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1. Real-Time In Situ Parallel Detection of Elements and Molecules with TOFMS during ALD for Chemical Quality Control of Thin Films

Author: Agnieszka Priebe, Bryan Dousse, Chia-Yu Tzou, Georgios Papadopoulos, Ivo Utke, Abdelhak Bensaoula, Johann Michler, and Carlos Guerra-Nuñez
Subjects: General Energy, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Published: 2022

2. CHO-Bearing Molecules in Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Chia-Yu Tzou, Sébastien Gasc, Johan De Keyser, Thierry Sémon, Stephen A. Fuselier, Tamas I. Gombosi, Hans Balsiger, Martin Rubin, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Kathrin Altwegg, Markus Schuhmann, Nora Hänni, Susanne F. Wampfler, Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], and University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, 0303 health sciences, Atmospheric Science, Comet, FOS: Physical sciences, Coma (optics), Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, 0103 physical sciences, Molecule, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Chemical composition, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: In 2004, the Rosetta spacecraft was sent to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for the first ever long-term investigation of a comet. After its arrival in 2014, the spacecraft spent more than two years in immediate proximity to the comet. During these two years, the ROSINA Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS) onboard Rosetta discovered a coma with an unexpectedly complex chemical composition that included many oxygenated molecules. Determining the exact cometary composition is an essential first step to understanding of the organic rich chemistry in star forming regions and protoplanetary disks that are ultimately conserved in cometary ices. In this study a joint approach of laboratory calibration and space data analysis was used to perform a detailed identification and quantification of CHO-compounds in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The goal was to derive the CHO-compound abundances relative to water for masses up to 100 u. For this study, the May 2015 post-equinox period represent the best bulk abundances of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. A wide variety of CHO-compounds were discovered and their bulk abundances were derived. Finally, these results are compared to abundances of CHO-bearing molecules in other comets, obtained mostly from ground-based observations and modelling., Comment: This document is the unedited Author's version of a Submitted Work that was subsequently accepted for publication in ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, copyright $\copyright$ American Chemical Society after peer review. To access the final edited and published work see https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00094
Published: 2019

3. Evidence for distributed gas sources of hydrogen halides in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author: Michael R. Combi, Thierry Sémon, Christelle Briois, Myrtha Hässig, Tamas I. Gombosi, Chia-Yu Tzou, Hans Balsiger, Sébastien Gasc, Frederik Dhooghe, Henri Rème, Gaël Cessateur, Eddy Equeter, Andrew Gibbons, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Léna Le Roy, Kathrin Altwegg, Peter Wurz, Björn Fiethe, Ursina Calmonte, Stephen A. Fuselier, Urs Mall, Johan De Keyser, Martin Rubin, Eddy Neefs, Bernard Marty, Herbert Gunell, Romain Maggiolo, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hydrogen, 530 Physics, Comet dust, Comet, chemistry.chemical_element, Coma (optics), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Range (particle radiation), [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, Molecular cloud, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Halogen, Particle
Abstract: International audience; Rosetta has detected the presence of the hydrogen halides HF, HCl, and HBr in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. These species are known to freeze out on icy grains in molecular clouds. Analysis of the abundances of HF and HCl as a function of cometocentric distance suggests that these hydrogen halides are released both from the nucleus surface and off dust particles in the inner coma. We present three lines of evidence. First, the abundances of HF and HCl relative to the overall neutral gas in the coma appear to increase with distance, indicating that a net source must be present; since there is no hint at any possible parent species with sufficient abundances that could explain the observed levels of HF or HCl, dust particles are the likely origin. Second, the amplitude of the daily modulation of the halide-to-water density due to the rotation and geometry of 67P's nucleus and the corresponding surface illumination is observed to progressively diminish with distance and comet dust activity; this can be understood from the range of dust particle speeds well below the neutral gas expansion speed, which tends to smooth the coma density profiles. Third, strong halogen abundance changes detected locally in the coma cannot be easily explained from composition changes at the surface, while they can be understood from differences in local gas production from the dust particles.
Published: 2017

4. Real-Time In Situ Parallel Detection of Elements and Molecules with TOFMS during ALD for Chemical Quality Control of Thin Films.

Author: Priebe, Agnieszka, Dousse, Bryan, Chia-Yu Tzou, Papadopoulos, Georgios, Utke, Ivo, Bensaoula, Abdelhak, Michler, Johann, and Guerra-Nuñez, Carlos
Published: 2022
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5. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko seen by ROSINA

Author: Sébastien Gasc, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Markus Schuhmann, J. De Keyser, Susanne F. Wampfler, Martin Rubin, Chia-Yu Tzou, Hans Balsiger, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Kathrin Altwegg, S. A. Fuselier, Nora Hänni, Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institut für Datentechnik und Kommunikationsnetze, Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], and University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System
Subjects: Physics, chemistry.chemical_classification, Heptane, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 520 Astronomy, Analytical chemistry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Butane, Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, 01 natural sciences, Toluene, Pentane, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hydrocarbon, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Aromatic hydrocarbon, Benzene, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Chemical composition, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Context. Unlike all previous cometary space missions, the Rosetta spacecraft accompanied its target, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, for more than two years on its way around the Sun. Thereby, an unexpected diversity and complexity of the chemical composition was revealed. Aims. Our first step of decrypting the exact chemical composition of the gaseous phase is the identifying and quantifying the bulk composition of the pure aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Methods. For this study, data from ROSINA–Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS) onboard the Rosetta spacecraft and the laboratory twin model were used. A joint campaign of laboratory calibration measurements and space data analysis was performed to derive the hydrocarbon bulk composition for the post-inbound equinox period at 1.52 AU in May 2015. Furthermore, several other mission phases were investigated to determine the dependencies of season, location, and heliocentric distance on the relative abundances of hydrocarbons. Results. It is shown that the bulk composition of the gaseous phase includes a high number of aliphatic compounds such as methane, ethane, and propane, as well as the aromatic compounds benzene and toluene. Butane and pentane were successfully identified in measurements at closer distance to the comet in May 2016. Furthermore, the presence of hexane and heptane in the coma is confirmed on rare occasions during the mission. Their presence in DFMS space data appears to be linked to days or periods of high dust activity. In addition to the saturated aliphatic and aromatic compounds, a high number of remaining unsaturated species is present, which cannot be explained by fragmentation of saturated species or contribution from other organic molecules in addition to pure hydrocarbons. This indicates the existence of unsaturated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon molecules in the coma of comet 67P.
Published: 2019

6. Two years with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: H2O, CO2, and CO as seen by the ROSINA/RTOF instrument of Rosetta

Author: Thierry Sémon, Annette Jäckel, Peter Wurz, Philippe Garnier, Kathrin Altwegg, Ulrich Mall, Jérémie Lasue, Henri Rème, H. Gourlaouen, Ursina Calmonte, A. Korth, J. H. Waite, Martin Rubin, M. Hoang, Léna Le Roy, Arnaud Beth, B. Fiethe, Sébastien Gasc, André Galli, Chia-Yu Tzou, Hans Balsiger, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, planets and satellites: atmospheres, Spectrometer, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], comets: general, Comet, Northern Hemisphere, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Astrophysics, Atmospheric sciences, Spectral line, law.invention, Outgassing, Orbiter, comets: individual: 67/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Space and Planetary Science, law, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Southern Hemisphere
Abstract: Context. The ESA Rosetta mission investigated the environment of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P) from August 2014 to September 2016. One of the experiments on board the spacecraft, the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) included a COmet Pressure Sensor (COPS) and two mass spectrometers to analyze the composition of neutrals and ions, the Reflectron-type Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometer (RTOF), and the Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS). Aims. RTOF species detections cover the whole mission. This allows us to study the seasonal evolution of the main volatiles (H2O, CO2, and CO) and their spatial distributions. Methods. We studied the RTOF dataset during the two-year long comet escort phase focusing on the study of H2O, CO2, and CO. We also present the detection by RTOF of O2, the fourth main volatile recorded in the coma of 67P. This work includes the calibration of spectra and the analysis of the signature of the four volatiles. We present the analysis of the dynamics of the main volatiles and visualize the distribution by projecting our results onto the surface of the nucleus. The temporal and spatial heterogeneities of H2O, CO2, and CO are studied over the two years of mission, but the O2 is only studied over a two-month period. Results. The global outgassing evolution follows the expected asymmetry with respect to perihelion. The CO/CO2 ratio is not constant through the mission, even though both species appear to originate from the same regions of the nucleus. The outgassing of CO2 and CO was more pronounced in the southern than in the northern hemisphere, except for the time from August to October 2014. We provide a new and independent estimate of the relative abundance of O2. Conclusions. We show evidence of a change in molecular ratios throughout the mission. We observe a clear north-south dichotomy in the coma composition, suggesting a composition dichotomy between the outgassing layers of the two hemispheres. Our work indicates that CO2 and CO are located on the surface of the southern hemisphere as a result of the strong erosion during the previous perihelion. We also report a cyclic occurrence of CO and CO2 detections in the northern hemisphere. We discuss two scenarios: devolatilization of transported wet dust grains from south to north, and different stratigraphy for the upper layers of the cometary nucleus between the two hemispheres.
Published: 2019

7. Comparison of neutral outgassing of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko inbound and outbound beyond 3 AU from ROSINA/DFMS

Author: S. M. Petrinec, S. A. Fuselier, O. Mousis, Urs Mall, Arnaud Beth, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Kathleen Mandt, K. J. Trattner, Myrtha Hässig, George Livadiotis, Peter Wurz, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Adrienn Luspay-Kuti, Kirk C. Hansen, Chia-Yu Tzou, Kathrin Altwegg, Frederik Dhooghe, Martin Rubin, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] (CmPA), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (ATC), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)
Subjects: Insolation, Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, Comet, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Coma (optics), Equinox, Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, 01 natural sciences, Article, On board, Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Southern Hemisphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Context.Pre-equinox measurements of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with the mass spectrometer ROSINA/DFMS on board the Rosetta spacecraft revealed a strongly heterogeneous coma. The abundances of major and various minor volatile species were found to depend on the latitude and longitude of the nadir point of the spacecraft. The observed time variability of coma species remained consistent for about three months up to equinox. The chemical variability could be generally interpreted in terms of surface temperature and seasonal effects superposed on some kind of chemical heterogeneity of the nucleus.Aims.We compare here pre-equinox (inbound) ROSINA/DFMS measurements from 2014 to measurements taken after the outbound equinox in 2016, both at heliocentric distances larger than 3 AU. For a direct comparison we limit our observations to the southern hemisphere.Methods.We report the similarities and differences in the concentrations and time variability of neutral species under similar insolation conditions (heliocentric distance and season) pre- and post-equinox, and interpret them in light of the previously published observations. In addition, we extend both the pre- and post-equinox analysis by comparing species concentrations with a mixture of CO2and H2O.Results.Our results show significant changes in the abundances of neutral species in the coma from pre- to post-equinox that are indicative of seasonally driven nucleus heterogeneity.Conclusions.The observed pre- and post-equinox patterns can generally be explained by the strong erosion in the southern hemisphere that moves volatile-rich layers near the surface.
Published: 2019

8. Ionospheric plasma of comet 67P probed byRosettaat 3 au from the Sun

Author: Martin Rubin, Jean-Pierre Lebreton, Peter Wurz, A. J. Allen, Elias Odelstad, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, T. W. Broiles, Anders Eriksson, Luc Sagnières, Erik Vigren, Kathleen Mandt, James L. Burch, Xavier Vallières, Chia-Yu Tzou, Chris Carr, K. L. Heritier, Steven J. Schwartz, F. L. Johansson, Arnaud Beth, Thierry Sémon, Emanuele Cupido, Hans Nilsson, Pierre Henri, Marina Galand, Kathrin Altwegg, Ingo Richter, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Imperial College Trust, Science and Technology Facilities Council [2006-2012], Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Kiruna] (IRF), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] (IGEP), and Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig]
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, Coma (optics), Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, ROSINA, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, comets: individual: 67P, individual: 67P [comets], Ionization, 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences, 0103 physical sciences, data analysis [methods], WATER, NUMBER DENSITIES, ION, DIAMAGNETIC CAVITY, NUCLEUS, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, UV radiation [Sun], ENVIRONMENT, Science & Technology, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, 67P/CHURYUMOV-GERASIMENKO, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Plasma, Comets: individual: 67P Plasmas Sun: UV radiation Methods: data analysis, 620 Engineering, plasmas, Sun: UV radiation, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, methods: data analysis, ELECTRON SENSOR, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Physical Sciences, RPC, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Ionosphere
Abstract: We propose to identify the main sources of ionization of the plasma in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at different locations in the coma and to quantify their relative importance, for the first time, for close cometocentric distances (< 20 km) and large heliocentric distances (> 3 au). The ionospheric model proposed is used as an organizing element of a multi-instrument data set from the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC) plasma and particle sensors, from the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis and from the Microwave Instrument on the Rosetta Orbiter, all on board the ESA/Rosetta spacecraft. The calculated ionospheric density driven by Rosetta observations is compared to the RPC-Langmuir Probe and RPC-Mutual Impedance Probe electron density. The main cometary plasma sources identified are photoionization of solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation and energetic electron-impact ionization. Over the northern, summer hemisphere, the solar EUV radiation is found to drive the electron density - with occasional periods when energetic electrons are also significant. Over the southern, winter hemisphere, photoionization alone cannot explain the observed electron density, which reaches sometimes higher values than over the summer hemisphere; electron-impact ionization has to be taken into account. The bulk of the electron population is warm with temperature of the order of 7-10 eV. For increased neutral densities, we show evidence of partial energy degradation of the hot electron energy tail and cooling of the full electron population. QC 20200602
Published: 2016

9. Charge exchange in cometary coma: Discovery of H− ions in the solar wind close to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Chia-Yu Tzou, T. W. Broiles, Kristie LLera, James L. Burch, Raymond Goldstein, Thomas E. Cravens, and Prachet Mokashi
Subjects: Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Proton, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Comet, Coma (optics), Electron, 01 natural sciences, Ion, Solar wind, Geophysics, Physics::Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Molecule, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Atomic physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Charge exchange
Abstract: As Rosetta was orbiting comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the Ion and Electron Sensor detected negative particles with angular distributions like those of the concurrently measured solar wind protons but with fluxes of only about 10% of the proton fluxes and energies of about 90% of the proton energies. Using well-known cross sections and energy-loss data, it is determined that the fluxes and energies of the negative particles are consistent with the production of H- ions in the solar wind by double charge exchange with molecules in the coma.
Published: 2015

10. ROSINA/DFMS and IES observations of 67P: Ion-neutral chemistry in the coma of a weakly outgassing comet

Author: André Bieler, M. Rinaldi, Martin Rubin, Michael R. Combi, Thierry Sémon, Kathrin Altwegg, J. H. Waite, Hans Balsiger, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Stephen A. Fuselier, J. De Keyser, Myrtha Hässig, Chia-Yu Tzou, C. Briois, Peter Wurz, Herbert Gunell, Henri Rème, Kirk C. Hansen, Susarla Raghuram, Ulrich Mall, Gaël Cessateur, M. Galand, S. M. Petrinec, Annette Jäckel, A. Korth, James L. Burch, K. J. Trattner, E. Vigren, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Kathleen Mandt, Léna Le Roy, T. W. Broiles, Ursina Calmonte, Sébastien Gasc, Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), UTSA Department of Physics and Astronomy [San Antonio], The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Imperial College London, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS ), Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center ( ATC ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] ( IRF ), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (ATC), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, DYNAMICS, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Data analysis, Coma (optics), Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, MASS, Mass spectrometry, Chemical reaction, Ion, METHANE, Comet nucleus, SPECTROMETER, comets, RATES, HALLEY, AMMONIA, Science & Technology, Chemistry, comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Astronomy and Astrophysics, SENSOR, plasmas, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], methods: data analysis, Outgassing, Solar wind, molecular processes, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, solar wind, INNER COMA, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physical Sciences, P/HALLEY
Abstract: International audience; The Rosetta encounter with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko provides a unique opportunity for an in situ, up-close investigation of ion-neutral chemistry in the coma of a weakly outgassing comet far from the Sun.Observations of primary and secondary ions and modeling are used to investigate the role of ion-neutral chemistry within the thin coma.Methods. Observations from late October through mid-December 2014 show the continuous presence of the solar wind 30 km from the comet nucleus. These and other observations indicate that there is no contact surface and the solar wind has direct access to the nucleus. On several occasions during this time period, the Rosetta/ROSINA/Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer measured the low-energy ion composition in the coma. Organic volatiles and water group ions and their breakup products (masses 14 through 19), CO2+ (masses 28 and 44) another mass peaks (at masses 26, 27 , and possibly 30) were observed. Secondary ions include H3O+ and HCO+ (masses 19 and 29). These secondary ions indicate ion-neutral chemistry in the thin coma of the comet. A relatively simple model is constructed to account for the low H3O+/H2O+ and HCO+/CO+ ratios observed in a water dominated coma. Results from this simple model are compared with results from models that include a more detailed chemical reaction network.At low outgassing rates, predictions from the simple model agree with observations and with results from more complex models that include much more chemistry. At higher outgassing rates, the ion-neutral chemistry is still limited and high HCO+/CO+ ratios are predicted and observed. However, at higher outgassing rates, the model predicts high H3O+/H2O+ ratios and the observed ratios are often low. These low ratios may be the result of the highly heterogeneous nature of the coma, where CO and CO2 number densities can exceed that of water.
Published: 2015
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11. Sulphur isotope mass-independent fractionation observed in comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by Rosetta/ROSINA

Author: Sébastien Gasc, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Chia-Yu Tzou, Ursina Calmonte, Thierry Sémon, Hans Balsiger, Martin Rubin, André Bieler, Susanne F. Wampfler, Kathrin Altwegg, Léna Le Roy, J-J Berthelier, J. De Keyser, Stephen A. Fuselier, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), UTSA Department of Physics and Astronomy [San Antonio], The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Fractionation, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, Xenon, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Nebula, Isotope, 520 Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, Mass-independent fractionation, Troilite, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [ SDU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: International audience; The knowledge about sulphur isotopic fractionation in volatile cometary species is limited as only measurements in five comets have been done and only for 34S/32S. The lack of information about the fractionation of 33S/32S makes it impossible to compare them with what is known from refractories. We present results of 34S/32S and for the first time 33S/32S isotopic ratio in H2S, OCS, and CS2 in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Observations used for this study were performed with Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis/Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer during October 2014 and May 2016. Bulk isotopic 33S/32S and 34S/32S ratio derived from these three species yield δ33S = (-302 ± 29)‰ and δ34S = (-41 ± 17)‰ respectively. The observed isotopic fractionation is significantly different from the solar system standard (V-CDT) and all other reported values for solar system objects, except other comets. Furthermore we show that neither mass dependent nor mass-independent fractionation due to photo dissociation as it has been observed in recent laboratory studies can be the cause of the significant depletion compared to solar system standard. In addition, we conclude that there seems to be an intrinsic difference in sulphur isotopic fractionation in cometary volatiles and refractories while the difference between molecules is most likely due to different chemical pathways. The significant fractionation of sulphur isotopes together with a high D2O/HDO vs. HDO/H2O and non-solar isotopic ratio for xenon (Marty 2017) as well as for Si (Marty 2017) point towards a non-homogeneously mixed protosolar nebula.
Published: 2017

12. Ion composition at comet 67P near perihelion: Rosetta observations and model-based interpretation

Author: Myrtha Hässig, Sébastien Gasc, Ursina Calmonte, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, E. Kopp, Arnaud Beth, André Bieler, Kirk C. Hansen, Marina Galand, Martin Rubin, Hans Balsiger, S. A. Fuselier, Nicolas Fougere, Erik Vigren, M. R. Combi, Chia-Yu Tzou, Kathrin Altwegg, K. L. Heritier, Anders Eriksson, Elias Odelstad, Véronique Vuitton, J. De Keyser, N. Biver, Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Imperial College Trust, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), European Space Agency / Estec, PLANETO - LATMOS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, Data analysis, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Coma (optics), Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, UV radiation, Ion, law.invention, Orbiter, law, 0103 physical sciences, Comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Range (particle radiation), Spectrometer, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 520 Astronomy, Sun, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Plasmas
Abstract: International audience; We present the ion composition in the coma of comet 67P with newly detected ion species over the 28 to 37 u mass range, probed by Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA)/Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS). In summer 2015, the nucleus reached its highest outgassing rate and ion-neutral reactions started to take place at low cometocentric distances. Minor neutrals can efficiently capture protons from the ion population, making the protonated version of these neutrals a major ion species. So far, only NH>sup>+4 has been reported at comet 67P. However, there are additional neutral species with proton affinities higher than that of water (besides NH3) that have been detected in the coma of comet 67P: CH3OH, HCN, H2CO and H2S. Their protonated versions have all been detected. Statistics showing the number of detections with respect to the number of scans are presented. The effect of the negative spacecraft potential probed by the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC)/LAngmuir Probe (LAP) on ion detection is assessed. An ionospheric model has been developed to assess the different ion density profiles and compare them to the ROSINA/DFMS measurements. It is also used to interpret the ROSINA/DFMS observations when different ion species have similar masses, and their respective densities are not high enough to disentangle them using the ROSINA/DFMS high resolution mode. The different ion species that have been reported in the coma of 67P are summarised and compared with the ions detected at comet 1P/Halley during the Giotto mission.
Published: 2017

13. Organics in comet 67P – a first comparative analysis of mass spectra from ROSINA–DFMS, COSAC and Ptolemy

Author: Andrew Morse, Markus Schuhmann, Martin Rubin, J. De Keyser, André Bieler, Tamas I. Gombosi, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Léna Le Roy, Matthew Taylor, Ian Wright, Ursina Calmonte, Kathrin Altwegg, Stephen A. Fuselier, Sébastien Gasc, Chia-Yu Tzou, Hans Balsiger, Fred Goesmann, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), University of Bern, IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), School of Physical Sciences [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] ( OU ), European Space Research and Technology Centre ( ESTEC ), European Space Agency ( ESA ), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), and European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 520 Astronomy, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrobiology, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Ptolemy's table of chords, 0103 physical sciences, Mass spectrum, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, [ SDU.ASTR.SR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The ESA Rosetta spacecraft followed comet 67P at a close distance for more than 2 yr. In addition, it deployed the lander Philae on to the surface of the comet. The (surface) composition of the comet is of great interest to understand the origin and evolution of comets. By combining measurements made on the comet itself and in the coma, we probe the nature of this surface material and compare it to remote sensing observations. We compare data from the double focusing mass spectrometer (DFMS) of the ROSINA experiment on ESA's Rosetta mission and previously published data from the two mass spectrometers COSAC (COmetary Sampling And Composition) and Ptolemy on the lander. The mass spectra of all three instruments show very similar patterns of mainly CHO-bearing molecules that sublimate at temperatures of 275 K. The DFMS data also show a great variety of CH-, CHN-, CHS-, CHO2- and CHNO-bearing saturated and unsaturated species. Methyl isocyanate, propanal and glycol aldehyde suggested by the earlier analysis of the measured COSAC spectrum could not be confirmed. The presence of polyoxymethylene in the Ptolemy spectrum was found to be unlikely. However, the signature of the aromatic compound toluene was identified in DFMS and Ptolemy data. Comparison with remote sensing instruments confirms the complex nature of the organics on the surface of 67P, which is much more diverse than anticipated.
Published: 2017

14. Two years of solar wind and pickup ion measurements at comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author: Raymond Goldstein, Chris Carr, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Martin Rubin, James L. Burch, Holger Nilsson, Anders Eriksson, P. Henri, Chia-Yu Tzou, K. Mandt, P. Mokashi, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Space Science Division [San Antonio], Space Sciences Laboratory [Berkeley] (SSL), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Space and Atmospheric Physics Group [London], Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London-Imperial College London, Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Kiruna] (IRF), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], and Universität Bern [Bern]
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Comet, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, Coronal mass ejection, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov– Gerasimenko, Interplanetary magnetic field, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Comet tail, 520 Astronomy, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Plasma, plasmas, 620 Engineering, methods: data analysis, Pickup Ion, Solar wind, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: International audience; The Ion and Electron Sensor (IES) as well as other members of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC) on board the Rosetta spacecraft (S/C) measured the characteristics of the solar wind almost continuously since its arrival at 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (CG) in 2014 August. An important process at a comet is the so-called pickup process in which a newly ionized atom or molecule begins gyrating about the interplanetary magnetic field, is accelerated in the process and is carried along with the solar wind. Within a month after comet arrival, while Rosetta was 10 keV for a few days and then intermittently through the remainder of the mission, but lower energy (a few keV) pickup ions were also observed. As of 2016 early February, the solar wind reappeared more consistently. We believe that the disappearance of the solar wind in the IES field of view is the result of interaction with the pickup ions and the eventual formation of a cavity that excluded the solar wind.
Published: 2017

15. Effective ion speeds at ∼200–250 km from comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko near perihelion

Author: Holger Nilsson, Ilka. A. D. Engelhardt, X. Vallières, Fredrik Johansson, Charlotte Goetz, Marina Galand, Niklas J. T. Edberg, Gabriella Stenberg-Wieser, Chia-Yu Tzou, Erik Vigren, Anders Eriksson, P. Henri, K. L. Heritier, Mats André, Martin Rubin, Elias Odelstad, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), European Space Agency / Estec, Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Uppsala Universitet [Uppsala], Space and Atmospheric Physics Group [London], Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London-Imperial College London, Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Imperial College London, Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Kiruna] (IRF), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], and ANR-15-CE31-0009,SPECTRA,Sonder le Plasma dans l'Environnement d'une ComètE avec RosettA(2015)
Subjects: Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, 520 Astronomy, Comet, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-SPACE-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Space Physics [physics.space-ph], Astrobiology, Ion, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, molecular processes – comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; In 2015 August, comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, the target comet of the ESA Rosetta mission, reached its perihelion at ∼1.24 au. Here, we estimate for a three-day period near perihelion , effective ion speeds at distances ∼200–250 km from the nucleus. We utilize two different methods combining measurements from the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC)/Mutual Impedance Probe with measurements either from the RPC/Langmuir Probe or from the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA)/Comet Pressure Sensor (COPS) (the latter method can only be applied to estimate the effective ion drift speed). The obtained ion speeds, typically in the range 2–8 km s −1 , are markedly higher than the expected neutral outflow velocity of ∼1 km s −1. This indicates that the ions were de-coupled from the neutrals before reaching the spacecraft location and that they had undergone acceleration along electric fields, not necessarily limited to acceleration along ambipolar electric fields in the radial direction. For the limited time period studied, we see indications that at increasing distances from the nucleus, the fraction of the ions' kinetic energy associated with radial drift motion is decreasing.
Published: 2017

16. Ion acoustic waves at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Frederik Dhooghe, Andrew Gibbons, Martin Rubin, Maria Hamrin, Pierre Henri, Elias Odelstad, G. Stenberg Wieser, J. De Keyser, Anders Eriksson, Hans Nilsson, Gaël Cessateur, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Herbert Gunell, X. Vallières, Kathrin Altwegg, C. Simon Wedlund, Romain Maggiolo, Chia-Yu Tzou, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Department of Physics [Umeå], Umeå University, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] (IGEP), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, and Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
Subjects: Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Spacecraft, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], business.industry, Analyser, Comet, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Acoustic wave, Astrophysics, Ion acoustic wave, 01 natural sciences, Ion, comets: general / comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko / instrumentation: detectors / methods: analytical / plasmas / waves, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Context: On 20 January 2015 the Rosetta spacecraft was at a heliocentric distance of 2.5 AU, accompanying comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko on its journey toward the Sun. The Ion Composition Analyser (RPC-ICA), other instruments of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium, and the ROSINA instrument made observations relevant to the generation of plasma waves in the cometary environment.Aims: Observations of plasma waves by the Rosetta Plasma Consortium Langmuir probe (RPC-LAP) can be explained by dispersion relations calculated based on measurements of ions by the Rosetta Plasma Consortium Ion Composition Analyser (RPC-ICA), and this gives insight into the relationship between plasma phenomena and the neutral coma, which is observed by the Comet Pressure Sensor of the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis instrument (ROSINA-COPS).Methods: We use the simple pole expansion technique to compute dispersion relations for waves on ion timescales based on the observed ion distribution functions. These dispersion relations are then compared to the waves that are observed. Data from the instruments RPC-LAP, RPC-ICA and the mutual impedance probe (RPC-MIP) are compared to find the best estimate of the plasma density.Results: We find that ion acoustic waves are present in the plasma at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, where the major ion species is H2O+. The bulk of the ion distribution is cold, kBTi = 0.01 eV when the ion acoustic waves are observed. At times when the neutral density is high, ions are heated through acceleration by the solar wind electric field and scattered in collisions with the neutrals. This process heats the ions to about 1 eV, which leads to significant damping of the ion acoustic waves.Conclusions: In conclusion, we show that ion acoustic waves appear in the H2O+ plasmas at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and how the interaction between the neutral and ion populations affects the wave properties.
Published: 2017

17. Halogens as tracers of protosolar nebula material in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Martin Hilchenbach, Johan De Keyser, Peter Wurz, Myrtha Hässig, Henri Rème, Stephen A. Fuselier, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Nicolas Fray, Tamas I. Gombosi, Sébastien Gasc, Frederik Dhooghe, Martin Rubin, Léna Le Roy, Urs Mall, Michael R. Combi, Thierry Sémon, Romain Maggiolo, Bernard Marty, Andrew Gibbons, Kathrin Altwegg, Chia-Yu Tzou, Herbert Gunell, Eddy Equeter, Björn Fiethe, Christelle Briois, Hans Balsiger, Gaël Cessateur, Ursina Calmonte, Eddy Neefs, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] (CmPA), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] ( CmPA ), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( KU Leuven ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Laboratoire inter-universitaire des systèmes atmosphèriques ( LISA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] ( ULB ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Solar System, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hydrogen, 530 Physics, Comet, Analytical chemistry, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Halide, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Nebula, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 520 Astronomy, Molecular cloud, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Halogen, Mass spectrum, [ SDU.ASTR.SR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR]
Abstract: International audience; We report the first in situ detection of halogens in a cometary coma, that of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Neutral gas mass spectra collected by the European Space Agencys Rosetta spacecraft during four periods of interest from the first comet encounter up to perihelion indicate that the main halogen-bearing compounds are HF, HCl and HBr. The bulk elemental abundances relative to oxygen are ∼8.9 × 10−5 for F/O, ∼1.2 × 10−4 for Cl/O, and ∼2.5 × 10−6 for Br/O, for the volatile fraction of the comet. The cometary isotopic ratios for 37Cl/35Cl and 81Br/79Br match the solar system values within the error margins. The observations point to an origin of the hydrogen halides in molecular cloud chemistry, with frozen hydrogen halides on dust grains, and a subsequent incorporation into comets as the cloud condensed and the solar system formed.
Published: 2017

18. Change of outgassing pattern of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko during the March 2016 equinox as seen by ROSINA

Author: Hans Balsiger, André Bieler, Sébastien Gasc, Martin Rubin, Thierry Sémon, Chia-Yu Tzou, André Galli, Henri Rème, Peter Wurz, A. Korth, Jack H. Waite, Stephen A. Fuselier, Tamas I. Gombosi, Johan De Keyser, M. Hoang, Léna Le Roy, Ursina Calmonte, Kathrin Altwegg, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Björn Fiethe, Urs Mall, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS)
Subjects: Orbital plane, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Equinox, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Orbiter, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Southern Hemisphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 520 Astronomy, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Spin axis, 620 Engineering, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Sublimation (phase transition), Water ice, [ SDU.ASTR.SR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR]
Abstract: International audience; As the spin axis of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P) is not normal to the orbital plane, 67P has strong seasonal changes in the illumination conditions on the nucleus’ surface, with a short and intense summer in the Southern hemisphere. We have been monitoring these seasonal variations in the gas coma with the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) instrument suite aboard the ESA's Rosetta spacecraft. Rosetta followed 67P from its rendezvous in 2014 August, from a distance of almost 3.5 au to Sun, through perihelion at 1.24 au, and away from Sun again. In this study, we present the change of outgassing pattern during the 2016 March equinox based on measurements acquired with the ROSINA instruments: while H2O, O2 and NH3 abundances rapidly decreased during this period, CO2, CO, H2S, CH4 and HCN abundances decreased much less and showed a strong south–north heterogeneity for the whole period, thus not following Sun. Sublimation temperatures of the pure ices are found to be uncorrelated with the slope of the decrease for the minor species. This can be interpreted as a consequence of two different ice phases, water ice and CO2 ice, in which the minor species are embedded in different relative abundances.
Published: 2017

19. Evidence for depletion of heavy silicon isotopes at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Sébastien Gasc, Martin Rubin, André Bieler, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Michael R. Combi, Cécile Engrand, Hans Balsiger, Klaus Mezger, Chia-Yu Tzou, Kenneth C. Hansen, Björn Fiethe, Myrtha Hässig, Peter Wurz, Ursina Calmonte, Kathrin Altwegg, S. A. Fuselier, Léna Le Roy, Tamas I. Gombosi, J. De Keyser, Susanne F. Wampfler, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], UTSA Department of Physics and Astronomy [San Antonio], The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Institut für Geologie [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), HEPPI - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière ( CSNSM AS ), Université Paris-Saclay-Univ. Paris-Sud-CNRS/IN2P3, Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)
Subjects: Solar System, Astrochemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, Analytical chemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Isotopes of silicon, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Spectrometer, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Solar wind, Meteorite, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Context. The Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) was designed to measure the composition of the gas in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the target of the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission. In addition to the volatiles, ROSINA measured refractories sputtered off the comet by the interaction of solar wind protons with the surface of the comet. Aims. The origin of different solar system materials is still heavily debated. Isotopic ratios can be used to distinguish between different reservoirs and investigate processes occurring during the formation of the solar system. Methods. ROSINA consisted of two mass spectrometers and a pressure sensor. In the ROSINA Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS), the neutral gas of cometary origin was ionized and then deflected in an electric and a magnetic field that separated the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. The DFMS had a high mass resolution, dynamic range, and sensitivity that allowed detection of rare species and the known major volatiles. Results. We measured the relative abundance of all three stable silicon isotopes with the ROSINA instrument on board the Rosetta spacecraft. Furthermore, we measured $^{13}$C/$^{12}$C in C$_2$H$_4$, C$_2$H$_5$, and CO. The DFMS in situ measurements indicate that the average silicon isotopic composition shows depletion in the heavy isotopes $^{29}$Si and $^{30}$Si with respect to $^{28}$Si and solar abundances, while $^{13}$C to $^{12}$C is analytically indistinguishable from bulk planetary and meteorite compositions. Although the origin of the deficiency of the heavy silicon isotopes cannot be explained unambiguously, we discuss mechanisms that could have contributed to the measured depletion of the isotopes $^{29}$Si and $^{30}$Si., Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2017

20. The heterogeneous coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by ROSINA: H2O, CO2, and CO from September 2014 to February 2016

Author: Nicolas Fougere, Thierry Sémon, Annette Jäckel, Martin Rubin, Chia-Yu Tzou, S. A. Fuselier, Ulrich Mall, M. Hoang, Sébastien Gasc, Léna Le Roy, Peter Wurz, Dominique Toublanc, Ursina Calmonte, Philippe Garnier, J. De Keyser, André Galli, André Bieler, Kathrin Altwegg, Arnaud Beth, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Henri Rème, M. R. Combi, A. Korth, Hans Balsiger, J. H. Waite, Jérémie Lasue, Kirk C. Hansen, Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Gothenburg (GU), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, Context (language use), Coma (optics), Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Orbiter, Phase angle (astronomy), law, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, planets and satellites: atmospheres, Spectrometer, comets: general, Northern Hemisphere, comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Local time, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: Context.The ESA Rosetta mission has been investigating the environment of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) since August 2014. Among the experiments on board the spacecraft, the ROSINA experiment (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis) includes two mass spectrometers to analyse the composition of neutrals and ions and a COmet Pressure Sensor (COPS) to monitor the density and velocity of neutrals in the coma.Aims.We study heterogeneities in the coma during three periods starting in October 2014 (summer in the northern hemisphere) and ending in February 2016 (end of winter in the northern hemisphere). We provide a detailed description of the main volatiles dynamics (H2O, CO2, CO) and their abundance ratios.Methods.We analysed and compared the data of the Reflectron-type Time-Of-Flight (RTOF) mass spectrometer with data from both the Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS) and COPS during the comet escort phase. This comparison has demonstrated that the observations performed with each ROSINA sensor are indeed consistent. Furthermore, we used a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) model to compare modelled densitites with in situ detections.Results.Our analysis shows how the active regions of the main volatiles evolve with the seasons with a variability mostly driven by the illumination conditions; this is the case except for an unexpected dichotomy suggesting the presence of a dust layer containing water deposited in the northern hemisphere during previous perihelions hiding the presence of CO2. The influence of various parameters is investigated in detail: distance to the comet, heliocentric distance, longitude and latitude of sub-satellite point, local time, and phase angle.
Published: 2017

21. Xenon isotopes in 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko show that comets contributed to Earth's atmosphere

Author: E. Kopp, Stephen A. Fuselier, Michael R. Combi, Chia-Yu Tzou, Thierry Sémon, André Bieler, Myrtha Hässig, Bernard Marty, David V. Bekaert, Martin Rubin, Sébastien Gasc, C. Briois, Peter Wurz, Annette Jäckel, Ulrich Mall, Akiva Bar-Nun, Kirk C. Hansen, J. De Keyser, Ursina Calmonte, Kathrin Altwegg, A. Korth, Hans Balsiger, T. C. Owen, Léna Le Roy, J. H. Waite, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Olivier Mousis, Henri Rème, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Department of Geophysics [Tel Aviv] (TAU), Tel Aviv University (TAU), Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Agency (ESA) PRODEX program (Programme de Développement d’Expériences Scientifiques), ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), European Project: 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT(2011), Universität Bern [Bern], Department of Geosciences [Tel Aviv], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ), University of Hawaii at Manoa ( UHM ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), and Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS )
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Comet, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Astrobiology, Atmosphere, Orbiter, Xenon, law, 540 Chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Isotopes of xenon, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Isotope, Spectrometer, 520 Astronomy, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, 620 Engineering, Atmosphere of Earth, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [ SDU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: Comets contributed to Earth's atmosphere Models of xenon's origin in Earth's atmosphere require an additional, unknown source that has been a mystery for several decades. Marty et al. measured isotopic ratios of xenon released from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and found that they match the heretofore unknown source. The xenon appears to have been trapped in ice within the comet since before the solar system formed. Comets contributed about a quarter of the xenon on Earth, which constrains the amount of other materials (such as water) delivered to our planet by comets. Science , this issue p. 1069
Published: 2017

22. 16O/18O ratio in water in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko measured with the Rosetta/ROSINA double-focusing mass spectrometer

Author: Johan De Keyser, Tamas I. Gombosi, Martin Rubin, Peter Wurz, Stephen A. Fuselier, Thierry Sémon, Chia-Yu Tzou, Hans Balsiger, Kathrin Altwegg, Isaac R. H. G. Schroeder I, Björn Fiethe, Susanne F. Wampfler, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Sébastien Gasc, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: J.2, Solar System, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Gaseous atmosphere, 530 Physics, Comet, FOS: Physical sciences, Coma (optics), Astrophysics, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, Isotopes of oxygen, Physics - Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, Space Physics (physics.space-ph), 85-05, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The European Space Agency (ESA) spacecraft Rosetta accompanied the Jupiter-family comet (JFC) 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko for over two years along its trajectory through the inner solar system. Between 2014 and 2016, it performed almost continuous in-situ measurements of the comet's gaseous atmosphere in close proximity to its nucleus. In this study, the $^{16}$O/$^{18}$O ratio of H$_2$O in the coma of 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko, as measured by the ROSINA DFMS mass spectrometer on board Rosetta, was determined from the ratio of H${_2}^{16}$O / H${_2}^{18}$O and $^{16}$OH / $^{18}$OH. The value of 445 $\pm$ 35 represents an $\sim$ 11% enrichment of $^{18}$O compared with the terrestrial ratio of 498.7 $\pm$ 0.1. This cometary value is consistent with the comet containing primordial water, in accordance with leading self-shielding models. These models predict primordial water to be between 5% to 20% enriched in heavier oxygen isotopes compared to terrestrial water. Addendum: The $^{16}$O/$^{17}$O ratio of H$_2$O in the coma of 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko., 14 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables + Addendum. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics (A&A) Journal, Rosetta Special Issue 2019
Published: 2019

23. Direct Simulation Monte Carlo modelling of the major species in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Yinsi Shou, Giovanna Rinaldi, Michael R. Combi, Nicolas Fougere, Myrtha Hässig, Valeriy Tenishev, Stephen A. Fuselier, Martin Rubin, U. Fink, Gabor Toth, J. De Keyser, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Chia-Yu Tzou, André Bieler, Stéphane Erard, Gianrico Filacchione, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Kirk C. Hansen, V. Debout, C. Leyrat, Zhenguang Huang, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Alessandra Migliorini, Ursina Calmonte, Giuseppe Piccioni, Fabrizio Capaccioni, Léna Le Roy, Kathrin Altwegg, Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), IMPEC - LATMOS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Space Research and Planetary Sciences ( WP ), Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique ( LESIA ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali ( IAPS ), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica ( INAF ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson], and Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI )
Subjects: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, Equinox, Astrophysics, ROSINA, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Rosetta, medicine, Boundary value problem, comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Southern Hemisphere, [ SDU.ASTR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Line-of-sight, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, Northern Hemisphere, Astronomy and Astrophysics, VIRTIS, 620 Engineering, medicine.anatomical_structure, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], space vehicles, Direct simulation Monte Carlo, Nucleus
Abstract: We analyse the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) - the Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer data between 2014 August and 2016 February to examine the effect of seasonal variations on the four major species within the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (H2O, CO2, CO, and O2), resulting from the tilt in the orientation of the comet's spin axis. Using a numerical data inversion, we derive the non-uniform activity distribution at the surface of the nucleus for these species, suggesting that the activity distribution at the surface of the nucleus has not significantly been changed and that the differences observed in the coma are solely due to the variations in illumination conditions. A three-dimensional Direct Simulation Monte Carlo model is applied where the boundary conditions are computed with a coupling of the surface activity distributions and the local illumination. The model is able to reproduce the evolution of the densities observed by ROSINA including the changes happening at equinox. While O2 stays correlated with H2O as it was before equinox, CO2 and CO, which had a poor correlation with respect to H2O pre-equinox, also became well correlated with H2O post-equinox. The integration of the densities from the model along the line of sight results in column densities directly comparable to the VIRTIS-H observations. Also, the evolution of the volatiles' production rates is derived from the coma model showing a steepening in the production rate curves after equinox. The model/data comparison suggests that the seasonal effects result in the Northern hemisphere of 67P's nucleus being more processed with a layered structure while the Southern hemisphere constantly exposes new material.
Published: 2016

24. Mass spectrometric characterization of the Rosetta Spacecraft contamination

Author: Stephen A. Fuselier, Ulrich Mall, Kathrin Altwegg, V. M. Tenishev, Peter Wurz, Martin Rubin, Myrtha Hässig, Chia-Yu Tzou, Thierry Sémon, A. Korth, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, J. H. Waite, J. De Keyser, André Bieler, Hans Balsiger, M. R. Combi, Sébastien Gasc, Ursina Calmonte, Léna Le Roy, Kirk C. Hansen, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, and H. Rème
Subjects: Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Spectrometer, Spacecraft, business.industry, Comet, Contamination, Mass spectrometry, Icy moon, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Astrobiology, Orbiter, 13. Climate action, law, 0103 physical sciences, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Exosphere
Abstract: Mass spectrometers are valuable tools for the in situ characterization of gaseous exo- and atmospheres and have been operated at various bodies in space. Typical measurements derive the elemental composition, relative abundances, and isotopic ratios of the examined environment. To sample tenuous gas environments around comets, icy moons, and the exosphere of Mercury, efficient instrument designs with high sensitivity are mandatory while the contamination by the spacecraft and the sensor itself should be kept as low as possible. With the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA), designed to characterize the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, we were able to quantify the effects of spacecraft contamination on such measurements. By means of 3D computational modeling of a helium leak in the thruster pressurization tubing that was detected during the cruise phase we examine the physics involved leading to the measurements of contamination. 3 types of contamination can be distinguished: i) Compounds from the decomposition of the spacecraft material. ii) Contamination from thruster firing during maneuvers. iii) Adsorption and desorption of the sampled environment on and from the spacecraft. We show that even after more than ten years in space the effects of i) are still detectable by ROSINA and impose an important constraint on the lower limit of gas number densities one can examine by means of mass spectrometry. Effects from ii) act on much shorter time scales and can be avoided or minimized by proper mission planning and data analysis afterwards. iii) is the most difficult effect to quantify as it changes over time and finally carries the fingerprint of the sampled environment which makes prior calibration not possible.
Published: 2016

25. The 2016 Feb 19 outburst of comet 67P/CG: an ESA Rosetta multi-instrument study

Author: Andrew J. Steffl, Harold A. Weaver, Lori M. Feaga, Paul R. Weissman, B. J. R. Davidsson, Francesco Marzari, Chia-Yu Tzou, Roberto Sordini, J. L. Bertaux, Philippe Lamy, Michaël Gillon, Hans Rickman, P. Yanamandra-Fisher, Matthew M. Knight, O. Mousis, Nicolas Altobelli, Sonia Fornasier, Jessica Agarwal, Marco Fulle, Marina Galand, A. I. Erikson, J. J. López-Moreno, Eric Schindhelm, Mihaly Horanyi, Charlotte Götz, James L. Burch, Giampiero Naletto, Kathrin Altwegg, E. Mazzotta Epifani, Jean Manfroid, Mark Bentley, Jörg Knollenberg, Emmanuel Jehin, Ekkehard Kührt, M Muller, M. A. Barucci, Cesare Barbieri, Pierre Henri, V. Della Corte, P. J. Gutiérrez, Stavro Ivanovski, Carsten Güttler, Harald Krüger, Ralf Srama, Cecilia Tubiana, Rafael Rodrigo, F. Schmidt, J. E. Rodriguez, Vladimir Zakharov, J.-R. Kramm, Roland Schmied, S. A. Stern, Eberhard Grün, Thurid Mannel, Jakob Deller, A. Gicquel, Colin Snodgrass, Bernhard Geiger, M. De Cecco, B. Grieger, Monica Lazzarin, Seungwon Lee, Wing-Huen Ip, Laurent Jorda, Holger Sierks, Stubbe F. Hviid, Marc Hofmann, Paul D. Feldman, J. Wm. Parker, M. Sommer, Michael Küppers, Matthew Taylor, M. F. A'Hearn, Olivier Groussin, Simon F. Green, Detlef Koschny, Nicolas Thomas, Horst Uwe Keller, Cyrielle Opitom, Gabriele Cremonese, Niklas J. T. Edberg, Mark Hofstadter, R. H. Soja, M. Ferrari, E. Morales, Ivano Bertini, N. Biver, Pasquale Palumbo, Nilda Oklay, Stefano Debei, V. Da Deppo, L. M. Lara, Luigi Colangeli, Alessandra Rotundi, Xian Shi, J. B. Vincent, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Swedish National Space Board, European Space Agency, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Imperial College London, Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] (IGEP), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Jaicoa Observatory, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Operations Center (ESOC), Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' = University of Naples (PARTHENOPE), Institute of Physics [Graz], Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme (IRS), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], School of Physical Sciences [Milton Keynes], Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Space Science Institute [Boulder] (SSI), Department of Astronomy [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centro di Ateneo di Studi e Attività Spaziali 'Giuseppe Colombo' (CISAS), Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), CNR Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Department of Industrial Engineering [Padova], INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste (OAT), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Institute of Space Science [Taiwan], National Central University [Taiwan] (NCU), Operations Department (ESAC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)-Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma (OAR), Department of Information Engineering [Padova] (DEI), SwRI Planetary Science Directorate [Boulder], Southwest Research Institute [Boulder] (SwRI), Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), International Space Science Institute [Bern] (ISSI), Department of Space Studies [Boulder], Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Planetary Science Institute [Tucson] (PSI), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), ANR-15-CE31-0009,SPECTRA,Sonder le Plasma dans l'Environnement d'une ComètE avec RosettA(2015), ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), European Space Agency (ESA), Universität Bern [Bern], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Universita degli studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' [Napoli], Karl-Franzens-Universität [Graz, Autriche], Universita degli Studi di Padova, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), European Space Agency (ESA)-European Space Agency (ESA), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), ITA, USA, GBR, FRA, DEU, and ESP
Subjects: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Brightness, Electron density, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, 67P/Churyumov-gerasimenko, Comets, Individual, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Comet, Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi, law, Dust collector, 0103 physical sciences, Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Spectrometer, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, Astronomy, comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Radius, 620 Engineering, Wavelength, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, 13. Climate action, Magnitude (astronomy), individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko [comets]
Abstract: On 2016 Feb 19, nine Rosetta instruments serendipitously observed an outburst of gas and dust from the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Among these instruments were cameras and spectrometers ranging from UV over visible to microwave wavelengths, in situ gas, dust and plasma instruments, and one dust collector. At 09:40 a dust cloud developed at the edge of an image in the shadowed region of the nucleus. Over the next two hours the instruments recorded a signature of the outburst that significantly exceeded the background. The enhancement ranged from 50 per cent of the neutral gas density at Rosetta to factors >100 of the brightness of the coma near the nucleus. Dust related phenomena (dust counts or brightness due to illuminated dust) showed the strongest enhancements (factors>10). However, even the electron density at Rosetta increased by a factor 3 and consequently the spacecraft potential changed from ~-16 V to -20 V during the outburst. A clear sequence of events was observed at the distance of Rosetta (34 km from the nucleus): within 15 min the Star Tracker camera detected fast particles (~25 m s-1) while 100 ¿m radius particles were detected by the GIADA dust instrument ~1 h later at a speed of 6 m s-1. The slowest were individual mm to cm sized grains observed by the OSIRIS cameras. Although the outburst originated just outside the FOV of the instruments, the source region and the magnitude of the outburst could be determined. © 2016 The Authors., Rosetta is an ESA mission with contributions from its member states and NASA. Rosetta's Philae lander is provided by a consortium led by DLR, MPS, CNES and ASI. We thank all elements of the Rosetta project for the magnificent job they are doing to make this mission an astounding success. The Alice team acknowledges continuing support from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory through contract 1336850. GIADA/Univ Parthenope NA/INAFOAC/IAA/INAF-IAPS: this research was supported by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) within the ASI-INAF agreements I/032/05/0 and I/024/12/0. OSIRIS was built by a consortium of the Max-Planck- Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen, Germany, CISAS University of Padova, Italy, the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France, the Instituto de Astrofìsica de Andalucia, CSIC, Granada, Spain, the Research and Scientific Support Department of the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Madrid, Spain, the Universidad Politéechnica de Madrid, Spain, the Department of Physics and Astronomy of Uppsala University, Sweden, the UK(STFC), and the Institut für Datentechnik und Kommunikationsnetze der Technischen Universität Braunschweig, Germany. The support of the national funding agencies of Germany (DLR), France(CNES), Italy(ASI), Spain(MEC), Sweden(SNSB), and the ESA Technical Directorate is gratefully acknowledged. Work at LPC2E/CNRS was supported by CNES and by ANR under the financial agreement ANR-15-CE31-0009-01. Work on ROSINA COPS at the University of Bern was funded by the State of Bern, the Swiss National Science Foundation and by the European Space Agency PRODEX program. OM: this work has been partly carried out thanks to the support of the A*MIDEX project (no ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02) funded by the ‘Investissements d'Avenir’ French Government program, managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR). This work also benefited from the support of CNRS-INSU national program for planetology (PNP).
Published: 2016

26. RPC observation of the development and evolution of plasma interaction boundaries at 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: T. W. Broiles, Andrew J. Coates, Jean-Pierre Lebreton, Chris Carr, Arnaud Beth, Niklas J. T. Edberg, Martin Volwerk, Pierre Henri, Christoph Koenders, Charlotte Goetz, Adrienn Luspay-Kuti, Prachet Mokashi, Esa Kallio, Kirk C. Hansen, Hans Nilsson, Markku Alho, N. Biver, Kathleen Mandt, S. A. Fuselier, James L. Burch, J. D. Haiducek, Zoltán Németh, Karoly Szego, Marina Galand, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, K. Chae, G. Stenberg Wieser, Andrea Opitz, Anders Eriksson, Marilia Samara, C. Simon Wedlund, Ingo Richter, Raymond Goldstein, Chia-Yu Tzou, Emanuele Cupido, UTSA Department of Physics and Astronomy [San Antonio], The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Wigner Research Centre for Physics [Budapest], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), School of Electrical Engineering [Aalto Univ], Aalto University, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Blackett Laboratory, Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Centre for Planetary Sciences [UCL/Birkbeck] (CPS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, University of Michigan, Department of Atmospheric, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Southwest Research Institute, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Technical University of Braunschweig, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Observatoire de Paris, University College London, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of Bern, Austrian Academy of Sciences, University of Oslo, Aalto-yliopisto, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, Electron, Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Ion, general [comets], Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, ta115, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, comets: general, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Plasma, 620 Engineering, plasmas, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-SPACE-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Space Physics [physics.space-ph], Magnetic field, Solar wind, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, solar wind, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Diamagnetism, Dynamic pressure, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Atomic physics
Abstract: International audience; One of the primary objectives of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium, a suite of five plasma instruments on-board the Rosetta spacecraft, is to observe the formation and evolution of plasma interaction regions at the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P/CG). Observations made between 2015 April and 2016 February show that solar wind–cometary plasma interaction boundaries and regions formed around 2015 mid-April and lasted through early 2016 January. At least two regions were observed, separated by an ion-neutral collisionopause boundary. The inner region was located on the nucleus side of the boundary and was characterized by low-energy water-group ions, reduced magnetic field pileup and enhanced electron densities. The outer region was located outside of the boundary and was characterized by reduced electron densities, water-group ions that are accelerated to energies above 100 eV and enhanced magnetic field pileup compared to the inner region. The boundary discussed here is outside of the diamagnetic cavity and shows characteristics similar to observations made on-board the Giotto spacecraft in the ion pileup region at 1P/Halley. We find that the boundary is likely to be related to ion-neutral collisions and that its location is influenced by variability in the neutral density and the solar wind dynamic pressure.
Published: 2016

27. First in situ detection of the cometary ammonium ion NH4+ (protonated ammonia NH3) in the coma of 67P/C-G near perihelion

Author: M. Hässig, Michael R. Combi, Thierry Sémon, Ursina Calmonte, Martin Rubin, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, K. Mandt, E. Vigren, J. De Keyser, Kathrin Altwegg, Léna Le Roy, Kirk C. Hansen, Arnaud Beth, S. Peroy, Chia-Yu Tzou, K. L. Heritier, Marina Galand, S. A. Fuselier, Sébastien Gasc, Frederik Dhooghe, Hans Balsiger, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, E. Kopp, Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), HELIOS - LATMOS, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), UTSA Department of Physics and Astronomy [San Antonio], The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Department of Physics [London], Universität Bern [Bern], IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), HEPPI - LATMOS, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] ( IRF ), Imperial College Trust, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and Science and Technology Facilities Council [2006-2012]
Subjects: [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Analytical chemistry, Coma (optics), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, VOLATILE COMPOSITION, CHEMISTRY, PRODUCTION-RATES, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, astrochemistry, ROSINA/DFMS, Sun, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, 103P/HARTLEY 2, Physical Sciences, P/HALLEY, Astrochemistry, Data analysis, Context (language use), Astronomy & Astrophysics, Mass spectrometry, UV radiation, Ion, Ammonia, Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, comets: individual: 67P, individual: 67P [comets], 0103 physical sciences, Comets, data analysis [methods], Ammonium, HALLEY, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, UV radiation [Sun], Science & Technology, Spectrometer, 67P/CHURYUMOV-GERASIMENKO, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2010 APPARITION, Sun: UV radiation, plasmas, methods: data analysis, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, chemistry, MASS-SPECTROMETER, Space and Planetary Science, Plasmas
Abstract: International audience; In this paper, we report the first in-situ detection of the ammonium ion NH4+ at 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P/C-G) in a cometary coma, using the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) / Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS). Unlike neutral and ion spectrometers onboard previous cometary missions, the ROSINA/DFMS spectrometer, when operated in ion mode, offers the capability to distinguish NH4+ from H2O+ in a cometary coma. We present here the ion data analysis of mass-to-charge ratios 18 and 19 at high spectral resolution and compare the results with an ionospheric model to put the these results into context. The model confirms that the ammonium ion NH4+ is one of the most abundant ion species, as predicted, in the coma near perihelion.
Published: 2016

28. Sulphur-bearing species in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Martin Rubin, Myrtha Hässig, Susanne F. Wampfler, E. F. van Dishoeck, Stephen A. Fuselier, Ursina Calmonte, André Bieler, Chia-Yu Tzou, Hans Balsiger, Gaël Cessateur, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Sébastien Gasc, Frederik Dhooghe, Kathrin Altwegg, Léna Le Roy, Thierry Sémon, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), University of Bern, IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), and Universiteit Leiden
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet dust, Interstellar cloud, Comet, 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, 0103 physical sciences, comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, [ SDU.ASTR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Comet tail, 520 Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, Accretion (astrophysics), Interstellar medium, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Interstellar comet, space vehicles, Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Abstract: The ESLAB 50 Symposium - spacecraft at comets from 1P/Halley to 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko; International audience; Several sulphur-bearing species have already been observed in different families of comets. However, the knowledge on the minor sulphur species is still limited. The comet's sulphur inventory is closely linked to the pre-solar cloud and holds important clues to the degree of reprocessing of the material in the solar nebula and during comet accretion. Sulphur in pre-solar clouds is highly depleted, which is quite puzzling as the S/O ratio in the diffuse interstellar medium is cosmic. This work focuses on the abundance of the previously known species H2S, OCS, SO, S2, SO2 and CS2 in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko measured by Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis/Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer between equinox and perihelion 2015. Furthermore, we present the first detection of S3, S4, CH3SH and C2H6S in a comet, and we determine the elemental abundance of S/O in the bulk ice of (1.47 ± 0.05) × 10−2. We show that SO is present in the coma originating from the nucleus, but not CS in the case of 67P, and for the first time establish that S2 is present in a volatile and a refractory phase. The derived total elemental sulphur abundance of 67P is in agreement with solar photospheric elemental abundances and shows no sulphur depletion as reported for dense interstellar clouds. Also the presence of S2 at heliocentric distances larger than 3 au indicates that sulphur-bearing species have been processed by radiolysis in the pre-solar cloud and that at least some of the ice from this cloud has survived in comets up the present.
Published: 2016

29. Model-observation comparisons of electron number densities in the coma of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko during 2015 January

Author: Erik Vigren, Chia-Yu Tzou, Kathrin Altwegg, X. Vallières, P. Henri, Marina Galand, Anders Eriksson, Fredrik Johansson, Niklas J. T. Edberg, Elias Odelstad, Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Uppsala], Uppsala University, and ANR-15-CE31-0009,SPECTRA,Sonder le Plasma dans l'Environnement d'une ComètE avec RosettA(2015)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, Astrophysics, Photoionization, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Ion, law.invention, symbols.namesake, Orbiter, law, 0103 physical sciences, Langmuir probe, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Line (formation), Physics, Number density, comets: individual (67P), 520 Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Plasma, 620 Engineering, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, molecular processes, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], symbols, Atomic physics
Abstract: International audience; During 2015 January 9–11, at a heliocentric distance of ~2.58–2.57 au, the ESA Rosetta spacecraft resided at a cometocentric distance of ~28 km from the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, sweeping the terminator at northern latitudes of 43°N–58°N. Measurements by the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis/Comet Pressure Sensor (ROSINA/COPS) provided neutral number densities. We have computed modeled electron number densities using the neutral number densities as input into a Field Free Chemistry Free model, assuming H2O dominance and ion-electron pair formation by photoionization only. A good agreement (typically within 25%) is found between the modeled electron number densities and those observed from measurements by the Mutual Impedance Probe (RPC/MIP) and the Langmuir Probe (RPC/LAP), both being subsystems of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium. This indicates that ions along the nucleus-spacecraft line were strongly coupled to the neutrals, moving radially outward with about the same speed. Such a statement, we propose, can be further tested by observations of H3O+/H2O+ number density ratios and associated comparisons with model results.
Published: 2016
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30. Three-dimensional direct simulation Monte-Carlo modeling of the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko observed by the VIRTIS and ROSINA instruments on board Rosetta

Author: Stephen A. Fuselier, Nicolas Fougere, Chia-Yu Tzou, U. Fink, Gabor Toth, Léna Le Roy, Giovanna Rinaldi, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, V. Debout, Kirk C. Hansen, Alessandra Migliorini, André Bieler, J. De Keyser, Gianrico Filacchione, Valeriy Tenishev, Yinsi Shou, Martin Rubin, Ursina Calmonte, Fabrizio Capaccioni, D. Bockelée-Morvan, Cedric Leyrat, Giuseppe Piccioni, Zhenguang Huang, Kathrin Altwegg, Myrtha Hässig, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Michael R. Combi, Stéphane Erard, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Space Research and Planetary Sciences ( WP ), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique ( LESIA ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali ( IAPS ), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica ( INAF ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson], University of Arizona, Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)
Subjects: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Data analysis, Inverse transform sampling, Coma (optics), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Comets, Boundary value problem, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Spacecraft, business.industry, Spherical harmonics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space vehicles, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Direct simulation Monte Carlo, Numerical methods, business, Instruments
Abstract: Context. Since its rendezvous with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P), the Rosetta spacecraft has provided invaluable information contributing to our understanding of the cometary environment. On board, the VIRTIS and ROSINA instruments can both measure gas parameters in the rarefied cometary atmosphere, the so-called coma, and provide complementary results with remote sensing and in situ measurement techniques, respectively. The data from both ROSINA and VIRTIS instruments suggest that the source regions of H2O and CO2 are not uniformly distributed over the surface of the nucleus even after accounting for the changing solar illumination of the irregularly shaped rotating nucleus. The source regions of H2O and CO2 are also relatively different from one another. Aims: The use of a combination of a formal numerical data inversion method with a fully kinetic coma model is a way to correlate and interpret the information provided by these two instruments to fully understand the volatile environment and activity of comet 67P. Methods: In this work, the nonuniformity of the outgassing activity at the surface of the nucleus is described by spherical harmonics and constrained by ROSINA-DFMS data. This activity distribution is coupled with the local illumination to describe the inner boundary conditions of a 3D direct simulation Monte-Carlo (DSMC) approach using the Adaptive Mesh Particle Simulator (AMPS) code applied to the H2O and CO2 coma of comet 67P. Results: We obtain activity distribution of H2O and CO2 showing a dominant source of H2O in the Hapi region, while more CO2 is produced in the southern hemisphere. The resulting model outputs are analyzed and compared with VIRTIS-M/-H and ROSINA-DFMS measurements, showing much better agreement between model and data than a simpler model assuming a uniform surface activity. The evolution of the H2O and CO2 production rates with heliocentric distance are derived accurately from the coma model showing agreement between the observations from the different instruments and ground-based observations. Conclusions: We derive the activity distributions for H2O and CO2 at the surface of the nucleus described in spherical harmonics, which we couple to the local solar illumination to constitute the boundary conditions of our coma model. The model presented reproduces the coma observations made by the ROSINA and VIRTIS instruments on board the Rosetta spacecraft showing our understanding of the physics of 67P's coma. This model can be used for further data analyses, such as dust modeling, in a future work.
Published: 2016

31. Detection of argon in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Sébastien Gasc, Peter Eberhardt, Michael R. Combi, Thierry Sémon, Tobias Owen, Chia-Yu Tzou, Martin Rubin, E. Kopp, Björn Fiethe, Urs Mall, Christelle Briois, Hans Balsiger, A. Korth, J. Hunter Waite, André Bieler, Olivier Mousis, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Peter Wurz, Stephen A. Fuselier, Henri Rème, Kenneth C. Hansen, Annette Jäckel, Bernard Marty, Akiva Bar-Nun, Peter Bochsler, Ursina Calmonte, Johan De Keyser, Léna Le Roy, Tamas I. Gombosi, Kathrin Altwegg, Myrtha Hässig, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Department of Geosciences [Tel Aviv], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Ann Arbor] (CEE), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Hawaii, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, CNES ESA PRODEX, ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), European Project: 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT(2011), HEPPI - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Ann Arbor] ( CEE ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02/11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,Amidex ( 2011 ), European Project : 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT ( 2011 ), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Department of Geophysics [Tel Aviv] (TAU), Tel Aviv University (TAU), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, noble gas, Planetesimal, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Astronomy, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, law.invention, Jupiter, Orbiter, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, law, Rosetta, 0103 physical sciences, comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Research Articles, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Argon, [ SDU.STU.PL ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Spectrometer, 520 Astronomy, SciAdv r-articles, Noble gas, 620 Engineering, [ SDU.STU.GC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space science, Terrestrial planet, Research Article
Abstract: ROSINA/DFMS shows that comets of type 67P/CG likely did not significantly contribute to Earth’s volatile budget., Comets have been considered to be representative of icy planetesimals that may have contributed a significant fraction of the volatile inventory of the terrestrial planets. For example, comets must have brought some water to Earth. However, the magnitude of their contribution is still debated. We report the detection of argon and its relation to the water abundance in the Jupiter family comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by in situ measurement of the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) mass spectrometer aboard the Rosetta spacecraft. Despite the very low intensity of the signal, argon is clearly identified by the exact determination of the mass of the isotope 36Ar and by the 36Ar/38Ar ratio. Because of time variability and spatial heterogeneity of the coma, only a range of the relative abundance of argon to water can be given. Nevertheless, this range confirms that comets of the type 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko cannot be the major source of Earth’s major volatiles.
Published: 2015

32. Molecular nitrogen in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko indicates a low formation temperature

Author: T. C. Owen, Henri Rème, Martin Rubin, Sébastien Gasc, Frederik Dhooghe, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Peter Wurz, Léna Le Roy, Ulrich Mall, Michael R. Combi, Ursina Calmonte, Thierry Sémon, E. Kopp, Annette Jäckel, C. Briois, Kirk C. Hansen, A. Korth, André Bieler, J. De Keyser, Stephen A. Fuselier, Olivier Mousis, J. H. Waite, Chia-Yu Tzou, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Peter Eberhardt, Akiva Bar-Nun, Kathrin Altwegg, Myrtha Hässig, Bernard Marty, Hans Balsiger, Peter Bochsler, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Department of Geophysics [Tel Aviv] (TAU), Tel Aviv University (TAU), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PRODEX/ROSINA PEA 90020., ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), European Project: 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT(2011), Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), Department of Geosciences [Tel Aviv], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ), University of Hawaii at Manoa ( UHM ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02,A*MIDEX,Projet Investissements d'Avenir ( 2012 ), European Project : 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT ( 2011 ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Solar System, Nebula, Multidisciplinary, Spectrometer, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], chemistry.chemical_element, [ SDU.STU.GC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Nitrogen, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrobiology, Jupiter, Pluto, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Planet, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry
Abstract: Making comets in the cold The speciation of nitrogen compounds in comets can tell us about their history. Comets are some of the most ancient bodies in the solar system and should contain the nitrogen compounds that were abundant when they formed. Using the ROSINA mass spectrometer aboard the Rosetta spacecraft orbiting comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Rubin et al. found molecular nitrogen at levels that are depleted compared to those in the primordial solar system. Depletion of such a magnitude suggests that the comet formed either from the low-temperature agglomeration of pristine amorphous water ice grains or from clathrates. Science , this issue p. 232
Published: 2015

33. Time variability and heterogeneity in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Peter Eberhardt, André Bieler, Bernard Marty, Sébastien Gasc, Martin Rubin, B. Fiethe, Tobias Owen, Tamas I. Gombosi, Carmen Tornow, Myrtha Hässig, Henri Rème, Ekkehard Kührt, Annette Jäckel, Stephen A. Fuselier, Eddy Neefs, J. De Keyser, J. H. Waite, Hans Balsiger, Christelle Briois, Akiva Bar-Nun, Peter Wurz, Marina Galand, Chia-Yu Tzou, Kathrin Altwegg, Léna Le Roy, Ursina Calmonte, Kirk C. Hansen, Ulrich Mall, Michael R. Combi, Thierry Sémon, Olivier Mousis, Peter Bochsler, E. Kopp, A. Korth, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, H. U. Keller, Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Department of Geosciences [Tel Aviv], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] (CmPA), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Imperial College London, DLR Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] (IGEP), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Agency PRODEX Program, CNES, ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), European Project: 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT(2011), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Department of Geophysics [Tel Aviv] (TAU), Tel Aviv University (TAU), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] ( CmPA ), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( KU Leuven ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], German Aerospace Center ( DLR ), Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] ( IGEP ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ), University of Hawaii at Manoa ( UHM ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02/11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,Amidex ( 2011 ), European Project : 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT ( 2011 ), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and Science and Technology Facilities Council [2006-2012]
Subjects: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Solar System, General Science & Technology, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Coma (optics), Astrophysics, ROSINA, Astrobiology, Latitude, law.invention, Orbiter, comet, law, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [ SDU.STU.PG ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, Physics, Science & Technology, Multidisciplinary, Spectrometer, COMETS, food and beverages, Planetary system, [ SDU.STU.GC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Multidisciplinary Sciences, Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Science & Technology - Other Topics, time variability, sense organs, [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology
Abstract: International audience; Comets contain the best-preserved material from the very beginning of our planetary system. Their nuclei and comae composition reveal clues about physical and chemical conditions during the early Solar system when comets formed. ROSINA/DFMS (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis / Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer) onboard the Rosetta spacecraft has measured the coma composition of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) with excellent time resolution and compositional detail. Measurements were made over many comet rotation periods and a wide range of latitudes. These measurements show large fluctuations in composition in a heterogeneous coma that has diurnal and possibly seasonal variations in the major outgassing species: H2O, CO, and CO2. These results indicate a complex coma-nucleus relationship where seasonal variations may be driven by temperature differences near the comet surface.
Published: 2015

34. Composition-dependent outgassing of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from ROSINA/DFMS. Implications for nucleus heterogeneity?

Author: Annette Jäckel, Martin Rubin, Chia-Yu Tzou, Sébastien Gasc, Frederik Dhooghe, Peter Wurz, Hans Balsiger, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Myrtha Hässig, Léna Le Roy, S. A. Fuselier, Kathleen Mandt, Kathrin Altwegg, Ulrich Mall, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, O. Mousis, Adrienn Luspay-Kuti, Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] ( CmPA ), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( KU Leuven ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS ), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics [Leuven] (CmPA), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), and Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)
Subjects: Physics, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Data analysis, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Coma (optics), [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrobiology, On board, Observational method, Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, comets
Abstract: International audience; Early measurements of Rosetta’s target comet, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P), showed a strongly heterogeneous coma in H2O, CO, and CO2.Aims. The purpose of this work is to further investigate the coma heterogeneity of 67P, and to provide predictions for the near- perihelion outgassing profile based on the proposed explanations.Methods. Measurements of various minor volatile species by ROSINA/DFMS on board Rosetta are examined. The analysis focuses on the currently poorly illuminated winter (southern) hemisphere of 67P.Results. Coma heterogeneity is not limited to the major outgassing species. Minor species show better correlation with either H2O or CO2. The molecule CH4 shows a different diurnal pattern from all other analyzed species. Such features have implications for nucleus heterogeneity and thermal processing.Conclusions. Future analysis of additional volatiles and modeling the heterogeneity are required to better understand the observed coma profile.
Published: 2015

35. Evolution of H2O related species in the neutral coma of 67P

Author: André Bieler, Kathrin Altwegg, Hans Balsiger, Akiva Bar-Nun, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Peter Bochsler, Christelle BRIOIS, Ursina Calmonte, Michael Combi, Johan de Keyser, Ewine van Dishoeck, Björn Fiethe, Stephen Fuselier, Sébastien Gasc, Gombosi, Tamas I., Kenneth Hansen, Myrtha Hässig, Annette Jäckel, Ernest Kopp, Axel Korth, Léna Le Roy, Urs Mall, Romain Maggiolo, Bernard Marty, Olivier Mousis, Tobias Owen, Henri Rème, Martin Rubin, Thierry Sémon, Chia-Yu Tzou, Jack Waite, Catherine Walsh, Peter Wurz, Cardon, Catherine, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Department of Geosciences [Tel Aviv], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS ), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules ( UTINAM ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), University of Hawaii at Manoa ( UHM ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Department of Geophysics [Tel Aviv] (TAU), Tel Aviv University (TAU), Universiteit Leiden, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.SR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], [SDU.ASTR.EP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [ SDU.ASTR.SR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR]
Abstract: International audience; The ROSINA-DFMS mass spectrometer has been probing the coma of 67Psince the spacecraft arrived at the comet in August 2014.The acquired data set covers a large range of viewing geometries forthe ever changing conditions of 67P along its journey to pericenter. With the high temporal resolutionof ROSINA-DFMS we are able to examine diurnal and seasonal changesof different species in the gaseous coma.Large scale heterogeneities in the coma have been reported since the very first measurements of the neutral inventory at 67P.Many of the minor species are seen to follow one of the major compounds,H2O, CO or CO2.In this paper we will present the latest results on H2O related species.We will discuss the possible trapping/building mechanisms responsible for these species and why it is different from other species such asCO, N2 or CO2.
Published: 2015

36. Inventory of the volatiles on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from Rosetta/ROSINA

Author: Sébastien Gasc, Frederik Dhooghe, Hans Balsiger, Ursina Calmonte, Michael R. Combi, Kathrin Altwegg, Myrtha Hässig, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Chia-Yu Tzou, Léna Le Roy, Björn Fiethe, Christelle Briois, André Bieler, Stephen A. Fuselier, Martin Rubin, Tamas I. Gombosi, Johan De Keyser, Annette Jäckel, Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), UTSA Department of Physics and Astronomy [San Antonio], The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)
Subjects: Physics, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Kuiper belt objects, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Organic molecules, Astrobiology, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Interstellar comet, 0103 physical sciences, Comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The ESA Rosetta spacecraft (S/C) is tracking comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in close vicinity. This prolonged en- counter enables studying the evolution of the volatile coma composition.Aims. Our work aims at comparing the diversity of the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at large heliocentric distance to study the evolution of the comet during its passage around the Sun and at trying to classify it relative to other comets.Methods. We used the Double Focussing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS) of the ROSINA experiment on ESA’s Rosetta mission to determine relative abundances of major and minor volatile species. This study is restricted to species that have previously been detected elsewhere.Results. We detect almost all species currently known to be present in cometary coma with ROSINA DFMS. As DFMS measured the composition locally, we cannot derive a global abundance, but we compare measurements from the summer and the winter hemisphere with known abundances from other comets. Differences between relative abundances between summer and winter hemispheres are large, which points to a possible evolution of the cometary surface. This comet appears to be very rich in CO2 and ethane. Heavy oxygenated compounds such as ethylene glycol are underabundant at 3 AU, probably due to their high sublimation temperatures, but nevertheless, their presence proves that Kuiper belt comets also contain complex organic molecules.
Published: 2015

37. 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a Jupiter family comet with a high D/H ratio

Author: Sébastien Gasc, Ulrich Mall, E. Kopp, Kathrin Altwegg, J. De Keyser, Michael R. Combi, Thierry Sémon, Peter Bochsler, Eddy Neefs, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Bernard Marty, Hans Balsiger, Annette Jäckel, Henri Rème, T. C. Owen, Peter Eberhardt, A. Korth, Peter Wurz, Christelle Briois, Olivier Mousis, Stephen A. Fuselier, Lena Leroy, Chia-Yu Tzou, H. Waite, André Bieler, Martin Rubin, Myrtha Hässig, Kirk C. Hansen, Ursina Calmonte, Akiva Bar-Nun, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Department of Geosciences [Tel Aviv], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules ( UTINAM ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), University of Hawaii, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), PRODEX/ROSINA PEA 90020, CNES, European Project : 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT ( 2011 ), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Department of Geophysics [Tel Aviv] (TAU), Tel Aviv University (TAU), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT(2011), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Multidisciplinary, Spacecraft, business.industry, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astronomy, [ SDU.STU.GC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrobiology, Jupiter, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Terrestrial planet, business, Earth (classical element)
Abstract: The provenance of water and organic compounds on Earth and other terrestrial planets has been discussed for a long time without reaching a consensus. One of the best means to distinguish between different scenarios is by determining the deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) ratios in the reservoirs for comets and Earth’s oceans. Here, we report the direct in situ measurement of the D/H ratio in the Jupiter family comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by the ROSINA mass spectrometer aboard the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft, which is found to be (5.3 ± 0.7) × 10 −4 —that is, approximately three times the terrestrial value. Previous cometary measurements and our new finding suggest a wide range of D/H ratios in the water within Jupiter family objects and preclude the idea that this reservoir is solely composed of Earth ocean–like water.
Published: 2015

38. Abundant molecular oxygen in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author: Sébastien Gasc, Ursina Calmonte, Catherine Walsh, Annette Jäckel, Bernard Marty, Stephen A. Fuselier, Ulrich Mall, Michael R. Combi, J. De Keyser, Akiva Bar-Nun, Thierry Sémon, Peter Wurz, J. H. Waite, E. F. van Dishoeck, Kirk C. Hansen, Christelle Briois, Chia-Yu Tzou, Tobias Owen, Léna Le Roy, Peter Bochsler, Myrtha Hässig, Henri Rème, A. Korth, André Bieler, Hans Balsiger, Romain Maggiolo, Olivier Mousis, Kathrin Altwegg, Martin Rubin, B. Fiethe, Tamas I. Gombosi, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, E. Kopp, Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Department of Geophysics [Tel Aviv] (TAU), Tel Aviv University (TAU), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Space Science Division [San Antonio], Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Hawaii, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PRODEX/ROSINAPEA 90020, CNES, European Project: 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT(2011), Universität Bern [Bern], Department of Geosciences [Tel Aviv], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), and European Project : 267255,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,NOGAT ( 2011 )
Subjects: Moons of Jupiter, Solar System, Extraterrestrial Environment, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Nitrogen, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], chemistry.chemical_element, Coma (optics), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Oxygen, Astrobiology, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Spacecraft, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, [ SDU.STU.PG ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Carbon Monoxide, Photolysis, Multidisciplinary, [ SDU.STU.PL ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Meteoroid, Ice, Water, Meteoroids, [ SDU.STU.GC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], chemistry, 13. Climate action, Asteroid, Formation and evolution of the Solar System, [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology
Abstract: International audience; The composition of the neutral gas comas of most comets is dominated by H2O,CO and CO2, typically comprising as much as 95 percent of the total gas density1. In addition, cometary comas have been found to contain a rich array of other molecules, includingsulfuric compounds and complex hydrocarbons. Molecular oxygen (O2), however, despite its detection on other icy bodies such as the moons of Jupiter and Saturn2,3, has remained undetected in cometary comas. Here we report in situ measurement of O2 in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, with local abundances ranging from one per cent to ten per cent relative to H2O and with a mean value of 3.8060.85 per cent. Our observations indicate that the O2/H2O ratio is isotropic in the coma and does not change systematically with heliocentric distance. This suggests that primordial O2 was incorporated into the nucleus during the comet’s formation, which is unexpected given the low upper limits fromremote sensing observations4. Current Solar System formation models do not predict conditions that would allow this to occur.
Published: 2015

39. Comparison of 3D kinetic and hydrodynamic models to ROSINA-COPS measurements of the neutral coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Annette Jäckel, Chia-Yu Tzou, Björn Fiethe, Urs Mall, Tamas I. Gombosi, Myrtha Hässig, Nicolas Fougere, Michael R. Combi, Zhenguang Huang, Martin Rubin, Stephen A. Fuselier, Johan De Keyser, Kenneth C. Hansen, Xianzhe Jia, Peter Wurz, Léna Le Roy, André Bieler, Henri Rème, Ursina Calmonte, Kathrin Altwegg, Valeriy Tenishev, Sébastien Gasc, Hans Balsiger, Gabor Toth, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Number density, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Numerical analysis, Comet, Data analysis, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Coma (optics), Space vehicles, Astrophysics, Function (mathematics), Kinetic energy, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Range (statistics), Hydrodynamics, Comets, Numerical methods, Constant (mathematics)
Abstract: International audience; 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P) is a Jupiter-family comet and the object of investigation of the European Space Agency mission Rosetta. This report presents the first full 3D simulation results of 67P’s neutral gas coma. In this study we include results from a direct simulation Monte Carlo method, a hydrodynamic code, and a purely geometric calculation which computes the total illuminated surface area on the nucleus. All models include the triangulated 3D shape model of 67P as well as realistic illumination and shadowing conditions. The basic concept is the assumption that these illumination conditions on the nucleus are the main driver for the gas activity of the comet. As a consequence, the total production rate of 67P varies as a function of solar insolation. The best agreement between the model and the data is achieved when gas fluxes on the night side are in the range of 7% to 10% of the maximum flux, accounting for contributions from the most volatile components. To validate the output of our numerical simulations we compare the results of all three models to in situ gas number density measurements from the ROSINA COPS instrument. We are able to reproduce the overall features of these local neutral number density measurements of ROSINA COPS for the time period between early August 2014 and January 1 2015 with all three models. Some details in the measurements are not reproduced and warrant further investigation and refinement of the models. However, the overall assumption that illumination conditions on the nucleus are at least an important driver of the gas activity is validated by the models. According to our simulation results we find the total production rate of 67P to be constant between August and November 2014 with a value of about 1 × 1026 molecules s−1.
Published: 2015

40. D2O and HDS in the coma of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author: André Bieler, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, T. C. Owen, B. Fiethe, Martin Rubin, Sébastien Gasc, Thierry Sémon, S. A. Fuselier, Léna Le Roy, Tamas Gombosi, Chia-Yu Tzou, Hans Balsiger, Kathrin Altwegg, J. De Keyser, Ursina Calmonte, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), HEPPI - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], and Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI )
Subjects: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Solar System, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Mathematics, Comet, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Coma (optics), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Ion, Rosetta, 0103 physical sciences, comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, deuterium, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], General Engineering, Articles, solar system, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Deuterium, Yield (chemistry), High mass, High ratio, space exploration
Abstract: The European Rosetta mission has been following comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko for 2 years, studying the nucleus and coma in great detail. For most of these 2 years the Rosetta Orbiter Sensor for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) has analysed the volatile part of the coma. With its high mass resolution and sensitivity it was able to not only detect deuterated water HDO, but also doubly deuterated water, D2O and deuterated hydrogen sulfide HDS. The ratios for [HDO]/[H2O], [D2O]/[HDO] and [HDS]/[H2S] derived from our measurements are (1.05 ± 0.14) × 10−3, (1.80 ± 0.9) × 10−2and (1.2 ± 0.3) × 10−3, respectively. These results yield a very high ratio of 17 for [D2O]/[HDO] relative to [HDO]/[H2O]. Statistically one would expect just 1/4. Such a high value can be explained by cometary water coming unprocessed from the presolar cloud, where water is formed on grains, leading to high deuterium fractionation. The high [HDS]/[H2S] ratio is compatible with upper limits determined in low-mass star-forming regions and also points to a direct correlation of cometary H2S with presolar grain surface chemistry.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Cometary science after Rosetta’.
Published: 2017

41. Impact of Radiogenic Heating on the Formation Conditions of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author: J. De Keyser, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, A. Korth, M. Monnereau, Peter Wurz, Gaël Cessateur, T. Le Deun, Alexis Drouard, Bernard Marty, S. Gasc, Henri Rème, Martin Rubin, Romain Maggiolo, Jonathan I. Lunine, Pierre Vernazza, Kathrin Altwegg, Hans Balsiger, O. Mousis, Urs Mall, J. H. Waite, Chia-Yu Tzou, Stephen A. Fuselier, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Astronomy [Ithaca], Cornell University [New York], Carl Sagan Institute, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern], and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS)
Subjects: Planetesimal, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, astrobiology, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Parent body, numerical methods, 0103 physical sciences, comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Nebula, Radiogenic nuclide, Argon, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Accretion (astrophysics), chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Radioactive decay, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Because of the high fraction of refractory material present in comets, the heat produced by the radiogenic decay of elements such as aluminium and iron can be high enough to induce the loss of ultravolatile species such as nitrogen, argon or carbon monoxide during their accretion phase in the protosolar nebula. Here, we investigate how heat generated by the radioactive decay of 26Al and 60Fe influences the formation of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, as a function of its accretion time and size of parent body. We use an existing thermal evolution model that includes various phase transitions, heat transfer in the ice-dust matrix, and gas diffusion throughout the porous material, based on thermodynamic parameters derived from Rosetta observations. Two possibilities are considered: either, to account for its bilobate shape, 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko was assembled from two primordial ~2 kilometer-sized planetesimals, or it resulted from the disruption of a larger parent body with a size corresponding to that of comet Hale-Bopp (~70 km). To fully preserve its volatile content, we find that either 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko's formation was delayed between ~2.2 and 7.7 Myr after that of Ca-Al-rich Inclusions in the protosolar nebula or the comet's accretion phase took place over the entire time interval, depending on the primordial size of its parent body and the composition of the icy material considered. Our calculations suggest that the formation of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is consistent with both its accretion from primordial building blocks formed in the nebula or from debris issued from the disruption of a Hale-Bopp-like body., Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Published: 2017

42. HIGH-TIME RESOLUTION IN SITU INVESTIGATION OF MAJOR COMETARY VOLATILES AROUND 67P/C–G AT 3.1–2.3 au MEASURED WITH ROSINA-RTOF

Author: Martin Rubin, Ursina Calmonte, Sébastien Gasc, Frederik Dhooghe, B. Dabrowski, Tamas I. Gombosi, Kathrin Altwegg, Michael R. Combi, André Galli, Thierry Sémon, Myrtha Hässig, Chia-Yu Tzou, Annette Jäckel, Hans Balsiger, S. A. Fuselier, André Bieler, Johan De Keyser, Peter Wurz, Brian Magee, Philippe Garnier, Peter Bochsler, Bernard Marty, A. Bar-Nun, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Henri Rème, Christelle Briois, Björn Fiethe, Urs Mall, J. H. Waite, O. Mousis, M. Hoang, Léna Le Roy, Kirk C. Hansen, E. Kopp, A. Korth, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Department of Geophysics [Tel Aviv] (TAU), Tel Aviv University (TAU), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] (IDA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Space Science and Engineering Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements (CESR), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), European Research Council (ERC), ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Universität Bern [Bern], Department of Geosciences [Tel Aviv], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Center for Space and Habitability ( CSH ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering ( CLaSP ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique ( BIRA-IASB ), Institute of Computer and Network Engineering [Braunschweig] ( IDA ), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] ( SwRI ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ( CRPG ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ), Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements ( CESR ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), and ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02,A*MIDEX,Projet Investissements d'Avenir ( 2012 )
Subjects: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, In situ, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Comet, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], comets: individual (67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, 0103 physical sciences, comets, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, 520 Astronomy, comets: general, Resolution (electron density), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Time resolution, 620 Engineering, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Interstellar comet, Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Abstract: International audience; Comets considered to be pristine objects contain key information about the early formation of the solar system. Their volatile components can provide clues about the origin and evolution of gases and ices in the comets. Measurements with ROSINA/RTOF at 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko have now allowed, for the first time, a direct in situ high-time resolution measurement of the most abundant cometary molecules originating directly from a comet's nucleus over a long time-period, much longer than any previous measurements at a close distance to a comet between 3.1 and 2.3 au. We determine the local densities of H2O, CO2, and CO, and investigate their variabilities.
Published: 2016
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43. Plasma waves at Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: in the diamagnetic cavity and outside it

Author: Herbert Gunell, Kathrin Altwegg, Gaël Cessateur, Johan de Keyser, Frederik Dhooghe, Anders Eriksson, Andrew Gibbons, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Charlotte Goetz, Tomas Karlsson, Maria Hamrin, Pierre Henri, Romain Maggiolo, Hans Nilsson, Elias Odelstad, Martin Rubin, Cyril Simon Wedlund, Gabriella Stenberg Wieser, Chia-Yu Tzou, and Xavier Vallieres

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