Search

Abstract Background Our systematic review aimed to critically evaluate empirical literature describing the association of muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) with recurrence and/or mortality among breast cancer survivors. Methods We included English-language empirical research studies examining the association between MSE and recurrence and/or mortality among females diagnosed with breast cancer. Seven databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, and CINAHL) were searched in September 2023. Quality was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results are summarized descriptively. Results Five sources were identified. MSE measurement differed in relation to the description of the MSE (i.e., muscle-strengthening vs. strength training), examples of activities (e.g., sit-ups or push-ups vs. calisthenics vs. circuit training), and exercise frequency (i.e., days vs. times/week). Findings offer provisional evidence that some MSE may lower the hazards of recurrence and mortality. This association may vary by race, weight status, and menopausal status. Conclusions In summary, limited available evidence suggests that MSE may lower the hazards of recurrence and mortality. More consistent measurement and analyses would help generate findings that are more readily comparable and applicable to inform clinical practice. Further research is needed to improve understanding of the strength and differences of these associations among underserved and underrepresented women.

Abstract Core‐binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF‐AML) is characterized by the presence of inv(16)/t(16;16) or t(8;21) and is classified as a favorable risk by the 2022 European LeukemiaNet (ELN) guidelines. The CD33‐targeting antibody‐drug conjugate, gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO), is commonly added to intensive chemotherapy (IC) in CBF‐AML. We sought to compare outcomes in patients treated with IC with or without GO in CBF‐AML. We included 200 patients with CBF‐AML treated with IC across seven academic centers. Induction treatment regimens were categorized as IC alone, IC with GO, or IC with KIT inhibitor (dasatinib or midostaurin). Median follow‐up for the whole cohort was 2.5 years. Three‐year overall survival (OS) was 70% and 3‐year event‐free survival (EFS) was 51%. Patients treated with IC with GO experienced a 3‐year EFS of 50% compared to those treated with IC alone who experienced a 3‐year EFS of 47%, with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.62). Similarly, those treated with IC with GO did not experience an improved OS compared to those treated with IC alone (p = 0.67). Patients treated with IC with KIT inhibitor experienced a significantly improved 3‐year EFS of 85% compared to those with IC with or without GO (p = 0.04). We find in our study that there is no survival benefit in patients treated with IC with the addition of GO; improved EFS was seen in patients with CBF‐AML treated with IC plus KIT inhibitors, consistent with outcomes noted in prospective studies utilizing this approach.

Abstract Gait cycle variability during steady walking, described by the stride interval time series, has been used as a gait-stability-related measure. In particular, the positive persistency in the stride intervals with 1/f-like fluctuation and reduction of the persistency are the well-documented metrics that can characterize gait patterns of healthy young adults and elderly including patients with neurological diseases, respectively. Here, we examined effects of a dual task on gait cycle variability in healthy young adults, based on the mean and standard deviation statistics as well as the positive persistency of the stride intervals during steady walking on a treadmill. Specifically, three gait conditions were examined: control condition, non-cognitive task with holding a smartphone in front of the chest using their dominant hand and looking fixedly at a blank screen of the smartphone, and cognitive motor task with holding a smartphone as in the non-cognitive task and playing a puzzle game displayed on the smartphone by one-thumb operation. We showed that only the positive persistency, not the mean and standard deviation statistics, was affected by the cognitive and motor load of smartphone usage in the cognitive condition. More specifically, the positive persistency exhibited in the control and the non-cognitive conditions was significantly reduced in the cognitive condition. Our results suggest that the decrease in the positive persistency during the cognitive task, which might represent the deterioration of healthy gait pattern, is caused endogenously by the cognitive and motor load, not necessarily by the reduction of visual field as often hypothesized.

Abstract Objective While risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA) are well known, it is not well understood why certain individuals maintain high mobility and joint health throughout their life while others demonstrate OA at older ages. The purpose of this study was to assess which demographic, clinical and MRI quantitative and semi-quantitative factors are associated with preserving healthy knees in older individuals. Methods This study analyzed data from the OA Initiative (OAI) cohort of individuals at the age of 65 years or above. Participants without OA at baseline (BL) (Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) ≤ 1) were followed and classified as incident cases (KL ≥ 2 during follow-up; n = 115) and as non-incident (KL ≤ 1 over 96-month; n = 391). Associations between the predictor-variables sex, age, BMI, race, clinical scoring systems, T2 relaxation times and Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Score (WORMS) readings at BL and the preservation of healthy knees (KL ≤ 1) during a 96-month follow-up period were assessed using logistic regression models. Results Obesity and presence of pain showed a significant inverse association with maintaining radiographically normal joints in patients aged 65 and above. T2 relaxation times of the lateral femur and tibia as well as the medial femur were also significantly associated with maintaining radiographically normal knee joints. Additionally, absence of lesions of the lateral meniscus and absence of cartilage lesions in the medial and patellofemoral compartments were significantly associated with maintaining healthy knee joints. Conclusion Overall, this study provides protective clinical parameters as well as quantitative and semi-quantitative MR-imaging parameters associated with maintaining radiographically normal knee joints in an older population over 8 years.

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes neuroinflammation and can lead to long-term neurological dysfunction, even in cases of mild TBI (mTBI). Despite the substantial burden of this disease, the management of TBI is precluded by an incomplete understanding of its cellular mechanisms. Sphingolipids (SPL) and their metabolites have emerged as key orchestrators of biological processes related to tissue injury, neuroinflammation, and inflammation resolution. No study so far has investigated comprehensive sphingolipid profile changes immediately following TBI in animal models or human cases. In this study, sphingolipid metabolite composition was examined during the acute phases in brain tissue and plasma of mice following mTBI. Methods Wildtype mice were exposed to air-blast-mediated mTBI, with blast exposure set at 50-psi on the left cranium and 0-psi designated as Sham. Sphingolipid profile was analyzed in brain tissue and plasma during the acute phases of 1, 3, and 7 days post-TBI via liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry. Simultaneously, gene expression of sphingolipid metabolic markers within brain tissue was analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Significance (P-values) was determined by non-parametric t-test (Mann–Whitney test) and by Tukey’s correction for multiple comparisons. Results In post-TBI brain tissue, there was a significant elevation of 1) acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) at 1- and 3-days, 2) neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) at 7-days, 3) ceramide-1-phosphate levels at 1 day, and 4) monohexosylceramide (MHC) and sphingosine at 7-days. Among individual species, the study found an increase in C18:0 and a decrease in C24:1 ceramides (Cer) at 1 day; an increase in C20:0 MHC at 3 days; decrease in MHC C18:0 and increase in MHC C24:1, sphingomyelins (SM) C18:0, and C24:0 at 7 days. Moreover, many sphingolipid metabolic genes were elevated at 1 day, followed by a reduction at 3 days and an absence at 7-days post-TBI. In post-TBI plasma, there was 1) a significant reduction in Cer and MHC C22:0, and an increase in MHC C16:0 at 1 day; 2) a very significant increase in long-chain Cer C24:1 accompanied by significant decreases in Cer C24:0 and C22:0 in MHC and SM at 3 days; and 3) a significant increase of C22:0 in all classes of SPL (Cer, MHC and SM) as well as a decrease in Cer C24:1, MHC C24:1 and MHC C24:0 at 7 days. Conclusions Alterations in sphingolipid metabolite composition, particularly sphingomyelinases and short-chain ceramides, may contribute to the induction and regulation of neuroinflammatory events in the early stages of TBI, suggesting potential targets for novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies in the future.

Abstract Childhood radioactive iodine exposure from the Chornobyl accident increased papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) risk. While cervical lymph node metastases (cLNM) are well-recognized in pediatric PTC, the PTC metastatic process and potential radiation association are poorly understood. Here, we analyze cLNM occurrence among 428 PTC with genomic landscape analyses and known drivers (131I-exposed = 349, unexposed = 79; mean age = 27.9 years). We show that cLNM are more frequent in PTC with fusion (55%) versus mutation (30%) drivers, although the proportion varies by specific driver gene (RET-fusion = 71%, BRAF-mutation = 38%, RAS-mutation = 5%). cLNM frequency is not associated with other characteristics, including radiation dose. cLNM molecular profiling (N = 47) demonstrates 100% driver concordance with matched primary PTCs and highly concordant mutational spectra. Transcriptome analysis reveals 17 differentially expressed genes, particularly in the HOXC cluster and BRINP3; the strongest differentially expressed microRNA also is near HOXC10. Our findings underscore the critical role of driver alterations and provide promising candidates for elucidating the biological underpinnings of PTC cLNM.

Abstract Background Evidence links lifestyle factors with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We report the first randomized, controlled clinical trial to determine if intensive lifestyle changes may beneficially affect the progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or early dementia due to AD. Methods A 1:1 multicenter randomized controlled phase 2 trial, ages 45-90 with MCI or early dementia due to AD and a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score of 18 or higher. The primary outcome measures were changes in cognition and function tests: Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC), Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-Cog), Clinical Dementia Rating–Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB), and Clinical Dementia Rating Global (CDR-G) after 20 weeks of an intensive multidomain lifestyle intervention compared to a wait-list usual care control group. ADAS-Cog, CDR-SB, and CDR-Global scales were compared using a Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and CGIC was compared using Fisher’s exact test. Secondary outcomes included plasma Aβ42/40 ratio, other biomarkers, and correlating lifestyle with the degree of change in these measures. Results Fifty-one AD patients enrolled, mean age 73.5. No significant differences in any measures at baseline. Only two patients withdrew. All patients had plasma Aβ42/40 ratios

Abstract The goal of this study is to examine the association between in utero drought exposure and epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) in a global climate change hot spot. Calculations of EAA in adults using DNA methylation have been found to accurately predict chronic disease and longevity. However, fewer studies have examined EAA in children, and drought exposure in utero has not been investigated. Additionally, studies of EAA in low-income countries with diverse populations are rare. We assess EAA using epigenetic clocks and two DNAm-based pace-of-aging measurements from whole saliva samples in 104 drought-exposed children and 109 same-sex sibling controls in northern Kenya. We find a positive association between in utero drought exposure and EAA in two epigenetic clocks (Hannum’s and GrimAge) and a negative association in the DNAm based telomere length (DNAmTL) clock. The combined impact of drought’s multiple deleterious stressors may reduce overall life expectancy through accelerated epigenetic aging.

Abstract Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) coding variants, termed G1 and G2, are established genetic risk factors for a growing spectrum of diseases, including kidney disease, in individuals of African ancestry. Evidence suggests that the risk variants, which show a recessive mode of inheritance, lead to toxic gain-of-function changes of the APOL1 protein. Disease occurrence and presentation vary, likely due to modifiers or second hits. To understand the role of the epigenetic landscape in relation to APOL1 risk variants, we performed methylation quantitative trait locus (meQTL) analysis to identify differentially methylated CpGs influenced by APOL1 risk variants in 611 African American individuals. We identified five CpGs that were significantly associated with APOL1 risk alleles in discovery and replication studies, and one CpG-APOL1 association was independent of other genomic variants. Our study highlights proximal DNA methylation alterations that may help explain the variable disease risk and clinical manifestation of APOL1 variants.

Abstract Background Obesity influences the development of osteoarthritis via low-grade inflammation. Progression of local inflammation (= synovitis) increased with weight gain in overweight and obese women compared to stable weight. Synovitis could be associated with subcutaneous fat (SCF) around the knee. Purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of weight loss on synovitis progression and to assess whether SCF around the knee mediates the relationship between weight loss and synovitis progression. Methods We included 234 overweight and obese participants (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25 kg/m2) from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) with > 10% weight loss (n = 117) or stable overweight (

IntroductionWe reported that Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β)–derived lipids (iDLs) contribute to type 1 diabetes (T1D) onset. As CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are critical in promoting β-cell death, we tested the hypothesis that iDL signaling from these cells participates in T1D development. MethodsCD4+ and CD8+ T cells from wild-type non-obese diabetic (NOD) and NOD.iPLA2β+/- (NOD.HET) mice were administered in different combinations to immunodeficient NOD.scid. ResultsIn mice receiving only NOD T cells, T1D onset was rapid (5 weeks), incidence 100% by 20 weeks, and islets absent. In contrast, onset was delayed 1 week and incidence reduced 40%–50% in mice receiving combinations that included NOD.HET T cells. Consistently, islets from these non-diabetic mice were devoid of infiltrate and contained insulin-positive β-cells. Reduced iPLA2β led to decreased production of proinflammatory lipids from CD4+ T cells including prostaglandins and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), products of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), and inhibition of their signaling decreased (by 82%) IFNγ+CD4+ cells abundance. However, only DHETs production was reduced from CD8+ T cells and was accompanied by decreases in sEH and granzyme B. DiscussionThese findings suggest that differential select iDL signaling in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells contributes to T1D development, and that therapeutics targeting such signaling might be considered to counter T1D.

Background: HIV testing remains an entry point into HIV care and treatment services. In 2007, Nigeria adopted and implemented a two-test rapid HIV testing algorithm of three HIV rapid test kits, following the sequence: Alere Determine (first test), UnigoldTM (second test), and STAT-PAK® as the tie-breaker. Sub-analysis of the 2018 Nigeria HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey data showed significant discordance between the first and second tests, necessitating an evaluation of the algorithm. This manuscript highlights lessons learnt from that evaluation. Intervention: A two-phased evaluation method was employed, including abstraction and analysis of retrospective HIV testing data from January 2017 to December 2019 from 24 selected sites supported by the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief programme. A prospective evaluation of HIV testing was done among 2895 consecutively enrolled and consented adults, aged 15–64 years, accessing HIV testing services from three selected sites per state across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria between July 2020 and September 2020. The prospective evaluation was performed both in the field and at the National Reference Laboratory under controlled laboratory conditions. Stakeholder engagements, strategic selection and training of study personnel, and integrated supportive supervision were employed to assure the quality of evaluation procedures and outcomes. Lessons learnt: The algorithm showed higher sensitivity and specificity in the National Reference Laboratory compared with the field. The approaches to quality assurance were integral to the high-quality study outcomes. Recommendations: We recommend comparison of testing algorithms under evaluation against a gold standard. What this study adds: This study provides context-specific considerations in using World Health Organization recommendations to evaluate the Nigerian national HIV rapid testing algorithm.

The structure of the leaf microbiome can alter host fitness and change in response to abiotic and biotic factors, like seasonality, climate, and leaf age. However, relatively few studies consider the influence of host age on microbial communities at a time scale of a few days, a short time scale relevant to microbes. To understand how host age modulates changes in the fungal and bacterial leaf microbiome on a short time scale, we ran independent field and greenhouse-based studies and characterized phyllosphere communities using next-generation sequencing approaches. Our field study characterized changes in the fungal and bacterial phyllosphere by examining leaves of different relative ages across individuals, whereas the greenhouse study examined changes in the fungal microbiome by absolute leaf age across individuals. Together, these results indicate that fungal communities are susceptible to change as a leaf ages as evidenced by shifts in the diversity of fungal taxa both in the field and the greenhouse. Similarly, there were increases in the diversity of fungal taxa by leaf age in the greenhouse. In bacterial communities in the field, we observed changes in the diversity, composition, and relative abundance of common taxa. These findings build upon previous literature characterizing host-associated communities at longer time scales and provide a foundation for targeted work examining how specific microbial taxa might interact with each other, such as fine-scale interactions between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species.

Background Acute declines in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) occur commonly after starting angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors. Whether declines in eGFR that occur after simultaneously starting angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors with other antihypertensive agents modifies the benefits of these agents on cardiovascular outcomes is unclear. Methods and Results We identified predictors of acute declines in eGFR (>15% over 3 months) during randomization to benazepril plus amlodipine versus benazepril plus hydrochlorothiazide in the ACCOMPLISH (Avoiding Cardiovascular Events through Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension) trial. We then determined the relation between declines in eGFR (treated as a binary variable, ≤15% versus >15% and separately, as a restricted spline variable) and the composite risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events using Cox proportional hazards models. We included 10 714 participants (median age 68 years [Q1 63, Q3 73]), of whom 1024 reached the trial end point over median follow‐up of 2.8 years. Predictors of acute declines in eGFR>15% over 3 months included assignment to hydrochlorothiazide (versus amlodipine) and higher baseline albuminuria. Overall, declines in eGFR ≥15% (versus

Maternally-loaded factors in the egg accumulate during oogenesis and are essential for the acquisition of oocyte and egg developmental competence to ensure the production of viable embryos. However, their molecular nature and functional importance remain poorly understood. Here, we present a collection of 9 recessive maternal-effect mutants identified in a zebrafish forward genetic screen that reveal unique molecular insights into the mechanisms controlling the vertebrate oocyte-to-embryo transition. Four genes, over easy, p33bjta, poached and black caviar, were found to control initial steps in yolk globule sizing and protein cleavage during oocyte maturation that act independently of nuclear maturation. The krang, kazukuram, p28tabj, and spotty genes play distinct roles in egg activation, including cortical granule biology, cytoplasmic segregation, the regulation of microtubule organizing center assembly and microtubule nucleation, and establishing the basic body plan. Furthermore, we cloned two of the mutant genes, identifying the over easy gene as a subunit of the Adaptor Protein complex 5, Ap5m1, which implicates it in regulating intracellular trafficking and yolk vesicle formation. The novel maternal protein Krang/Kiaa0513, highly conserved in metazoans, was discovered and linked to the function of cortical granules during egg activation. These mutant genes represent novel genetic entry points to decipher the molecular mechanisms functioning in the oocyte-to-embryo transition, fertility, and human disease. Additionally, our genetic adult screen not only contributes to the existing knowledge in the field but also sets the basis for future investigations. Thus, the identified maternal genes represent key players in the coordination and execution of events prior to fertilization.

Annually, Sierra Leone records an estimated 301 human fatalities due to rabies. Canine vaccination is crucial for rabies prevention and control efforts. However, considerable variability exists in vaccination rates. Reasons for this variation remain unclear. We conducted a cross-sectional study across 2,558 dog-owning households (HHs) to provide insights into factors influencing canine vaccination for targeted prevention and control towards elimination by 2030. First, we described dog ownership practices, then built a probabilistic model to understand factors associated with dog vaccination, and finally used a spatial scan statistic to identify spatial clusters where vaccination rates were low. Our results indicated that only 14% (358/2,558) of participating HHs had fully vaccinated their dogs against rabies. The probability of dog vaccination increased when comparing civil servants to private workers/artisans, with an Odds Ratio(OR) of 1.14 (95% credible interval (Crl) of 0.82-1.56), residing in locations with a veterinary establishment vs. none (OR = 6.43, 95% Crl (4.97-8.35), providing care to dogs vs. allowing dogs to roam freely (OR = 2.38, 95% Crl(1.80-3.17) and owning a single dog vs multiple dogs (OR = 1.20, 95 Crl (0.92-1.56). Conversely, there was a decrease in the estimated probability of vaccination when comparing dog owners located in rural vs. urban areas (OR = 0.58, CrI 95% (0.43-0.78). Latent understanding, a measure of overall understanding of rabies virus, which we estimated using participant education levels and responses to questions about rabies epidemiology, was also an important predictor of vaccination probability (OR = 1.44, 95% Crl (1.04-2.07). The spatial analysis identified high-risk clusters for low vaccination in the cities of Moyamba, with a radius of 40 km, a relative risk (RR) of 1.10, and Bo, with a radius of 19.9 km with RR of 1.11. These data do not support Sierra Leone reaching the 2030 goal of human rabies elimination caused by dogs. Our study highlights a critical need for public outreach and education, improved vaccination rates, increased accessibility to veterinary services, and targeted interventions in Bo and Moyamba to support rabies prevention and control efforts.

Abstract Despite the large public health toll of smoking, genetic studies of smoking cessation have been limited with few discoveries of risk or protective loci. We investigated common and rare variant associations with success in quitting smoking using a cohort from 8 randomized controlled trials involving 2231 participants and a total of 10,020 common and 24,147 rare variants. We identified 14 novel markers including 6 mapping to genes previously related to psychiatric and substance use disorders, 4 of which were protective (CYP2B6 (rs1175607105), HTR3B (rs1413172952; rs1204720503), rs80210037 on chr15), and 2 of which were associated with reduced cessation (PARP15 (rs2173763), SCL18A2 (rs363222)). The others mapped to areas associated with cancer including FOXP1 (rs1288980) and ZEB1 (rs7349). Network analysis identified significant canonical pathways for the serotonin receptor signaling pathway, nicotine and bupropion metabolism, and several related to tumor suppression. Two novel markers (rs6749438; rs6718083) on chr2 are flanked by genes associated with regulation of bodyweight. The identification of novel loci in this study can provide new targets of pharmacotherapy and inform efforts to develop personalized treatments based on genetic profiles.

Abstract Cellular responses to the steroid hormones, estrogen (E2), and progesterone (P4) are governed by their cognate receptor’s transcriptional output. However, the feed-forward mechanisms that shape cell-type-specific transcriptional fulcrums for steroid receptors are unidentified. Herein, we found that a common feed-forward mechanism between GREB1 and steroid receptors regulates the differential effect of GREB1 on steroid hormones in a physiological or pathological context. In physiological (receptive) endometrium, GREB1 controls P4-responses in uterine stroma, affecting endometrial receptivity and decidualization, while not affecting E2-mediated epithelial proliferation. Of mechanism, progesterone-induced GREB1 physically interacts with the progesterone receptor, acting as a cofactor in a positive feedback mechanism to regulate P4-responsive genes. Conversely, in endometrial pathology (endometriosis), E2-induced GREB1 modulates E2-dependent gene expression to promote the growth of endometriotic lesions in mice. This differential action of GREB1 exerted by a common feed-forward mechanism with steroid receptors advances our understanding of mechanisms that underlie cell- and tissue-specific steroid hormone actions.

We report 2 autochthonous feline thelaziosis cases caused by the eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda and discuss the spread among dogs in the northeastern United States. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the parasite was introduced from Europe. Adopting a One Health approach is needed to limit further spread of T. callipaeda eyeworms in North America.

Abstract Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) poses therapeutic challenges due to the limited treatment options. Building upon our previous research that demonstrates the efficacy of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibition in a genetic cardiomyopathy model, we investigate HDAC6’s role in HFpEF due to their shared mechanisms of inflammation and metabolism. Here, we show that inhibiting HDAC6 with TYA-018 effectively reverses established heart failure and its associated symptoms in male HFpEF mouse models. Additionally, in male mice lacking Hdac6 gene, HFpEF progression is delayed and they are resistant to TYA-018’s effects. The efficacy of TYA-018 is comparable to a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, and the combination shows enhanced effects. Mechanistically, TYA-018 restores gene expression related to hypertrophy, fibrosis, and mitochondrial energy production in HFpEF heart tissues. Furthermore, TYA-018 also inhibits activation of human cardiac fibroblasts and enhances mitochondrial respiratory capacity in cardiomyocytes. In this work, our findings show that HDAC6 impacts on heart pathophysiology and is a promising target for HFpEF treatment.

We report an outbreak of COVID-19 in a beaver farm in Mongolia in 2021. Genomic characterization revealed a unique combination of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 of the infected beavers. Based on these findings, increased surveillance of farmed beavers should be encouraged.

Abstract The objective of this study is to define CT imaging derived phenotypes for patients with hepatic steatosis, a common metabolic liver condition, and determine its association with patient data from a medical biobank. There is a need to further characterize hepatic steatosis in lean patients, as its epidemiology may differ from that in overweight patients. A deep learning method determined the spleen-hepatic attenuation difference (SHAD) in Hounsfield Units (HU) on abdominal CT scans as a quantitative measure of hepatic steatosis. The patient cohort was stratified by BMI with a threshold of 25 kg/m2 and hepatic steatosis with threshold SHAD ≥ − 1 HU or liver mean attenuation ≤ 40 HU. Patient characteristics, diagnoses, and laboratory results representing metabolism and liver function were investigated. A phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) was performed for the statistical interaction between SHAD and the binary characteristic LEAN. The cohort contained 8914 patients—lean patients with (N = 278, 3.1%) and without (N = 1867, 20.9%) steatosis, and overweight patients with (N = 1863, 20.9%) and without (N = 4906, 55.0%) steatosis. Among all lean patients, those with steatosis had increased rates of cardiovascular disease (41.7 vs 27.8%), hypertension (86.7 vs 49.8%), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (29.1 vs 15.7%) (all p

Abstract Domestic pigs are a critical component of the food supply and one of the most commonly raised production animals. Pork consumption has driven the intensification of pig production expanding into environments conducive to increased emergence and spread of infectious diseases, including the spillover of pathogens into human populations. One of these emerging viruses, Reston virus (RESTV), is an enigma among the Orthoebolavirus genus in that its lack of human pathogenicity is in stark contrast to the high virulence associated with most other ebolaviruses. RESTV is, however, associated with outbreaks of highly lethal hemorrhagic disease in non-human primates (NHP), as well as poorly understood clinical manifestations of mixed virulence and lethality in naturally and experimentally infected domestic pigs. Our results show it is possible for RESTV derived from an NHP to infect domestic pigs resulting in a spectrum of disease, from asymptomatic to severe respiratory distress. Further, we report on the first experimental transmission of RESTV between infected pigs and a co-housed, naïve animal, as well as the first report of the successful use of group oral fluids for the detection of RESTV RNA and virus-specific IgA antibodies.

Abstract The majority of disease-associated variants identified through genome-wide association studies are located outside of protein-coding regions. Prioritizing candidate regulatory variants and gene targets to identify potential biological mechanisms for further functional experiments can be challenging. To address this challenge, we developed FORGEdb ( https://forgedb.cancer.gov/ ; https://forge2.altiusinstitute.org/files/forgedb.html ; and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10067458 ), a standalone and web-based tool that integrates multiple datasets, delivering information on associated regulatory elements, transcription factor binding sites, and target genes for over 37 million variants. FORGEdb scores provide researchers with a quantitative assessment of the relative importance of each variant for targeted functional experiments.

Abstract Objective Mitochondrial dysfunction and nuclear epigenetic alterations, two hallmarks of aging, are associated with aberrant development and complex disease risk. Here, we report a method for the simultaneous assessment of mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) and DNA methylation age (DNAm age) from the same DNA extraction using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and array data, respectively. Result We present methods for the concurrent estimation of mtDNA-CN and DNAm age from the same DNA samples. This includes qPCR to estimate mtDNA-CN, representing the number of circular mitochondrial genomes in a cell, and DNA methylation microarray data to estimate the epigenetic age of an individual. Further, we provide a method for the combination of these metrics into a shared metric termed ‘mtEpiAge’. This approach provides a valuable tool for exploring the interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction and nuclear epigenetic alterations, and their associations with disease and aging.

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a re-emerging zoonotic poxvirus responsible for producing skin lesions in humans. Endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, the 2022 outbreak with a clade IIb strain has resulted in ongoing sustained transmission of the virus worldwide. MPXV has a relatively wide host range, with infections reported in rodent and non-human primate species. However, the susceptibility of many domestic livestock species remains unknown. Here, we report on a susceptibility/transmission study in domestic pigs that were experimentally inoculated with a 2022 MPXV clade IIb isolate or served as sentinel contact control animals. Several principal-infected and sentinel contact control pigs developed minor lesions near the lips and nose starting at 12 through 18 days post-challenge (DPC). No virus was isolated and no viral DNA was detected from the lesions; however, MPXV antigen was detected by IHC in tissue from a pustule of a principal infected pig. Viral DNA and infectious virus were detected in nasal and oral swabs up to 14 DPC, with peak titers observed at 7 DPC. Viral DNA was also detected in nasal tissues or skin collected from two principal-infected animals at 7 DPC post-mortem. Furthermore, all principal-infected and sentinel control animals enrolled in the study seroconverted. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that domestic pigs are susceptible to experimental MPXV infection and can transmit the virus to contact animals.

ABSTRACTOn 13 October 2023, the National Directorate for Livestock Development in Mozambique was notified of a suspected outbreak of avian influenza in commercial layers. Samples were screened by real-time and conventional RT–PCR and were positive for both H7 and N6. Full genome sequences were obtained for three representative samples. Sequence analysis of the H7 cleavage site confirmed that the viruses were highly pathogenic (i.e. 333- PEPPKGPRFRR/GLF-346). In addition, the H7 and N6 sequences were highly similar (from 99.4-99.5% and 99.6-99.7% for the HA gene and the NA gene, respectively) to the sequences of a H7N6 virus identified in the Republic of South Africa in May 2023 indicating a similar origin of the viruses. The identification of H7N6 HPAIV in Mozambique has important implications for disease management and food security in the region.

Abstract While direct cell transplantation holds great promise in treating many debilitating diseases, poor cell survival and engraftment following injection have limited effective clinical translation. Though injectable biomaterials offer protection against membrane‐damaging extensional flow and supply a supportive 3D environment in vivo that ultimately improves cell retention and therapeutic costs, most are created from synthetic or naturally harvested polymers that are immunogenic and/or chemically ill‐defined. This work presents a shear‐thinning and self‐healing telechelic recombinant protein‐based hydrogel designed around XTEN – a well‐expressible, non‐immunogenic, and intrinsically disordered polypeptide previously evolved as a genetically encoded alternative to PEGylation to “eXTENd” the in vivo half‐life of fused protein therapeutics. By flanking XTEN with self‐associating coil domains derived from cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, single‐component physically crosslinked hydrogels exhibiting rapid shear thinning and self‐healing through homopentameric coiled‐coil bundling are formed. Individual and combined point mutations that variably stabilize coil association enables a straightforward method to genetically program material viscoelasticity and biodegradability. Finally, these materials protect and sustain viability of encapsulated human fibroblasts, hepatocytes, embryonic kidney (HEK), and embryonic stem‐cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (hESC‐CMs) through culture, injection, and transcutaneous implantation in mice. These injectable XTEN‐based hydrogels show promise for both in vitro cell culture and in vivo cell transplantation applications.

BackgroundScalable PTSD screening strategies must be brief, accurate and capable of administration by a non-specialized workforce.MethodsWe used PTSD as determined by the structured clinical interview as our gold standard and considered predictors sets of (a) Posttraumatic Stress Checklist-5 (PCL-5), (b) Primary Care PTSD Screen for the DSM-5 (PC-PTSD) and, (c) PCL-5 and PC-PTSD questions to identify the optimal items for PTSD screening for public sector settings in Kenya. A logistic regression model using LASSO was fit by minimizing the average squared error in the validation data. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) measured discrimination performance.ResultsPenalized regression analysis suggested a screening tool that sums the Likert scale values of two PCL-5 questions—intrusive thoughts of the stressful experience (#1) and insomnia (#21). This had an AUROC of 0.85 (using hold-out test data) for predicting PTSD as evaluated by the MINI, which outperformed the PC-PTSD. The AUROC was similar in subgroups defined by age, sex, and number of categories of trauma experienced (all AUROCs>0.83) except those with no trauma history- AUROC was 0.78.ConclusionIn some East African settings, a 2-item PTSD screening tool may outperform longer screeners and is easily scaled by a non-specialist workforce.

IntroductionStudies suggest a relationship between the emotional evocativeness of visual imagery and viewer responses, however, there is limited understanding of these associations, especially as they relate to viewers’ personal experiences of adversities.MethodsIn this exploratory study, we examined the relationship between the visual content of mask images and viewers’ responses. In an online survey 699 participants (of n = 1,010 total initial participants) rated 98 masks based on valence, arousal, and personal relevance and completed the Life Events Checklist. The masks included those created by service members (SMs) with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depicting physical, psychological, and moral injuries and matched neutral masks created by creative arts therapists and arts in health scholars.FindingsThe findings indicated that responses to mask image content (traumatic versus neutral) were associated with viewers’ personal history of adversity and trauma. Specifically, images representing injury/trauma provoked stronger reactions on valence and arousal than neutral images. Moreover, participants with personal histories of trauma had heightened emotional responses to distressing imagery.DiscussionThese findings have implications for art therapists as well as for clinical and general populations in that these results highlight the potential impact of distressing imagery particularly for individuals with personal histories of experiencing or witnessing traumatic events.

Rabies perpetuates in Nigeria despite initiatives like the Regional Disease Surveillance System Enhancement Project, with evidence indicating suboptimal canine vaccination rates as a contributing factor. To inform effective planning of mass dog vaccination campaigns, it is crucial to understand the factors associated with variation in canine vaccination rates. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 2022 to understand factors associated with canine vaccination. We used stratified random sampling of the streets and dog-owning households to survey 4162 households from three states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). We then built a joint probabilistic model to understand factors associated with dog vaccination and non-vaccination. First, we modelled rabies knowledge as a latent variable indirectly measured with several targeted survey questions. This method allowed a respondent's unobserved understanding of rabies to be estimated using their responses to a collection of survey questions that targeted different aspects of rabies epidemiology and took various possible response distributions (i.e., ordinal, categorical, binary). Second, we modelled factors influencing pet owners' decisions to vaccinate their dogs against rabies and barriers to dog vaccination among dog owners whose dogs were not vaccinated against rabies. Posterior distributions revealed that the probability of dog vaccination was positively associated with the owner's latent knowledge of rabies, civil servant service employment, residence in the FCT, ownership of a single dog, providing care to dogs, and a preference for contemporary treatment following a dog bite. Conversely, non-vaccination was positively associated with private employment, residing in Anambra and Enugu states, owning multiple dogs, allowing dogs to search for leftovers, and a preference for traditional treatment after a dog bite. Cost was the primary barrier against vaccination for dog owners in Anambra and Enugu, while mistrust posed a major challenge for those in the FCT. Owners in areas with veterinary establishments cited cost as a barrier, while those without a veterinary establishment cited access as the primary barrier. Our study underscores the need to enhance rabies knowledge, tailor vaccination campaigns to specific demographics, address financial and access barriers, and combat hesitancy to improve rabies vaccination rates in Nigeria.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the need for broad-spectrum antiviral drugs to respond promptly to viral emergence. We conducted a preclinical study of molnupiravir (MOV) against SARS-CoV-2 to fully characterise its antiviral properties and mode of action. The antiviral activity of different concentrations of MOV was evaluated ex vivo on human airway epithelium (HAE) and in vivo in a hamster model at three escalating doses (150, 300 and 400 mg/kg/day) according to three different regimens (preventive, pre-emptive and curative). We assessed viral loads and infectious titres at the apical pole of HAE and in hamster lungs, and MOV trough concentration in plasma and lungs. To explore the mode of action of the MOV, the entire genomes of the collected viruses were deep-sequenced. MOV effectively reduced viral titres in HAE and in the lungs of treated animals. Early treatment after infection was a key factor in efficacy, probably associated with high lung concentrations of MOV, suggesting good accumulation in the lung. MOV induced genomic alteration in viral genomes with an increase in the number of minority variants, and predominant G to A transitions. The observed reduction in viral replication and its mechanism of action leading to lethal mutagenesis, supported by clinical trials showing antiviral action in humans, provide a convincing basis for further research as an additional means in the fight against COVID-19 and other RNA viruses.

Detection of Schistosoma spp. DNA in gynaecological samples by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is considered to be the reference diagnostic test for female genital schistosomiasis (FGS). However, qPCR needs expensive laboratory procedures and highly trained technicians. Loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) is a more field-friendly isothermal procedure for the detection of parasite-specific DNA, but it still requires electrically powered equipment. Here, we validated a Schistosoma haematobium-specific Sh-LAMP procedure and tested a fully instrument-free isothermal amplification using a novel low-cost, and reusable Temperature-cup (T-cup) device. Specific primers were selected based on published assays, targeting the ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) region of S. haematobium. Technical validation of the IGS-Sh-LAMP was performed using 20 negative controls, including DNA extracts of soil-transmitted helminths and S. mansoni, and a 10-fold dilution series (100–10−3) of DNA extracted from a single S. haematobium egg (n=4). For clinical validation, the IGS-Sh-LAMP was tested on 125 DNA samples extracted from vaginal swabs of a previous FGS study in Madagascar. Results were compared with the quantification cycle value (Cq) of the standard ITS-2 targeting qPCR. Single S. haematobium egg DNA up to a 10–2 dilution and an ITS-2 Cq

The prostaglandin transporter (PGT, SLCO2A1) mediates transport of prostanoids (a.o. prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)) into cells and thereby promotes their degradation. Overexpression of PGT leads to low extracellular PGE2 levels and has been linked to impaired wound healing of diabetic foot ulcers. Inhibition of PGT could thus be beneficial, however, no PGT inhibitors are currently on the market and drug discovery efforts are hampered by lack of high-through screening assays for this transporter. Here we report on a label-free impedance-based assay for PGT that measures transport activity through receptor activation (TRACT) utilizing prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype EP3 and EP4 that are activated by PGE2. We found that induction of PGT expression on HEK293-JumpIn-SLCO2A1 cells that also express EP3 and EP4 leads to an over 10-fold reduction in agonistic potency of PGE2. PGE2 potency could be recovered upon inhibition of PGT-mediated PGE2 uptake with PGT inhibitors olmesartan and T26A, the potency of which could be established as well. Moreover, the TRACT assay enabled the assessment of transport function of PGT natural variants. Lastly, HUVEC cells endogenously expressing prostanoid receptors and PGT were exploited to study wound healing properties of PGE2 and T26A in real-time using a novel impedance-based scratch-induced wound healing assay. These novel impedance-based assays will advance PGT drug discovery efforts and pave the way for the development of PGT-based therapies.

Objective: To determine if baseline diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity mediates the relationship between health insurance status and DR progression. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Subjects: Seven hundred sixteen patients aged ≥ 18 years with a diagnosis of type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus, and a diagnosis of nonproliferative DR (NPDR) were identified from the electronic health record of a tertiary academic center between June 2012 and February 2022. Methods: NPDR severity at baseline was the proposed mediator in the relationship between insurance status and proliferative DR (PDR) progression. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between insurance status and NPDR severity at baseline, and Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the association between insurance status and time to PDR progression. To analyze the mediation effect of NPDR severity at baseline, a counterfactual approach, which decomposes a total effect into a natural direct effect and a natural indirect effect was applied. Main Outcome Measures: Time to progression from first NPDR diagnosis to first PDR diagnosis. Results: Of the 716 patients, 581 (81%) had Medicare or private insurance, 107 (15%) had Medicaid, and 28 (4.0%) were uninsured at their baseline eye visit. Uninsured or Medicaid patients had a higher proportion of moderate or severe NPDR at their baseline eye visit and a higher proportion of progression to PDR. After adjusting for confounders and NPDR severity at baseline, patients who were uninsured had significantly greater risk of progression to PDR compared with that of patients with Medicare/private insurance (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10–6.25). Patients with Medicaid also had an increased risk of progression to PDR compared with that of patients with Medicare/private insurance, although not statistically significant (HR: 1.53; 95% CI: 0.81–2.89). NPDR severity at baseline mediated 41% of the effect of insurance status (uninsured vs. Medicare/private insurance) on PDR progression. Conclusions: Patients who were uninsured were more likely to have an advanced stage of NPDR at their baseline eye visit and were at significantly greater risk of progression to PDR compared with patients who had Medicare or were privately insured. Mediation analysis revealed that differences in baseline NPDR severity by insurance explained a significant proportion of the relationship between insurance status and DR progression. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Abstract Arginine‐ornithine metabolism plays a crucial role in bacterial homeostasis, as evidenced by numerous studies. However, the utilization of arginine and the downstream products of its metabolism remain undefined in various gut bacteria. To bridge this knowledge gap, we employed genomic screening to pinpoint relevant metabolic targets. We also devised a targeted liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) metabolomics method to measure the levels of arginine, its upstream precursors, and downstream products in cell‐free conditioned media from enteric pathobionts, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Acinetobacter baumannii, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Our findings revealed that all selected bacterial strains consumed glutamine, glutamate, and arginine, and produced citrulline, ornithine, and GABA in our chemically defined medium. Additionally, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, and P. fluorescens were found to convert arginine to agmatine and produce putrescine. Interestingly, arginine supplementation promoted biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae, while ornithine supplementation enhanced biofilm formation in S. epidermidis. These findings offer a comprehensive insight into arginine‐ornithine metabolism in enteric pathobionts.

Summary: Post-transcriptional mRNA regulation shapes gene expression, yet how cis-elements and mRNA translation interface to regulate mRNA stability is poorly understood. We find that the strength of translation initiation, upstream open reading frame (uORF) content, codon optimality, AU-rich elements, microRNA binding sites, and open reading frame (ORF) length function combinatorially to regulate mRNA stability. Machine-learning analysis identifies ORF length as the most important conserved feature regulating mRNA decay. We find that Upf1 binds poorly translated and untranslated ORFs, which are associated with a higher decay rate, including mRNAs with uORFs and those with exposed ORFs after stop codons. Our study emphasizes Upf1’s converging role in surveilling mRNAs with exposed ORFs that are poorly translated, such as mRNAs with long ORFs, ORF-like 3′ UTRs, and mRNAs containing uORFs. We propose that Upf1 regulation of poorly/untranslated ORFs provides a unifying mechanism of surveillance in regulating mRNA stability and homeostasis in an exon-junction complex (EJC)-independent nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway that we term ORF-mediated decay (OMD).

ABSTRACTMany intracellular pathogens structurally disrupt the Golgi apparatus as an evolutionarily conserved promicrobial strategy. Yet, the host factors and signaling processes involved are often poorly understood, particularly for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. We found that A. phagocytophilum elevated cellular levels of the bioactive sphingolipid, ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), to promote Golgi fragmentation that enables bacterial proliferation, conversion from its non-infectious to infectious form, and productive infection. A. phagocytophilum poorly infected mice deficient in ceramide kinase, the Golgi-localized enzyme responsible for C1P biosynthesis. C1P regulated Golgi morphology via activation of a PKCα/Cdc42/JNK signaling axis that culminates in phosphorylation of Golgi structural proteins, GRASP55 and GRASP65. siRNA-mediated depletion of Cdc42 blocked A. phagocytophilum from altering Golgi morphology, which impaired anterograde trafficking of trans-Golgi vesicles into and maturation of the pathogen-occupied vacuole. Cells overexpressing phosphorylation-resistant versions of GRASP55 and GRASP65 presented with suppressed C1P- and A. phagocytophilum-induced Golgi fragmentation and poorly supported infection by the bacterium. By studying A. phagocytophilum, we identify C1P as a regulator of Golgi structure and a host factor that is relevant to disease progression associated with Golgi fragmentation.IMPORTANCECeramide-1-phosphate (C1P), a bioactive sphingolipid that regulates diverse processes vital to mammalian physiology, is linked to disease states such as cancer, inflammation, and wound healing. By studying the obligate intracellular bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum, we discovered that C1P is a major regulator of Golgi morphology. A. phagocytophilum elevated C1P levels to induce signaling events that promote Golgi fragmentation and increase vesicular traffic into the pathogen-occupied vacuole that the bacterium parasitizes. As several intracellular microbial pathogens destabilize the Golgi to drive their infection cycles and changes in Golgi morphology is also linked to cancer and neurodegenerative disorder progression, this study identifies C1P as a potential broad-spectrum therapeutic target for infectious and non-infectious diseases.

Introduction Optimal venous thromboembolism (VTE) enoxaparin prophylaxis dosing remains elusive. Weight-based (WB) dosing safely increases anti-factor Xa levels without the need for routine monitoring but it is unclear if it leads to lower VTE risk. We hypothesized that WB dosing would decrease VTE risk compared with standard fixed dosing (SFD).Methods Patients from the prospective, observational CLOTT-1 registry receiving prophylactic enoxaparin (n=5539) were categorized as WB (0.45–0.55 mg/kg two times per day) or SFD (30 mg two times per day, 40 mg once a day). Multivariate logistic regression was used to generate a predicted probability of VTE for WB and SFD patients.Results Of 4360 patients analyzed, 1065 (24.4%) were WB and 3295 (75.6%) were SFD. WB patients were younger, female, more severely injured, and underwent major operation or major venous repair at a higher rate than individuals in the SFD group. Obesity was more common among the SFD group. Unadjusted VTE rates were comparable (WB 3.1% vs. SFD 3.9%; p=0.221). Early prophylaxis was associated with lower VTE rate (1.4% vs. 5.0%; p=0.001) and deep vein thrombosis (0.9% vs. 4.4%; p

The Skaergaard intrusion is a layered, ferrobasaltic intrusion emplaced during the Early Eocene into the rifting volcanic margin of East Greenland. The magma chamber crystallised in response to cooling from the roof and margins upwards and inward, forming upper, marginal and bottom series, the latter referred to as the Layered Series. The phase layering in the bottom series suggests an evolved, olivine-normative tholeiitic melt saturated in plagioclase and olivine, followed by augite, and then simultaneously by ilmenite and magnetite forming primocrysts. Pigeonite appears in the lower parts and continues until the centre of the series. Apatite appears in the upper part concurrently with liquid immiscibility. Cryptic variations of the individual primocrysts record a systematic upward increase in iron and decrease in magnesium for the mafic minerals and a systematic increase in sodium and decrease in calcium for plagioclase. The appearance of pigeonite is caused by reactions and crystallisation in the trapped melt and by subsolidus adjustments without this phase reaching liquidus saturation. The high mode of olivine at the base of the upper part with the appearance of apatite is interpreted to mark the onset of liquid immiscibility. This may have led to the separation of conjugate melts with granophyre migrating upward and the basic component largely staying stationary or sinking. Petrologic and geochemical observations indicate differentiation in the lower part of the intrusion, principally controlled by crystal fractionation with the efficiency of fractionation controlled by the evolution and escape of liquid from the solidifying mush. During the final stages of solidification, the onset of liquid immiscibility and termination of melt convection impeded differentiation. Modelling by perfect Rayleigh fractionation shows that major and included trace elements conform reasonably to observations, while excluded elements deviate from model predictions. This decoupling is caused by the mobility of a granophyre component formed in the trapped melt and in the main residual magma chamber. Consequently, the sampled gabbros may not be representative of the final solid-melt mush. By restoring the gabbros to their original mush compositions, it is possible to constrain granophyre migration pathways. We suggest that the granophyre formed in the trapped melt in the lower part of the intrusion mostly migrated laterally through pressure release pathways to form lenses and pockets with only limited upward migration into the main magma reservoir. Near the end stage of differentiation, the residual magma exsolved and formed complex mixtures of ferrobasaltic and granophyric melts. Estimates predict that a substantial amount of the granophyric melt penetrated as sills into the downward crystallising, upper part of the body as well as into the host rocks. The redistribution of granophyric melts within the solidifying crystal mush complicates predictions of trapped-melt content and mass-balance calculations but helps to explain apparent decoupling of included and excluded trace elements, especially towards the end stages of evolution. Final crystallisation was controlled mostly by in situ crystallisation leaving complex mixtures of ferrodiorite and granophyre components.

Diseases caused by invasive pathogens are an increasing threat to forest health, and early and accurate disease detection is essential for timely and precision forest management. The recent technological advancements in spectral imaging and artificial intelligence have opened up new possibilities for plant disease detection in both crops and trees. In this study, Dutch elm disease (DED; caused by Ophiostoma novo-ulmi,) and American elm (Ulmus americana) was used as example pathosystem to evaluate the accuracy of two in-house developed high-precision portable hyper- and multi-spectral leaf imagers combined with machine learning as new tools for forest disease detection. Hyper- and multi-spectral images were collected from leaves of American elm genotypes with varied disease susceptibilities after mock-inoculation and inoculation with O. novo-ulmi under greenhouse conditions. Both traditional machine learning and state-of-art deep learning models were built upon derived spectra and directly upon spectral image cubes. Deep learning models that incorporate both spectral and spatial features of high-resolution spectral leaf images have better performance than traditional machine learning models built upon spectral features alone in detecting DED. Edges and symptomatic spots on the leaves were highlighted in the deep learning model as important spatial features to distinguish leaves from inoculated and mock-inoculated trees. In addition, spectral and spatial feature patterns identified in the machine learning-based models were found relative to the DED susceptibility of elm genotypes. Though further studies are needed to assess applications in other pathosystems, hyper- and multi-spectral leaf imagers combined with machine learning show potential as new tools for disease phenotyping in trees.

Abstract Background and Objective Esmethadone (dextromethadone; d-methadone; S-methadone (+)-methadone; REL-1017) is the opioid inactive dextro-isomer of racemic methadone. Esmethadone is a low potency N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel blocker with higher affinity for GluN2D subtypes. Esmethadone showed robust, rapid, and sustained antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) with inadequate response to ongoing serotonergic antidepressant treatment. Methods Here we described the results of in vitro and phase 1 clinical trials aimed at investigating the esmethadone metabolism and possible drug-drug interactions. Results Esmethadone is primarily metabolized to EDDP (2-ethylene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine) by multiple enzymes, including CYP3A4/5 and CYP2B6. In vitro studies showed that esmethadone inhibits CYP2D6 with IC50 of 9.6 μM and is an inducer of CYP3A4/5. The clinical relevance of the inhibition of CYP2D6 and the induction of CYP3A4 were investigated by co-administering esmethadone and dextromethorphan (a substrate for CYP2D6) or midazolam (a substrate for CYP3A4) in healthy volunteers. The administration of esmethadone at the dosage of 75 mg (which is the loading dose administered to patients in MDD clinical trials) significantly increased the exposure (AUC) of both dextromethorphan and its metabolite dextrorphan by 2.71 and 3.11-fold, respectively. Esmethadone did not modify the pharmacokinetic profile of midazolam, while it increased C max and AUC of its metabolite 1′-hydroxymidazolam by 2.4- and 3.8-fold, respectively. A second study evaluated the effect of the CYP3A4 inhibitor cobicistat on the pharmacokinetics of esmethadone. Cobicistat slightly increase (+32%) the total exposure (AUC0–inf) of esmethadone. Conclusions In summary, esmethadone demonstrated a negligible effect on CYP3A4 induction and its metabolism was not meaningfully affected by strong CYP3A4 inhibitors while it increased exposure of CYP2D6-metabolized drugs.

Abstract Objectives To assess psychometric properties of two scales developed to measure the quality of person-centered care during pregnancy and childbirth in the United States—the Person-Centered Prenatal Care (PCPC-US) and Person-Centered Maternity Care (PCMC-US) scales—in a low-income predominantly Latinx population in California. Methods Data were collected from July 2020 to June 2023 from surveys of low-income pregnant and birthing people in Fresno, California, participating in the “Engaging Mothers and Babies; Reimagining Antenatal Care for Everyone” (EMBRACE) trial. Research staff administered the 26-item PCPC-US scale at 30–34 weeks’ gestation (n = 315) and the 35-item PCMC-US scale at 10–14 weeks after birth (n = 286), using the language preferred by the participant (English or Spanish). We assessed construct, criterion, and known group validity and internal consistency of the scales. Results 78% of respondents identified as Latinx. Factor analysis identified one dominant factor for each scale that accounted for over 60% of the cumulative variance, with most items loading at > 0.3. The items also loaded adequately on sub-scales for “dignity and respect,” “communication and autonomy,” and “responsive and supportive care.” Cronbach’s alpha for the full scales were > 0.9 and between 0.70 and 0.87 for the sub-scales. Summative scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating higher person-centered care. Correlations with scores on scales measuring prenatal care quality and birth experience provided evidence for criterion validity, while associations with known predictors provided evidence for known-group validity. Conclusions The PCPC-US and PCMC-US scales, which were developed using a community-engaged process and found to have good psychometric properties in a largely high-income sample of Black women, were shown to also have good psychometric properties in a sample of low-income primarily Latinx women. Both scales provide valid and reliable tools to measure person-centered care experiences among minoritized communities to support efforts to reduce existing birth inequities.

Background: Non-exercise estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (NEE-CRF) has been shown to be associated with mortality, although its association with cancer incidence is unknown. The study aimed to assess the prospective association between NEE-CRF and cancer incidence in a large cohort of men and women. Methods: The National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons diet and health study is a prospective cohort that included 402,548 participants aged 50–71 years who were free from cancer at baseline (1995–1996) (men (n = 238,835) and women (n = 163,713)) and were followed until December 31, 2015. The exposure variable was NEE-CRF expressed in metabolic equivalents. NEE-CRF was estimated using a validated equation of self-reported predictors on demographics and lifestyle behaviors derived from baseline questionnaires. Primary outcomes were total cancer incidence and incidence of prostate, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers. Cox proportional hazards models were analyzed for the association between NEE-CRF and cancer incidence outcomes adjusted for established cancer risk factors. Results: During 13.7 ± 3.2 years of follow-up (mean ± SD), 64,344 men and 31,315 women developed a new cancer. For every 1-metabolic equivalent higher NEE-CRF, the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were 0.96 (95%CI: 0.94–0.97) and 0.88 (95%CI: 0.84–0.92) of total and colorectal cancer incidence among men, and 0.95 (95%CI: 0.93–0.97) and 0.94 (95%CI: 0.91–0.97) of total and breast cancer incidence among women, respectively (all p < 0.001). NEE-CRF was not associated with incidence of prostate and lung cancers in men or colorectal and lung cancers in women. Conclusion: These results suggest that higher CRF levels, as assessed by the applied non-exercise estimated method, may provide preventive benefits against the development of cancer, while low CRF could potentially serve as a modifiable cancer risk factor. Integrating NEE-CRF into screening paradigms and referring low-fit individuals to improve CRF could complement the public health prevention strategy against cancer.