone was isolated from the cladode extract (for the first time from family Cactaceae). • The ethanolic extract from the fruits of Opuntia littoralis has strong α-glucosidase inhibition activity, as well as antidiabetic activity. • Successive extracts from the cladodes showed strong antimicrobial activity against some strains of bacteria and fungi. • Fruit juice showed stronger antimicrobial effects than the ethanolic extract from the fruit. Cactaceae plants are widely used in folk medicine, food and pharmaceutical fields. Opuntia littoralis (Cactaceae) is a wild plant contains many active phytochemical constituents. Chromatographic techniques and spectroscopic analysis were used for the isolation and identification of the compounds. Cladodes and fruits extracts revealed the presence of tannins, carbohydrates and/or glycosides in ethanol, 70% ethanol and water extracts. Flavonoids were present in ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol, 70% ethanol and water extracts. Sterols and/or terpenes were detected in diethyl ether extract. 8-Carbomethoxy-5‑hydroxyl‑6-methylisoflavone was isolated from cladodes extract, while Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-glucoside and Luteolin were isolated from fruits juice. Kaempferol, quercetin, gallic acid, ferulic acid, and chlorogenic acid were isolated from both cladodes extract and fruit juice. These compounds are isolated from this plant for the first time. The antidiabetic and cytotoxic activity was evaluated in vitro using ELISA reader. Antimicrobial activity was achieved using agar methods. Cladode successive extracts showed strong antimicrobial activity against some strains of bacteria and fungi. Fruit juice showed better antimicrobial effect than the fruit ethanolic extract, which possessed antidiabetic activity only. The cladode and fruit extracts showed low cytotoxic activity against breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7). Further in vivo biological studies are needed to prove its therapeutic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opuntia ficus indica by-products can be exploited as sources of high-value components for applications in food and other industries. The aim of the present work is to elucidate and optimize the mucilage extraction process from cladodes. The effect of five water-to-biomass ratios (1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, 1:9 w/v), pH range (2.0, 4.5, 7.0, 9.5, 12.0) and ionic strength (water supplemented with NaCl or CaCl2 at the concentration of 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 mM) were evaluated on mucilage yield. The analysis of the critical factors was done by the response surface methodology. Ultrasound and microwave assisted extractions were evaluated to improve the mucilage recovery and quality. In this work: (1) the development of a multivariate model to predict mucilage recovery on the basis of biomass/water ratio and time of extraction; (2) pH, ionic strength and temperature were found critical process variables by the application of Plackett–Burman design; (3) the optimal operating conditions obtained were found to be: 1:9 biomass/water ratio, pH 12.0, ionic strength 1.0 mM NaCl; (4) ultrasonic or microwave treatments are efficient tools to enhance the recovery of mucilage depending on its final uses. Within a multi-disciplinary approach, this work provides achievements for a more efficient extraction process of soluble polymers from cladodes. Further studies on green assisted extraction tools and their effects in terms of quality of extracts are required in order to obtain high added value bio-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant age is a factor that influences production of flowers in some species. In some cacti, new cladodes and flowers buds grow from areolar meristems located in the cladodes. It is possible to determine the age of the cactus by counting the maximum number of cladodes present in a branch. Among the species of cacti that present annual vegetative growth determined by the climatic seasons is the species Tacinga palmadora. The objective of this study was to determine the initial reproductive age of this species and to evaluate the relation between the age of T. palmadora individuals and the number of flowers produced. The study was conducted at the Grota do Angico Natural Monument, in the municipality of Poço Redondo in Sergipe state in September 2017. Two hundred and seventeen individuals of T. palmadora were analyzed in the study area. In each individual, where counted the number of flowers and the number of cladodes present in the largest branch from the base, thus estimating the age of each individual. A positive and significant relation was observed between average number of flowers produced and age of individuals of T. palmadora in the evaluated population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility to extract, by supercritical fluids, nutraceuticals as polyphenolic compounds, able in the prevention and in the treatment of a series of chronic-degenerative diseases, from plant matrices like the cactus pear. Supercritical fluid technology is an innovative method to extract nutraceuticals from natural matrices. This method offers numerous advantages that include the use of moderate temperatures, solvents with good transport properties (high diffusivity and low viscosity), and cheap and nontoxic fluids. Fresh cladodes from two different wild ecotypes of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. were extracted both with methanol and with SFE-CO2 using different samples preparations, to maximize the % yields and the selectivity of extraction of polyphenols. The biggest contents of phenolics, evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, has been observed with the sample dehydrated of O. ficus-indica cultivar that shows, as well, the best yield % (m/m) of extraction with both methanol and SFE-CO2. Better results were obtained with the samples of O. ficus-indica cult. (OFI cult.), in spite of the O. ficus-indica s.l. (OFI s.l.); the two different ecotypes of OFI showed dissimilar phytochemicals profile. We noticed that the reduction of both quantity and quality of polyphenols was drastic with the increase of pressure at 250 bar; this shows that high pressures result in a loss of bioactive principles, like polyphenols. By changing the variables of extraction processes with SFE-CO2 and by varying the preventive treatments of the natural matrices, it was possible to increase the selectivity and the purity of the products. Thus, the optimization of this useful and green technique allowed us to increase the value of the Opuntia cladodes, a by-product very diffused in Calabria, which is an extraordinary source of nutraceuticals. These extracts could be used directly as functional foods or as starting material in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical or cosmetic companies; they are safe and without any solvents traces and it is possible to obtain it in a few hours respect to the conventional extraction that requires longer extraction time.