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We investigated the impact of serum cholesterol levels on 30-day mortality after ischemic stroke in dialysis patients.From the Taiwan Stroke Registry data, we identified 46,770 ischemic stroke cases, including 1101 dialysis patients and 45,669 nondialysis patients from 2006 to 2013.Overall, the 30-day mortality was 1.46-fold greater in the dialysis group than in the nondialysis group (1.75 versus 1.20 per 1000 person-days). The mortality rates were 1.64, .62, 2.82, and 2.23 per 1000 person-days in dialysis patients with serum total cholesterol levels of 120 mg/dL, 120-159 mg/dL, 160-199 mg/dL, and ≥200 mg/dL, respectively. Compared to dialysis patients with serum total cholesterol levels of 120-159 mg/dL, the corresponding adjusted hazard ratios of mortality were 4.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-17.4), 8.06 (95% CI = 2.02-32.2), and 6.89 (95% CI = 1.59-29.8) for those with cholesterol levels of 120 mg/dL, 160-199 mg/dL, and ≥200 mg/dL, respectively.Dialysis patients with serum total cholesterol levels of ≥160 mg/dL or 120 mg/dL on admission are at an elevated hazard of 30-day mortality after ischemic stroke.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Ambroxol elevates glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity and reduces nigrostriatal alpha-synuclein burden to better ameliorate motor function in Parkinson's disease (PD). Polygala tenuifolia is a potential alternative botanical medicine for the treatment of many nonmotor symptoms of PD commonly used in Taiwanese patients. Co-administration of these two medicines pose potential herb-drug interaction. Aim of the study Our hypothesis is that ambroxol and P. tenuifolia may potentially possess herbal drug synergetic effects in the blood and brain. Materials and methods To investigate this hypothesis, a multiple microdialysis system coupled with validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC−MS/MS) method was developed for rat blood and brain samples. Experimental rats were divided into three groups: low-dose and high-dose ambroxol alone (10 mg/kg, i.v. and 30 mg/kg, i.v., respectively) and ambroxol (10 mg/kg, i.v.) pretreated with P. tenuifolia extract (1 g/kg, p.o. for 5 consecutive days). Results Ambroxol easily penetrated into the brain and reached a maximum concentration in the striatum at approximately 60 min after low- and high-dose treatment. The area under the concentration curve (AUC) ratio increased proportionally at the doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg, which suggested a linear pharmacokinetic manner of ambroxol. The brain penetration of ambroxol was approximately 30–34%, which was defined as the ambroxol AUC blood-to-brain distribution ratio (AUCbrain/AUCblood). The P. tenuifolia extract did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of ambroxol in the blood and brain of rats. Conclusion The present study suggests that it is safety without pharmacokinetic interactions for this dosing regimen to use P. tenuifolia extract and ambroxol together.

The differentiation of metaphloem sieve element (MSEs) in the developing caryopsis of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was a programmed cell semi-death process. We studied the changes of microtubules and polysaccharide contents during MSEs development. Some significant features are presented in MSEs, such as cell wall non-uniform thickening, chromatin condensation and so on. During the period of MSEs differentiation, numerous microtubules are distributed in the vicinity of the cell wall, but finally they vanished in mature MSEs. Large glycoconjugates in the cell wall and small glycoconjugates in the Golgi apparatus were observed in the developing MSEs. Programmed cell death (PCD) ceased in the mature MSEs after 6 d after flowering and higher aggregation of glycoconjugates appeared in the cytoplasm. All of these processes were in tight contact with the cell wall non-uniform thickening during PCD.

The 21 September 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake ( M w 7.6) occurred on east-dipping shallow thrust faults that produced a high-relief surface rupture. Extraordinary surface breaks appeared that could be clearly traced for about 100 km across many counties. These thrust faults, the Chelungpu and Shihkang, are part of an active fold-and-thrust belt related to ongoing recent arc-continent collision. Measurement of slip vectors along the earthquake rupture indicates that the orientation of the maximum shear stress changed from a westward direction (N70-90°W) on the Chelungpu fault to a northwestward direction (N30-40°W) on the Shihkang fault. The stress field underwent a clockwise rotation of about 40° during the Chi-Chi earthquake. Near-rupture vertical displacements in the hanging wall of the Shihkang fault have more cumulative displacement than on the Chelungpu fault, which is consistent with Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements. Maximum vertical offset on the rupture was found to be about 10 m by the surficial rupture and GPS measurements. In addition, analysis of crustal deformation by GPS measurements on the hanging wall defines a coseismic uplift related to a fault ramp structure. Our synthesis of geological and geodetic analyses shows the importance of ramp structures associated with thrust faults for generating large earthquakes and provides a general framework for understanding earthquake in fold-and-thrust belts. Large surficial coseismic uplift and strong asperities appear to be a function of fault ramp geometry. Our analysis also indicates that, in general, ramp structures in fold-and-thrust belts may have a high potential in generating large earthquakes. Manuscript received 14 November 2000.

The effects of waterlogging on amyloplasts and programmed cell death (PCD) in endosperm cells in Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; cv: Hua mai 8) are here discussed. Four water treatments were established from anthesis to maturity: they were 3 days of waterlogging treatment (DWT), 7 DWT, 12 DWT, and moderate water supply (the control). Lugol staining and scanning electron microscopy showed decreases in the number of amyloplasts and partially filled circular cavities under the waterlogging treatments. These resulted in serious deformities in the endosperm cells. Evans blue staining analysis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated fluorescein deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assays indicated that the PCD progression of endosperm cells occurred earlier under waterlogging treatments than in the control, so did the internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, which accompanies PCD in endosperm cells. Electron transmission microscopy analysis showed similar results. Under waterlogging treatments, the following PCD characteristics appeared earlier and were more pronounced than in normal endosperm cells: chromatin condensation, degradation of the nuclear envelope, swelling, and degradation of the mitochondrial cristae. Our study concluded that under waterlogging conditions, the number of amyloplasts tended to decrease and PCD was likely to appear ahead of time.

Features of programmed cell death (PCD) and dynamic changes of starch accumulation in developing pericarp cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were observed and analyzed by periodic acid-Schiff/toluidine blue O double staining, fluorescence staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated fluorescein deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that cellular organelles were orderly disintegrated. TUNEL-positive nuclei were detected at 0 day after flowering (DAF), whereas nuclei showed significant features of degradation at 2 DAF, such as chromatin condensation, nuclei condensation, and nuclei deformation. Then, heterochromatin gradually disappeared and the cellular nucleus was completely degraded. The mitochondria degradation and vacuolation also were detected at 15 DAF. These results indicated that the development of pericarp cells was a typical process of PCD. However, the PCD in pericarp cells had their own characteristics: PCD started early and lasted for a considerable time. In the delayed process of PCD, starch granules were synthesized, deposited, and degraded temporarily in amyloplasts or chloroplasts. The delay of PCD in pericarp cells may be due to sufficient photosynthetic assimilates and energy supply. Besides, normal mitochondria were required for pericarp cells to survive. Pericarp cells contained only compound starch granules. Starch was massively synthesized from 0 to 11 DAF, but it was rapidly degraded after 11 DAF. Therefore, apart from protection, pericarp cells played essential roles in starch synthesis, storage, and degradation, as well as nutrient transportation.