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Types of contraception in Indonesia generally are still directed on Non - Long acting reversible contraceptives method such as contraceptive injection and pill. Meanwhile government contraceptive program polices more directing on LARC contraceptive utilization like IUD, MOP, and MOW. The purpose of this study is to study factors associated with contraceptive utilization, LARC and Non-LARC on women of child bearing age in Bengkulu city. Time study was on August to October 2020. Population of these studies were women of child bearing age in primary health center Bengkulu city, years 2018 as many as 114,577. Samples are taken by proportional probability sampling technique from 20 Primary Health Centers in Bengkulu City as many as 110 persons. Data analysis is using chi-square test an Odd ratio test. The result of this study showed that there is relationship between education and contraceptive utilization by P-Value 0.019 and OR 3.147. there is no relationship between knowledge an contraceptive utilization on by P-Value >0.005, there is relationship between age and contraceptive utilization by P-Value 0.036 and OR 2.788, there is relationship between spousal support and contraceptive utilization by P-Value 0.011 and OR 3.42. Hoped health staff be able to increase the socialization of family planning program to women of child bearing age by health education.

Background:This study was done to assess factors influencing place of delivery among women residing in Ifakara Town Council, Kilombero district, Tanzania. Method:A community based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2021. A total of 135 child bearing women from 3 randomly selected wards of Ifakara Town Council were involved in the study. Structured pre-tested questionnaire with key information was used to collect desired data. Results:More than half 55.6% of the women had health facility delivery and 44.4% of them had home delivery. The most common reason for home delivery was sudden onset of labor 50.4%. Other reasons for home delivery were age of 26 and above, parity of four, and education of mother. Conclusion:Maternal health services, such as antenatal care, skilled assistance during delivery and post-natal care, adequate equipment in health facilities, play a major role of in the reduction of maternal morbidity and mortality. Therefore, efforts should be made both at community and government levels to increase health facility delivery.

Background This study investigated the sub-trajectory groups of depressive symptoms in women of child-bearing age and the factors impacting latent class membership. Moreover, differences in body mass index (BMI) as an outcome variable were identified among the sub-trajectory groups. Methods Data from the Korea Nurses’ Health Study (KNHS) were analyzed, comprising that from 6,918 participants who filled out surveys during modules 1, 5, and 7. The growth mixture model with individually varying observation times was used to identify latent subgroups of depressive symptom trajectories. Results Three classes of depressive symptom trajectories were identified: increasing over time, stable/low, and decreasing over time. Older participants had a higher probability of belonging to the stable/low class. Married participants were more likely to belong to the stable/low class than to the increasing over time class or decreasing over time class. Participants who worked shifts had a higher chance of belonging to the decreasing over time class than the stable/low class. There was a significant difference between mean BMI across latent classes in module 1 ( χ 2 ( d f = 2 , N = 6918 ) = 155.16 , p 0.001 ) and in module 7 ( χ 2 ( d f = 2 , N = 6918 ) = 149.68 , p 0.001 ). Limitations The findings of this study should not be generalized to all women of childbearing age, because the study population only included nurses. Conclusions The results suggest that interventions designed to manage depressive symptoms in women who are younger, unmarried, and who perform shift work may be beneficial. This study identified a relationship between increasing severity of depressive symptoms and increasing BMI.

The present study identifies the prevalence, pattern & geographical distribution of pregnancy loss and its various determinants. The choropleth equal interval maps and local indicators of spatial association maps were used to investigate the locations requiring attention. Spatial regression techniques were used to investigate the factors associated with pregnancy losses across India using data derived from the fourth round of National Family Health Survey. A decision tree was constructed to investigate the interaction effect of the significant factors.The percentage of pregnancy loss in India is noted to be 14.3% (95% BCa confidence interval: 13.47, 14.79). The spatial autocorrelation coefficient ( $$\rho = 0.61,~p < 0.001$$ ) indicated the spatial dependence in the data. Hotspots of response variable were observed in districts of Uttar Pradesh, Manipur, and Odisha. Locations, with high percentage of women who have attained education upto high school and above, women who did not want the pregnancy, and women whose family did not want more child, were likely to have increased percentage of pregnancy loss. Struggles in a womens life, family’s pressure and own desire to have child coupled with their education status are related to the pregnancy loss. Preventing the unplanned pregnancies will play a pivotal role in decreasing the pregnancy loss which further prevents maternal mortality and morbidity. Timely and adequate supplies of contraception in public health institutions particulary sub-centre, primary health centre should be ensured.

The study found strong evidence to link the various forms of excessive alcohol use to FAEE, HIV acquisition among others. Excessive alcohol use among women aged 15-49 in Africa varies from country to country with diverse consequences. Binge drinking is particularly common.

Purpose: To investigate the knowledge of Saudi women (pregnant and non-pregnant) about the significance of folic acid (FA) supplementation and to determine how income levels affects this knowledge and its implementation. Methods: The study was conducted among women of child-bearing age attending Al-Hada Armed Forces Hospital and Khaliss General Hospital (both in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) for pregnant women and Omm Al-Qura University in Makkah Governorate (Saudi Arabia) for non-pregnant women. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data and to analyze levels of FA knowledge, including general awareness, proper timing of its use, information source, FA benefits, and the perils of FA deficiency. A chi-square test was performed to test the differences between variables. Results: Analysis of the survey data revealed that 81.1 % of non–pregnant and 91.1 % of pregnant women were aware of the term, FA (p < 0.05). Moreover, 71.1 % of the pregnant compared to 35.6% of non-pregnant women knew that this supplement must be taken before becoming pregnant and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). For pregnant women, doctors and previous pregnancies were the main sources of FA knowledge, while mass media was the most frequently reported source for non-pregnant women (p < 0.05). Income level was not associated with FA knowledge in either group. Conclusions: This study illustrates a deficiency in the knowledge and consumption of this important micronutrient in women of childbearing age, the population most in need of this information. Nutrition education should be provided to increase the understanding and practice of FA supplementation periconceptionally and during pregnancy.

We revisit the discussion on family limitation through stopping and spacing behavior before and during the fertility transition with a sample of 12,800 settler women's birth histories in nineteenth- and twentieth-century South Africa. Using cure models that allow us to separate those who stop childbearing from those who continue, we find no evidence of parity-specific spacing before the transition. We do find evidence of non-parity-based birth postponement before the transition. Increased stopping and parity-independent postponement characterized the beginning of the fertility transition, with increased parity-specific spacing following later in the transition phase.

BACKGROUNDPregnancy is a stressful phenomenon experienced by women, during which the body experiences dramatic anatomical, physiological, and psychological changes.AIMThe study examined perceived benefits and barriers to prenatal and postpartum exercises among pregnant women in Kano.METHODSThe study was a descriptive survey in which 400 consenting pregnant women attending antenatal clinic were recruited for a period of 3 months (November 2019 to January 2020, using systematic random sampling technique. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was utilized to elicit responses and the data obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, and frequency distribution.RESULTSFindings showed that the respondents have a mean age of 26.86 ± 5.4 years which ranges from 17–47 years. Prenatal exercises may be associated with the prevention of excessive weight gain and/or gestational diabetes and/or preeclampsia. The study further revealed that most of the respondents agreed that postpartum exercises prevents vaginal and uterine prolapse and urinary incontinence, helps in losing post pregnancy body weight and prevents diastasis recti abdominis. The major barriers identified included lack of access to facilities, lack of family support, and cultural factors.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONThe study concludes that there is a positive perception of the benefits of prenatal and postpartum exercises and therefore, recommends that maternity care givers should provide accurate, adequate, and relevant information and advocate increased social and family support.

Tetanus Toxoid (TT) is a routine vaccination activity under Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in Bangladesh. This was a descriptive type of cross-sectional study with a sample size of 110, selected purposively by non-probability sampling technique. Data were collected through a pretested questionnaire. The aim of this study was to assess TT vaccination coverage among the women of child bearing age, Rangamati Pourashava. As per survey, among 110 respondents, 29 (26.4%) were of 15-25 years, 52 (47.3%) were of 26-35 years, 25(22.7%) were of 36-45 years & only 4(3.6%) were of >45years. In this study, the major group, 86(78.2%) were married, 17(15.4%) were unmarried & only 7 (6.4%) were widow. Most of the respondents considered vaccination as the way of disease prevention, so that the coverage being 92 (83.6%) in case of TT vaccination. It was found that 70% women received TT vaccine from Government EPI centers followed by 23.6% from NGO facilities and only6.4% from private clinics. Among the respondents, 56.3% respondents had completed their dose schedule of TT vaccine respectively. Most of the respondents had their vaccination card. The percentage was 70 for TT respectively. Among others, 20% failed to follow it because of forgetfulness of doses and 3.34% because of losing their card. So, TT vaccination coverage among the women of child bearing age was satisfactory but it also suggests that more awareness campaign for vaccination is sensational among the mass people of our country. This study TT vaccination status among women of child bearing age will help to get idea about the woman of our country regarding the situation. Mediscope Vol. 8, No. 1: January 2021, Page 40-44

BACKGROUND: Imatinib Mesylate (IM) is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which demonstrates great effect in the treatment of both chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. The effects of this chemotherapeutic drug on women with child bearing age, fertility, and reproductive system have been reported in some studies as case series; therefore, this study was designed to demonstrate the outcome of imatinib on females with child-bearing age. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in the National Center of Hematology/Mustansiriyah University in Baghdad. The study started on February 2018 and was ended in July 2020. It included 55 female patients. A questionnaire was designed to elicit the effects of imatinib mesylate on fertility and outcome of pregnancies. RESULTS: Out of 55 women diagnosed with CML in chronic phase, 13 patients were able to conceive during the study. All of them were treated with imatinib mesylate 400 mg per day before pregnancy. All of them were at least in complete cytogenetic response. Four (30.7%) pregnant patients continued treatment throughout pregnancy with uneventful pregnancy and delivery, without any congenital anomalies. other 4 (30.7%) pregnant patients received IM during 1st and 2nd trimester only and then discontinued treatment with IM. Five (38.4%) pregnant patients who received IM during 1st trimester ended with abortion (either elective or missed abortion). CONCLUSION: Treatment of CML with IM during the pregnancy has different perspectives and the data are still limited. Hence, each case decision should be individualized balancing the risk to the fetus of continuing IM versus the risk to the mother of interrupting treatment.

Background:Endometriosis is a disease affect Women' health and Quality of life especially in child bearing age. Aim: Assess the Health- Related Quality of life among Endometriosis Women in Maternal and Child Health Centers in Damietta. Design: A descriptive study was used. Setting: Gynecology and Obstetrics out patient at three Maternal and Child Health centers; New Damietta MCH center, Shata MCH center and KaferShehata MCH center in Damietta city. Subjects: A total of 100 women with surgically diagnosed endometriosis were purposively selected. Tools: Include; structured interviewing questionnaire and the Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30+5). Results: shows that 83.0% of women had infertility. There was a delay in seeking treatment that ranged between 2-10 years. Endometriosis had a negative impact on woman's quality of life and there is statistically significant relation between stages of endometriosis and the negative aspect of women’s quality of life in terms of physical, psychological, sexual, educational and working life. Recommendations: there is a need for teaching patients to avoid the delay in seeking treatment. As well as how to cope with chronic pelvic pain and to teach patients how to strengthen relationships with their partner and friends, so they will be supportive in coping with the disease instead of drifting apart due to potentialmisunderstandings.Conclusion: There was a delay in seeking treatment for endometriosis despite its negative impact on woman's quality of life in terms of physical, psychological, sexual, educational and working life.

Uterine fibroids are the commonest tumors in women of child bearing age. 1 These often lead to significant morbidity especially in young women. The most common symptoms associated with leiomyomas are heavy menstrual bleeding, chronic pelvic pain, infertility pressure symptoms, and repeated abortions. 2 Fibroids can cause infertility by distorting the uterine cavity thereby preventing fertilization or implantation of the fertilized ovum. We here present a case series of three patients presenting with multiple uterine fibroids with varied symptomatology who underwent open myomectomy. Keywords: Large myomas, Heavy menstrual bleeding, Primary infertility, Degenerative changes.

Strange uterine draining characterized as a seeping from uterine form which is irregular in volume, routineness or potentially timing that has been available for most of the most recent a half year. Assessment of the patients was by history taking, general and nearby assessment, research facility examinations, transvaginal ultrasonography, hysteroscopy and dilatation and curettage with biobsy. To evaluate the Role of Office Hysteroscopy in finding of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and its Histopathological Correlation in Child Bearing Period. This examination was imminent observational investigation carried on 100 ladies of conceptive age bunch from 18-40 years took care of Benha college emergency clinics between November 2018 to November 2020 to assess the symptomatic and restorative function of office hysteroscopy in anomalous uterine draining and its histopathological connection in ladies inside kid bearing period. Office hysteroscopy had affectability of 88%, explicitness of 84,2%, positive prescient estimation of 96%, negative prescient estimation of 61.5% and demonstrative precision of 87% for diagnosing the intrauterine reason for unusual uterine dying. Office hysteroscopy is a straightforward, essential and generally safe outpatient strategy which permits a satisfactory investigation of the uterine cavity under visual control.

Background Cervical cancer screening is consistently effective in reducing the incidence and mortality rates associated with cervical cancer. However, very few women have received cervical cancer screening in the developing countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aims to assess cervical cancer screening intention and its predictors among child bearing age women in Bahir Dar city, North-West Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 832 child bearing age women using a multistage sampling technique between March and April, 2018. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Data were entered and analyzed using EpiData and SPSS version 20.0, respectively. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were done to identify predictors of intention, and P

Child birth is a very significant event in a married woman’s life. She is filled with fear and anxiety mixed with a feeling of joy and expectation of the coming child. Apart from physical care psychological care and assurance are equally important. Present study deals with the women of poor workers of the factories who have to undergo deliveries either at home or ill equipped hospitals causing much suffering and even mortality. Detailed history of such 250 women was taken in a questionnaire proforma prepared for the study. A history of age, caste, education, para, occupation, husband’s income and knowledge about pre and post-natal care was recorded. Thus 21 tables were made of each case and analyzed in detail. It is a practice to marry girls at an early age as they feel it ensures their safety. Husband’s income was quite low and 50% of them were uneducated. 30.8% could only read and only 8.8% were graduate. Illiteracy was a major problem in safe delivery of the child. Old traditional customs were followed some which were not hygienic. Only 19% were employed. Rest were only house wives. Ground delivery was preferred in 74% cases, squatting position in 71.2% and 56% preferred sand in place of mattress. All these are not preferred methods currently. In the second stage of labor birth canal was lubricated in only 8.8% cases. In 76% cases massage of abdomen was done to hasten the delivery. The cord was cut mainly by knife after delivery. Placentas were mainly buried after delivery (74.8%). 56% of women remained lying in for about a week after delivery. 78% mothers took their first bath 3 to 6 days after delivery.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) within a severely stenotic native aortic valve or previously placed surgical biologic aortic valve replacement (SAVR) is a rare occurrence in pregnant patients. The short- and long-term procedural outcomes for future pregnancies in these women or any woman of child bearing age who have received prior TAVR or TAVR in SAVR, are unknown. We describe the first result of a repeat pregnancy outcome in a woman with a history of prior TAVR in SAVR. Both maternal and fetal outcomes were favorable, but maternal cardiac complications observed in the third trimester emphasize our concerns regarding risk for cardiac complications in subsequent pregnancies in patients with a prior TAVR in SAVR. Despite the maternal complications that occurred during repeat pregnancy in this patient, a successful pregnancy outcome reaffirms our recommendation to utilize a multidisciplinary team for pregnancy management in patients with prior TAVR or TAVR in SAVR and to help in the management of any cardiac complications that may occur during or shortly after pregnancy.

Purpose Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is more common among women in Southeast Asia. An important issue is whether it is safe for them to bear children after treatment and when it is safe to do so. We conducted this study to explore the relation between fertility and prognosis in child-bearing women with NPC. Patients and methods Child-bearing women were defined as young women between the ages of 18 and 30. A total of 127 eligible child-bearing NPC patients were identified from December 2003 to December 2014. The patients were divided into two groups, depending on whether or not they had post-therapeutic births. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analyses. The Log rank test was used to compare two survival curves and the independent significances of different prognostic factors were assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in the Childbirth group were significantly higher than those in the Non-Childbirth group (100% vs 88.8%, P = 0.026 and 100% vs 77.5%, P = 0.007, respectively). In the Childbirth group, no difference was found in the 5-year DFS between different birth interval times, from 1 to 5 years after treatment. The clinical stage was identified as the risk factor of OS (HR = 101.725, 95% CI: 2.160-4790.910, P = 0.019), and consequent childbirth after treatment was associated with favorable DFS (HR = 0.148, 95% CI: 0.034-0.643, P = 0.011). Conclusion Post-therapeutic birth did not increase the mortality risk of child-bearing women with NPC. There was no significant correlation between the subsequent birth time window after treatment and the prognosis.

Identification of characteristics of women in terms of age and parity as related to their uptake of existing screening services can give significant data to forming cervical cancer screening administrations. This study was aimed to assess the effect of age and parity on knowledge of cervical cancer screening among women of child bearing age in Anambra State. The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design.The study was conducted at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital Awka and General Hospital Onitsha between June 2019 to September 2019.Using multi-stage (purposive) sampling technique, the sample size for this study consisted of one hundred and eighty four (184) women (134) subjects for experimental group and 50 subjects for control group) attending antenatal in public hospitals in Anambra State. The instrument contained five questions on demographic data of the respondents, questions on knowledge of cervical cancer and practice questions with four point response options. The reliability of the instrument was established by using Cronbach alpha for estimating the internal consistency of the instrument. Data entry and analysis were done using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and inferential statistics (ANCOVA) was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance.The results showed that all the women of different age groups and women of all parity levels benefitted from the exposure to health education programme. The study therefore concludes that exposing women of child bearing age to health education programme improved the practice of cervical cancer screening practice. The knowledge of cervical cancer, knowledge of cervical cancer screening and knowledge of modes of prevention of cervical cancer are critical in determining cervical cancer screening uptake among the women. It is thus concluded that exposing women of child bearing age to health education programme improved the cervical cancer screening practice than not exposing them to any treatment. With adequate knowledge of cervical cancer and a positive perception of cervical cancer screening, utilization of cervical cancer screening services is uniform among women of all parity level.

Chickenpox is a common childhood disease which is highly contagious. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that in countries where chickenpox is an important public health burden, chickenpox vaccination should be introduced into their routine immunization programs. This present study is to ascertain the level of knowledge and attitude towards chickenpox infection and its vaccination among child-bearing women in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive study design was adopted to assess the knowledge and attitude towards chickenpox vaccination among 140 randomly selected child-bearing mothers residing in Abraka community. Of the 140 respondents, a greater number was within 30-40 years of age (61.4%). Most of the respondents (95.7%) had heard about chickenpox and 77.1% stated correctly its mode of transmitted.Majority were well aware of the signs and symptoms of the infection which included itching rashes (85.7%), blisters and red spots (66.4%), and fever (61.4%). Despite the fact that most of the respondents (72.9%) knew about chickenpox vaccination, only very few (19.3%) claimed to know the vaccine used, with less than half of the respondents (44.3%) correctly indicating two doses as the complete dosing for chickenpox vaccination. A greater proportion (91.4%) of the women had vaccinated their children against chickenpox, and believed that it was effective (82.1%). A high level of knowledge and positive attitude towards chickenpox vaccination among child-bearing women was evident in this study, however, it is paramount to encourage pregnant women and mothers attending antenatal care to immunize their children against vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Keywords: Vaccination, chickenpox, vaccine-preventable diseases, knowledge, Abraka.

Background Plaque psoriasis (PsO) is a chronic inflammatory disease that often presents at peak reproductive age in women of child-bearing potential (WOCBP). With the emergence of biologic therapies to treat PsO, guidance on disease management in WOCBP is needed to inform treatment decisions before, during, and after pregnancy. Objectives To develop a practical, up-to-date consensus document, based on available evidence and expert opinion where evidence was lacking, in order to guide both Canadian and international clinicians treating PsO in WOCBP. Methods A panel of 9 Canadian dermatologists with extensive clinical experience managing PsO reviewed the relevant literature from the past 25 years in 3 key domains: overview of PsO in WOCBP and clinical considerations, treatment considerations, and postpartum considerations. The structured literature search focused on WOCBP treated with TNF-alpha inhibitors (adalimumab, certolizumab, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab), IL-23 inhibitors (guselkumab, risankizumab, tildrakizumab), IL-12/23 inhibitors (ustekinumab), and IL-17 inhibitors (brodalumab, ixekizumab, secukinumab). This literature review, along with clinical expertise and opinion, was used to develop concise and clinically relevant consensus statements to guide practical management of PsO in WOCBP. Experts voted on the statements using a modified Delphi process and prespecified agreement cut-off of 75%. Results and implications After review, discussion, and voting on 19 draft consensus statements at an in-person meeting and remotely, 12 consensus statements were approved by the expert panel. The statements presented here will guide healthcare providers in practical disease management using biologic therapies for the treatment of PsO in WOCBP.

Background: To determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among females of reproductive age and assessment of the effectiveness of pH and the Whiff test in its diagnosis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 100 subjects were included, coming with a complaint of vaginal discharge. The bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed by using the Nugent scoring system, Whiff and pH tests. The prevalence was calculated by descriptive statistics and using the Chi-square test and results were shown in percentages and mean with standard deviation. Results: The estimated prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among the local population of females of child-bearing age was found to be 39%. The mean age of females with bacterial vaginosis was 33.33±10.46 years. The Whiff test was positive in 89.74% cases, while pH was elevated in 94.87% females with bacterial vaginosis. Conclusion: Bacterial vaginosis is a frequent cause of vaginal discharge in females of reproductive age in Pakistan. The diagnosis can be easily made by using Whiff and pH tests even at resource-poor settings. Keywords: Bacterial vaginosis, Child-bearing age, pH test, Whiff test.

The prevalence of sickle cell anaemia has been shown to be on the increase in Nigeria. Therefore, preventive measures such as premarital genotype screening have been proposed as one of the ways of reducing the scourge of the disease. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the knowledge and attitude of women of child bearing age in Kuma Akko Local Government Area of Gombe State towards premarital genotype screening. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design. A total of 296 respondents were sampled through simple random sampling technique and the collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Majority of the respondents 200(71.40%) were between the ages of 15-34 years old and 64(22.90%) of the respondents affirmed that they had a family history of sickle cell disease. In addition, 58.60% of the respondents demonstrated poor knowledge of premarital genotype screening while 57.10% exhibited negative perception towards premarital genotype screening and 63.20% exhibited poor attitude towards premarital genotype screening. There was a significant relationship between respondents with family history of sickle cell anaemia and their knowledge of premarital genotype screening. The study therefore recommends that efforts should be intensified by the governments and health workers in primary, secondary and tertiary level of healthcare deliveries, to raise awareness on the importance of premarital genotype screening in order to reduce the prevalence of Sickle cell anaemia in the locality. Agofure, O. | Department of Public and Community Health, Novena University, Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria.

Background: Ovarian reserve is defined as the existent quantitative and qualitative follicular supply found in the ovaries which may turn into mature follicles and assigns a woman's reproductive potential. The commonly appointed tests of ovarian reserve can be divided into static markers (FSH, estradiol, inhibin-B and [AMH] Anti-Mullerian Hormone), dynamic markers (clomi-phene citrate, gonadotrophins and gonadotrophin releasing hormone [GnRh] analogue stimulation tests) and ultrasono-graphic markers (Antral Follicle Count [AFC], ovarian volume and ovarian blood flow). Leiomyomas are the most common genital tract tumors of benign nature and the most frequent benign uterine disorder in women of reproductive period. Aim of Study: The study evaluated the effect of open myomectomy on ovarian reserve. From all ovarian reserve parameters, we use AFC and AMH to determine this effect due to their high specificity and sensitivity. Material and Methods: The study included 90 women in childbearing period with age ranging from 18 to 40 years old with negative pregnancy test and without surgical history of ovarian operation. AFC is determined by counting the number of follicles measuring (2-8mm) by TVS on cycle day 2 before the operation. While AMH is measured using blood sample to be determined by ELISA technique. Myomectomy was done postmenstrual. The 2 parameters were measured again 6 months post-operative with the same method before the operation to evaluate them as markers of ovarian reserve. The data we obtained was summarized, presented in tables and charts and analyzed in detailed methods by computerized system. Results: Our results found that, there were no significant changes in values of AMH and AFC after the operation (p-value is 0.713 for AMH) (p-value is 0.252 for AFC). The correlation or relationship between values of AMH and AFC were studied. From recruited data and after detailed statistical analysis we found positive correlation between AMH and AFC before and after the operation. There was no significant effect of sites and types of myomas on ovarian reserve. Conclusion: From the results we obtained, we found that there was no significant effect of open myomectomy on ovarian reserve parameters.

INTRODUCTION An optimal diet is imperative in preparing women for pregnancy and this may be influenced by socio-economic status (SES). This research aims to investigate the role of SES on the dietary energy density (ED) in Australian women of preconception age. METHODS A secondary analysis of the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011-12 for females aged 18-39 years (n = 1617) was conducted. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-hr recalls and dietary ED by dietary energy per weight (kJ.g-1 ). ED was further categorised as ED of foods and beverages separately. SES was assessed by three variables: Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), developed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics; income decile; and level of education. Linear mixed model regressions were used to identify associations between ED and SES. RESULTS The median ED for food, beverages and combined food and beverages was 9.38 kJ g-1 , 1.02 kJ g-1 and 7.11 kJ g-1 , respectively. No significant variation was explained by SES variables when analysing combined ED in the adjusted model or ED from foods. Income decile reduced ED of beverages, although with little effect (coefficient: -0.04, P = 0.002). Significant confounders included inactivity, which increased ED in both combined ED and ED foods (coefficient: 0.51, P = 0.001 and coefficient: 0.78, P

Background: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are a major public health concern which is responsible for acute illness, infertility, long-term disability and death globally. The adverse effect is however profound in developing countries and among women when left untreated. In Nigeria, the Boko haram insurgence and other conflicts has given rise to internally displaced persons. The increased reports of STIs among internally displaced persons which women and children make up the largest population and the dearth of literature on epidemiological studies on STIs among internally displaced persons initiated the need for the study.

This is a hospital-based cross sectional descriptive study was carried out during January 2015 to June 2015 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital to determine pregnancy outcome in placenta praevia cases with delayed child bearing age. Total 8107 patients were admitted during the study period and among them 82 patients were diagnosed as placenta praevia. Patients were categorized into two groups as above 35 years & below 35 years and relationship between advanced maternal age and placenta praevia was seen. Socio-demographic condition, clinical condition, course of management, maternal and perinatal outcome were observed and recorded. Proportion of placenta praevia was 1.01% during the study time. Among 82 patients of placenta praevia, 25 were advanced maternal age group (30.49%). Prevalence of placenta praevia in advanced maternal age group in comparison to below 35 years among total admitted patient was seen 9.73% and 0.73% respectively. So, incidence is more in advanced maternal age group which is statistically significant (p

Objectives The study sought to examine knowledge of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines among child-bearing aged women in Hanoi, Vietnam. Methods In 2016, 807 women aged 18 to 49 years were recruited from one urban area and one rural area in 2016 and were examined through face-to-face paper-based interviews. Pearson's chi-square test and an independent t-test were utilized to compare awareness of cervical cancer and HPV vaccination among women according residential status. Results Overall, 83.8% and 71.3% women had heard about cervical cancer and HPV vaccination, respectively. Mean knowledge scores for cervical cancer and HPV vaccination were 4.60±1.43 out of 7 and 1.53±1.35 out of 5, respectively. Women living in an urban area were more likely to be aware of cervical cancer and to be more knowledgeable of HPV vaccination than women in a rural area. Conclusions Despite strong awareness, we found knowledge on cervical cancer and HPV vaccination to be alarmingly insufficient among Vietnamese women. .

Background: Health care systems in limited resource settings may not meet the needs of pregnant women where the burden of diabetes and hypertension is rapidly increasing. We described screening and diagnosis of diabetes or hypertension among recently pregnant women in rural Bangladesh and the antenatal care received.Methods: We asked recently pregnant women about ever having been screened for or diagnosed with hypertension or diabetes and their antenatal care-seeking experiences in a cross-sectional survey in the Baliakandi, Bangladesh. We used chi-squared tests and logistic regression to test the associations between self-reported coverage of hypertension and diabetes screening, diagnoses, and elements of antenatal care by age, wealth, educational attainment, and gravidity. Results: Among 4,692 respondents, 97% reported having been screened and 10% of screened women reported a diagnosis of hypertension. Women 30–39 years of age (aOR 3.02, 95% CI 2.00, 4.56) or in the top wealth quintile (aOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.18, 2.44) were more likely to be diagnosed with hypertension compared to reference groups. Any hypertension diagnosis was associated with reporting four or more antenatal care contacts (44% vs. 35%, p < 0.01), blood pressure measurements (85% vs. 79%, p < 0.01), and urine (71% vs. 61%, p < 0.01) tests conducted during antenatal care visits.For diabetes, 46% of respondents reported having been screened and 3% of screened women reported a diagnosis. Women 30–39 years of age were more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes (aOR 8.19, 95% CI 1.74, 38.48) compared to the reference group. Any diabetes diagnosis was associate with reporting four or more antenatal care contacts (48% vs. 36%, p = 0.04) and having blood testing during pregnancy (83% vs. 66%, p < 0.01). However, the frequency and quality of antenatal care was below the national guidelines among all groups.Conclusion: Focused efforts to ensure that women receive the recommended number of antenatal care contacts, coupled with improved compliance with antenatal care guidelines (including universal screening for diabetes at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy), would improve awareness of hypertension and diabetes among women in Bangladesh.

Background: Karamoja sub-region is the most food insecure part of Eastern Africa. The poor status of food security in the sub-region is reflected in the high rate of undernutrition among women of child bearing age (WCBA) and children under five years (CUFY). The sub-region is unique in Uganda in terms of cultural diversity, agro-ecology and rainfall pattern, and agricultural practices. However, the influence of these unique characteristics on dietary intake of WCBA in the sub-region is less understood. Therefore, this study examined dietary intake and socio-economic predictors of inadequate energy and nutrient intake among WCBA in Karamoja sub-region. Methods: A longitudinal study design was used involving 755 WCBA in the harvesting season where 635 were followed-up in the planting season. Data were collected using 24-hour recall, dietary diversity, and socio-economic and demographic questionnaires. Results: Intake of energy and nutrients were generally significantly higher (pConclusions: This study demonstrated that dietary intake of WCBA in Karamoja sub-region was inadequate. Age of WCBA, number of women married, education level and occupation of the household head and spouse, and being a lactating/breastfeeding mother were the key socio-economic and demographic factors that influenced inadequate intake of energy and nutrients among WCBA.

Aims Appendicitis remains the most common acute surgical condition. No standard guidelines for the use of imaging studies, and there is a discrepancy between the published data regarding accuracy of these modalities and our practical findings. Yet the growing number of USS reported as “appendix not visualized” has led us to rethink about the value of USS in acute appendicitis. Methods A retrospective single centre study for all females (15-45 years) underwent emergency appendectomy for suspected acute appendicitis. Analysis of preoperative clinical, radiographic and postoperative histopathological data was done. Results 632 cases analysed over 18months, out of those 238 (37%) were females (15-45 years). USS was done in 129(54%) cases. 25(10.5) cases had both USS and CTAP. 32(13%) cases had only CTAP. The mean rate of appendix visualization in the USS was 30%(71cases) two thirds reported by radiologist versus one third by sonographers. Our negative appendectomy rate dropped from 25 to 15% after a positive scan. Conclusions Traditional preference for ultrasound in the UK compared to CTAP in young population is mostly due to the potential hazards of irradiation, but USS commonly does not visualise the appendix in our practice (70%), and has low sensitivity and specificity for appendicitis. However, following a positive USS, NAR dropped to 15%. Radiologists had a higher visualization rate of appendix compared to sonographers. Commitment to improve the performance of ultrasonography by allocating adequately timed sessions to the most experienced radiologists and increasing the use of low dose CT scans are possible solutions.

Introduction: Hypertension (HTN) is the most important modifiable risk factor of serious maternal mortality and morbidity. Social determinants, including economic stability and access to healthcare, influence HTN outcomes and are critical to understanding and addressing racial and ethnic differences in HTN control. Objective: To assess social determinants and co-morbidities in US women of child-bearing age with HTN by race/ethnicity Methods: We studied women (age 20-50) with HTN in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2001-2018. Social determinants and co-morbid conditions were examined in groups categorized by race/ethnicity - Non-Hispanic White (White), Non-Hispanic Black (Black), and Hispanic. Demographics, anthropometric measures, and co-morbid conditions were compared with White women as reference. Results: In all women with HTN, the mean (SE) age was 36.0 (0.3) years and 63% were on BP medication. Compared to white women, Black and Hispanic women had lower food security, poverty income ratio, smoking use, and private insurance (all pTable ). Black women had higher BP medication use, BMI, and BP compared to White women (all p Conclusions: Despite effective diagnostics and therapy, health inequity is common in women of child-bearing age with HTN, with differences by race/ethnicity in social determinants and co-morbid conditions. Each racial/ethnic group with HTN brings social determinants and comorbid conditions important for providers to recognize.

Background: Young women of reproductive age constitute a significant proportion of India's epilepsy patient population. Doctors take several considerations into account while prescribing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to young women to balance the risk of seizures with other concerns. Objective: To understand how doctors perceive various AEDs regarding their safety, efficacy, and other attributes for women of childbearing age. Materials and Methods: This study consisted of a survey designed to understand the usage and perception of 12 antiepileptic drugs in the Indian market. The survey respondents of this study were neurologists, neurosurgeons, and psychiatrists from all over India, from private or government setups, and with different experience and patient load levels. Results: In the study, 93% of all survey respondents indicated that they avoid one or more AEDs in women of childbearing age, making it a significant consideration. This consideration is a specialty split for the second- generation AEDs, Oxcarbazepine, and Levetiracetam. Approximately three times more Neurosurgeons avoid Oxcarbazepine as compared to neurologists and psychiatrists who use this drug. In the case of Levetiracetam, mainly only psychiatrists avoid it for women of reproductive age. Apart from the personal experience of doctors, factors other than teratogenic risks, such as changes in reproductive hormone levels, may have contributed to the observed difference in perception. Conclusion: The study highlights doctors ‘differing perceptions for highly used drugs among all specialties emphasizing the need to determine if such differences in perception exist between other AEDs for various types of patient profiles.