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Author(s): Sarah O'Meara Author Affiliations: China's plan to cut coal and boost green growth A wind farm near Heyuan City in Guangdong, China. Credit: Haitong Yu/Getty Photo of Chanziding wind [...], Innovations in energy-storage technology are a mainstay of the nation's bid to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels. Innovations in energy-storage technology are a mainstay of the nation's bid to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.

China imposes maximum prices by plant type and region on the electricity that generators sell to utilities. We show that these price caps create a need for subsidies and cross-subsidies, and affect the economics of wind power. We model the price caps using a mixed complementarity formulation, calibrated to 2012 data. We find that the caps impose an annual cost of 45 billion RMB, alter the generation and fuel mixes, require subsidies for the market to clear, and do not incentivize adding capacity for a reserve margin. They incentivize market concentration so that generators can cross-subsidize power plants. Depending on the regulatory response, increasing wind capacity can alleviate the distortions due to the price caps. The added wind capacity, however, does not have a significant impact on the amount of coal consumed. We also find that the feed-in tariff was priced slightly higher than necessary. Keywords: China, electricity, subsidies, wind, coal, price caps, mixed complementarity, 1. INTRODUCTION In the past decade, China has introduced many reforms into its power sector and fuel markets, moving to a more market-oriented energy system, yet retaining major government controls. [...]

China is the world's most populous country and in the last few decades has had the fastest growing economy. In order to meet China's large population's needs and to sustain its economic growth, Beijing has pursued a multi-dimensional strategy. The goal is to ensure sustainable and affordable energy supplies. The rise of China as a major player on the global energy scene has significant geo-political and geo-economic ramifications. This study examines China's efforts to diversify its energy mix and geographical suppliers. Key words: Oil; Natural gas; Coal; Nuclear power; Strategic petroleum reserve; China's energy policies., The People's Republic of China (henceforth China) is a major energy consumer. The International Energy Agency highlights some of the main themes of the country's energy outlook. China's primary energy [...]

Research on concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies began in 1979 in China. With pressure on environmental and energy resources, the CSP technology development has been accelerating since 2003. After 30 years of development, China has made significant progress on solar absorbing materials, solar thermalelectrical conversion materials, solar energy storage materials, solar concentrator equipments, evacuated tube solar trough collectors, solar thermal receivers, solar dish-Stirling systems, solar high-temperature air power generations, and solar power tower system designs. A 1 MW solar tower plant demonstration project landmark is currently being built in Beijing, to be completed by 2010 with a maximum temperature of 390[degrees]C and pressure of 2.35 MPa. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4001181] Keywords: China, solar thermal power

Asia's rising 'clean technology tigers'--China, Japan, and South Korea--are poised to out-compete the United States for dominance of clean energy markets due to their substantially larger government investments to support [...]

In a companion paper to the essays comparing China's and India's economic rise (Prime, 2009) as well as India's energy security (Dadwal, 2009), two specialists on China's energy industries review the country's challenges posed by the need to dramatically increase energy use in order to support economic growth while coping with pressures to reduce environmental impacts from emissions of greenhouse gases. After reviewing the current mix of fuels in the economy and discussing each major energy resource (in terms of proven reserves, production, consumption, and foreign import requirements), the authors focus on measures undertaken by the Chinese government and corporations to improve access to vital supplies. The paper covers efforts to enhance the country's energy security, which include diversifying sources of oil supply, purchasing oil and gas concessions and financing of energy infrastructure development in African and Central Asian countries, instituting reforms to encourage more efficient energy use, and developing alternative energy sources. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O130, P280, Q400. 7 figures, 2 tables, 82 references. Key words: China, energy security, coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear energy, pipelines, climate change, renewable energy, oil reserves, primary energy resources, biofuels. DOI: 10.2747/1539-7216.50.6.643

The process of low cost ammonia extraction from coal for carbon dioxide storage projects in China is discussed.

Economic reforms in China and its effects on energy efficiency management are discussed.

Policies adopted by Chinese iron and steel industry for decreasing carbon dioxide emissions in the region are discussed.

The adoption of hydrogen and fuel cells as alternative energy resource in Chinese transportation industry is discussed.

The assessment of electricity reserves and production by using system dynamics model is presented by focusing on Chinese petroleum sector.

The comparative analysis of the efforts of the Chinese and American governments to produce and conserve energy is presented. The methods of overcoming China's energy crisis, through the eficient management of energy, are discussed.

The strategies adopted by China to develop its electric power generation systems since 2002 are evaluated.

Energy efficiency management strategies adopted in China are evaluated by focusing on 29 administrative regions.

The role played by China in the mitigation of global warming is described. A multivariate analysis of the relationship between energy consumption and the economic growth of China is presented.

Implications of power reforms of the Peoples Republic of China are examined.

The article examines China's efforts to tap alternative energy sources being fully aware of its requirement and consumption.

The world's major oil-consuming nations, led by the USA, China and the Western European countries, which are keenly interested in the development of African oil reserves is described. It is observed that the 'oil rush' has enormous implications both for African oil producers and for the major oil-importing countries.

The usage of hydrogen fuels as alternate fuels in China and United States transportation sector is discussed.

"Unless the world's existing powers are prepared to descend into the sort of resource-driven geopolitical competition that resulted in World War I ... they must make room at the table for an energy-hungry China."

High growth in energy consumption in China along with its dependence on international sources for supply is driving up oil prices all over the world and causing turbulence in the international order. China's efficiency in energy consumption should be improved with the focus on its mechanisms for energy governance, which would be conducive to deepening interdependence between China and the rest of the world and also reducing the risk of more diplomatic clashes with the major industrialized countries.

A study analyzing the development of China's power industry, present situation, environmental influences and potential benefits of regional power grid interconnections, are presented.

A study using two important macroeconomic indicators, the emission-intensity ratio and energy-intensity ratio is conducted to analyze the environmental and energy policies in three developing countries, Brazil, China and India. The results show that the trends differ from the ones seen in industrialized nations.

The world's largest coal producer and consumer, China ranks second in CO2 emissions. The evolution of energy-related CO2 emissions in China for the period 1985 to 1999 is examined. The proposed three-level 'perfect decomposition' method and the provincially aggregated data show that the decline in energy intensity, the slowdown of average labor productivity growth of industrial sectors, the worsening of public enterprises, ownership changes that caused industrial restructuring, closure of small-scale power plants, implementation of policies to enhance energy efficiency are driving forces behind 'sudden stagnancy' of energy consumption, supply and energy-related CO2 emissions in China from 1996 to 1999.

The potential environmental and health problems from the coal burning in Chinese cities like Beijing and Chongqing prompted these cities to turn to natural gas for domestic use. The rationality of using the natural gas from environmental, economic and technical perspective is reviewed. From the case study of Beijing and Chongqing, a cost-benefit analysis of natural gas substitution is described. Economic and system obstacles to natural gas penetration are examined. A natural gas penetration incentive policy is proposed.

The Eastern Coastal Areas (ECA) of China such as Shanghai, Beijing and others are in the modernization process to strengthen China's competitive capacity. The implementation of reforms and the beginning of China's economic markets in 1978 have resulted in the rapid economic growth in ECA. This economic growth subsequently increased energy consumption that made ECA to confront serious ecological and environmental problems. The Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) policy promotes the use of renewables.

The importance of unifying the inter-regional electricity markets for future expansion of electricity generation and the economic challenges for unification are presented. A case study assessing the strategies of Shanghai and Shandong integrated model is presented.

To make sure that economic growth and sustainable development prevail in China, energy efficiency and utility has to be ensured. This will certainly make China, continuously develop in the social and economic front, over the next 50 years.

China's growing dependence on foreign oil that can affect its international behavior is discussed. It is concluded that the future direction of China's approach to energy security is difficult to predict as energy security is a new topic for the leaders of China and hence China has no choice, but to become increasingly reliant on global energy markets.

The article examines emissions from various types of stoves that use several types of fuel.

In the last ten years changes have been made in China's energy policy and industries, including deregulation and foreign investment. The paper also illuminates reasons for growth of the energy sector.

The authors propose a strategy for the next fifty years for China's energy policy.

This paper examines the energy use of small- and medium-scale industries (SMI) and their impact on the environment. An overview is presented of the environmental and energy policies of India, Sri Lanka, China, Vietnam and the Philippines, and the influence of environmentally sound, energy efficient polices on SMIs is considered.

China's environmental protection issues are becoming increasing serious as the country undergoes rapid economic development. This paper examined China's energy policy as well as the economic and environmental aspects of China's co-generation of power and heat using turbines run by natural gas.

The author proposed that China's energy policy should change from encouraging individual automobile transport to encouraging sustainable, environmentally sound mass transportation.

A simulation model is used to develop energy and greenhouse-gas-emission scenarios for the world's most populous nation. China's economic growth and economy shows that there will be an increase in carbon emissions from 2000 to 2050 but the baseline scenario indicates that environmental sustainability can reduce environmental pressures and lower polluting emissions

The study of 20 years of data for six provincial rural areas, has revealed the need for increasing capital investment in rural power sector, in Jiangsu and Liaoning. In Hebei and Heman, reduction of poverty needs to be given priority.

China's rise to become the world's largest power producer and source of carbon emissions through burning coal is well recognized. But the nations renewable-energy systems are expanding even faster than [...]