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Determining the mechanisms that drive phenotypic and genetic divergence by species has been a central topic in evolutionary biology for many years. However, the relative contributions of isolation by distance (IBD) and environment factors to species divergence are largely unknown in perennial herbs in East Asia. In this study, we collected population genetic samples of the cold‐tolerant perennial herb Notopterygium oviforme R. H. Shan in central China. We integrated the population transcriptomes, whole chloroplast genomes, genotyping‐by‐sequencing, microsatellite markers, and ecological factors to determine the relative contributions of geography, climate, and soil factors to genetic, chemical, and phenotypic divergence. A clear genetic distinction was identified between the West Qinling and East Qinling Mountains geographical groups of N. oviforme based on various molecular datasets. Interestingly, obvious niche conservation might have been responsible for the similarity of most of the leaf functional traits in the two groups. Multiple matrix regression with randomization analysis showed that the spatial intraspecific divergence pattern was mainly due to IBD rather than isolation by environment. In addition, transcriptomic expression divergence and some ecological factors have played key roles in intraspecific lineage differentiation. Approximate Bayesian Computation showed that both lineages have experienced historical population expansion and recent range contraction. Molecular dating suggested that intraspecific divergence was closely associated with dramatic uplifts of the Qinling Mountains in East Asia. These results demonstrate that geographical, geological, and environmental factors together shaped cryptic intraspecific diversification and shifts in the population dynamics of the perennial cold‐tolerant herb N. oviforme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to exploit the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ELISA test kit for rapidly detecting PAHs in different environmental samples, the polyclonal antibody (pAb) against pyrene was prepared. The hapten ( 1- Pyrenebutyric acid, 1-PBA) was conjugated covalently to the carrier proteins including bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin ( OVA ) to prepare immunogen and coating antigen via amide bonds by the active ester method. Antiserum was raised against the conjugate PBA-BSA by stimulating immune responses in rabbits. The specific pAb against PAHs was obtained by affinity purification and developing an indirectly competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA). A standard curve for pyrene was established to detect the specificity of antibody. The titer of compound antiserum was 1:102 400. The average IC50 value was 0.06 mg/L, and the detection limit at 10% inhibition (IC90) was 0.01 mg/L. The pAb had the highest affinity with 4~6 ring PAHs by determining crossreactivity of 16 PAHs. Further, the additive of less than 40% methanol in the test sample has no significant effect on ELISA. The PAHs polyclonal antibody and its characterization are necessary for technical reserves in future development and improvement of the PAHs ELISA test kit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xa-25 was a bacterial blight resistance gene identified in a somaclonal mutant HX-3. A doubled-haploid (DH) population including 129 stable lines was derived from anther culture of a typical japanica 02428 and a typical indica HX-3 cross. The bacterial blight strain Zhe173, a typical bacterial blight strain in Yangtze River valley, was used to test the resistance or susceptible of the DH population lines, and the results showed that the resistance lines and susceptible lines were 62 and 67, respectively. A total of 300 SSR primer pairs covering 12 rice chromosomes were used for polymorphism survey of 02428 and HX-3. Among these primers, 74 showed polymorphism between the parents. Using these polymorphic SSR markers, bulked segregant analysis was conducted on the DH population. As the result, Xa-25 was located at the terminal region of the long arm of chromosome 4 between the two SSR markers RM6748 and RM1153, the map distance between Xa-25 and the two SSR markers was 9.3 cM and 3.0 cM, respectively.

Objective: To study in vitro dissolution rate of geniposide in Huangqin Qingfei dispersible tablet., Method: A reversed-phase HPLC method was developed for determination of geniposide. In vitro dissolution rates were compared between Huangqin Qingfei dispersible tablet and conventional tablet in the dissolution medium of pH 1.0, 2.85, 4.5, 6.8, and 8.0 accordingly. Zero-class model, single-index model, logarithm normal school model, and Weibull distributing model were used to simulate the dissolution curve., Result: The dissolution rate of two tablets is not affected by pH so much, and they can dissolve within 5 to 10 minutes. Weibull distributing model is the best simulation for in vitro dissolution. Comparing with conventional tablet, dispersible tablet dissolve quickly and completely., Conclusion: The in vitro dissolution rate of geniposide in Huangqin Qingfei dispersible tablet conforms to Weibull distributing model. The dispersible tablet is able to release rapidly.