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BACKGROUND: Antibiotic loaded bone cement has been well studied in clinical prevention and treatment of postoperative infection after artificial joint replacement. However, little is reported on antituberculotic-loaded bone cement. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the drug release properties of polymethyl methacrylate bone cement carrying antituberculosis drugs in a simulated body fluid (phosphate buffer solution, PBS). METHODS: The bone cement SimpLex P and antituberculosis drugs, including pyrazinamide, isoniazid, rifapentine, prothionamide, capreomycin, rifampicin, moxifloxacin, and amikacin, were mixed at 40 g:1.5 g and 40 g: 2.5 g ratios to prepare 16 groups of experimental specimens (n=5 per group). In addition, 40 g of bone cement powder was mixed with the liquid monomer to prepare a group of non-loaded bone cement specimens (control group, n=5). Either experimental or control specimens were soaked in PBS simulated body fluid, and then the extractions were taken at different time points to measure concentrations of antituberculosis drugs by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The effective sustained-releasing time in the PBS simulated body fluid was 45 and 60 days for 1.5 g and 2.5 g groups of pyrazinamide, was 60 and 45 days for 1.5 g and 2.5 g groups of isoniazid, was 60 and 45 days for 1.5 g and 2.5 g groups of rifapentine, was 150 and 150 days for 1.5 g and 2.5 g groups of protionamide, was 150 and 150 days for 1.5 g and 2.5 g groups of capreomycin, was 45 and 60 days for 1.5 g and 2.5g groups of rifampicin, was 90 and 90 days for 1.5 g and 2.5 g groups of moxifloxacin, and was 60 and 90 days for 1.5 g and 2.5 g groups of amikacin, respectively. All the drug carriers had good drug release characteristics. Especially the 1.5 g and 2.5 g groups of protionamide, 1.5 g and 2.5 g groups of capreomycin, 1.5 g and 2.5 g groups of moxifloxacin and 2.5 g group of amikacin showed a longer period of drug release in accordance with the clinical need. However, our preliminary findings showed that the mechanical strength of the composite bone cement was considerably reduced by isoniazid, rifampicin, rifapentine, or protionamide, while the SimpLex P bone cement carrying pyrazinamide, amikacin, moxifloxacin, or capreomycin showed no changes in the mechanical strength. Therefore, pyrazinamide, amikacin, moxifloxacin, and capreomycin are suitable for the preparation of bone cements carrying antituberculosis drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To set up the quality standard for Danggui Beimu Kushen Granules. Methods TLC was applied to qualitatively identify Angelica sinensis, Fritillaria thunbergⅡ, Sophora flavescens and HPLC was applied to quantitatively determine ferulic acid and matrine in the preparation. Results The TLC identification method of Angelica sinensis, Fritillaria ThunbergⅡand Sophora flavescens had strong specificity and good reproducibility; ferulic acid showed good linear relation in the range of 0.031 6~0.129 6μg (r=0. 999 8). The average recovery rate of ferulic acid was 101.620%, and RSD was 1.070%;matrine showed good linearity with the peak area in the range of 0.100 0~1.000 0 μg (r=0.999 6). The average recovery rate was 99.180%and RSD was 2.04%. Conclusion This methods are simple, sensitive and accurate with good reproducibility, and can be used as the quality control standard of Danggui Beimu Kushen Granules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective A serum metabolic profiling in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rat was established to screen potential metabolic markers of AMI prognosis and complication. Methods Male Wistar rats(n=20)were divided randomly into AMI 1 week group and control group. Anterior descending coronary was ligated in rats in AMI 1 week group to establish AMI model. After one week, these rats were sacrificed and the blood was collected from heart. And metabolomics platform was used to analyze serum metabolic profile. After PCA (principal component analysis) and OPLS-DA (Orthogonal partial least squares-Discriminant Analysis) were established, SPSS 19.0 was used to analysis data to get the potential metabolic markers. Results The PCA and OPLS-DA were established successfully and 27 metabolites present differently in levels between AMI 1 week group and the control group. Among these metabolites, LysoPC (lysophosphatidylcholine) and LysoPE (lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine) demonstrate significant differeance between these two groups. Conclusion The metabolic disorder in AMI patients can be reflected from the serum metabolic profiling. And these significant metabolites provide support and reference for the prevention of AMI complication and its treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) donors, notably organic nitrates and nitrites are used therapeutically but tolerance develops rapidly, making the use of e.g. nitroglycerin difficult. NO donation in the pulmonary vascular bed might be useful in critically ill patients. Organic nitrites are not associated with tachyphylaxis but may induce methaemoglobinemia and systemic hypotension which might hamper their use. We hypothesised that new lung-selective NO donors can be identified by utilizing exhaled NO as measure for pulmonary NO donation and systemic arterial pressure to monitor hypotension and tolerance development. Solutions of alcohols and carbohydrates were reacted with NO gas and administered to ventilated rabbits for evaluation of in vivo NO donation. Chemical characterization was made by liquid chromatography with on-line nitrite reduction (LC-NO) and by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In vivo experiments showed that the hydroxyl-containing compounds treated with NO gas yielded potent NO donors, via nitrosylation to organic nitrites. Analyses by LC-NO showed that the reaction products were able to release NO in vitro. In GC–MS the reaction products were determined to be the organic nitrites, where some are new chemical entities. Non-polar donors preferentially increased exhaled NO with less effect on systemic blood pressure whereas more polar molecules had larger effects on systemic blood pressure and less on exhaled NO. We conclude that new organic nitrites suitable for intravenous administration are produced by reacting NO gas and certain hydroxyl-containing compounds in aqueous solutions. Selectivity of different organic nitrites towards the pulmonary and systemic circulation, respectively, may be determined by molecular polarity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective To establish a HPLC method for the determination of hydroxysafflor yellow A content in Gushang Fuyuan Mixture. Methods The chromatographic column Agilent 300 Stable Bond-C18column (250.0 mm ×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used and the mobile phase was methanol-acetonitrile-0.7% phosphoric acid solution(26∶2∶72). The flow rate was 1.0 m L/min. The column temperature was 25 ℃ and the detection wavelength was 403 nm. The injection volume was 10 μL. Results Hydroxysafflor yellow A had good linear relation over the range of 4.8-48.0 μg/m L. The regression equation Y=3 148X-34.2, r=0.999 8 (n=6).The average recovery rate was 98.51% with RSD 0.53% (n=6). Conclusion The method is rapid and simple with accurate result and good reproducibility,and can be used for the content determination of hydroxysafflor yellow A in Gushang Fuyuan Mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Carbamazepine is antiepileptic drug widely used for the treatment of epilepsy. Due to low therapeutic index of carbamazepine there is a need for routine measuring its concentrations in biological fluids. The aim of the study was to describe a method for concomitant determination of carbamazepine in the serum and saliva. Methods. Separation of the drug from matrix is achieved by reversed-phase chromatography on a C18 column, with a mobile phase of methanol-water-acetic acid (65:34:1) at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. Detection was effected by ultra-violet absorption at 285 nm. The total run time was 5 min. Samples were prepared by alkaline extraction (pH 10) using chlorophorm. Results. Calibration curves were in the range 0.1-5 µg/mL for serum and saliva samples. Mean recoveries of spiked serum and saliva were 97.59 and 92.30%, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD) of carbamazepine in serum and saliva were 0.166 and 0.178 µg/mL, respectively. Limits of quantification (LOQ) in the serum and saliva were 0.237 and 0.226 µg/mL, respectively. The method precision was carried out with coefficient of variation of 2.10% and 4.03% for the serum and saliva, respectively. The obtained data showed that there was a strong correlation between saliva and serum concentrations (r = 0.9481, p < 0.001). Conclusion. The method described here is rapid, precise, accurate and simple, and can be used for quantitative determination of carbamazepine in human serum and saliva after therapy applying. Saliva samples could be used as an alternative matrix for therapeutic drug monitoring of this antiepileptic drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To compare the differences in chemical components of scalding product, wine product and salt product of Drynaria fortunei. Methods The water content, total ash, alcohol-soluble extract of different processed products of Drynaria fortunei were detected according to the criteria in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 version. The HPLC method was established to compare the differences in the major chemical constituents of different processed products of Drynaria fortunei. The linearity, precision, stability, repeatability and recovery rate of the method were investigated. Meanwhile, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) was also employed to qualitatively identify the major different chemical constituents of different Drynaria fortunei processed products. Results The detection results of water content, total ash, alcohol-soluble extract of Drynaria fortunei processed products were in line with the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010 edition). Meanwhile the mass spectrographic method was used to identify 8 main different chemical constituents. Conclusion After processing, the content of naringin in Drynaria fortunei has little change, while the content of other major constituents are changed significantly, which may be responsible for the different clinical efficacy of different processed products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Vitamin B2 is available in foodstuff in the form of coenzyme and in free form. For its content determination a few procedures should be performed (deliberation from a complex, extraction of free and deliberated form) and detection, identification and quantification. There is a particular problem in determination of vitamin B2 in the meat products. For a determination of total vitamin B2 content in liver paste two preparation procedures are compared: acid and acid-enzymatic hydrolysis. The aim of this study thus, was to compare the effectivenes of these two different procedures for vitamin B2 content determination in liver paste. Methods. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence detector, as specific and adequately sensitive for the foodstuff of a complex composition with a natural vitamin content, was used for determination of vitamin B2 in liver paste. Acid hydrolysis was performed with the application 0.1 M hydrochloric acid in a pressure cooker, and enzymatic hydrolysis was performed with the 10% takadiastase on 45 °C within four hours. Ten samples of liver paste from the supply of the Serbian Army were examined. Separation was performed on tile analytical column Nucleosil 50-5 C18 with mobile phase 450 ml CH3OH + 20 ml 5 mM CH3COONH4, and detection on the fluorescent detector with the variable wave length. Both methods were validated: examining a detection limit, quantification limit, specificity (because of a possible B2 vitamin interference with reagents), linearity of a peak area and standard concentration of B2 vitamin ratio in tile range from 0.05 µg/ml to 2 µg/ml, precision for the 0.05 µg/ml concentration and recovery. Results. All the previously examined parameters validated both methods as specific, precise and reproductive, with a high recovery (98.5% for acid and 98.2% for acid - enzymatic hydrolysis), as well as linearity in a range that significantly superseded the expected content in the samples (r = 0.9994, and r = 0.99987). Hydrolysis procedures make a sample suitable for vitamin B2 determination. In the liver paste samples a high content of vitamin B2 was determined: 0.83 mg/100 g after acid hydrolysis, and 0.909 mg/100 g after acid-enzyme hydrolysis. There were statistically significantly higher values determined after the acid-enzyme hydrolysis (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Using acid-enzyme hydrolysis and separation instrument technique (liquid chromatography) with a fluorescent detector as detection system, statistically significantly greater vitamin B2 quantities were determined than after using acid hydrolysis procedure. Vitamin B2 content determined in ten liver paste samples was high (0.881 - 0.936 mg/100g) indicaring that this meat product is a good vitamin B2 source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Ecstasy, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), is a synthetic compound increasingly popular as a recreational drug. Tablets known as ecstasy contain MDMA, but may also contain caffeine, ephedrine, paramethoxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), amphetamine, methamphetamine, and ketamine. After absorption MDMA is metabolized to MDA, 4-hydroxy-3-metoxymetamphetamine (HMMA) and 4-hydroxy-3-metoxyamphetamine (HMA). After that HMMA and HMA are conjugated and excreted by urine. The aim of this report was to confirm by toxicological post mortem analyses of poisoned person organs that ecstasy had been the cause of his death. Case report. We reported the death of a 17-year-old boy after the ingestion of ecstasy. MDMA and metabolites were determined by multicolumn high performance liquid chromatography with UV spectral detection (HPLC-UV). Toxicological tests showed the presence of MDMA in all samples. When examining post mortem material (the organs), the highest concentrations were measured in the stomach (835,97 µg/g) and kidney (801,14 µg/g). The minimal concentration was in the liver (22,26 µg/g). Conclusion. The obtained results of MDMA and its metabolites concentrations showed abuse of a high dose of ecstasy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Postoperative recurrence of the liver hydatid disease befalls approximately 10 -30% of patients. Preoperative or postoperative therapy with albendazole in single therapeutic protocol (800 mg/d, within 28 days) indicated the need to evaluate the hydatid cyst liquid protoscoleces viability. Morphological changes of protoscoleces following the treatment with drugs are not well known. Aim. To estimate the viability of protoscoleces after preoperative or postoperative albendazole therapy, and their ability for cystic metamorphosis. Methods. A prospective, randomized clinical trial included 30 patients with liver hydatid disease, treated with albendazole and surgically (I group), and 30 patients in the control group treated only surgically (II group). The concentration of albendazole and its active metabolite albendazole sulphoxide in the cysts contents were determined using HPLC. Estimation of protoscoleces viability was based on the established micromorphologic criteria, and compared between the patients treated with albendazole, and the patients treated only surgically. Biological assessment of the viability was performed on protoscoleces with uncertain signs of the disturbed viability (unchanged structure, evaginated, without movements) using intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml of protoscoleces prepared suspension to AO type of rats. Results. The concentration of albendazole in cysts' contents ranged from 0 to 64.9 µg/ml, and of its active metabolite from 0.5 to 40.8 µg/ml. The presence of fully viabile protoscoleces in the albendazol treated patients was significantly lower than in the control group. A significant difference was noticed in the presence of disintegrated protoscoleces without movements in the albendazol treated group, compared to the control group. Biological assessment of the viability showed incapability of these protoscoleces for cystic metamorphoses. Conclusion. Low viability of parasites due to medicamentous therapy is... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]