Search

The objective of this study consisted of evaluating the effect of the application of chitosan (Q), 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) under two controlled temperatures on some physical, physiological, and chemical parameters contributing to the quality of Persian lime Citrus latifolia fruits. Eight treatments were evaluated, resulting from the combination of four senescence retardant applications (Q, 1-MCP, 1-MCP + Q, and without application) on fruits stored at two temperatures (12/20°C). Epidermis color (luminosity, chromaticity, and hue), fruit appearance, respiration, weight loss, total juice content, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity were registered during the study. The results indicate that the 1-MCP and Q combination favored fruit postharvest quality conditions such as reducing respiration rate; maintaining fruit good appearance, turgidity, and brighter fruit chromaticity; fruits treated with chitosan and stored at 12°C, favored total soluble solids. On the other hand, Variables such as weight loss, juice content, acidity, phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and hue values were favored by a 12°C storing temperature regardless of the treatment. In general, the use of modified atmospheres, senescence retardants, and refrigeration as postharvest methods, can increase Persian lime shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 2018, symptoms of reduced growth and yellowing of Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) trees were detected in a commercial orchard located in Cotaxtla, Veracruz, Mexico. Nematodes were obtained from symptomatic trees and characterized through morphology and phylogeny, as well as pathogenicity tests. The results confirmed that Tylenchulus semipenetrans is the causal agent of the disease. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of T. semipenetrans causing slow decline of Persian lime in Veracruz, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a rapid and low-cost methodology for the purification of genomic DNA from Citrus latifolia, to be used in the molecular diagnosis by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the cause of the disease commonly known as yellow snapdragon. In Venezuela, citrus plantations have begun to be affected by the pathogen CLas, and this work reports the existence of the pathogen in the Venezuelan Andes. Timely diagnosis of the presence of this bacterium will allow preventive measures to be taken to avoid its spread. Leaf samples were collected from Citrus latifolia plants with morphological signs of CLas infection from the Sucre Municipality, Mérida State, Venezuela. Genomic DNA extraction with Chelex-100 (Chelating Ion Exchange Resin) produced optimal DNA that was used as a template for PCR amplifications. The method allowed the detection of pathogen DNA and due to its simplicity contributed to the rapid analysis of a large number of samples, thus being very convenient in molecular diagnosis. The procedure for extraction of genomic DNA from plant tissue using Chelex-100 resin required only one step, with a minimum of manipulation, does not use toxic compounds and allows elimination of a large proportion of inhibitors that hinder the PCR reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many mites of the family Eriophyidae are important pests worldwide. In citrus crops, the eriophyid Phyllocoptruta oleivora stands out for the economic losses caused. The pest's injuries cause the darkening of leaves, twigs, and fruits, making them unfit for the fresh fruit market and affecting plant productivity. Another species that causes similar symptoms was described in Brazil recently, the brown citrus rust mite, Tegolophus brunneus. Although studies have not been performed with this species, growers and technicians have attributed the rise in rust damages in Brazil to T. brunneus, affirming that this mite is more aggressive and resistant to acaricides than P. oleivora. In this study, the distribution of T. brunneus in the main Brazilian citrus belt and the differential toxicity of the acaricides sulfur and abamectin were evaluated for both species. Infested fruits were collected from different orchards in many municipalities, covering the main citrus species and cultivars grown, aiming to show the main T. brunneus hosts. It was observed that only plants of Tahiti acid lime (Citrus latifolia) were infested by T. brunneus, whereas P. oleivora infested all citrus cultivars and species evaluated (Citrus spp.). In our study, T. brunneus and P. oleivora were never observed coinfesting the same fruit/leaf or plant. The acute toxicity test of sulfur and abamectin as acaricides showed that T. brunneus has greater tolerance to abamectin than P. oleivora. However, the acute toxicity of sulfur was similar for both species. These results showed T. brunneus specificity to infest Tahiti acid lime, causing important damage to this crop, and suggest that attention should be paid to managing this mite using abamectin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the photosynthetic response of citrus varieties to the inoculation of isolates T30 and T3 of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) characterized as having potential to provide cross-protection against severe CTV isolates in citrus. Citrus plants of 'Campbell' orange, 'Persian' lime, and 'Key' lime were subjected to inoculations by both isolates by patch. Noninoculated plants were used as the control. Symptom expression, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, and stomatal conductance were evaluated by IRGA. Stomatal density and size were evaluated by epidermal impressions. The CTV isolates were also evaluated and molecularly characterized by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. 'Campbell' orange and 'Persian' lime plants remained asymptomatic after the inoculations. The inoculation treatments with both CTV isolates did not reduce photosynthetic capacity, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance, in comparison with the control. Stomatal density and size varied according to the citrus species. T30 and T3 do not affect the photosynthetic responses of 'Campbell' orange and 'Persian' lime; therefore, these isolates have the potential to provide cross-protection to citrus varieties against severe isolates of CTV.

In Mexico, Nayarit and Veracruz stand out as producers of Persian lemon. Nayarit has a larger surface area with high production potential and a 68% expansion of its cultivated area in the last 10 years. Veracruz has larger planted area and production volume. This investigation was conducted aiming to determine the period of nutritional stability in Persian lemon leaves and define the appropriate time to perform foliar sampling for nutritional diagnosis. In 2017, rainfed orchards were selected in both states. Per orchard, 20 trees were selected, 50 shoots were marked per flow (Nayarit winter and summer, Veracruz winter and spring), and sampled monthly. Soil and foliar nutrient analysis was performed (total nitrogen (N-total) (semi-microKjeldahl digestion), nitrates (NO3) (colorimetry), potassium (K) (atomic absorption), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), (ICP-Optical Coupled Plasma using an ICAP 7200 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific®), and boron (B) (colorimetry) (Genesis 20 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific®)). Daily predicted values were calculated and the best functions (highest R2, lowest mean square of the error and value of the Mallows coefficient) were chosen. Mathematical derivatives and criteria were calculated to determine the best period for sampling. For Nayarit, the appropriate period for leaf sampling was the summer flush of July 29 to August 18 and from February 8 to March 19 for the winter flush. In Veracruz, it was from April 10 to May 10 for the winter flush and from September 23 to October 8 for the spring flush.

Aedes aegypti is a vector of arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya, posing a threat to public health. Additionally, chemical insecticide control strategies have adverse effects due to insecticide resistance and soil contamination. This research evaluated the use of natural extracts from Citrus sinensis and Citrus latifolia obtained through the reflux method with ethanol, hexane, and chloroform, with mortality counts conducted over 72 hours. Citrus latifolia extracts obtained with ethanol and chloroform showed high efficacy as insecticides, achieving between 75% and 80% mortality within the first 12 hours, while Citrus sinensis extracts obtained with chloroform and ethanol solvents showed values lower than 50% within the first 24 hours. Citrus extracts are emerging as a promising alternative in Ae. aegypti control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species Aegomorphus quadrigibbus (Say) and Thryallis undatus (Chevrolat) (Coleóptera: Cerambycidae) were identified causing damage to Persian lime trees in Martínez de la Torre municipality orchards, in central Veracruz state, Mexico. Ovipositions made by the adults to lay eggs on trunks and branches were observed, with galleries between two and five cm deep, which caused the branches to dry up and, in some cases, complete death of the trees. In trees previously affected with vascular pathogens or with nutrient deficiencies, the damage was more severe because the larvae formed galleries that surrounded the trunk or branches, preventing the flow of nutrients. The average incidence in the sampled trees was 10.8%. Since the Martínez de la Torre area is the most important Persian lime production region in Mexico, it is necessary to monitor crops to determine the presence of insects and develop studies to define levels of damage and management strategies for their insects' populations when requ i red. This is the first record of A. quadrigibbus and T. undatus associated with trees of the Rutaceae family and causing damage to Persian lime orchards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy and water dynamics are crucial for citrus development in the Eastern Amazon. This study aimed to determine the energy balance, water demand, and crop coefficient of acid lime in the northeast region of Pará. A micrometeorological tower was installed in the center of the experimental area to monitor meteorological variables between October 2020 and December 2021. The energy balance and water demand were obtained by the Bowen ratio method. Kc was determined by the ratio between crop and reference evapotranspiration. The results obtained indicate that 63% of the available energy was used by latent heat in the rainiest period, while 60% was used during the less rainy period. Sensible heat used 32% and 34% during the most and least rainy periods, respectively. Soil heat presented a low variation, with an average of 5% for the entire period. Water consumption of the acid lime during the experiment was 1599 mm, with a daily mean of 3.70 mm day−1, while the mean value of Kc was 1.4. These results allow for the design of adequate water supply protocols for the crop in the main citrus pole in the Amazon region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic parameters and to evaluate the genotypic diversity of 12 'Tahiti' acid lime (Citrus latifolia) genotypes grafted onto two rootstocks. The experiment was carried out from July 2017 to January 2019, in the municipality of São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Vegetative (stem diameter, canopy projection diameter, and plant height), productive (yield and fruit number), and fruit quality (fruit diameter, soluble solids content, and juice yield) traits were determined. A mixed model was used to estimate heritability and repeatability coefficients, as well as to predict clonal values. Scion diversity was determined through the standardized mean difference of Euclidean distances, and genotypes were clustered by modified Tocher. Clustering quality and trait importance were evaluated using the principal component analysis (PCA). Genotypic variance was observed, which is indicative of the possibility of selection of superior genotypes. The Tocher method showed the presence of three clusters, which is in alignment with the PCA results. The multivariate analyses allows of the selection and the recommendation of superior 'Tahiti' acid lime genotypes.

Los mejores precios de lima 'Persa' en México y en el extranjero son de enero al mes de abril, en esta época se presenta poca fruta por factores ambientales, sin embargo existen diversas técnicas agronómicas que aumentan rendimiento de fruto en estos periodos. El experimento se realizó en el rancho 'Antonio', municipio de Tlapacoyan, Ver., con el objetivo de promover floración y cosechas de fruto de lima 'Persa' fuera de época. Se utilizaron árboles de lima 'Persa' injertados en naranjo 'Agrio' de 8 años, los tratamientos fueron, testigo sin aplicación, etefón a 500 mg·L-1, urea al 10 % y nitrato de potasio al 10 %. El promedio de cinco fechas en número de flores por rama mayor fue con urea al 10 % y menor en el testigo con diferencias estadísticas (P≤0.05). El promedio de cuatro fechas en el número de frutos por árbol con calidad de exportación verde mayor fue con etefón y sólo superó estadísticamente (P≤0.05) al testigo. El promedio de cuatro fechas en número de frutos por árbol con calidad de exportación para Estados Unidos, mayor fue con etefón 500 mg·L-1 y no presentaron diferencias estadísticas (P≤0.05) los demás tratamientos.

Energy and water dynamics are crucial for citrus development in the Eastern Amazon. This study aimed to determine the energy balance, water demand, and crop coefficient of acid lime in the northeast region of Pará. A micrometeorological tower was installed in the center of the experimental area to monitor meteorological variables between October 2020 and December 2021. The energy balance and water demand were obtained by the Bowen ratio method. Kc was determined by the ratio between crop and reference evapotranspiration. The results obtained indicate that 63% of the available energy was used by latent heat in the rainiest period, while 60% was used during the less rainy period. Sensible heat used 32% and 34% during the most and least rainy periods, respectively. Soil heat presented a low variation, with an average of 5% for the entire period. Water consumption of the acid lime during the experiment was 1599 mm, with a daily mean of 3.70 mm day−1, while the mean value of Kc was 1.4. These results allow for the design of adequate water supply protocols for the crop in the main citrus pole in the Amazon region.

Copyright of Revista Biológico Agropecuaria Tuxpan is the property of Revista Biologico Agropecuaria Tuxpan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A modified aroma extract dilution approach (AEDA), followed by the determination of flavor dilution (FD) factors, a quantitative analysis and calculation of the relative flavor activity (RFA) and odor activity values (OAVs) as well as recombination experiments were conducted to evaluate the odor- and taste-relevant components of cold-pressed Citrus latifolia peel oil. A 2-fold concentration by distillation and reanalysis, compared with the original oil, revealed relevant components. Partition of the odor-active substances into four reconstitution groups according to their respective FD factors, followed by a recombination, allowed for a better understanding of the contribution of each FD-factor group to the overall aroma. Especially α-pinene, limonene, γ-terpinene, and 7-methoxycoumarin contribute significantly to the distinct aroma profile of C. latifolia . Heptadecanal (CAS 629-90-3) was described for the first time as an odor-active substance in an enriched C. latifolia peel oil. Campherenyl acetate (CAS 18530-07-9) was identified in nature for the first time and described with a herbal, minty and citrus-like odor. The odor profile of the final recombinant mixture, containing 36 components, was similar to cold-pressed C. latifolia peel oil for most descriptors, whereas the taste profile was described as more aldehydic and citral-like.

Citrus fruits have been known and valued for their aroma in food and perfume ever since humans have maintained written records. Often described as the "champagne" of citrus oils, especially cold pressed lime peel oils have raised attention. Particularly peel oils of Citrus latifolia exhibit a pleasant coumarinic, sweet, and balsamic aroma in comparison to its close relative, the Citrus aurantifolia . Those coumarinic notes have not been completely understood until today. Thus, this study aimed to identify the responsible substances and elucidate their contribution and impact on the aroma of cold-pressed lime oil. By combining distillation, fractionation, olfactory detection, and structure elucidation, the responsible key aroma components were identified. A combination of coumarins and their corresponding saturated analogs have been identified to significantly contribute to the typical coumarinic-like aroma, including three new flavor compounds that have not yet been described in the literature as lime oil constituents: 7-methoxy-2-chromanone (3,4-dihydro-7-methoxy-2 H -1-benzopyran-2-one; CAS 20921-02-2), 5,7-dimethoxy-2-chromanone (3,4-dihydro-5,7-dimethoxy-2 H -1-benzopyran-2-one; CAS 82243-01-4) and 5,6-dihydrobergaptene (5,6-dihydro-4-methoxy-7 H -furo[3,2- g ][1]benzopyran-7-one; CAS 29050-61-1). The sensorial evaluation of the impact of these components on the lime aroma profile has shown flavor-modulating effects and the ability to enhance aldehydic-peely, juicy, and fruity notes as well as their importance in reproducing the authentic, typical coumarin-like notes.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the fruit quality of Tahiti acid lime and Sicilian lemon trees grown on different rootstocks and planting spacings in the semi-arid region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two experiments were conducted, using Tahiti acid lime tree scions (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) (1) and Sicilian lemon trees scions [Citrus limon (L.) Burm] (2). A randomized block design was used, with a 6×2 factorial arrangement consisted of six rootstocks: Cravo Santa Cruz lemon (Citrus limonia Osbeck), Swingle citrumelo [Citrus paradisi Macfaden × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rafinesque], Indio citrandarin and Riverside citrandarin [Citrus sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rafinesque], Hybrid TSKC × (LCR × TR) - 059 [Citrus sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka × (Citrus limonia Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rafinesque)], and Sunki Tropical tangerine [Citrus sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka]; and two planting spacings: 6.0 × 4.0 m and 6.0 × 2.0 m, with three replications and four plants per plot. The physical and chemical characteristics of fruits were evaluated. Most quality characteristics of Tahiti acid lime and Sicilian lemon are not affected by the different rootstocks and spacings used, but the fruits present excellent quality for the national and international markets. Tahiti acid lime plants grown on less vigorous rootstocks under denser spacings have fruits with higher pH, whereas those grown on more vigorous rootstocks have fruits with thicker mesocarps and lower soluble solid contents. The use of Sunki Tropical tangerine rootstock results in bigger Sicilian lemons, however, with lower soluble solid contents, whereas an opposite result is found with the use of Swingle citrumelo rootstocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil of Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) seed was extracted using three methods (cold-pressing, solvent extraction and enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction using Protamex and Celluclast) to compare the effect of extraction method on oil quality through trace metal elements (Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb and As) content. The results demonstrated that extraction method significantly (P < 0.05) influences the trace metal elements content of oil. The reduction pattern of Fe > Cu > Ni > Co > Pb > As was observed in Persian lime seed and extracted oil samples. The highest concentration (mg/kg) of iron (7.3272 ± 0.0263), copper (0.350033 ± 0.00153) and lead (0.00891 ± 0.00003) were observed in cold pressed oils. The oils extracted using enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction method showed the highest concentration (mg/kg) of nickel (0.069855 ± 0.000167) and cobalt (0.054555 ± 0.000163). Arsenic was not detected in seeds and any of the extracted oil samples. The concentration of Fe (3.0363 ± 0.0423 mg/kg) and Cu (0.280167 ± 0.00151 mg/kg) as a pro-oxidant was lower in the Persian lime seed oil obtained by enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we describe the in situ inhibitory activity of three hybrid films (FL1, FL2, and FL3) against two wild strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Penicillium digitatum as causal agents of rot in Persian limes. The films FL2 and FL3 contained 1.0 and 1.3 % weight/volume Litsea glaucescens essential oil (LgEO) and significantly (p<0.05) delayed rot emergence in Persian limes caused by both pathogens up to 10 days. The physicochemical properties of LgEO and hybrid films were obtained, whereas detailed HPLC profiling revealed that fruit covered with these films significantly (p<0.01) preserved reducing sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose), organic acids (citric acid, ascorbic acid, malic acid, and oxalic acid), and flavonoids with nutraceutical activity (hesperidin, eriocitrin, naruritin, neohesperidin, diosmin, vitexin, rutin, and quercetin). This evidence sustains that the composites generated in this investigation improve the shelf life of Persian limes and conserve their nutraceutical content., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

The management of soil cover plants (intercropping) in orchards can contribute to increase productivity of citrus trees. Thus, the present research aimed to evaluate different planting systems for Tahiti acid lime grafted onto Flying Dragon trifoliate orange, a dwarfing rootstock, at high planting density (1,157 trees ha–1). The study was set up in four tillage systems, using Urochloa ruziziensis as an intercrop species in the orchard, and conducted for 5 years: no-tillage (NT), no-tillage and no-herbicide (NT-NH), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT; without intercropping). Dry matter (DM) production of biomass in the row and interrow of the orchard was evaluated yearly, as well as weed density, soil physical and chemical characteristics, plant water and nutritional status, and fruit yield of trees. Greater deposition of DM of biomass was observed in the row of citrus planting for treatments NT and NT-NH compared to CT and MT treatments, which led to reduced undesirable weed populations. The NT treatment also provided increases of 79% in potassium (K) nutrient concentrations in the leaves of trees and 60% in exchangeable K in the soil surface layer, in the first 2 years evaluated. The maintenance of the Urochloa ruziziensis mulch in the NT system also provided higher soil volumetric moisture content and consequently lower soil resistance penetration and water stress on trees, evidenced by the predawn plant leaf water potential (

In order to evaluate four sampling techniques for Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, the vector of the bacteria causing HLB, weekly samples were taken during six months between September 2019 and February 2020, in three citrus farms located in the north and center of Tolima, Colombia. The number of individuals (eggs, nymphs and adults) of the insect present in Tahitian lime trees (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) was counted. Bi-weekly, fresh buds of trees were also taken from the plots corresponding to each treatment. The number of adults and the total value of individuals per sample were correlated with the total number of adults and individuals per bud, aiming at determining which of the sampling techniques was more adjusted to the population present in the trees. Visual technique was the most appropriate for sampling D. citri, taking into account its accuracy, cost and ease of use. However, considering the epidemiological situation due to the absence of HLB reports in Tolima, it is necessary to support the visual monitoring of the vector with the yellow sticky trap, mainly during the absence of fresh buds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En Martínez de la Torre, Ver., México, existen 16,115 ha establecidas con cítricos que aún no están en producción y pueden aprovecharse para sembrar frijol como cultivo asociado. El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar el rendimiento y rentabilidad del cultivo de frijol sólo y asociado con limón Persa, así como determinar, que sistema de cultivo, es más eficiente en el uso de la tierra. El experimento se estableció en noviembre de 2017 en tres localidades del norte de Veracruz. En cada sistema de cultivo, el frijol se sembró en franjas y ocupó una superficie de 216 m2. Se delimitaron cuatro áreas de siembra de frijol de 6 m2 cada una, por sistema de cultivo, en las que se cuantificaron diferentes variables agronómicas, incluido el rendimiento de grano, las cuales se analizaron en diseño experimental completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones, considerando los valores de las variables obtenidos en cada área delimitada como una repetición. Para la separación de promedios se aplicó la DMS al 5%. También se realizó un análisis de relación beneficio-costo y se obtuvo el índice equivalente de la tierra (IET). Con el sistema de cultivo de frijol asociado con limón Persa, se obtuvo un rendimiento promedio de 1430.7 kg ha-1, significativamente superior al que se produjo en monocultivo. También se obtuvo una utilidad neta por hectárea, 52.3% superior y la mejor relación beneficio-costo, además de una mayor eficiencia en el uso del terreno (IET de 1.23), que cuando el frijol se estableció en monocultivo.

In this research, a new ice-glazing based on chitosan-gelatin (Ch-Gl) incorporated with Persian lime peel essential oil (LEO), and superchilled storage was established to assess the microbial, physicochemical, and sensory quality of rainbow trout fillets. The fillets were immersed in distilled water (control), Ch-Gl, Ch-Gl + 1% LEO, and Ch-Gl + 2% LEO to form glazing layer on the surface, then stored at −1.4 °C for 30 days. All treatments delayed the growth of total mesophilic bacteria, total psychrotrophic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae , and lactic acid bacteria compared to control during the storage period. The treatments also retarded the increase in the contents of total volatile nitrogen, conjugated dienes, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, protein carbonyls, pH, and electric conductivity during storage. The freshness indexes i.e. K and F r values were improved in treated groups compared to control group. The combined treatments (Ch-Gl + 1% or 2% LEO) were more effective than Ch-Gl alone to inhibit the microbial growth, retard the physicochemical deterioration, and improve freshness indexes in the fillets. It can be concluded that ice-glazing based on Ch-Gl incorporated with LEO, and superchilled storage is effective to enhance the quality and shelf-life of rainbow trout fillets. • A new superchilled storage-ice glazing using biopolymer based-citrus essential oil was developed. • Developed glazing based on Ch-Gl + LEO was used for trout preservation under superchilling. • Treatment with Ch-Gl + LEO enhanced microbial and physicochemical quality of fish. • The shelf-life of superchilled fish was extended by Ch-Gl + LEO treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution, incidence and severity damage caused by the dieback complex (Lasiodiplodia spp.) in Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) was determined in 46 orchards of six average years old, 25 trees per orchard in the municipalities of Amacuzac, Ayala, Coatlan del Rio, Cuautla, Jantetelco, Jonacatepec, Puente de Ixtla, Tepalcingo and Tlaltizapan of Zapata, Morelos State, Mexico. Incidence was evaluated according to the number of plants having symptoms of dieback. There were four levels of severity, where 0= healthy tree, 1= gum exudation, 2= cracking with exposure of internal tissue and 3= well-defined canker and branch dieback. Which were transformed to a percentage of means of a scale of three levels of severity, transforming to a percentage of infection using the Townsend and Heuberger equation. Data were analyzed trough the Kruskal Wallis test and Tukey (α=0.05) and p<0.0001 in incidence and severity. There was a high incidence of dieback on stems 78% of Persian lime trees. The incidence and severity of dieback of Persian trees on different orchards had a range of 31.8 to 100% and 30 to 100%, respectively. By the other hand, municipalities such as Amacuzac, Ayala, Coatlan del Rio and Tlaltizapan, had the lowest levels of incidence and severity of dieback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment looked for increasing the yield and quality of 'Persian' lime fruit grafted on 'Volkamer' lemon by using chemical fertilization and organic nutrition (manure and legume Pueraria phaseoloides). Ranch 'San Antonio', municipality of Martinez de la Torre, Veracruz was the selected place to perform the experiment. A completely randomized block design was used with four treatments and five repetitions. The number of fruits per branch did not show statistical differences (P≤0.05) between treatments, branch length, number of leaves, fruit weight, polar/equatorial diameter ratio and leaf specific weight were statistically equal between treatments (P≤ 0.05), and the smallest peel thickness was with foliar fertilization with statistical differences (P≤0.05). Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that organic nutrition to the soil is an alternative in yield and quality of 'Persian' lime fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UV-C (180-280 nm) has been shown to extend the postharvest shelf-life of many horticulture crops. In this study, Tahitian limes (Citrus latifolia) were exposed to 0, 3.4, 7.2 and 10.5 kJ m−2 UV-C then stored for 28 days in air at 10 °C and 80% RH. Weight loss, peel colour, calyx abscission, ethylene production, respiration rate, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and acceptability index were assessed. The results showed that UV-C treatment maintained lime peel green colour and retained calyx attachment after 28 days storage. UV-C treatment also affected endogenous ethylene production and respiration rate, where the highest UV-C treatment (10.5 kJ m−2) maintained low ethylene production and low respiration rates after 28 days storage with no differences between the different UV-C intensities. In terms of fruit acceptability, limes were exposed to 10.5 kJ m−2 UV-C had a 60% acceptability index after 28 days storage, while untreated control fruit retained acceptability of 39%. In general, the pre-storage UV-C treatments did not affect fruit weight loss, TSS or TA contents during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar as doses de nitrogênio e potássio, para obter a máxima eficiência técnica e econômica e os níveis críticos destes dois nutrientes, em folhas de limão 'Tahiti' irrigado, cultivado em Neossolo Quartzarênico, em cinco safras. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial 4x5, com quatro doses de N (0, 25, 50 e 100 kg ha-1) e cinco doses de K2O (0, 25, 50, 100 e 200 kg ha-1). As doses estimadas para alcançar a máxima eficiência técnica foram 90, 99, 69, 66 e 100 kg ha-1 de N e, para a máxima eficiência econômica, 85, 95, 67, 64 e 93 kg ha-1 de N, para a primeira, a segunda, a terceira, a quarta e a quinta safra, respectivamente. As doses de K2O para obter a máxima eficiência técnica foram 126, 116, 101, 98 e 95 kg ha-1 e, para a máxima eficiência econômica, 112, 105, 94, 90 e 88 kg ha-1 de K2O, para a primeira, segunda, terceira, quarta e quinta safra, respectivamente. Os níveis críticos foliares médios estimados são de 25 g kg-1 de N e 22 g kg-1 de K para as cinco safras.

ABSTRACT ‘Persian’ lime (PL) [Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka] is an important species both for domestic fresh fruit consumption in Brazil as well as the export market, since the country is one of the largest producers in the world despite the fact that, in commercial plantations, it is still not uncommon to find trees with low productivity and high plant vigor of unknown origin. Selections of Persian lime ‘CNPMF–2000’, ‘CNPMF–2001’, ‘CNPMF–01’, ‘CNPMF–02’, ‘IAC–5’, ‘IAC–5.1’, ‘Bearss’, ‘Persian–58’, and ‘5059’, were therefore grafted onto Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi Macfad. cv. Duncan × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstocks and evaluated in Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil in a field experiment conducted in a completely randomized block design with five replications and two trees per plot. The biometric attributes (canopy height, diameter and volume), yield parameters (yield during the off-season harvest period, yield per plant, production efficiency), and fruit quality traits, were evaluated. The ‘CNPMF–2001’, ‘CNPMF–01’, ‘CNPMF–02’, ‘IAC–5’, and ‘Bearss’ selections had 5-11 % shorter trees than the other cultivars. ‘CNPMF–01’, ‘CNPMF–02’, ‘Persian–58’, and ‘5059’ presented higher yield efficiency values, between 3.1-3.4 kg m−3, and higher yield levels during the off-season harvest periods. The ‘Bearss’, ‘Persian–58’, ‘CNPMF–2000’, ‘IAC–5.1’ and ‘5059’ selections had more acid fruits and the latter three, smaller fruits. Based on their horticultural performance up to eight years of age, ‘CNPMF–01’, ‘CNPMF–02’, ‘Persian–58’ and ‘5059’ selections were the most promising varieties of Persian lime.

RESUMO A podridão floral dos citros (PFC), causada por Colletotrichum acutatum Simmons e C. gloeosporioides, é a doença fúngica mais importante em limeira-ácida ‘Tahiti’, pois, leva à queda prematura de flores e frutos, acarretando a redução da produção. Avaliou-se a suscetibilidade à PFC dos clones de lima-ácida ‘Tahiti’ “IAC 5”, “IAC 5-1”, “CNPMF/EECB”, “CNPMF 2000” e “CNPMF 2001”, em Bebedouro-SP. Todos os clones são suscetíveis à doença. A maior incidência de PFC em plantas do clone “IAC 5-1” indica que este clone apresenta maior suscetibilidade. Mesmo com sintomas, plantas do clone “CNPMF/EECB” apresentam maior fixação de frutos.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os efeitos das etapas de beneficiamento pós-colheita de lima ácida 'Tahiti' na sua qualidade e conservação. Foram utilizados frutos colhidos por torção, em estádio de maturação fisiológica e beneficiados de acordo com o procedimento para frutos de exportação. Foram estabelecidos cinco pontos de coleta de frutos ao longo do processo de beneficiamento, os quais correspondem aos tratamentos estudados: "Campo"- coleta diretamente na planta; "Recepção"- na área de recepção da unidade de beneficiamento; "Repouso"- após a primeira etapa do beneficiamento; "Beneficiamento completo"- após o beneficiamento completo; e "Centro de comercialização"- na recepção do centro de comercialização. Foram conduzidas análises físicas e químicas durante 20 dias de armazenamento a 22±2ºC e 70±5% de UR. Os frutos que passaram pelo processo de beneficiamento completo e os que foram coletados no centro de comercialização apresentaram maior perda de massa fresca, maior incidência de oleocelose, menor porcentagem de frutos em condição de comercialização ao final do período de armazenamento, escurecimento da polpa e maior degradação de ácido ascórbico. A qualidade e conservação dos frutos de lima ácida 'Tahiti' foram prejudicadas pela movimentação, manipulação e injúrias mecânicas que ocorrem durante as etapas de beneficiamento pós-colheita.

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The green Tahitian limes (Citrus latifolia) were exposed to 7.2 kJ m−2 UV-C and 0.5 μL L−1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments both separately and in combination. After treatment, fruit were stored in ethylene free (i.e. air containing < 0.005 μL L−1) or 0.1 μL L−1 ethylene at 20 °C and 100% RH. The results showed that UV-C treatment delayed skin degreening and reduced endogenous ethylene production compared to untreated control fruit, however these effects reduced over the storage time. As expected, 1-MCP inhibited ethylene production, reduced calyx abscission and retained peel greenness during the storage. Both of the combination treatments, 1-MCP + UV-C and UV-C + 1-MCP reduced endogenous ethylene production and delayed skin yellowing. In all treatments, UV-C and 1-MCP resulted in lower fruit respiration rates than untreated control fruit, however this effect diminished during 7 and 14 days storage for fruits stored in air and 0.1 μL L−1 ethylene atmosphere, respectively. There was no difference in weight loss, SSC, TA and SSC/TA ratio between the treatments and storage conditions. The results suggest that a pre-storage UV-C treatment, followed by storage at low level of ethylene improves the quality of limes, with the additional improvement when combined with 1-MCP treatment prior or after UV-C irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Biológico Agropecuaria Tuxpan is the property of Revista Biologico Agropecuaria Tuxpan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Background and Aims Two main types of triploid limes are produced worldwide. The 'Tahiti' lime type (Citrus latifolia) is predominant, while the 'Tanepao' type (C. aurantiifolia) is produced to a lesser extent. Both types result from natural interspecific hybridization involving a diploid gamete of C. aurantiifolia 'Mexican' lime type (itself a direct interspecific C. micrantha × C. medica hybrid). The meiotic behaviour of a doubled-diploid 'Mexican' lime, the interspecific micrantha/medica recombination and the resulting diploid gamete structures were analysed to investigate the possibility that 'Tahiti' and 'Tanepao' varieties are derived from natural interploid hybridization. • Methods A population of 85 tetraploid hybrids was established between a doubled-diploid clementine and a doubled-diploid 'Mexican' lime and used to infer the genotypes of 'Mexican' lime diploid gametes. Meiotic behaviour was studied through combined segregation analysis of 35 simple sequenbce repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphismn (SNP) markers covering the nine citrus chromosomes and cytogenetic studies. It was supplemented by pollen viability assessment. • Key Results Pollen viability of the doubled-diploid Mexican lime (64 %) was much higher than that of the diploid. On average, 65 % of the chromosomes paired as bivalents and 31.4 % as tetravalents. Parental heterozygosity restitution ranged from 83 to 99 %. Disomic inheritance with high preferential pairing values was deduced for three chromosomes. Intermediate inheritances, with disomic trend, were found for five chromosomes, and an intermediate inheritance was observed for one chromosome. The average effective interspecific recombination rate was low (1.2 cM Mb-1). • Conclusion The doubled-diploid 'Mexican' lime had predominantly disomic segregation, producing interspecific diploid gamete structures with high C. medica/C. micrantha heterozygosity, compatible with the phylogenomic structures of triploid C. latifolia and C. aurantiifolia varieties. This disomic trend limits effective interspecific recombination and diversity of the diploid gamete population. Interploid reconstruction breeding using doubled-diploid lime as one parent is a promising approach for triploid lime diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glyphosate is a cheap herbicide that has been used to control a wide range of weeds (4−6 times/year) in citrus groves of the Gulf of Mexico; however, its excessive use has selected for glyphosate-resistant weeds. We evaluated the efficacy and economic viability of 13 herbicide treatments (glyphosate combined with PRE- and/or POST-emergence herbicides and other alternative treatments), applied in tank-mixture or sequence, to control glyphosate-resistant weeds in two Persian lime groves (referred to as SM-I and SM-II) of the municipality of Acateno, Puebla, during two years (2014 and 2015). The SM-I and SM-II fields had 243 and 346 weeds/m2, respectively, composed mainly of Bidens pilosa and Leptochloa virgata. Echinochloa colona was also frequent in SM-II. The glyphosate alone treatments (1080, 1440, or 1800 g ae ha−1) presented control levels of the total weed population ranging from 64% to 85% at 15, 30, and 45 d after treatment (DAT) in both fields. Mixtures of glyphosate with grass herbicides such as fluazifop-p-butyl, sethoxydim, and clethodim efficiently controlled E. colona and L. virgata, but favored the regrowth of B. pilosa. The sequential applications of glyphosate + (bromacil + diuron) and glufosinate + oxyfluorfen controlled more than 85% the total weed community for more than 75 days. However, these treatments were between 360% and 390% more expensive (1.79 and 1.89 $/day ha−1 of satisfactory weed control, respectively), compared to the representative treatment (glyphosate 1080 g ae ha−1 = USD $29.0 ha−1). In practical and economic terms, glufosinate alone was the best treatment controlling glyphosate resistant weeds maintaining control levels >80% for at least 60 DAT ($1.35/day ha−1). The rest of the treatments, applied in tank-mix or in sequence with glyphosate, had similar or lower control levels (~70%) than glyphosate at 1080 g ae ha−1. The adoption of glufosiante alone, glufosinate + oxyfluorfen or glyphosate + (bromacil + diuron) must consider the cost of satisfactory weed control per day, the period of weed control, as well as other factors associated with production costs to obtain an integrated weed management in the short and long term.

Copyright of Fruits is the property of International Society for Horticultural Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to separate aroma-active components of the crude Citrus latifolia essential oil (EO) from the unstable terpene hydrocarbons using ethanol/water mixtures through liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) and to evaluate the aroma profiles of the crude EO and the LLE phases. For this purpose, the liquid compositions of the crude EOs and the LLE phases were found by gas chromatography analysis. The compositions of the liquid phases were predicted using the NRTL model and compared to the experimental data. Afterwards, the concentrations of the components in the vapour phases above the liquid mixtures were obtained by headspace analysis and the odour intensity of each component was estimated using the Stevens’ power law concept. Finally, the classification into olfactory families was evaluated through the Perfumery Radar methodology. The solvent extraction technique made it possible to obtain extract phases enriched in citral and poor in monoterpenes, with aromas profiles similar to that of the crude EO and classified as herbaceous and citrus scent, with floral, woody, and oriental nuances. The extract phase obtained from ethanol with 50% water was found to be a promising fraction for industrial applications. Furthermore, the results proved that the NRTL parameters can be efficiently used to predict the compositions of the phases from the LLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Above and below ground interactions were analyzed in the agroforestal association 'red cedar-Persian lime-chaya', to know the initial optimum planting density (PD), in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Red cedar and Persian lime were placed in a 'Nelder' circle of 3154 m2 which consisted of 20 concentric circles alternating red cedars and Persian limes to 1.50 m apart and 10 plants per circle; chaya rectangular frame was set at 1.50 x 3.00 m, superimposed on the 'Nelder' circle. Defined eight PD 2602 to 3772 pl·ha-1 with 10 repetitions, to evaluate the length of main root (LMR), radical exploration range (RER), below ground interaction (BGI), plant height (PH), crown diameter (CD), above ground interaction (AGI) and soil fertility (SF). The growth intraspecific he present statistical difference (P≤0.05) when moving from one PD to another PD, while the growth interespecific manifested different growth habit. The agroforestal association propitious in soil decreased phosphorous ±2 %, and increases organic matter ±14 % and nitrogen ±10 % on all PD. The BGI was increased in direct relation with the PD, reaching its highest value (64±5.8 %) to 3772 pl·ha-1; the AGI also increased in direct relation with the PD, its highest value (52±3.1 %) went to 3772 pl·ha-1; therefore, to higher PD increased BGI and AGI, at 20 months after planting.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation levels on canopy and root growth, productivity, and fruit quality of young ‘Tahiti’ acid lime trees. The experiment was installed in Piracicaba, Brazil in a 1.0-ha orchard plot with ‘Tahiti’ acid lime trees, grafted on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo rootstock and carried out from August of 2002 to May 2005. Each treatment was assigned to a drip irrigation level, based on ETc as follows: T1) non-irrigated, T2) 25%, T3) 50%, T4) 75% and T5) 100% of ETc determined by weighing lysimeter presented in the orchard plot. Trunk diameter and tree height were evaluated monthly. The roots were evaluated when the trees were 30 and 48 months old. The yield and fruit quality was evaluated in 2004 and 2005. The results showed that irrigation did not influence root distribution in depth, and trees irrigated with 75% and 100% ETc showed horizontal root distribution concentrated until 0.6 m from the trunk. Irrigation did not improve the quality of fruit. Yield increased in all irrigated treatment, but the most efficient yield mean per unit of water applied was the 25% ETc treatment.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de irrigação sobre o crescimento da copa e raízes, produtividade e qualidade de frutos de plantas jovens de limeira-ácida ‘Tahiti’. O experimento foi instalado em Piracicaba, em um hectare plantado com limeira-ácida ‘Tahiti’ enxertadas sobre porta-enxerto citromelo ‘Swingle’e irrigadas por gotejamento. O experimento foi conduzido durante o período de agosto de 2002 a maio de 2005. Cada tratamento correspondeu a um nível de irrigação baseado nos valores de evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc): T1) não irrigado; T2) 25%; T3) 50%; T4) 75% e T5) 100% da ETc determinada por meio de um lisímetro de pesagem, presente na área. O diâmetro e a altura das plantas foram avaliados mensalmente. As raízes foram avaliadas quando as plantas estavam com 30 e 48 meses de idade. A produtividade e a qualidade dos frutos foram avaliadas em 2004 e 2005. Os resultados mostraram que a irrigação não influenciou na distribuição do sistema radicular em profundidade, e que plantas irrigadas com lâminas de água equivalentes a 75 e 100% da ETc mostraram uma distribuição horizontal de raízes concentradas a 0,60 m de distância do tronco. Aos 48 meses, a irrigação não influenciou na distribuição do sistema radicular no perfil do solo. A irrigação não melhorou a qualidade dos frutos. A produtividade aumentou em todos os tratamentos irrigados, mas o tratamento correspondente à lâmina de 25% da ETc foi o mais eficiente por unidade de água aplicada.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do deficit hídrico associado ao secamento parcial do sistema radicular ("partial rootzone drying", PRD) na produção e eficiência de uso de água, em pomar de lima ácida 'Tahiti', na Região do Semiárido baiano. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos com PRD foram realizados pela alternância periódica (7, 14 ou 21 dias) dos lados em que o microaspersor localizava-se em relação às plantas. Esses tratamentos foram conduzidos com lâmina d'água equivalente a 50% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e comparados ao tratamento com deficit hídrico de 50% da ETc com microaspersor fixo em um dos lados das plantas, e ao tratamento 100% da ETc, com aspersores de ambos os lados das plantas. Avaliou-se também o PRD (21 dias) com diminuição da irrigação em 25% da ETc. O PRD com 50% da ETc não difere do tratamento com esse mesmo deficit e sem alternância de lados da irrigação, em termos de produtividade, eficiência do uso da água, e diâmetro e peso dos frutos, independentemente do período de alternância dos lados de irrigação. O PRD com diminuição da irrigação em 25% da ETc não causa perdas em relação à condição sem deficit e sem localização da irrigação.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of water deficit and of partial rootzone drying (PRD) on the yield and water use efficiency in a 'Tahiti' lime orchard, in the Semiarid Region of Bahia state, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with six treatments and six replicates. Treatments with PRD were carried out by the periodic alternance (7, 14 or 21 days) of the sides in which the micro sprinklers were located in relation to the plants. These treatments were performed with a water depth equivalent to 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc). They were compared to the treatment with 50% water deficit, using one fixed micro sprinkler at one of the plant sides, and to the treatment at 100%, with sprinklers at both plant sides. PRD (21 days) with 25% ETc water depth reduction was also evaluated. PRD at 50% ETc do not differ from the treatment with this same water deficit and without alternating irrigation sides for productivity, water use efficiency, and fruit diameter and weight, regardless of the irrigation alternating period. PRD with 25% ETc water depth reduction do not cause losses in comparison to the condition without deficit and without localized irrigation.