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Abstract Improved and contemporary agriculture relies heavily on pesticides, yet some can be quite persistent and have a stable chemical composition, posing a significant threat to the ecology. Removing harmful effects is upon their degradability. Biodegradation must be emphasized to lower pesticide degradation costs, especially in the soil. Here, a decision-making system was used to determine the best microbial strain for the biodegradation of the pyrethroid-contaminated soil. In this system, the criteria chosen as: pH (C 1), Temp (C 2), RPM (C 3), Conc. (C 4), Degradation (%) (C 5) and Time required for degradation(hrs) (C 6); and five alternatives were Bacillus (A 1), Acinetobacter (A 2), Escherichia (A 3), Pseudomonas (A 4), and Fusarium (A 5). The best alternative was selected by applying the TOPSIS (technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution) method, which evaluates based on their closeness to the ideal solution and how well they meet specific requirements. Among all the specified criteria, Acinetobacter (A 2 ) was the best and optimal based on the relative closeness value (( $${R}_{i}^{*}$$ R i ∗ ) = 0.740 (A 2 ) > 0.544 (A 5 ) > 0.480 (A 1 ) > 0.403 (A 4 ) > 0.296 (A 3 )). However, the ranking of the other alternatives is also obtained in the order Fusarium (A 5), Bacillus (A 1), Pseudomonas (A 4), Escherichia (A 3). Hence this study suggests Acinetobacter is the best microbial strain for biodegradation of pyrethroids; while least preference should be given to Escherichia. Acinetobacter, versatile metabolic nature with various xenobiotic compounds' degradation ability, is gram-negative, aerobic, coccobacilli, nonmotile, and nonspore forming bacteria. Due to less study about Acinetobacter it is not in that much frame as the other microorganisms. Hence, considering the Acinetobacter strain for the biodegradation study will give more optimal results than the other microbial strains. Novelty of this study, the TOPSIS method is applied first time in selecting the best microbial strain for the biodegradation of pyrethroid-contaminated soil, considering this selection process as multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem.

The integration of multiple technical, economic, environmental, and social criteria establishes Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) as a dependable decision-making tool in the context of interdisciplinary research. This study employs a literature-based methodology to illustrate how MCDA, particularly utilizing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and TOPSIS models, has been utilized to tackle intricate decision-making issues. It also highlights the noteworthy discoveries derived from real-world applications, drawing upon previous research and case studies. This study explores the methodologies employed in the commonly utilized AHP and TOPSIS approaches, highlighting their broad applicability across various industries from 2000 to 2023. Additionally, a comprehensive examination of the applications of MCDA has been organized into five distinct sectors, namely supply chain, healthcare, business, resource management, and engineering & manufacturing.

In the present paper we study para-Kenmotsu (p-Kenmotsu) manifold equipped with quarter-symmetric metric connection and discuss certain derivation conditions.

Oryza sativa is a globally recognized staple food, rich in essential phyto-phenolic compounds such as γ-Oryzanol (OZ), Ferulic acid (FA), and Ellagic acid (EA). These phytochemicals are known for their potential to beneficially modulate molecular biochemistry. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement effects of Oryza sativa phyto-phenolics in a model of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) induced by Aβ (1-42) in animals. In-silico studies suggested that FA, OZ, and EA have target specificity for Aβ, with EA being further selected based on its potent in-vitro Aβ anti-aggregatory effects for exploring neurodegenerative conditions. The in-vivo experiments demonstrated that EA exerts therapeutic effects in Aβ-induced EOAD, modulating both biochemical and behavioral outcomes. EA treatment at two dose levels, EA70 and EA140 (70 μM and 140 μM, respectively, administered i.c.v.), significantly counteracted Aβ aggregation and modulated the Ca2⁺/Calpain/GSK-3β/CDK5 signaling pathways, exhibiting anti-tauopathy effects. Additionally, EA was shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects by preventing astroglial activation, modulating FAIM-L expression, and protecting against TNF-α-induced apoptotic signals. Moreover, the neuromodulatory effects of EA were attributed to the regulation of CREB levels, Dnm-1 expression, and synaptophysin levels, thereby enhancing LTP and synaptic plasticity. EA also induced beneficial cytological and behavioral changes, improving both long-term and short-term spatial memory as well as associative learning behavior in the animal model, which underscores its cognitive enhancement properties.

Abstract Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is known to regulate various cellular and systemic functions. However, its cell-specific role in endothelial cells (ECs) function and metabolic homeostasis remains to be elucidated. Here, using endothelial-specific Angptl4 knock-out mice (Angptl4 iΔEC ), and transcriptomics and metabolic flux analysis, we demonstrate that ANGPTL4 is required for maintaining EC metabolic function vital for vascular permeability and angiogenesis. Knockdown of ANGPTL4 in ECs promotes lipase-mediated lipoprotein lipolysis, which results in increased fatty acid (FA) uptake and oxidation. This is also paralleled by a decrease in proper glucose utilization for angiogenic activation of ECs. Mice with endothelial-specific deletion of Angptl4 showed decreased pathological neovascularization with stable vessel structures characterized by increased pericyte coverage and reduced permeability. Together, our study denotes the role of endothelial-ANGPTL4 in regulating cellular metabolism and angiogenic functions of EC.

Background: Severe birth asphyxia is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in developing countries like India. Severe birth asphyxia can result in transient myocardial ischemia, myocardial dysfunction, and cardiac failure. Aims and Objectives: The current study was undertaken for a better understanding of myocardial dysfunction with the help of serum levels of CPKMB and their correlation with mortality. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective observational study. We studied 150 newborns with severe birth asphyxia admitted to be SNCU of Maharaja Yashwantrao Hospital Indore from August 2021 to July 2022 after clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee and informed parental consent. Results: A total of 150 newborns with severe birth asphyxia were enrolled. Nearly 75% were males, and 25% were females. Most of the mothers (80%) were multigravidas. Antenatal complications were present in 85.33% of cases. Amniotic fluid was meconium stained in 73.33%, and fetal distress was present in 72.70%. CPKMB was deranged in 93%, and the ejection fraction was reduced in 53%. Out of the total 150 cases, 72 died, with levels of CPKMB elevated in 70 cases and ejection fraction reduced in 62 cases. Conclusion: We conclude that serum CPKMB levels rise early before ejection fraction is reduced and can help us identify myocardial dysfunction early. There is a statistically significant association between CPKMB, ejection fraction, and mortality in babies with severe birth asphyxia. Cardiac-specific enzyme CPKMB helps in the early recognition of myocardial dysfunction, and there is significant correlation with neonatal mortality.

Introduction: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is one of the most common hereditary haemoglobinopathies globally. Patients with SCD are at a high risk of pulmonary complications. However, there have been very few studies in literature regarding the spectrum of pulmonary involvement and its association with clinicotherapeutic parameters in Indian patients. Aim: To study the incidence of acute and chronic pulmonary complications in children with SCD and to estimate the association of various risk factors with pulmonary complications. Materials and Methods: The present observational crosssectional study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College (tertiary care hospital) and Maharaja Yeshwantrao (MY) Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India, from June 2021 to July 2022. A total of 100 patients with SCD below the age of 18 years attending sickle-thalassaemia Outpatient Department (OPD) and Inpatient Department (IPD) with pulmonary symptoms admitted were enrolled in the study. Clinical history, physical examination and laboratory findings were noted as per the preconstructed proforma. Data were statistically analysed with unpaired t-test and Pearson’s Chi- square test. Results: A total of 100 patients with SCD were enrolled and the mean age of the study subjects was 9.27±3.39 years. Nearly equal distribution of males (n=52) and females (n=48) were seen with male to female ratio of 1:1.08. Incidence of complications was seen very high in homozygous sickle disease (63%) followed by only 40% in Haemoglobin S (HbS) beta thalassaemia. Most common complication noted in our patients was Acute Chest Syndrome (ACS) (57.7%), followed pneumonia (20%), sympneumonic effusion (15.6%) while only 6.7% had pulmonary hypertension. A statistically significant association (p-value

Wnt signaling is a critical pathway involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and cellular homeostasis. To address treatment need of diseases associated with the dysregulated Wnt signaling like cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, Osteoporosis, Myocardial infarction etc.; small molecules that target the very first and unique component of the Wnt pathway, Porcupine enzyme, have been proven to be effective. Till date, none of the Porcupine inhibitor has reached to market. To design the novel Porcupine inhibitors, there was a need of crystal structure of Porcupine but in 2019, it was not resolved and deposited in the protein data bank. So, with an aim to predict its 3D structure, homology modeling study was performed using two distinct platforms; I-TASSER and Molsoft ICMPro so that we could use the best validated model for the designing of NCEs. Both the generated homology models were compared through Ramachandran plot, Protein health tool of Molsoft ICM and other tools available on metaserver, SAVES v6.0. Molsoft model was found better with 84.6 % residues in most favored region and only 0.3 % residues in disallowed region in Ramachandran plot in comparison to 75.9 % and 1.7 % residues respectively in I-TASSER model. The ICM model was further refined for 50 ns under MD simulation where it got stabilized after 36 ns. Quantification of protein was done by Radius of Gyration (ROG) where model showed larger ROG value of 23.25°A which indicated closely packed structure. Binding site in the predicted structure of Porcupine was identified using ICM binding pocket identifier and used for molecular docking of known Porcupine inhibitors like IWP-2, IWP-3, IWP-L6, and LKG974. Key binding site residues; Arg124, Phe257, Leu261, Val302, Trp305, Asn306, Ser310, Leu313, His341, Phen345, Ala349, Val350 etc. involved in the interaction were identified after MD simulation which can be useful in designing of novel porcupine inhibitors in future.

Abstract Rare diseases (RD) are severe and debilitating conditions. They are one of the leading causes of childhood mortality globally. In India, RDs have not been considered in most healthcare programs which usually cater to more common diseases. We believe, that for efficient utilization of resources in a resource-constrained healthcare system, existing programs must integrate RD management strategies. In this study, we explore the utility, expandability, and limitation of one of the important national child healthcare programs, Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) which translates to National Child Healthcare Program. We found that RBSK has immense potential to cater to RDs through some of its unique features, such as comprehensive screening, wide target age group, and efficient utilization of resources. We provide recommendations that can help to strengthen the present program. This study will inspire other low-resource countries to identify and expand existing public healthcare programs for RD management. Moreover, RBSK can serve as a model program to integrate RD management globally.

In the present research, a few well-known artificial intelligence tools were explored for efficient hit selection which could be further utilized for the discovery of CaMK-II inhibitors for the Treatment of arrhythmia. To achieve the desired goals pharmacophore modelling, database retrieval, molecular docking studies, and toxicity prediction were performed. Pharmacophore modelling was performed with the Pharmit open-source database which gave the features viz. Hydrogen Bond Donor, Hydrogen Bond Acceptor, and Hydrophobic. This pharmacophore is generated with the aid of the protein of CaMK-II (PDB ID: 2WEL) and co-crystallized ligand K88. Further, this generated pharmacophore was screened through the various Pharmit databases which include CHEMBL30, ChemDiv, ChemSpace, MCULE, MolPort, NCI Open Chemical Repository, Lab Network, and ZINC. Further, the top two hits from each database that has maximum similarity with the pharmacophore have been selected for the molecular docking and ADMET studies. Among, all the hits CHEMBL 1952032 showed good binding interactions with CaMK-II. Also, it was found to be non-toxic upon evaluation through the OSIRIS property explorer. In the future, it can be explored against the CaMK-II for the development of novel CaMK-II inhibitors which can be used for the mitigation of arrhythmia.

In the present study, effects of ovariectomy (Ovx) and estradiol-17β (E2) replacement on the brain steroid levels were investigated in the resting and prespawning phases of the female catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. The study showed that Ovx resulted in significant decreases in plasma levels of estradiol-17β (E2) and its precursors, and the effect varied with the reproductive stage and duration. Our study showed that E2 supplementation reversed the effect of Ovx in 3-week Ovx fish group, either restored or increased according to the dose. In contrast, E2 levels increased in the brain after Ovx in the resting stage and produced a biphasic effect of significant decreases on week 1 and 2, and significant increases on week 3, 4 and 5 in the pre-spawning stage. The brain E2 levels significantly inhibited in E2 supplementation groups. The testosterone (T) levels showed biphasic effects, an initial decrease (up to 3 weeks Ovx) and an increase later (week 4, 5) in the resting stage. In the pre-spawning stage, the T levels increased significantly after Ovx. The E2 supplementation significantly inhibited the T levels, more severely in the low dose group in the resting and pre-spawning stages. Brain 17-hydroxyprogesterone(17-OHP4) levels increased (week 1, 2, 3) but decreased on week 4 and 5 of Ovx in the resting stage and increased throughout Ovx in the pre-spawning stage except in the 5th week (though compared to other steroids, level was very low; almost negligible). The E2 replacement significantly decreased the steroid levels further down compared to the Ovx control group. Brain progesterone (P4) and pregnenolone (P5) levels decreased initially (week 1 and 2 Ovx) and recovered later. The E2 replacement significantly decreased P4 levels in the Ovx fish in the pre-spawning stage and in the lower dose group in the resting stage. The P5 levels remained inhibited after the E2 supplementation in the resting stage but unchanged or increased it in the pre-spawning stage. Brain cortisol (F) levels were inhibited initially (1 and 2 weeks and later increased after OVX in the resting stage. In the pre-spawning stage, the F levels increased in the week 1, 2 and 3 of Ovx and decreased in the 4th and 5th weeks. The E2 supplementation inhibited the cortisol (F) levels in both phases. The results show that ovarian steroids influence neurosteroidogenesis in a reproductive stage-dependent manner.

The synthesis of bioactive steroids is catalyzed by an array of enzymes of diverse properties and actions. In the present study, seasonal dynamics and kinetics of key steroidogenic enzymes, 17α-hydroxylase (Cyp17a), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Hsd3b), 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Hsd20a) and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Hsd20b) were investigated in the female catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Further, the effects of the estrogen metabolite 2-hydroxyestradiol-17β (2-OHE2) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on activities of the above enzymes, cytochrome P450 aromatase (Cyp19a1), and steroid products including testosterone and cortisol were determined. The enzymes under investigation showed significant seasonal variations across the annual ovarian cycle with low activity in the gonad resting phase. The enzymes Hsd3b and Cyp17a showed high activity during early oogenesis but the activities of Hsd20a and Hsd20b were higher towards late oogenesis in the spawning phase. Hsd3b and Cyp17a elicited high apparent Km values (low substrate affinity) and high apparent Vmax in the vitellogenic phase compared to the postvitellogenic phase. Hsd20a did not elicit any significant differences in the kinetic parameters between the two phases. Hsd20b showed high apparent Km values (low substrate affinity) and high Vmax in the postvitellogenic phase. The incubation of ovarian slices with 2-OHE2 for 24 h increased dose-dependently Hsd3b, Cyp17a, Hsd20a and Hsd20b activities, similar to hCG. The levels of the corresponding C21 steroid products, progesterone (P4), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP4), 17, 20α-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20α-DP) and 17,20β-dihydoxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20β-DP), and cortisol were elevated. However, 2-OHE2 decreased significantly the C19 and C18 steroids, testosterone and E2 levels, and Cyp19a activity. The co-incubation with hCG and 2-OHE2 produced a synergistic effect on the enzyme activities except that of CYP19a. The co-incubation reversed the inhibitory effect of 2-OHE2. The data show that 2-OHE2 exerts a dual role on steroidogenesis, stimulating the C21 pathway and inhibiting the C19–C18 pathway, resulting in the steroidogenic shift.

Background: Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is defined as the acute onset of fever and a change in mental status and/or new onset of seizures (excluding simple febrile seizures) in a person of any age at any time of the year. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study were as follows: (a) To study clinicoepidemiological profile and outcome among children with AES admitted at M.Y.H. Hospital and MGM Medical College, Indore, M.P., and (b) to study prognostic factors associated with bad outcomes. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted over 12 months (July 2019–August 2020) at the pediatric department of our hospital. Inclusion criteria: Inpatient children aged 6 months–14 years meeting the case definitions of acute encephalitis syndrome. Exclusion criteria: Simple febrile seizures. Results: Out of 50 AES cases, majority were between 1 and 5 years of age (40%). There were more males 31 (62%) than 19 (38%) females. Most of the cases were reported during the monsoon period 29 (58%) followed by post-monsoon 13 (26%) and pre-monsoon 8 (16%). Out of 50 cases, all had fever and altered sensorium, 37 (74%) had convulsions, 14 (28%) had vomiting, and 9 (18%) had headache. Out of 50 cases, 42 (84%) had viral etiology including 7 (14%) of dengue encephalitis and 1 (2%) of case of human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. Only 5 (10%) cases had bacterial etiology. Those who needed inotropes and mechanical ventilation showed significant mortality. Conclusion: The peak of AES cases occurred during the monsoon period. A higher proportion of such cases had viral etiology on cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Use of inotropes and mechanical ventilation was identified to be associated with significant mortality.

Background: Empyema thoracis is an accumulation of pus in the pleural space. It is estimated that 0.6% of childhood pneumonias progress to empyema, affecting 3.3/1,00,000 children. Various treatment options available include antibiotics alone or with chest tube drainage, intrapleural fibrinolytics, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, and open decortications. Aims and Objectives: (1) The objective of the study was to study clinico-epidemiological and lab profile of pediatric patients with pleural effusion of infective etiology and (2) to study outcome and short term follow-up. Materials and Methods: Prospective observational study conducted from June 2020 to May 2021 at the pediatric department of a tertiary care hospital, central India. Inclusion criteria: Children between 6 months and 14 years diagnosed with pleural effusion clinically and radiologically. Exclusion criteria: Effusion of traumatic or malignant origin. Detailed history, examination, and relevant investigations were recorded. Data were compiled and analyzed. Patients were treated with intercostal drainage, antibiotics and were referred for surgical intervention wherever necessary. Results: Thirty-five patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 4.4 years. Fever (100%), cough (88.5%) and breathlessness (65.7%) were the most common symptoms found at admission. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism isolated from pleural fluid. In the present study, 77% (27) patients were treated with ICD and antibiotics, 11.5% patients required surgical intervention, and 11.5% patients responded to antibiotics alone. The mortality rate in our study was 5.7% and the rest of the patients were successfully discharged and followed up. Conclusion: Antibiotics and tube thoracostomy are effective methods of treating pyogenic empyema thoracis in children in resource poor settings.

A most valuable fungus that has multiple benefits in the agriculture production system. Around the Globe, Framers and scientists have taken the benefit of knowledge on trichoderma use. It is also called as multipurpose fungus because of its use as bio fertilizer as well as biofungicide (Bio agent). Trichoderma is being able to produce volatile compound and ability to solubilize phosphate making them available to plants, it’s used as biofertilizer. As a bioagent it control various pathogens such as Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora, Sclerotinia spp. Presently a large number of Trichoderma based formulations/ Products are available in the global market which are dominated by Trichoderma harzianum & Trichoderma viridae. Its application in developed countries is increasing rapidly replacing the chemical products, while in developing countries still it is lagging behind because of awareness among the peoples. This article is also with purpose to disseminate the awareness among the peoples about its beneficial aspects in crop production process and its contribution in the environment. The main Ambition of this review paper is also to enlight the importance of trichoderma as a biofertilizer and bio agents.

Abstract Rare diseases (RD) are conditions that affect a small number of people and hence do not get the focus on government health priorities in a resource-constrained setting such as India. Therefore, it is essential to focus on strengthening and utilizing the existing public health framework for the optimal usage of healthcare resources. In this regard, National Health Mission (NHM) is one of the crucial programs initiated by the government of India to address the health needs of the under-served. As Phase 1 of the NHM moves towards completion, we explored the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health (RMNCH + A) program under NHM to assess their potential and limitations to aid RD care. We found that some of the disease-prevention initiatives of NHM address certain RDs and can easily be expanded to manage many such preventable RDs. In addition, NHM programs can provide a unique epidemiological data repository to strengthen the National Rare Disease Registry. These programs can also play important role in providing a continuum of care for many RDs that need lifelong management. However, existing programs have a limited scope to provide specialized RD-related treatments, which is better served in a more focused system. Thus, considering RDs in the design of the existing programs may help RD management better through prevention, data collection, and providing a continuum of care.

Green revolution has no doubt led to increased global food supplies, but at the same time it has introduced several ecological, environmental, and socio-economic problems. After green revolution, using of dwarf and semi dwarf high yielding varieties of crops, increased used of Agrochemicals and irrigation happened which resulted in increased intensity of several pest. To control these pests, we opted synthetic chemicals as best method, but it created a lot of health issues and killed beneficial insects too. Residual impact of chemical has shown hazardous impact. Now it’s time to change by opting IPM practice i.e. Integrated Pest Management. IPM is not a new philosophy, the concept has been around 1920’s when cotton pest management was developed.

The mechanisms governing cholesterol homeostasis remain incompletely understood. Here, the authors develop an integrative genomic strategy to identify MMAB, and enzyme in the adenosylcobalamin pathway, as a regulator of hepatic LDLR activity and cholesterol biosynthesis.

The vertebrate nonapeptide families arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) are considered to have evolved from a single vasopressin-like peptide present in invertebrates and termed arginine vasotocin in early vertebrate evolution. Unprecedented genome sequence availability has more recently allowed new insight into the evolution of nonapeptides and especially their receptor families in the context of whole genome duplications. In bony fish, nonapeptide homologues of AVP termed arginine vasotocin (Avp) and an OXT family peptide (Oxt) originally termed isotocin have been characterized. While reproductive roles of both nonapeptide families have historically been studied in several vertebrates, their roles in teleost reproduction remain much less understood. Taking advantage of novel genome resources and associated technological advances such as genetic modifications in fish models, we here critically review the current state of knowledge regarding the roles of nonapeptide systems in teleost reproduction. We further discuss sources of plasticity of the conserved nonapeptide systems in the context of diverse reproductive phenotypes observed in teleost fishes. Given the dual roles of preoptic area (POA) synthesized Avp and Oxt as neuromodulators and endocrine/paracrine factors, we focus on known roles of both peptides on reproductive behaviour and the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Emphasis is placed on the identification of a gonadal nonapeptide system that plays critical roles in both steroidogenesis and gamete maturation. We conclude by highlighting key research gaps including a call for translational studies linking new mechanistic understanding of nonapeptide regulated physiology in the context of aquaculture, conservation biology and ecotoxicology.

The last few decades have witnessed advancements in intelligent metaheuristic approaches and system reliability optimization. The huge progress in metaheuristic approaches can be viewed as the main motivator behind further refinement in the system reliability optimization process. Researchers have intensively studied system reliability optimization problems (SROPs) to obtain the optimal system design with several constraints in order to optimize the overall system reliability. This article proposes a modified wild horse optimizer (MWHO) for SROPs and investigates the reliability allocation of two complex SROPs, namely, complex bridge system (CBS) and life support system in space capsule (LSSSC), with the help of the same process. The effectiveness of this framework based on MWHO is demonstrated by comparing the results obtained with the results available in the literature. The proposed MWHO algorithm shows better efficiency, as it provides superior solutions to SROPs.

The sequence, length and substitution of a polysaccharide influence its physical and biological properties. Thus, sequence controlled polysaccharides are important targets to establish structure–properties correlations. Polymerization techniques and enzymatic methods have been optimized to obtain samples with well-defined substitution patterns and narrow molecular weight distribution. Chemical synthesis has granted access to polysaccharides with full control over the length. Here, we review the progress towards the synthesis of well-defined polysaccharides. For each class of polysaccharides, we discuss the available synthetic approaches and their current limitations.

Introduction: Endometriosis is an oestrogen dependent gynaecological disease, having endometrial glands and stromal tissues outside the intrauterine locations. The aetiology and pathogenesis of endometriosis is still unclear and it affects a large proportion of reproductive age women. It’s a heterogeneous disease and is found to be associated with hormonal and histological alterations. Studies indicate that mutation in aromatase (CYP19) gene is involved in a number of inflammatory diseases and CYP19 rs 2470152 site polymorphism may help to find its relation to susceptibility to endometriosis. Aim: To ascertain the relationship between changes in histological architecture in endometrial cells during endometriosis with circulating hormone levels, stress parameters and aromatase (CYP19A1) gene polymorphism {Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) rs 2470152}. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based case-control study where all patients and controls were recruited from the Outpatient Department (OPD) of the Sir Sunderlal Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India from March 2016-March 2019, and a total 300 subjects, 120 endometriosis patients and 180 healthy controls were studied. Histological studies were done by Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining in the endometrial tissues of patients and controls. Genotyping of SNP rs 2470152 was conducted by Polymerise Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method on genomic Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) isolated from patients and control blood. Student’s t-test was used to compare the mean for the two independent groups. Allele and genotype distribution among groups were evaluated using the Chi-squared test and Fisher’s-Exact test. Results: In the present study, all the subjects were in the age group of 20-50+ years where 20-40 years age group were premenopausal and 40-50+ year were perimenopausal. Significant histological changes were observed in the endometrial glands and stroma of the endometrium tissues of the diseased women compared to the healthy controls. Various pathological entities were altered in circulating blood plasma of patients than to control. For polymorphism studies allele (T,C) (p=0.002*) and genotypic (TT, TC and TT) (p