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JungHyun Park, Jueun Kwak, Sukyung Chung, Hyo Ju Hong, Jin Young Chon, Ho Sik Moon Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of KoreaCorrespondence: Ho Sik MoonDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 1021, Tongil-ro, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul 03312, Republic of KoreaTel +822-2030-3864Fax +822-2030-3861Email mhsjshgma@gmail.comPurpose: Endocrinological complications of an epidural steroid injection (ESI) are rare but dangerous. Nevertheless, despite the associated risks, repeated long-term ESIs are indispensable in some clinical situations. However, only a few reports to date have assessed the safety of this procedure. In this study, we evaluate the incidence of adrenal insufficiency (AI) and Cushing’s syndrome after long-term ESIs.Methods: This clinical observational study enrolled herniated nucleus pulposus or spinal stenosis patients who had received ESIs over a period of six months or longer. The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test was performed to confirm AI and the late-night salivary cortisol (LNSC) test was performed to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome. To evaluate the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis suppression, salivary cortisol (SC) levels were measured on days 0, 1, 7, 21, 28, 35, and 42.Results: This study included 17 patients. Among these, two patients (11.8%) developed AI, but no cases of Cushing’s syndrome were reported. There was no predictor for the development of AI. The SC levels tended to increase with time after an ESI (β = 0.003). The slope of the mixed effect model between the AI and non-AI groups showed a significant difference (p value = 0.015). However, the differences in mean SC levels at each time point between the two groups were not significant (adjusted p value = 0.053).Conclusion: Long-term ESI use may be associated with AI development. An unexpected adrenal crisis due to AI could be life threatening. Therefore, regular monitoring of adrenal function in patients who have received long-term ESIs may be prudent.Keywords: epidural, glucocorticoid, salivary cortisol, adrenal insufficiency, long-term

Background: Although pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models of remimazolam have been developed, their clinical application remains limited. This study aimed to administer a target-controlled infusion (TCI) of remimazolam at the effect-site concentration (Ce) in patients undergoing general anesthesia and to investigate the relationship of the remimazolam Ce with sedative effects and with recovery from general anesthesia., Methods: Fifty patients aged 20-75 years, scheduled for minimally invasive surgery under general anesthesia for less than 2 h, were enrolled. Anesthesia was induced and maintained using Schüttler's model for effect-site TCI of remimazolam. During induction, the remimazolam Ce was increased stepwise, and sedation levels were assessed using the Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (MOAA/S) scale and bispectral index (BIS). Following attainment of MOAA/S scale 1, continuous infusion of remifentanil was commenced, and rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) was administered for endotracheal intubation. The target Ce of remimazolam and the remifentanil infusion rate were adjusted to maintain a BIS between 40 and 70 and a heart rate within 20% of the baseline value. Approximately 5 min before surgery completion, the target Ce of remimazolam was reduced by 20-30%, and anesthetic infusion ceased at the end of surgery. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was employed to develop pharmacodynamic models for each sedation level as well as emergence from anesthesia., Results: The remimazolam Ces associated with 50% probability (Ce 50 ) of reaching MOAA/S scale ≤4, 3, 2, and 1 were 0.302, 0.397, 0.483, and 0.654 μg/mL, respectively. The Ce 50 values for recovery of responsiveness (ROR) and endotracheal extubation were 0.368 and 0.345 μg/mL, respectively. The prediction probabilities of Ce and BIS for detecting changes in sedation level were 0.797 and 0.756, respectively. The sedation scale significantly correlated with remimazolam Ce ( r = -0.793, P < 0.0001) and BIS ( r = 0.914, P < 0.0001). Age significantly correlated with Ce at MOAA/S1 and ROR., Conclusion: Effect-site TCI of remimazolam was successfully performed in patients undergoing general anesthesia. The remimazolam Ce significantly correlated with sedation depth. The Ce 50 for MOAA/S scale ≤1 and ROR were determined to be 0.654 and 0.368 μg/mL, respectively., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Chon, Seo, Lee and Lee.)

Background: Propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) improves long-term outcomes after cancer surgery compared with inhalation anesthesia. However, its effect on patients undergoing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) surgery remains unclear. We aimed to compare the oncological outcomes of TIVA and inhalation anesthesia after curative resection of early-stage NSCLC., Methods: We analyzed the medical records of patients diagnosed with stage I or II NSCLC who underwent curative resection at a tertiary university hospital between January 2010 and December 2017. The primary outcomes were recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) according to anesthesia type., Results: We included 1,508 patients with stage I/II NSCLC. The patients were divided into the TIVA (n = 980) and Inhalation (n = 528) groups. The two groups were well-balanced in terms of baseline clinical characteristics. The TIVA group demonstrated significantly improved RFS (7.7 years, 95% CI [7.37, 8.02]) compared with the Inhalation group (6.8 years, 95% CI [6.30, 7.22], P = 0.003). Similarly, TIVA was superior to inhalation agents with respect to OS (median OS; 8.4 years, 95% CI [8.08, 8.69] vs. 7.3 years, 95% CI [6.81, 7.71]; P < 0.001). Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that TIVA was an independent prognostic factor related to recurrence (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.24, 95% CI [1.04, 1.47], P = 0.014) and OS (HR: 1.39, 95% CI [1.12, 1.72], P = 0.002)., Conclusions: Propofol-based TIVA was associated with better RFS and OS than inhalation anesthesia in patients with stage I/II NSCLC who underwent curative resection.

Rationale: Hepatectomy is a treatment to increase survival and curability of patients with intrahepatic lesions or malignant tumors. However, posthepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) can occur. This case is a patient showing acute mental change in postanesthetic care unit (PACU) as an uncommon symptom of PHLF after extended right hepatectomy., Patient Concerns: A 68-year-old male patient was admitted for surgery of Klatskin tumor. He had hypertension and atrial fibrillation. His model for end-stage liver disease score was 16 pts. His serum bilirubin and ammonia levels were 4.75 mg/dL and 132.8 mcg/dL, respectively. Other laboratory data were nonspecific. He underwent extended right hepatic lobectomy including segments IV-VIII for 9 hours. Weight of liver specimen was 1028 g which was about 58% of total liver volume based on computed tomographic volumetry. The patient was extubated and moved to the PACU with stable vital sign and regular self-breathing. He could obey verbal commands. Fifteen minutes after admission to the PACU, the patient showed abruptly decreasing mental status and self-breathing., Diagnoses: Brain computed tomography, blood culture, and sputum culture were performed to diagnose brain lesions and sepsis for evaluating the sudden onset comatous mental status. Results showed nonspecific finding., Interventions: He was intubated for securing airway and applying ventilatory care. The patient was moved to the intensive care unit. He received intensive conservative therapy including continuous renal replacement therapy and broad-spectrum antibiotics., Outcomes: The patient's condition was worsened. He expired on postoperative day 3., Lessons: Acute mental change is uncommon and rare as initial symptoms of PHLF. Therefore, clinician may overlook the diagnosis of PHLF in patients with acute mental change after hepatectomy. Thus, clinician should plan an aggressive treatment for PHLF including liver transplantation by recognizing any suspicious symptom, although such symptom is rare.

Recipient's immune responses are an important factor in allograft survival in transplantation. Cytokines are reflected with immune responses. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate potential affecting factors of liver allograft survival and their possible correlation with seroum cytokine levels in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). One hundred and seventy-one adult patients' data were collected retrospectively. Five cytokines were collected: interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-17. Ischemic time of liver grafts was divided into two periods: cold and warm ischemic times (CIT and WIT, respectively). CIT had no statically significant correlation, but WIT showed a significant correlation with IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-17 serum levels (r = 0.0252, 0.282, 0.178, respectively; P < 0.05). WIT was dichotomized as T1 (<22 min), T2 (22-70 min), and T3 (>70 min). IFN-γ was significantly increased in T2 and T3 as compared to T1. IL-6 was in T3 compared to T1 and T2. IL-17 was in T3 compared to T1. For the Th1-to-Th2 ratio, IFN-γ/IL-10, IFN-γ/IL-6, and IL-2/IL-10 were significantly different in T2 and T3 as compared to T1, and also in T3 as compared to T2. Th1 cell activities were enhanced with increased WIT. In conclusion, the longer WIT (>70 min) in LDLT is more likely to induce immunological reactions of recipients by leading to a deleterious cytokine balances in favor of an reinforced production of Th1 cytokines.

Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is a useful treatment for chronic pain, but it can cause damage depending on its application site. Here, we describe the case of a 54-year-old man who underwent PNS for brachial plexopathy in 2015. One lead was implanted on the left medial cord to stimulate the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, and the other was implanted on the radial nerve to stimulate the posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve. Both leads were inserted near the shoulder joint but did not cross it. Before PNS, the patient did not move his shoulder and elbow because of severe pain, but the treatment greatly alleviated this pain. Twenty months after the operation, both leads were fractured, and the severe pain returned. Repetitive motion near the joint was closely related to the lead fractures. In conclusion, large joints as the insertion sites of PNS leads should be avoided to prevent lead fractures.

This corrects the article on p. 80 in vol. 81, PMID: 29332324., (Copyright©2018. The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.)

Background: The beach-chair position (BCP) results in decreases in venous return, cardiac output, and cerebral perfusion pressure. In this randomized, prospective study, we investigated whether applying thigh-high compression stockings affected the maintenance of regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (rSO 2 ) in the BCP., Methods: Patients undergoing orthopedic surgery in the BCP under general anesthesia were included and assigned randomly to the control or the compression stocking group. Appropriately sized thigh-high compression stockings were applied to the patients in the stockings group. All patients were tilted, up to 45°, throughout the operation. Non-invasive blood pressure, invasive arterial blood pressure zeroed at the external auditory meatus, and rSO 2 were recorded., Results: Data were analyzed from 19 patients per group. In the BCP, the values of rSO 2 and blood pressure decreased significantly compared with those at baseline, with no significant difference between the groups. The incidences of cerebral desaturation events (CDEs) were similar between the groups; however, that of hypotension was significantly lower in the compression stocking group. During 36 CDEs, the levels of rSO 2 and blood pressure decreased significantly compared with those at baseline in both groups. No significant correlation was found between rSO 2 and blood pressure., Conclusions: Thigh-high compression stockings reduced the incidence of hypotension but not that of CDEs. Our results suggest that other factors, beyond hypotension itself, contribute to CDEs and in other words, efforts just to reduce the incidence of hypotension may not mainly contribute to a reduction of CDEs occurrence in the BCP under general anesthesia.

Background: Asthma is a disease of chronic airway inflammation with heterogeneous features. Neutrophilic asthma is corticosteroid-insensitive asthma related to absence or suppression of TH2 process and increased TH1 and/or TH17 process. Macrolides are immunomodulatory drug that reduce airway inflammation, but their role in asthma is not fully known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of macrolides in neutrophilic asthma and compare their effects with those of corticosteroids., Methods: C57BL/6 female mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Clarithromycin (CAM) and/or dexamethasone (DXM) were administered at days 14, 15, 21, 22, and 23. At day 24, the mice were sacrificed., Results: Airway resistance in the OVA+LPS exposed mice was elevated but was more attenuated after treatment with CAM+DXM compared with the monotherapy group (p<0.05 and p<0.01). In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid study, total cells and neutrophil counts in OVA+LPS mice were elevated but decreased after CAM+DXM treatment. In hematoxylin and eosin stain, the CAM+DXM-treated group showed less inflammation additively than the monotherapy group. There was less total protein, interleukin 17 (IL-17), interferon γ, and tumor necrosis factor α in the CAM+DXM group than in the monotherapy group (p<0.001, p<0.05, and p<0.001). More histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) activity was recovered in the DXM and CAM+DXM challenged groups than in the control group (p<0.05)., Conclusion: Decreased IL-17 and recovered relative HDAC2 activity correlated with airway resistance and inflammation in a neutrophilic asthma mouse model. This result suggests macrolides as a potential corticosteroid-sparing agent in neutrophilic asthma., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (Copyright©2018. The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases)

Brachial plexus injury (BPI) often causes severe neuropathic pain that becomes chronic and difficult to treat pharmacologically or surgically. Here, we describe two cases of successful treatment of BPI with peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS). Both patients had experienced severe neuropathic pain after incomplete BPI for a long time (32 and 17 years) and did not response to medication, radiofrequency neuroablation, or spinal cord stimulation. After PNS using ultrasound, their pain was relieved by more than 50% over the course of 1 year. Both patients were satisfied with their improved sleep and quality of life. We conclude that PNS could be an alternative therapeutic modality for neuropathic pain after BPI as it provides direct nerve stimulation, has few complications, and is easy to perform.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to present the outcome of the microsurgical foraminotomy via Wiltse paraspinal approach for foraminal or extraforaminal (FEF) stenosis at L5-S1 level. We investigated risk factors associated with poor outcome of microsurgical foraminotomy at L5-S1 level., Methods: We analyzed 21 patients who underwent the microsurgical foraminotomy for FEF stenosis at L5-S1 level. To investigate risk factors associated with poor outcome, patients were classified into two groups (success and failure in foraminotomy). Clinical outcomes were assessed by the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of back and leg pain and Oswestry disability index (ODI). Radiographic parameters including existence of spondylolisthesis, existence and degree of coronal wedging, disc height, foramen height, segmental lordotic angle (SLA) on neutral and dynamic view, segmental range of motion, and global lumbar lordotic angle were investigated., Results: Postoperative VAS score and ODI improved after foraminotomy. However, there were 7 patients (33%) who had persistent or recurrent leg pain. SLA on neutral and extension radiographic films were significantly associated with the failure in foraminotomy ( p <0.05). Receiver-operating characteristics curve analysis revealed the optimal cut-off values of SLA on neutral and extension radiographic films for predicting failure in foraminotomy were 17.3° and 24°s, respectively., Conclusion: Microsurgical foraminotomy for FEF stenosis at L5-S1 level can provide good clinical outcomes in selected patients. Poor outcomes were associated with large SLA on preoperative neutral (>17.3°) and extension radiographic films (>24°).

Brachial plexopathy usually results from an iatrogenic brachial plexus injury and can sometimes cause severe chronic pain and disability. There are a number of possible treatments for this condition, including medication, physical therapy, nerve blocks, and neuromodulation, but they are not always successful. Recently, combined spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) have been tried for various chronic pain diseases because of their different mechanisms of action.Here, we describe the case of a 54-year-old man who was diagnosed with brachial plexopathy 8 years ago. He underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery to remove a superior mediastinal mass. However, his brachial plexus was damaged during the surgery. Although he had received various treatments, the pain did not improve. For the management of intractable severe pain, he underwent SCS 2 years ago, which initially reduced his pain from numeric rating scale (NRS) 10/10 to NRS 4 - 5/10, but the pain then gradually increased, reaching NRS 8/10, 6 months ago. At that time, he was refractory to other treatments, and we therefore applied PNS in combination with SCS. The PNS electrode was positioned on the radial nerve under ultrasound guidance. After combined PNS and SCS, his background pain disappeared, although a breakthrough pain (NRS 3 - 4/10) was caused intermittently by light touch. Furthermore, the patient's need for analgesics decreased, and he was satisfied with the outcome of this combined treatment. We concluded that combined SCS and PNS is a very useful treatment modality, which can stimulate the target nerve both directly and indirectly, and hence, relieve pain from brachial plexopathy.

Lead migration is the most common complication of spinal cord stimulation (SCS). However, the only corrective method for lead migration is revision surgery, which may cause additional complications. Here, we describe a new technique for adjusting a transversely migrated SCS lead. The medical records of four patients diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome (n = 3) or failed back surgery syndrome (n = 1) who underwent implantation of percutaneous leads for SCS were retrospectively reviewed. Transverse lead migration was diagnosed radiographically after patients reported recurrence of pain or numbness in treated sites. The guide wire from the SCS implant kit was bent and inserted into the target epidural space using a 14-gauge Tuohy needle. When the guide wire contacted the migrated SCS lead, they were advanced to the correct location under C-arm guidance. After re-adjustment of the SCS lead, good coverage of the electrical stimulation was confirmed. Patients were followed for 9-19 months and they reported satisfactory pain relief and good electrical coverage after adjusting the SCS lead. Here, we describe a new technique for adjusting a transversely migrated SCS lead using a percutaneous epidural approach as a simple, safe, and cost-effective alternative to revision surgery.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is a compression neuropathy that results from entrapment of the posterior tibial nerve or its branches. TTS may be treated either by conservative measures, including physical therapy, medications, and steroid injections, or by surgical decompression. Despite a variety of treatments, a few cases of TTS will relapse, and many cases of recurrent TTS will require re-operation. Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) is known to have a number of advantages for pain management, particularly as this technique does not cause neural compromise such as motor weakness. Here, we report a new application of ultrasound-guided PRF in two cases of intractable TTS. Both patients had a long duration of severe foot pain and had been treated with various therapeutic modalities without lasting relief. We applied ultrasound-guided PRF to the affected posterior tibial nerve in each patient, and both had significantly reduced pain intensity scores and analgesic requirements without any complications. Ultrasound-guided PRF for intractable TTS relieved severe foot pain. It may supersede surgery as a reliable treatment for intractable TTS.

Background: Rapid and complete reversal of neuromuscular blockade (NMB) is desirable at the end of surgery. Sugammadex reverses rocuronium-induced NMB by encapsulation. It is well tolerated in Caucasian patients, providing rapid reversal of moderate (reappearance of T2) rocuronium-induced NMB. We investigated the efficacy and safety of sugammadex versus neostigmine in Korean patients., Methods: This randomized, safety assessor-blinded trial (NCT01050543) included Korean patients undergoing general anesthesia. Rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg was given prior to intubation with maintenance doses of 0.1-0.2 mg/kg as required. Patients received sugammadex 2.0 mg/kg or neostigmine 50 µg/kg with glycopyrrolate 10 µg/kg to reverse the NMB at the reappearance of T2, after the last rocuronium dose. The primary efficacy endpoint was the time from sugammadex or neostigmine administration to recovery of the train-of-four (TOF) ratio to 0.9. The safety of these medications was also assessed., Results: Of 128 randomized patients, 118 had evaluable data (n = 59 in each group). The geometric mean (95% confidence interval) time to recovery of the TOF ratio to 0.9 was 1.8 (1.6, 2.0) minutes in the sugammadex group and 14.8 (12.4, 17.6) minutes in the neostigmine group (P < 0.0001). Sugammadex was generally well tolerated, with no evidence of residual or recurrence of NMB; four patients in the neostigmine group reported adverse events possibly indicative of inadequate NMB reversal., Conclusions: Sugammadex was well tolerated and provided rapid reversal of moderate rocuronium-induced NMB in Korean patients, with a recovery time 8.1 times faster than neostigmine. These results are consistent with those reported for Caucasian patients.

Subdural injection of epidural anesthesia is rare and is usually undiagnosed during epidural anesthesia causing severely delayed maternal hypotension, hypoxia, and fetal distress. A 38-year-old primiparous woman was administered epidural labor analgesia at 40(+6) weeks' gestation, and developed progressive maternal respiratory depression, bradycardia, and hypotension after accidental subdural administration of the anesthetic agent. Furthermore, fetal distress occurred soon after administration. The patient was managed with oxygen, position changes, fluid resuscitation, and ephedrine. Intrauterine fetal resuscitation was successfully performed with atropine before cesarean section, and a healthy baby was delivered. Although subdural injection is uncommon, this case emphasizes the importance of anesthesiologists monitoring patients for a sufficient period after epidural labor analgesia, and being prepared to perform maternal or fetal resuscitation.

We present successful epidural anesthesia and assisted mechanical ventilation in a parturient woman with respiratory failure. A 41-year-old woman at 35 weeks' of gestation was entering labor. She was pneumonectomized on the left, had bronchiectasis on the remnant lung, and was under assisted mechanical ventilation by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) because of severely restricted lung function and superimposed pneumonia. We administered continuous epidural analgesia for vaginal delivery, and extended it for cesarean section after failure of vaginal delivery. During the procedure, her ventilation was continuously assisted by CPAP. The maternal and fetal outcomes were successful.

We sporadically experienced three paediatric cases of atypical upswing at the initial part of phase III in the capnograms via side-stream capnometer immediately following endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. No fault was found in the monitor or anaesthetic system including breathing circuits, carbon dioxide (CO2 ) sampling tube, water trap, and unidirectional valves. The upsurge of CO2 disappeared with increasing the respiratory rate; however, it reappeared with decreasing the respiratory rate and vice versa. We experimentally reproduced the phenomenon of overshooting CO2 measurement after the luer lock connection of the sample gas line at the water trap had been unscrewed a little bit., (© 2012 The Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Foundation.)

Serum phosphorus is greatly affected by liver surgeries, but its change after liver transplantation has not yet been clarified. We investigated the predictive role of serum phosphorus for early allograft dysfunction (EAD) after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Perioperative factors, including serum phosphorus level, of 304 patients who underwent LDLT were retrospectively studied and compared between patients with and without EAD after LDLT. Potentially significant factors (P < 0.15) in univariate comparisons were subjected to multivariate logistic regression analysis to develop a prediction model for EAD. A total of 48 patients (15.8%) met the EAD criteria. Patients with EAD experienced more severe preoperative disease conditions, higher one-month mortality and more elevated serum phosphorus concentrations during the first week after surgery compared with patients without EAD (P = 0.016). Multivariate analysis showed that a serum phosphorus level ≥4.5 mg/dl on postoperative day 2 was an independent predictor of EAD occurrence after LDLT (relative risk: 2.36, 95% confidence interval [1.18-4.31], P = 0.017), together with a history of past abdominal surgery, emergency transplantation and preoperative continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration. These data indicate that hyperphosphataemia during the immediate postoperative days could be utilized as a predictor of EAD after LDLT., (© 2013 The Authors Transplant International © 2013 European Society for Organ Transplantation. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Background: Olfactory dysfunction, including anosmia and hyposmia is difficult to treat. Although the mechanism is not well known, stellate ganglion block (SGB) is used to treat olfactory dysfunction. There are no prior studies on the long-term effects of SGB on olfactory dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the continuity of therapeutic effects and patient satisfaction with SGB treatment., Methods: This was a follow-up study carried out via a telephonic survey. The olfactory function of the patient was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS). We checked VAS three times: VAS-I (pre-treatment VAS), VAS-A (post-treatment VAS), and VAS-C (VAS at follow up telephone survey). We divided the subjects into 2 groups according to their responsiveness to SGB: the responsive (R group) and the unresponsive groups (UR group). Patient satisfaction was evaluated using a Likert scale., Results: Out of the 40 subjects, 37 responded to the telephone survey. In the UR group, there was difference in the olfactory function. However, in the R group, there were significant VAS differences; VAS-I was 9.6 ± 0.7, VAS-A was 5.1 ± 4.2, and VAS-C was 2.7 ± 2.7 (P < 0.05). On the Likert scale, patient satisfaction was as follows: grade 1, 17 patients (45.9%); grade 2, 6 patients (16.2%); grade 3, 6 patients (16.2%); and grade 4, 8 patients (21.6%)., Conclusions: SGB is a safe, long-lasting, and effective therapeutic modality for olfactory dysfunction treatment.

Sugammadex is a modified gamma-cyclodextrin which is showing favorable outcomes regarding reversal of neuromuscular blockade, especially by rocuronium. It is designed to encapsulate rocuronium and being considered a new class of drugs as selective relaxant binding agents. It has given countless benefits to the patients at risk of incomplete or delayed recovery after neuromuscular block and has renown for another milestone in anesthesia practice. Recurrence of neuromuscular block has not been reported to be associated with the provided doses of sugammadex that are adequate for selected for reversal. Acceptable profiles are brought to light telling safety of sugammadex. However, some questions related to the twitch characteristics those resembled succinylcholine when reversal, the application for rocuronium anaphylaxis, and the hypersensitivity or anaphylaxis to sugammadex remain and are need of further investigation. It is imperative that potential problems that we need attention may include the patient's history of pulmonary disease and allergic disease for using sugammadex.

The mechanism of chronic pain is very complicated. Memory, pain, and opioid dependence appear to share common mechanism, including synaptic plasticity, and anatomical structures. A 48-yr-old woman with severe pain caused by bone metastasis of breast cancer received epidural block. After local anesthetics were injected, she had a seizure and then went into cardiac arrest. Following cardiopulmonary resuscitation, her cardiac rhythm returned to normal, but her memory had disappeared. Also, her excruciating pain and opioid dependence had disappeared. This complication, although uncommon, gives us a lot to think about a role of memory for chronic pain and opioid dependence.

This case report describes a 35-year old male who experienced ventricular tachycardia induced by intramucosal injection of epinephrine (1:100,000). Under general anaesthesia with desflurane inhalation, 1.5% lidocaine containing 1:100,000 epinephrine was injected into the nasal mucosa for septoplasty. ST segment elevation and QRS widening occurred after 10 minutes and progressed to pulseless ventricular tachycardia. A sinus rhythm was restored after cardiopulmonary resuscitation with electrical cardioversion. The cardiac enzymes were significantly elevated after the event. Exercise-stress testing and coronary angiography were normal. However, an injection of acetylcholine into the coronary artery provoked vasospasm in the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries. This case illustrates an unusual response to low dose epinephrine with cardiac arrest induced in a patient with undiagnosed variant angina.

Background: Ulinastatin, a urinary trypsin inhibitor, is widely used to treat acute systemic inflammatory disorders. However, the effects of ulinastatin, especially on the potential for hemostasis, have not been fully elucidated. This study examined whether ulinastatin had any beneficial effects on blood loss and blood transfusion requirements in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery., Methods: Eighty patients, aged 18 to 75 years, scheduled for major orthopedic surgery were enrolled in this study and were divided into the ulinastatin (n = 40) and control (n = 40) groups. Following the induction of general anesthesia, and immediately before the surgical incision, the patients in the ulinastatin group were given 5,000 units/kg of ulinastatin, which were mixed in 100 ml normal saline intravenously over 30 min, while those in the control group received the same volume of normal saline. The amounts of blood loss, infused fluid, and transfused blood products were measured throughout the study period. Blood samples for coagulation parameters were obtained before inducing anesthesia (T1), at the end of surgery (T2), and 12 h after surgery (T3)., Results: The amounts of blood loss and infused fluid during surgery were not significantly different between the two groups. However, 12 h postoperative blood loss was significantly less in the ulinastatin group than in the control group (255.0 +/- 133.2 ml VS. 395.4 +/- 338.4 ml, P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Our data suggest that a single infusion of ulinastatin in major orthopedic surgery is associated with decreased blood loss in the early postoperative period.

Burn injury often is associated with the abnormal lipid metabolism, including hyperlipidemia, desensitization to lipolytic responses to catecholamines, and reduction in the size of the white adipose tissue. Understanding the biological mechanisms for the decrease in fat mass despite desensitization to catecholamines is important both for the study of lipid metabolism and for the study of its relationship to concomitant insulin resistance. Using epididymal adipose tissue from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats after burn injury (n = 102) or sham-burn injury (n = 102), we tested the hypothesis that a whole-body burn injury causes apoptosis in that tissue. At 1, 3, and 7 days after 40% to 50% body burn injury to the rat, epidydimal adipose tissue was harvested and studied for apoptotic changes and lipolytic properties. For apoptosis, paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue sections were analyzed by in situ TdT-mediated dUTP-X nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and tissue homogenates were also analyzed for DNA fragmentation by enzyme-linked immunoassay and ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction ladder assay. Isolated adipocytes were stimulated with isoprotenerol, and glycerol production was measured as a reflector of effectiveness of lipolysis. Epididymal adipose tissue showed increased apoptosis manifested by the positive TUNEL staining and increased DNA fragmentation by enzyme-linked immunoassay at day 3 and 7 after burn injury. The DNA fragmentation was confirmed further by the ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction ladder assay. This elevated DNA fragmentation persisted in the burned animals from day 3 until day 7 after burn injury, the end of observation period. Increase in apoptosis was correlated with decrease in DNA content and tissue weight in the epidydimis. At the functional level, a significant decrease in isoproterenol-induced lipolytic activity (glycerol production) was observed to almost 50% of control level at day 3 and 7 but was not decreased at day 1. Apoptosis of adipocytes may play a role in the altered lipid metabolism, including hyperlipidemia observed in burned subjects.

Background/aims: Recent advances in both diagnosis and treatment have markedly improved the prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Bone metastasis has become a clinical problem in the treatment of HCC patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the palliative effect of radiotherapy for painful bone metastasis from HCC., Methods: From January 1991 to June 2000, 51 patients (77 sites) with painful bone metastasis from HCC were retrospectively analyzed. Ages ranged from 21 to 80 years (median 55 years). The male:female ratio was 7.5:1. Synchronous or metachronous bone metastasis was seen in 20 (39%) and 31 patients (61%), respectively. The most common symptom of bone metastasis was pain (45 patients, 88%). Twenty-one patients (41%) had a solitary bone metastasis while 30 (59%) had multiple ones. The sites of bone metastasis, in order of frequency, were the vertebra (38), rib (20), and pelvis (19). The total radiation dose ranged from 12.5 to 50 Gy (median 30 Gy). The Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire was used to evaluate pain response., Results: The overall 1 and 2 year survival rates from the time of bone metastasis were 15% and 4%, respectively. The median survival time was 5 months. Intrahepatic stage(p=0.014), and metastasis to other organs(p=0.019) were significant prognostic factor for survival by univariate analysis. There was, however, no independent prognostic factor on multivariate analysis. Pain relief after radiotherapy was achieved for 56 sites (73%)., Conclusion: The expected life span (median 5 months) in this group of patients suggests a strong necessity for effective treatment for symptomatic palliation. Radiation therapy was effective in pain palliation for bone metastasis from HCC, and this could improve patients' quality of life.

Pregnancy no longer is considered to be an absolute contraindication for laparoscopic procedures. Furthermore, clinically helpful guidelines are in place for laparoscopic procedures during pregnancy. However, laparoscopic operations in women in the third trimester have not yet been reported fully. We successfully operated on torsion of an ovarian cyst in a woman during her third trimester using laparascopic procedure. The patient experienced an uneventful recovery.