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It was recently demonstrated that the technique of solid hollow fiber membrane-based cooling crystallization can be employed to achieve continuous polymer precipitation from a solution and subsequent polymer coating/encapsulation of sub-micrometer particles/drug crystals as well as nanoparticles in suspension. In this technique, there is no need for high pressure as in supercritical solvent-based anti-solvent crystallization; further, there is easy scale-up and production of free-flowing polymer-coated particles. There is a concern however, whether this crystallization method can be applied for an extended duration since the earlier studies were run for only about 10 min. In this work, the duration of the cooling crystallization-based coating process has been greatly extended from 10 min to 60 min and 120 min. Eudragit RL 100 was chosen as the coating polymer and Cosmo 55 (550 nm silica particles) was the host for the coating process in an acetone solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to characterize the coated samples. The results showed that the solid hollow fiber membrane-based cooling crystallization performed successfully as a continuous crystallizer during extended time running operation. Characterization of the products by SEM and TGA indicated a stable product consistent with a uniform spherical shape. The coating thickness of the samples tended to be essentially identical for the extended-duration coating process as long as solvent loss by volatilization and uneven distribution of host particles in the feed solution-suspension was kept to a minimum. Unlabelled Image • Continuous polymer coating of suspended submicron silica particles was demonstrated. • The technique uses solid hollow fiber membrane-based cooling crystallizer. • Coating thickness on silica particles was uniform over a 60 min-long operation. • 550 nm silica particles were coated with ~31.5 nm polymer coating of Eudragit RL100. • There was no evidence of fouling of hollow fiber lumen vis-à-vis coating process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purpose of precision theranostic of tumor, multifunctional drug delivery systems are always receiving great attentions. Here, we developed a zinc phthalocyanine-soybean phospholipid (ZnPc-SPC) complex based drug delivery system with doxorubicin (Dox) as loading cargo to achieve additional chemotherapy while the carrier itself could serve as multifunctional and switchable theranostic agent. In the early phase, the ZnPc-SPC complex assembled to nanostructure displaying photothermal therapy (PTT) and photoacoustic (PA) properties while in the late phase, the prepared NPs dis-assembled into ZnPc-SPC complex again performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) and low-background fluorescence (FL) image. With the decoration of folate receptors α (FRα) targeted MTX, Dox-loaded, MTX-decorated self-assembled ZnPc-SPC complex NPs (DZSM) was formed. In vitro and in vivo evaluations both indicated that DZSM presented high selectivity for FRα over-expressed tumor cells, excellent switchable PA/FL image, significant multiphase PTT/PDT effect, as well as great synergetic therapy potential, leading to notable inhibition of tumor growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based hydrodynamic model for a novel porous hollow fiber-based anti-solvent crystallizer (PHFAC). Here the anti-solvent, water, is introduced from the hollow fiber lumen into the acetone-based feed solution of a drug flowing on the shell side where crystals of the drug Griseofulvin are formed and swept away. Such a device is very useful for achieving continuous anti-solvent crystallization with significant crystal size control. It is necessary to predict the hydrodynamics and other mixing characteristics of the PHFAC device to facilitate optimization and prediction of their behavior. In this study, a 3D physical model for a PHFAC device was first constructed using the software GAMBIT. After meshing and optimization, a 3D computational simulation-based modeling was conducted by the CFD software FLUENT for understanding the hydrodynamics and the mixing characteristics of a miscible aqueous-organic system in the PHFAC module without any drug being present. Different combinations of characteristic parameters e.g., inlet flow rates of the shell side and tube side and numbers of hollow fiber membranes, were investigated to optimize the conditions from the perspective of shell-side mixing of the two fluids. The CFD-based study revealed an optimized flow rate combination by examining the interior mixing pattern in the module shell-side under different flow conditions. The optimized flow rate ratio was found numerically to be the same for two different sized modules with one having twice the number of hollow fiber membranes than the other. The CFD simulation results of mixing conditions suggest that the optimized flow rate combinations for shell-side mixing are also coincident with previously obtained experimental results of smaller crystal size of the drug, Griseofulvin and the morphology of the precipitated drug crystals. However, the absence of any crystal formation dynamics in the CFD model suggests the need for a more comprehensive model which can predict the crystal size distribution (CSD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel feed spacer for spiral-wound membrane modules is proposed. Based upon a continuous arch-type streamline frame two feed spacers with different node designs were constructed. In the first, Arch-Hole, two elliptic cylinders form a node zone with a passage. The other, named Arch, has a solid node. Their hydrodynamics, fouling and filtration performance were compared with a commercial design. This was a classic net-type spacer with nodes of relatively substantial size. All three were manufactured using 3D printing. Computational fluid dynamics simulation showed that the Arch-Hole design gives a more uniform velocity distribution with fewer dead zones. Subsequent evaluation of this design indicated less foulant accumulation as confirmed by optical coherence tomography and the evolution of channel pressure drop. Measured adenosine triphosphate and total organic carbon values for the module with this spacer were substantially lower than the corresponding values associated with the commercial design. Crucially with the Arch-Hole design, flux values remained higher than for the other two designs. Thus use of this spacer would minimize both capital and operational costs. Compared to the commercial one, use of the Arch-Hole design would reduce the energy cost of filtration significantly beyond the 69 % found for the application considered herein. [Display omitted] • Feed spacers with wide passage node design achieve uniform velocity distribution and almost no dead zones. • Novel feed spacer can alleviate membrane fouling with lower pressure drop and higher flux. • Novel feed spacers enable massively reduced specific energy cost of filtration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile way to continuously coat drug crystals with a polymer is needed in controlled drug release. Conventional polymer coating methods have disadvantages: high energy consumption, low productivity, batch processing. A novel method for continuous polymer coating of drug crystals based on solid hollow fiber cooling crystallization (SHFCC) is introduced here. The drug acting as the host particle and the polymer for coating are Griseofulvin (GF) and Eudragit RL100, respectively. The polymer’s cloud point temperature in its acetone solution was determined by UV spectrophotometry. An acetone solution of the polymer containing the drug in solution as well as undissolved drug crystals in suspension were pumped through the tube side of the SHFCC device; a cold liquid was circulated in the shell side to rapidly cool down the feed solution-suspension in the hollow-fiber lumen. The polymer precipitated from the solution and coated the suspended crystals due to rapid temperature reduction and heterogeneous nucleation; crystals formed from the solution were also coated by the polymer. Characterizations by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, laser diffraction spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and dissolution tests show that a uniformly coated, free-flowing drug/product can be obtained under appropriate operating conditions without losing the drug’s pharmaceutical properties and controlled release characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using porous hollow fiber membranes,this study illustrates a noveltechnique to continuously synthesize polymer-coated drug crystalsby antisolvent crystallization. The synthesized polymer-coated drugcrystals involve crystals of the drug Griseofulvin (GF) coated bya thin layer of the polymer Eudragit RL100. The process feed, an acetonesolution of the drug GF containing the dissolved polymer, was passedthrough the shell side of a membrane module containing many poroushollow fibers of Nylon-6. Through the lumen of the hollow fibers,the antisolvent water was passed at a higher pressure to inject waterjets through every pore in the fiber wall into the shell-side acetonefeed solution, creating an extremely high level of supersaturationand immediate crystallization. It appears that the GF crystals areformed first and serve as nuclei for the precipitation of the polymerEudragit, which forms a thin coating around the GF crystals. The polymer-coateddrug crystals were collected by a filtration device at the shell-sideoutlet of the membrane module, and the surface morphology, particlesize distribution, and the polymer coating thickness were then characterizedby scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electronmicroscopy (STEM), laser diffraction spectroscopy (LDS), and thermogravimetricanalysis (TGA). To study the properties of the coated drug crystals,X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and dissolution testswere implemented. These results indicate that a polymer-coated, free-flowingproduct was successfully developed under appropriate conditions inthis novel porous hollow fiber antisolvent crystallization (PHFAC)method. The coated drug particles can be potentially used for controlledrelease. The molecular and the crystal structures of GF were not affectedby the PHFAC method, which may be easily scaled up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous polymer coating of nanoparticlesis of interest in manyindustries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and electronics.Here we introduce a polymer coating/precipitation technique to achievea uniform and controllable nanosize polymer coating on nanoparticlesin a continuous manner. The utility of this technique is demonstratedby coating Aerosil silica nanoparticles (SNPs) of diameter 12 nm withthe polymer Eudragit RL 100. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic SNPswere successfully coated. After determining the cloud point of anacetone solution of the polymer containing a controlled amount ofthe nonsolvent water, the solid hollow fiber cooling crystallization(SHFCC) technique was employed to continuously coat SNPs with thepolymer. A suspension of the SNPs in an acetone–water solutionof the polymer containing a surfactant was pumped through the lumenof solid polypropylene hollow fibers in a SHFCC device; cold liquidwas circulated on the shell side. Because of rapid cooling-inducedsupersaturation and heterogeneous nucleation, precipitated polymerswill coat the nanoparticles. The thickness and morphology of the nanocoatingand the particle size distribution of the coated SNPs were analyzedby scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with electronenergy loss spectroscopy (EELS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Results indicate that uniformlypolymer-coated SNPs can be obtained from the SHFCC device after suitablepost-treatments. The technique is also easily scalable by increasingthe number of hollow fibers in the SHFCC device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, no technique is availableto continuously film coatnanosized drug particles with a polymer to produce large amounts offree-flowing coated particles. In this work, Eudragit RL 100 and poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) werechosen as the coating polymers and Cosmo 55 (550 nm silica particles)as a surrogate for drug particles. After determining the cloud pointof the polymer solutions by UV spectrophotometry, we adopted the solidhollow fiber cooling crystallization (SHFCC) technique to continuouslycoat the submicrometer particles with the polymer. In this methodthe polymer solution containing a suspension of submicrometer particlesflows in the lumen of a solid polymeric hollow fiber. Controlled coolingof the polymer solution by a coolant on the shell side of the hollowfibers allows for polymer nucleation on the surface of the particles;the precipitated polymer forms a thin film around the particles, thethickness of which can be varied depending on the operating conditions.Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersiveX-ray spectrometry, laser diffraction spectroscopy, and thermogravimetricanalysis were all used to characterize the coatings. The results indicatethat a uniformly coated and free-flowing product can be achieved underoptimized conditions in the SHFCC and suitable posttreatments. Furthermore,scale-up of the method can be easily accomplished by using a largerSHFCC module containing a much larger number of solid hollow fibers.This method is easily adaptable for coating nanosized drug particlesas well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective drug delivery is essential for cancer treatment. Drug delivery systems, which can be tailored to targeted transport and integrated tumor therapy, are vital in improving the efficiency of cancer treatment. Peptides play a significant role in various biological and physiological functions and offer high design flexibility, excellent biocompatibility, adjustable morphology, and biodegradability, making them promising candidates for drug delivery. This paper reviews peptide-mediated drug delivery systems, focusing on self-assembled peptides and peptide–drug conjugates. It discusses the mechanisms and structural control of self-assembled peptides, the varieties and roles of peptide–drug conjugates, and strategies to augment peptide stability. The review concludes by addressing challenges and future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Influence of shear stress studied via a disruption assay of mature biofilms. • Level of c-di-GMP in biofilms influenced by shear stress due to bubbling. • Biofilm morphology and biodiversity influenced by level of c-di-GMP and shear. • Biofouling control of MBRs improved with an average shear stress over 0.72 Pa. Biofilms are inevitable and typically adhere on solid surfaces such as the membrane surfaces in membrane bioreactors. Aeration has been widely used in the aerobic stage of water treatment to hydrodynamically generate shear stress to disrupt biofilm formation. The current study quantified the influence of shear stress on mature biofilms by examining its influence on bacteria Quorum Sensing behaviour which involves c-di-GMP molecules. The level of external shear stress was determined via validated Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation and the level of c-di-GMP was measured directly. It was found that bacteria are very sensitive to environmental shear stress; a small change of 0.05 Pa can lead to an intracellular c-di-GMP fluctuation of 5.6 pmol/mg protein. The mediating effect of shear stress on c-di-GMP level is nonlinear. In MBR systems, a time-averaged shear stress exceeding 0.72 Pa is indicated as it generates lower c-di-GMP and a looser biofilm that has low biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cu-TCPP nanosheets and TiO 2 nanoclusters form a unique Z-scheme heterostructure. • The heterostructure shows excellent photocatalytic activity for ROS generation. • This novel material shows excellent antibacterial performance in vitro / in vivo. • The sufficient ROS and Cu ion ensure the long-term antibacterial activity. Bacterial infections pose a huge threat to human health due to the inevitable emergency of drug resistance. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) consisting of metal ions and organic linkers, as emerging efficient antibacterial material, have the merits of structural flexibility and adjustable physicochemical property. With assistance of photosensitive agents as organic linkers, MOFs have great potential in antibacterial application through photocatalytic therapy by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the limited light use efficiency and short lifespan of ROS are two obstacles for their applications. Inspired by the semiconductor heterostructure in photocatalysis, we rationally design and precisely synthesize MOFs based heterostructures, in which the TiO 2 nanoclusters are filled into the pores of Cu-TCPP nanosheets (i.e. TiO 2 NCs@Cu-TCPP HSs). And the composite materials possess three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical architectures, which have advantages of large surface area, excellent light-absorbing ability and photocatalytic efficiency. Significantly, this novel material displays >99.99 % antibacterial efficiency against E. coli and S. aureus within 30 min and preserves the excellent antibacterial ability during reusing three times, which is superior to recently reported photocatalystic-based antibacterial materials. Our study provides new insights into the energy band engineering for enhanced antibacterial performance, paving a way for designing advanced clinical wound dressings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research process in gene therapy for cancer treatment has brought much attention due to its great potential for both inherited and acquired diseases. Precise accumulation in target site and on-demand release of drug is critical factors for the efficient gene therapy. Since the delivery of suitable gene largely depends on the delivery carrier, the design of suitable gene delivery vehicle for the sustained gene release in target site are attracting increasingly interest among the researchers. In this report, an effective and relatively convenient gene delivery platform is developed by the electrostatic interaction between negative charged survivin antisense oligonucleotide (Sur-ASON) and positive charged PHB-b-PDMAEMA (PHB-P) co -polymer and then the induction of thermosensitive PF127 hydrogel. The prepared hydrogel could achieve a sustained gene release property in the tumor region after injection, thus to enhance the effect of Survivin antisense oligonucleotide and inhibit P-gp impaired drug uptake simultaneously. In vivo anti-tumor efficacy and H&E staining indicated that Sur-ASON/PHB-P/PF127 hydrogel was greatly effective in enhancing the treatment effects of Sur-ASON while reducing the degradation and the possible adverse side effects, and this novel hydrogel could achieve the controlled gene release up to maximum 16 days. The aforementioned properties indicated that the novel hydrogel could be applied as a promising and convenient anti-cancer agent for anticancer therapy with minimum injection frequency to possibly increase patient compliance. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is being utilized to develop advanced concepts in drug delivery systems including production of nanodrugs such as, nanocrystals and nanosuspensions. Continuous crystallization methods are of increasing interest and porous hollow fiber membrane (HFM) based modules have been recently utilized as an anti-solvent crystallizer. The porous hollow fiber anti-solvent crystallizer (PHFAC) based method has been modified here to produce continuously nanocrystals of Griseofulvin (GF). In the PHFAC device, deionized water introduced from the HFM bore into the shell side is used as the anti-solvent; acetone containing dissolved GF is introduced into the shell side of the HFM module as the drug solution. Water, the anti-solvent, mixed vigorously with the drug solution leading to drug crystallization and the drug crystals were separated by vacuum filtration and freeze-dried. The experimental conditions were varied to control the particle size, size distribution and the appearance of the nanoparticles. The properties of the drug nanocrystals were characterized via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Raman Spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive X-rays Spectroscopy (EDX), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), FT-IR Spectrometer, X-ray Diffraction (XRD); drug dissolution tests were also implemented. Drug nanocrystals as small as 86.4 nm were produced under modest pressure and temperature conditions in a controllable and continuous manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel drug delivery system based on self-assembly of zinc phthalocyanine-soybean phosphatidylcholine (ZnPc-SPC) complex was developed by a co-solvent method followed by a nanoprecipitaion technique. DSPE-PEG-methotrexate (DSPE-PEG-MTX) was introduced on the surface of ZnPc-SPC self-assembled nanoparticles (ZS) to endow them with folate receptor-targeting property. NMR, XRD, FTIR, and UV-vis-NIR analysis demonstrated the weak molecular interaction between ZnPc and SPC. The ZS functionalized with DSPE-PEG-MTX (ZSPM) was successfully constructed with an average particle size of ∼170 nm, a narrow size distribution, and could remain physiologically stable for at least 7 days. In vitro cellular uptake and cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that ZSPM exhibited stronger cellular uptake efficacy and photodynamic cytotoxicity against HeLa and MCF-7 cells than ZS functionalized with DSPE-mPEG (ZSP) and free ZnPc. More importantly, ZSPM showed the enhanced accumulation effect at the tumor region compared with ZSP by the active-plus-passive targeting via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and folate receptor-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, in vivo antitumor effect and histological analysis demonstrated the superior tumor growth inhibition effect of ZSPM. In addition, the needle-shape ZSP (ZSPN) exhibited better in vitro cellular uptake and in vivo tumor accumulation compared with ZSP due to the shape-assisted effect. Moreover, the interesting off-on switch effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of ZnPc-SPC complex-based nanoparticles was discovered to achieve photodynamic treatment in a controllable way. These findings suggested that the ZnPc-SPC complex-based self-assembled nanoparticles could serve as a promising and effective formulation to achieve tumor-targeting fluorescence imaging and enhanced photodynamic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimodal imaging-guided synergistic combination therapy has shown great potential for cancer treatment. However, the nanocarrier-based theranostic systems suffer from batch-to-batch variation, complexity of multicomponent, poor drug loading, and carrier-related toxicity issues. To address these issues, herein we developed a novel carrier-free theranostic system with nanoscale characteristics for near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) and photoacoustic (PA) dual-modal imaging-guided synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy (PTT). Indocyanine green (ICG) and epirubicin (EPI) could co-self-assemble into small molecular nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous solution without any molecular precursor or excipient via collaborative interactions (electrostatic, π–π stacking, and hydrophobic interactions). The exceptionally high dual-drug loading (∼ 92 wt%) ICG-EPI NPs showed good physiological stability, preferable photothermal response, excellent NIRF/PA imaging properties, pH-/photo-responsive drug release behavior, and promoted cellular endocytosis compared with free ICG or EPI. Importantly, the ICG-EPI NPs showed excellent tumor targeting ability with high spatial resolution and deep penetration via in vivo NIRF/PA dual-modal imaging. Moreover, in comparison with individual chemotherapy or PTT, the combinational chemo-PTT therapy of ICG-EPI NPs with NIR laser irradiation synergistically induced apoptosis and death of cancer cells in vitro , and showed synergistic chemo-PTT efficiency in vivo as evidenced by highly efficient tumor ablation. Furthermore, the ICG-EPI NPs exhibited inappreciable toxicity. This co-self-assembly of both FDA-approved agents provides a safe and “Molecular economical” strategy in the rational design of multifunctional nano-theranostic systems for real-time self-monitoring intracellular drug delivery and targeting multimodal imaging-guided synergistic combination therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimodal imaging-guided multistage targeted synergistic combination therapy possesses many advantages including increased tumoricidal effect, reduced toxicity, and retarded drug resistance. Herein, we have elaborately developed a core-interlayer-shell structure Fe 3 O 4 @mSiO 2 @lipid-PEG-methotrexatenanoparticle(FMLM), in which the Fe 3 O 4 core could be used for magnet-stimulate-response drug release, magnetic resonance imaging, and early-phase magnet targeting ability; the mSiO 2 layer could encapsulate anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) for chemotherapy; and the protective shell of lipid-PEG and lipid-PEG-methotrexate offered later-phase specific cellular targeting ability, good water dispersibility, and loading of photosensitizer zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) for simultaneous near-infrared fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy. Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that the both Dox and ZnPc-loaded FMLM (Dox/ZnPc-FMLM) exhibited the enhanced tumor accumulation, increased cellular uptake, improved anticancer activity, and weaked side effects compared with Dox/ZnPc-Fe 3 O 4 @mSiO 2 @lipid-PEG nanoparticle (Dox/ZnPc-FML) and free drug. For the first time, magnet targeting cooperative with methotrexate macromolecular prodrug targeting is successfully exploited to develop a promising versatile theranostic nanoplatform for dual-modal fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging-guided combined chemo-photodynamic cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cu-BDC nanosheets-based mesh with hierarchical structure is prepared. • The mesh shows highly efficient in vitro and in vivo antibacterial performance. • The sharp-edged nanosheet arrays can penetrate the bacterial membrane. • The sustained release of Cu ions can provide a long-term antibacterial activity. Bacterial infections pose a serious threat to public health. It is therefore essential to develop systems with effective antibacterial properties. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of materials which are considered promising for applications due to several properties, such as large specific surface area, porous topographic structure, and adjustable physico/chemical functionalities. Specific to the context of nosocomial infections, MOFs are relevant because they exhibit antibacterial properties, resulting from the intrinsic composition and structure of their building blocks, i.e. , metal ions/clusters and organic ligands. However, their broader application is hindered by the low antibacterial rate, bacterial organic molecular/metal resistance after long-term use, and difficulties in recycling and reuse. Here we report the design and fabrication of a Cu-BDC nanosheets-based antibacterial mesh with hierarchical structure through a two-step in situ growth. In the penetration process, the sharp-edged nanosheet arrays could effectively inactivate bacteria. Meanwhile, the sustained release of low concentration bactericidal copper ions could provide a long-term antibacterial activity and avoid toxicity arising from the burst-release of accumulated metal ions. Because of the synergistic physical and chemical damage to microbes, the obtained mesh exhibited excellent in vitro and in vivo antibacterial performance with enhanced biocompatibility and long-term durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Size reduction of drug with poor water solubility to nanoscale is an effective way to help improve the efficacy of drug delivery to the human body. A solid hollow fiber cooling crystallization technique has been adopted to continuously produce griseofulvin drug nanoparticles under modest conditions with accurate controllability. In the solid hollow fiber cooling crystallization device, drug solution flowed through the bores of solid hollow fibers while the cooling liquid was circulated counter-currently in the shell side of the device to cool down the drug solution in the tube side. Due to intense heat exchange between the cooling liquid and the drug solution through the thin fiber walls, the temperature of drug solution decreased rapidly so that drug nanoparticles were precipitated out from the solution by sudden reduction of solubility. Through variation of the experimental conditions and parameters, the mean size of the produced nanoparticles was regulated and controlled. The nanoparticles were dispersed uniformly, the chemical structure and bonds of prepared nanoparticles was the same with as-received griseofulvin. Both raw material and NPs the polymorph(s) present form I, the melting point was 220 °C. Drug dissolution testing was also executed to verify that nanocrystals have a higher dissolution profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]