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In recent decades, Roman sumptuary laws have been actively studied in classical studies, which are traditionally associated with the theory of “decline of morals”: according to this theory, the crisis of the Roman state was caused by the process of decomposition of traditional norms and values under the influence of foreign morals, luxury and wealth. In this context, the relevance of the undertaken research is obvious. The author sets himself the goal of studying in detail the internally contradictory essence of such a phenomenon as Roman sumptuary laws. In particular, he draws attention to the conventional nature of the term “sumptuary laws” used in Russian-language literature, which does not accurately convey the meaning of the Latin phrase leges sumptuariae. The study draws on a range of Latin texts and other sources, as well as an extensive research literature. As a result, the author comes to the following conclusions: firstly, if the word luxus was associated with phenomena introduced into the life of the Roman civil community by the Hellenistic civilization and resulting from the military activity of Rome in the south of Italy and beyond, then the term sumptus was associated with the original Roman ideas about moderation and frugality, which must be considered, first of all, in the context of the life of the familia and its economic activities. Secondly, if the term luxus reflected the concept of luxury as such, then the use of the word sumptus was associated with housekeeping in general and with the concept of expenses in particular.

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La enseñanza de la ciudad en la escuela es el tema de interés de este trabajo producto de la investigación doctoral denominada: Las tradiciones de la geografía urbana escolar en España y Colombia, análisis desde la polis, la civitas y el urbs, realizada por el mismo autor. En la misma, se busca identificar qué ocurre con lo que escriben los académicos y los teóricos sobre cómo se debe enseñar la ciudad, y que tanto aprenden en realidad los estudiantes. Para ello, la investigación parte por la revisión documental de los artículos académicos sobre la enseñanza de la ciudad, pasa por la comparación de los lineamientos curriculares nacionales en España y Colombia, la elaboración de textos escolares, su implementación en el aula, las experiencias de profesores innovadores y por último las evidencias de lo que aprenden los estudiantes, con el resultado de seis instituciones educativas, tres en Valencia (España) y tres en Bogotá (Colombia).

Copyright of Journal of Legal Theory / Jogelméleti Szemle / Zeitschrift für Rechtstheorie is the property of Journal of Legal Theory / Jogelmeleti Szemle / Zeitschrift fur Rechtstheorie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the distribution and use of war booty in the Roman Republic. In spite of quite extensive historiography on this question, scholars as a rule focused their interest on the role of the commander in the process of dividing the loot, and the collective of citizens of the Roman state, which also claimed part of the loot, unreasonably remained without required attention. Therefore the article analyzes the parts of the Roman civitas, among which the spoils of war were distributed, namely, the commander, the soldiers and the treasury. Besides the desire of each of the parties to get their «legitimate» part of the loot inevitably led to a number of conflicts, which were later reflected in the literary tradition. Based on the information from narrative sources, author of the article highlights not the economic, but the political and ideological aspects of the problem – how the distribution of loot was carried out, what traditions were formed for this procedure, whether there was any law, what social contradictions were in the division of the loot, what ideas are associated with this process and what place civil community is occupied in the distribution of the spoils of war. Discussion of all these issues allows us to create an idea of the role that war booty played in the economy of the Roman Republic; in particular, the article reveals the issues of the relations between war booty and tax system. In addition, the article presents a number of important remarks on the interrelation of the commander, the army and the state treasury, which were the main players in the process of dividing the spoils of war. The article concludes that in Rome, until the end of the Republic, there was no universal norm of law which would regulate the processes of distribution of war booty; it is more likely to claim that there is some tradition which took into account the interests of all parties and changed with the development of Roman statehood.

The creation of the Roman Peace involved technical and quantitative developments in a particular type of political rule that produced the appropriate imperial subjects. It also involved concepts of what that pax was to be and how it was to function. These ideas, in turn, demanded new kinds of subjectivity that conflicted with the strong concepts of freedom enjoyed by the citizens of a city-state. The following essay attempts to investigate the development of the intertwining strands of subservience and peace in the middle Republic and their fruition in the transition to the Principate. The core concern is one raised by Momigliano: How did this sea change in political identity affect the mentality of the new subjects of empire? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The territorial and jurisdictional conflicts that confronted members of the nobility for control of certain villages in the Late Middle Ages constitute an ideal setting for studying processes of political communication. In this paper, I shall examine the long struggle, which lasted for nearly a century (from the mid- 15th to the mid-16th century), between the villages of Pancorbo --jurisdictionally dependent on Burgos-- and Briviesca --under the control of the house of Velasco-- over capital status in La Bureba. I shall analyse the agents and the phases of the conflict, the negotiation processes that took place both within and outside the council of Burgos, the discourses presented by both parts to support their claims, and the mark left by this episode in Burgos' "collective memory". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I argue that Benedictine stability might provide a rational modulation for some people to not only cope with but also flourish during the pandemic vis-à-vis the stay-at-home (SHO) order. I will not argue that those who obey the SHO are more rational than those who don’t or vice versa. Instead, I will argue that those who end up following the SHO, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, can rationalize following the SHO by learning from the Benedictine vow of stability. First, stability in a physical space reimagined as a kind of retreat from society might be beneficial for rejuvenating oneself and pursuing what one values. Second, stability negatively discourages people from escaping a difficult reality and positively encourages them to overcome challenges in the institutions in which they belong. Third, stability can be seen as a necessary context for the betterment of character.

El presente estudio analiza una serie de sucesos y testimonios históricos relacionados con Legio y la legio VII Gemina que buscan comprender cómo Legio llega a ser un centro urbano en el pleno sentido, alcanzando incluso el rango de civitas. Para ello, llevamos a cabo un estudio sobre la posible capitalidad de Legio en la Hispania Nova Citerior Antoniniana y, a causa de ello, también de dicha provincia. Asimismo, analizamos la importancia de las lápidas epigráficas AE 1967, 225 y AE 1992, 1003, como indicios de un probable otorgamiento del estatuto municipal. Sobre esta base, realizamos una reinterpretación de la carta 67 de Cipriano de Cartago.

The article takes a look at the representations of Bratislava in Dušan Kraus’s debut novel Životy unikajúce [Lives Leaking; 1979]. It reconstructs the methods that model the city and its image in the context of other portrayals of the urban setting in Slovak prose (Ladislav Ballek: Pomocník [The helper]; Agáty [The locust trees]; Stanislav Rakús: Temporálne poznámky [Temporal notes]). The novel does not name the city in which it takes place, but from the names of locations and the typical spatial arrangements it pertains that the text is set in Bratislava. The differentiation of the spatial structure is complementary with the division of space into the private and public spheres. Social life functions (work and amusement) are situated in the centre while private lives unwind in the new housing estates at the outskirts of the city. Kraus portrayed Bratislava of the normalisation era in line with its period character, i.e. as urbs, but not as civitas (Olivier Mongin: The Urban Condition) – as a city without a public space. The novel works with two semantic layers. The narrative is of factual or even official record character, the symbolic generalisation rests on the double meaning of the title that evokes both a gas leak and the movement of its victims from life to death as well as the city as a fluid, unstable entity where life “leaks” from its inhabitants.

Dealing with the nobility’s relationship with their non-royal towns and townlets in the pre-Hussite period is often difficult due to the lack of written sources. Therefore, it is also necessary to use information on the development of localities, which provides a breakdown of their spatial layout, art history and archaeology. Determining a locality’s state of developmental in a certain period is often difficult. This paper outlines the development of non-royal market localities in the Jihlava region and their relationship with their aristocratic owners in the aforementioned period.

The topic of this paper is the continuity of major religious, moral and ethical concepts of Roman culture in following periods. These are the virtues of the citizen, namely virtus, fides and pietas — which distinguish the Roman citizen as a brave warrior, honest magistrate and pious pater familias. The central one was the duty to the City. Some traces of this tradition can be observed in the most influental sources of the Christian Patristic period, although the very intention of morals has changed: res publica, a common/communal duty, was replaced by the adoration of God. With the view to a representative research, De Civitate Dei by Saint Augustine, the most famous Christian treatise dealing with the state, civic rights, state religion, authority etc. was analyzed. On the one hand, this great book provides multiple suitable illustrations for almost every feature of the continuity between the Ancient pagan culture and Christian intellectual one. On the other hand, it isn’t just a plain comparison of loci classici in pagan and Christian context, one can find the origins of a completely new approach to the world history, which had had an influence on minds of further generations of Christian theologians in Middle Ages and later periods.

How did the notion of civic participation change throughout history, and how were these changes reflected in the foundations of political thought? In what forms of expression did it surface in various written and visual media of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period? These questions will be the focus of the summer university course.

У статті розглянуто етимологію слів місто, город, Stadt, town, burg, urbs, polis, civitas. Усі вони, за виключенням останнього, мають своїми етимонами протоіндоєвропейські корені, що означали огорожу, замкнутий простір, укріплене поселення, а також будинки, дворові споруди, господарське та родинне життя у цьому поселенні або культуру в цілому. Відповідно, у тих смислах, котрі пов’язувалися з містом, відобразилися й культурні універсалії. Вітальну (життєву) універсалію ми можемо побачити у тих випадках, коли слово фіксувало господарське та родинне життя. Ця категорія кодифікувалась у харчовому (аліментарному) та у репродуктивному (еротичному) смислах як сімейне життя у спільному вживанні їжі та у взаємній любові. Мортальна (смерть) культурна категорія тут табуюється через захист міста фортифікаційними стінами. Дериватами деяких з цих слів (місто, город, burg) стали слова, що позначали мешканців цих міст-фортець (місцянин, рос. горожанин, бюргер), а з розвитком соціально-політичної системи ці слова набули класового забарвлення (міщанин як становий статус, рос. гражданин, буржуа). На відміну від них, civitas утворилося як політикоправовий термін, беручи походження від іменування того класу громадян (cives – громадянин) фізичного міста (urbs), котрі користувались найбільшими політичними правами. У цьому випадку слова, що позначали певний клас, стали етимонами для слів, що почали позначати місто як політичну комунікативну систему. У свою чергу, дериватами цих слів стали слова цивілізація, цивільний тощо. В українському суспільстві центр правового регулювання був зосереджений на селі (загальне право). Тому українське «місцянін» не отримало значення рос. «громадянин». Натомість його відповідністю стало «громадянин» як представника «громади», руральної спільноти типу Gemeinschaft.

La dominación de Roma sobre las comunidades indígenas dio lugar a la aparición de nuevas relaciones sociales, que fueron la base de las nuevas civitates y del surgimiento, dentro de ellas, de grupos de poder. En la Asturia transmontana, los lugones constituyeron una de las civitates más importantes, según se desprende de las fuentes literarias y epigráficas. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre las características de su poblamiento y organización. A partir de la revisión del registro epigráfico y arqueológico, se propone en este artículo profundizar en las comunidades del oriente de Asturia y sus relaciones con civitates vecinas, en especial la vadiniense. El epígrafe dedicado por los luggoni arganticaeni que se conserva en la iglesia de Grases (Villaviciosa, Asturias) ha sido tradicionalmente considerado una inscripción votiva. Solo en algunos trabajos recientes se ha propuesto su lectura como funeraria. En estas páginas se revisa el texto y se propone una nueva interpretación, atendiendo tanto a otras referencias epigráficas del noroeste de la península ibérica, como al contexto arqueológico de la zona. Se analizan tanto los dedicantes, los luggoni arganticaeni, como el individuo al que se dedica el monumento funerario y su relación con este grupo, a partir de la propuesta de reconstruir su nombre como [Pent]ovius Tabaliaenus.

The article takes a look at the representations of Bratislava in Dušan Kraus's debut novel Životy unikajúce [Lives Leaking; 1979]. It reconstructs the methods that model the city and its image in the context of other portrayals of the urban setting in Slovak prose (Ladislav Ballek: Pomocník [The helper]; Agáty [The locust trees]; Stanislav Rakús: Temporálne poznámky [Temporal notes]). The novel does not name the city in which it takes place, but from the names of locations and the typical spatial arrangements it pertains that the text is set in Bratislava. The differentiation of the spatial structure is complementary with the division of space into the private and public spheres. Social life functions (work and amusement) are situated in the centre while private lives unwind in the new housing estates at the outskirts of the city. Kraus portrayed Bratislava of the normalisation era in line with its period character, i.e. as urbs, but not as civitas (Olivier Mongin: The Urban Condition) -- as a city without a public space. The novel works with two semantic layers. The narrative is of factual or even official record character, the symbolic generalisation rests on the double meaning of the title that evokes both a gas leak and the movement of its victims from life to death as well as the city as a fluid, unstable entity where life "leaks" from its inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gregory of Tours’ lexicon has been studied by several people, but none of them recently paid attention to the word terminus. However, alongside some classic use, this author gives that term an original meaning. This is studied in this article in order to understand why Gregory of Tours uses that word in this way. Is he trying to set out a particular territorialized space located outside the classical boundaries of the city and more or less recently conquered ? This hypothesis opens up new understandings about the territorial organization of local spaces at the beginning of Merovingian times.

En este artículo propongo clarificar la naturaleza, función y valor político o filosófico de la pars valentior. Trataré de mostrar: 1) que su función en la civitas no es idéntica o similar a la de la universitas civium; 2) que, siendo un cuerpo cuyo papel es activo en el proceso legislativo, su tarea no puede ser considerada como puramente consultiva.

Esta contribución pretende ofrecer un balance historiográfico de los trabajos más significativos llevados a cabo en el presente siglo sobre la religión hispanorromana (s. I-s. III d. C.) y reflexionar sobre los avances conseguidos en la investigación con respecto al s. XX. El camino que trazamos se centra en los logros alcanzados en tres cuestiones básicas: los sacerdocios; los cultos (con especial atención a los cultos locales del Noroeste) y los lugares de culto. Para finalizar se apuntan las lagunas y los caminos que aún quedan por recorrer.

Dante's hell represents the totality of the sins which the protagonist cannot bypaass on his own. And the three beasts that appear in the prologue scene show in miniature hels structure, paatterned according to the order of corrupted appettes in the soul. Maice, vioience, and incontinence, incarnated as the three beasts respectively, correspond to the threefold ciivision of hell in reverse order. This paper investigates three episodes, i. e. Inferno 5, 15, 2425, respectively, from the perspective of these three suns. It ties to show how Dantei hell, bulit upon a Thomastic moral system, is a civitas diabolic, the very opposite of Augustine's city of God. The paper also offers a glimpse of the allusions to Augustine which are at work in Dantei contexts, no matter how ironical those allusions may be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the historical development of citizenship in Western democracies since the American and Great French Revolutions, its evolutionary extension by a civic, political, social and cultural component. The text follows another key factor in the phenomenon of citizenship, which was the birth of modern centralized states on the national and cultural principle, as the primary and necessary conditions for the emergence of functional democratic regimes. The study examines the correlation between social rights and the current crisis of the European welfare state, where mandatory expenditures related to the provision of social policies continue to increase the exponential indebtedness of European Union countries and are the reason for criticism and loss of legitimacy of the welfare state. The focus is also on the critical reflection on the expansion of cultural rights, the application of multicultural policies, the model of differentiated citizenship and communitarianism and their possible impact on the social and political stability of European states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dealing with the nobility’s relationship with their non-royal towns and townlets in the pre-Hussite period is often difficult due to the lack of written sources. Therefore, it is also necessary to use information on the development of localities, which provides a breakdown of their spatial layout, art history and archaeology. Determining a locality’s state of developmental in a certain period is often difficult. This paper outlines the development of non-royal market localities in the Jihlava region and their relationship with their aristocratic owners in the aforementioned period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Рассматриваются вопросы формирования первичных государств греко-римской классической Античности, особенности политической и социальной организации полиса и civitas, проявление общинных традиций в частной и общественной жизни полисного государства, способы интеграции греков и римлян в частные коллегии и союзы, сущность персональных отношений патроната – клиентелы и гостеприимства, а также религиозно-обрядовое и правовое оформление указанных институтов. Сделан вывод об историческом значении полисного государства, которое сохранило и развило общинные начала самоорганизации и самоуправления. Отмечается, что политико-правовые концепты Античности «демократия» и «республика» отразили эту идею народовластия в качестве основополагающего принципа жизнедеятельности греческого классического полиса и римской республиканской civitas.

La idea de ciudad en el contexto del poblamiento hispanoamericano puede encontrarse en tratados políticos y urbanísticos del siglo XVI. No obstante, este no es un discurso que deba analizarse unilateralmente, como algo impuesto desde arriba por la Corona o por sus oficiales reales. Más bien, puede cuestionarse el hecho de que los tratados reflejaban el pensamiento extendido en la población o cómo circulaban las ideas y el conocimiento en torno a la ciudad en diferentes esferas de la sociedad. Este artículo no intenta definir lo que era la ciudad sino llamar la atención sobre uno de los aspectos que no ha sido atendido por la historiografía: la apropiación social y política del concepto de ciudad a partir de su definición como civitas, como comunidad política. Para ello se toma como referencia centros urbanos que atravesaron momentos de crisis o coyunturas en las que sobresale el arraigo y aprovechamiento de la idea de ciudad por sus habitantes hispanos. Así, se busca analizar la idea de ciudad desde abajo, desde los pobladores de los núcleos urbanos, soldados, oficiales de cabildo y gobernación que estaban construyendo las ciudades o villas en territorio americano para notar cómo se configuró la realidad política. Estos tenían una visión particular de la esencia de la ciudad, la ponían en práctica en sus diversas manifestaciones y negociaciones con la Corona.

Copyright of Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spal: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla is the property of Spal. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The assimilation of the architectural sign to the linguistic one, is the way that allow us to analyze the architectural element of the city, according to the symbolic and conventional way, but giving to the architectural sign an iconic value that we could read through reconstruction of city in films. It is possible if we consider city as artwork seen according to the definition of Lynch. There is a temporal and special dimension, the urban dimension, which would otherwise not be 'visible' to the naked eye or perceivable with hearing. City as an artwork can be read for more reasons, through the cinema in the translation of an architectural semiotics that finds a double correspondence of Urbs and Civitas, in the real building of the city and in its re-construction. In this contest, some Italian movies of Rossellini, De Sica, Antonioni, for example, beyond the traditional interpretations, can give us indications about the moments and 'points' of collapse that we can find in 'signs' and 'singular points'. It's in these points that we found the signs of evolution, breakdown and collapse of relationship between Urbs and Civitas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Doxa / Doksa is the property of I. I. Mechnikov Odessa National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Se trata de una reseña del libro: Bancalari Molina, Alejandro, La idea de Europa en el mundo romano: proyecciones actuales, Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile, 2015, 152 pp.

La scena artistica anche in Italia è marcata da autori che interpretano il paesaggio come stratificazione di modi d’uso, vissuti e rappresentazioni. Questi artisti elaborano progetti spesso partecipativi o che comunque presuppongono la creazione di “luoghi” dialogici che connettono persone, spazi e tempi. Indagano l’antropologia del paesaggio attuale, contribuendo a costruirne un immaginario. Spesso tali pratiche anelano all’auto-narrazione delle soggettività coinvolte e considerano gli abitanti come figure competenti del “luogo specifico”, per cui l’artista assume la funzione del mediatore. Queste pratiche sono intrinsecamente politiche, perché interrogano sia l’idea di civitas, sia il ruolo dell’artista, e spostano l’accento dalla rappresentazione della realtà a una politica della rappresentazione. Tra gli “artisti della realtà” si potrebbero annoverare coloro che articolano osservazione e partecipazione dentro i territori e la vita civica dell’Italia contemporanea. La tesi è affrontata attraverso la lettura di alcuni progetti realizzati in Italia negli ultimi quindici anni.

The concept of the city (civitas) does not necessarily have to mean an urban organization. It may mean a collection of localities, or a territory where some ethnic groups live (tribu). First of all, the development of personal structures happened initially in the families and was connected with a domestic cult. With time, several families used to make a separate group called fratria and a collection of them made up a tribu. This article shows how religion and a way of ruling affected the development of personal structures. Examples of this include are colonies and dioceses – personal structures of the Roman Empire. The task which lies before this article is to enlighten the reader that many of the modern personal structures, especially those deep -rooted in canon law, have had a source in ancient civitas. Present structures of Catholic Church have their basis on that original classification: a family, fratria, tribu. Today there exist: a parish, a vicariate forane, a diocese, and a collection of dioceses called an ecclesiastical province.