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We have tried to assess the morphological changes in insects under conditions of global warming using the example of three mass species. We analyzed collection funds for 140 years from the same territory in Western Siberia. We found out that the climate of Siberia is systematically drying up and the average temperatures are increasing, and as a result, the species composition of the fauna of Western Siberia changes, as well as the morphology of some insect species. Keywords: Western Siberia, climatic changes, Insects, Pompilidae, Sphecidae, Vespidae References Baghirov, R. T-o. (2014). New data on the spider wasps (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) from the Western Siberia. Far Eastern Entomologist, (279), 1-10. Baghirov, R.T-o. (2010). New records of digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae, Crabronidae) from Western Siberia. Euroasian Entomological Journal, 9(4), 677-680. Baghirov, R.T-o. (2011). First record of the digger wasp Chalybion turanicum (Gussakovskij, 1935) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Russia. Far Eastern Entomologist, (222), 24-24. Baranchikov, Yu.N., Pet'ko, V.M., Astapenko, S.A., Akulov, E.N., & Krivec, S.A. (2011). Ussurijskij poligraf-novyj agressivnyj vreditel' pihty v Sibiri. Lesnoj vestnik/Forestry bulletin, (4), 78-81. (in Russian) Burdavitcyn, A.T., Dudin, V.A., & Majer, E.I. (1957). Tryohletnij opyt aviahimbor'by s sibirskim shelkopryadom v lesah Tomskoj oblasti. Tomsk. (in Russian). Ioganzen, G.E. (1924). O massovom poyavlenii sibirskogo shelkopryada v g. Tomske. Krasnoye znamya. 15 avgusta. (in Russian). Kerchev, I.A. (2014). Ecology of Four-Eyed Fir Bark Beetle Polygraphus proximus Blandford (Coleoptera; Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in the West Siberian Region of Invasion. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 5(3), 176-185. Klimycheva, Yu. Chuzherodnyj koroed - v priposelkovyh kedrovnikah obnaruzhen novyj dlya nashego regiona vreditel'. (2019). Krasnoe znamya, 21 avgusta, tema nomera. (in Russian). Krivets, S.A., Bisirova, E.M., Kerchev, I.A., Pats, E.N., & Chernova, N.A. (2015b). Transformation of taiga ecosystems in the Western Siberian invasion focus of four-eyed fir bark beetle Polygraphus proximus Blandford (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 6(2), 94-108. Krivets, S.A., Kerchev, I.A., Bisirova, E.M., Demidko, D.A., Pet'ko, V.M., & Baranchikov, Yu.N. (2015a). Rasprostranenie ussurijskogo poligrafa Polygraphus proximus Blandf. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Scolytinae) v Sibiri. Izvestiya Sankt-Peterburgskoj lesotekhnicheskoj akademii, (211), 33-45. Rozhkov, A.S. (1965). Massovoe razmnozhenie sibirskogo shelkopryada i mery bor'by s nim. Nauka. (in Russian). Sevast'yanov, V.V., Ukolova, T.F., & Goldaeva, N.P. (2000). Klimat Anzhero-Sudzhenska. Tomsk: Izdatelstvo Tomskogo universiteta. (in Russian).

The sleeping aggregative habits of the two blue nest renting wasps Chalybion bengalense (Dahlbom, 1845) and C. japonicum (Gribodo, 1882) are studied. The two species frequently aggregated on loosel...

Genus ChalybionDahlbom, 1843 Chalybion has the most complex and differentiated cocoon among genera of Sceliphrinae, apparently due to the retention of ancestral traits, as discussed below. Rau (1915) commented that cocoons of C. californicum are similar to those of Sceliphorn, but have an additional external silken wall, which is a feature not observed in other Sceliphrinae. Pham (2017, fig. 1d) illustrated a cocoon of Chalybion malignum (Kohl, 1906) in which the external layer of silk is denser than observed in species of Sceliphron. Ohl and H��hn (2011, fig. 4d) provided a photograph of a Chalibyon sulawesii Ohl, 2011 cocoon in which the meconium can be observed placed in a differentiated, somewhat cylindrical, portion of the cocoon���s basal end., Published as part of Buys, Sandor Christiano, 2022, An overview of cocoon morphology of Sphecidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), pp. 2935-2949 in Journal of Natural History 55 (47 - 48) on page 2938, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2036843, http://zenodo.org/record/6351759, {"references":["Rau P. 1915. The differentiation of the cocoons of Pelopoeus caementarius and Chalybion caeruleum (Hymen.). Psyche. 22: 62 - 63. doi: 10.1155 / 1915 / 37374","Pham PH. 2017. New record of the mud dauber wasp Chalybion malignum (Kohl, 1906) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Vietnam with the first information on its nesting biology. Punjab Univ J Zool. 32 (1): 155 - 158.","Ohl M, Hohn P. 2011. Taxonomy, bionomics, and ecology of a new species of the blue mud-dauber wasp genus Chalybion from Sulawesi (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Zoosyst Evol. 87: 335 - 348. doi: 10.1002 / zoos. 201100011"]}

In this study, forewing teratology in 42 species of solitary wasps belonging to the family Sphecidae (Hymenoptera) collected from various provinces of Turkey were investigated for the first time. In total, 20 cases of wing venation anomalies, classified as: a) irregular vein course, b) supernumerary veins, c) defective veins and d) supernumerary cells, were observed in 112 of 1682 specimens. The most encountered wing venation anomalies were: a spur protruding from 1 m-cu to 1st discoidal cell (n = 42, 37.50%), an incomplete 1r-m cross-vein (n = 21, 18.75%), and completely reduced 1r-m cross-vein (n = 10, 8.92%). The anomalies were rather common in the species Podalonia fera (n = 19, 36.53%), P. luffi (n = 11, 33.33%), P. hirsuta (n = 18, 33.33%) and Chalybion walteri (n = 1, 33.33%). In general, anomalies were more frequently observed in male wasps (n = 65, 58.03%). Teratology could be caused by genetic, environmental or pathogenic factors.

The nesting biology ofChalybion turanicum(Gussakovskij, 1935) has been studied, with a total of 31 nests being examined. All studied nests were located inside the old nest cells ofSceliphron destillatorium(Illiger, 1807). Each nest ofCh. turanicumconsisted of a single cell. Females hunted for spiders, with 18 species in five families being identified among their prey. Two most abundant victim groups were Theridiidae (eight species, 54% of specimens) and Araneidae (seven species, 33% of specimens) spiders. A spider number stored in a cell varied from five to 31 (mean = 17.6 ± 5.4). In the Crimea,Ch. turanicumhas one generation per year with reproductive success of 67%. Two species of the nest parasites were reared from cells ofCh. turanicum:Chrysis taczanovskiiRadoszkowski, 1876 andAcroricnus seductor(Scopoli, 1786).Chalybion turanicumis the seventh invasive species of Sphecidae naturalized in Europe.

Chalybion flebile (Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1845) (Figure 2 i; Map 33) Pelopoeus flebilis Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1845. Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Hym��nopt��res, 3: 321. Sceliphron targionii: Graeffe, 1906: 455 (Tunis). Chalybion Targionii: Smits van Burgst, 1913: 319 (Tunisia: no specific locality). Sceliphron (Chalybion) Targionii: von Schulthess, 1926: 208 (Kairouan, Tozeur). Chalybion flebile: Dollfuss, 2016: 1157 (Tunis). Additional records (Total 4 ♂, 6 ♀). Kairouan, 3 ♂ (Santschi Collection, MNHN), 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (J. de Gaulle Collec- tion, MNHN); Tozeur: Dguech, Elmanechi, 63 m, 29. VI.2018, 1 ♀, Temeghza, Cascade 2, 247 m, 27. VI.2018, 3 ♀, Tozeur center, Oasis Elberka, 45 m, 26. VI.2018, 1 ♀. General distribution. Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, North Iran, South Europe, Turkey, (Yildirim et al. 2016)., Published as part of Khedher, Hassib Ben, Yildirim, Erol, Braham, Mohamed & Ljubomirov, Toshko, 2020, First checklist of Tunisian sphecid wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) with new and additional records, pp. 301-327 in Zootaxa 4801 (2) on pages 312-313, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4801.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3900484, {"references":["Graeffe, E. (1906) Beitrage zur Insektenfauna von Tunis. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 56, 446 - 470.","Smits van Burgst, C. A. L. (1913) Hymenoptera uit Tunesie. Entomologische Berichten, 3, 314 - 323.","von Schulthess, A. (1926) Contribution a la connaissance de la faune des Hymenopteres de l'Afrique du Nord. Deuxieme Partie- (Fossores) (en collaboration avec P. Roth). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord, 17, 206 - 220.","Dollfuss, H. (2016) The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae wasps of the \" Biologiezentrum Linz \" - Collection in Linz, Austria, including the genera Chalybion Dahlbom, Chlorion Latreille, Dynatus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, Penepodium Menke, Podium Fabricius, Sceliphron Klug, Stangeela Menke and Trigonopsis Perty (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Sphecidae) and description of the new species Chalybion ohli from Madagascar. Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 48 (2), 1149 - 1185.","Yildirim, E., Ljubomirov, T., Ozbek, H. & Yuksel, M. (2016) New Data On Spheciformes Fauna (Hymenoptera: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae) of Turkey. Journal of Insect Biodiversity, 4 (3), 1 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.12976 / jib / 2016.4.3"]}

Chalybion tomentosum Hensen, 1988 Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula: Yemen (Dollfuss 2016). Extralimital distribution: Somalia., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., 2020, Biodiversity of the aculeate wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of the Arabian Peninsula: Apoidea (Spheciformes), Sphecidae (sensu stricto), pp. 77-90 in Zootaxa 4754 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4754.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3719055, {"references":["Hensen, R. V. (1988) Revision of the nominate subgenus Chalybion Dahlbom (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 131, 13 - 64.","Dollfuss, H. (2016) The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae wasps of the \" Biologiezentrum Linz \" - collection in Linz, Austria including the genera Chalybion Dahlbom, Chlorion Latreille, Dynatus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, Penopodium Menke, Podium Fabricius, Sceliphron Klug, Stangeella Menke and Trigonopsis Perty (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecidae) and description of the new species Chalybion ohli from Madagascar. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 48, 1149 - 1185."]}

Chalybion heinii (Kohl, 1906) Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula: Arabia (Bohart & Menke 1976), Oman (Guichard 1980; Madl 2018), Saudi Arabia (Hensen 1988; Guichard 1988; Gadallah & Assery 2004a; Roche 2007; Gadallah et al. 2013; Madl 2018), Yemen (Kohl 1906 as Sceliphron heinii; Hensen 1988 as S. heinii; Guichard 1988; Dollfuss 2016; Madl 2018). Extralimital distribution: Chad, Egypt, Guinea, Tropical east Africa., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., 2020, Biodiversity of the aculeate wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of the Arabian Peninsula: Apoidea (Spheciformes), Sphecidae (sensu stricto), pp. 77-90 in Zootaxa 4754 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4754.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3719055, {"references":["Kohl, F. F. (1906) Zoologische Ergebnisse der Expedition der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Sudarabien und Sokotra in Jahre 1898 - 1899. Hymenopteren. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlische Klasse, 71 (1), 169 - 301, pls. I-XI.","Bohart, R. M. & Menke, A. S. (1976) Sphecid Wasps of the World. A Generic Revision. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 695 pp.","Guichard, K. M. (1980) A preliminary account of sphecid wasps of Oman (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Journal of Oman Studies, Spec. Rep., 2, 223 - 232.","Madl, M. (2018) A preliminary catalogue of the Hymenoptera (Insecta) of the Republic of Djibouti. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 50 (2), 907 - 967.","Hensen, R. V. (1988) Revision of the nominate subgenus Chalybion Dahlbom (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 131, 13 - 64.","Guichard, K. M. (1988) Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Subfamily Sphecinae of the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 9, 114 - 151.","Gadallah, N. S. & Assery, B. M. (2004 a) A review of Sphecidae (with the exception of Larrinae) of the Jeddah region (west of Saudi Arabia), with a checklist of species known from Saudi Arabia. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 36, 215 - 239.","Roche, C. G. (2007) Conspectus of the sphecid wasps of Egypt (Hymenoptera: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae). Egyptian Journal of Natural History, 4, 12 - 149.","Gadallah, N. S., Al Dhafer, H. M., Aldryhim, Y. N., Fadl, H. & El Gharbawy, A. A. (2013) The digger wasps of Saudi Arabia: New records and distribution, with a checklist of species (Hym.: Ampulicidae, Crabronidae and Sphecidae). North-Western Journal of Zoology, 9 (2), 345 - 364.","Dollfuss, H. (2016) The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae wasps of the \" Biologiezentrum Linz \" - collection in Linz, Austria including the genera Chalybion Dahlbom, Chlorion Latreille, Dynatus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, Penopodium Menke, Podium Fabricius, Sceliphron Klug, Stangeella Menke and Trigonopsis Perty (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecidae) and description of the new species Chalybion ohli from Madagascar. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 48, 1149 - 1185."]}

Chalybion bengalense (Dahlbom, 1845) Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula: Yemen (Bingham 1898 as Sceliphron violaceum (Fabricius, 1775); Kirby 1903 as S. violaceum; Kohl 1906 as Sceliphron bengalensis Dahlbom, 1845; Bohart & Menke 1976). Extralimital distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Burma, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, Hawaii, Himalayas, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Laos,? Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Micronesia, Mozambique, Nepal, New Caledonia, Philippines, Seychelles, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tanzania, Vietnam., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., 2020, Biodiversity of the aculeate wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of the Arabian Peninsula: Apoidea (Spheciformes), Sphecidae (sensu stricto), pp. 77-90 in Zootaxa 4754 (1) on page 83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4754.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3719055, {"references":["Bingham, C. T. (1898) The aculeate Hymenoptera procured at Aden by Col. Yerbury, R. A. and Capt. Nurse, I. S. C. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 12, 101 - 114.","Kirby, W. F. (1903) Insecta: Hymenoptera. In: Forbes, H. O. (Ed.), The Natural History of Sokotra and Abd-el Kuri being the Report upon the Results of the Conjoint Expedition to these Islands in 1898 - 9 by Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, of the British Museum, and Dr. H. O. Forbes, of the Liverpool Museum, together with Information from Other Available Sources forming a Monograph of the Islands. The Free Public Museum, Liverpool, pp. 233 - 260, pls. XV + XVI.","Kohl, F. F. (1906) Zoologische Ergebnisse der Expedition der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Sudarabien und Sokotra in Jahre 1898 - 1899. Hymenopteren. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlische Klasse, 71 (1), 169 - 301, pls. I-XI.","Bohart, R. M. & Menke, A. S. (1976) Sphecid Wasps of the World. A Generic Revision. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 695 pp."]}

Chalybion spinolae ssp. rufopictum Magretti, 1884 Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula: Oman, Yemen (Dollfuss 2016). Extralimital distribution: Benin, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., 2020, Biodiversity of the aculeate wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of the Arabian Peninsula: Apoidea (Spheciformes), Sphecidae (sensu stricto), pp. 77-90 in Zootaxa 4754 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4754.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3719055, {"references":["Dollfuss, H. (2016) The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae wasps of the \" Biologiezentrum Linz \" - collection in Linz, Austria including the genera Chalybion Dahlbom, Chlorion Latreille, Dynatus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, Penopodium Menke, Podium Fabricius, Sceliphron Klug, Stangeella Menke and Trigonopsis Perty (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecidae) and description of the new species Chalybion ohli from Madagascar. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 48, 1149 - 1185."]}

Chalybion flebile (Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1845) Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula: Oman (Guichard 1980; Roche 2007; Dollfuss 2016), Saudi Arabia (Guichard 1988; Gadallah & Assery 2004a; Gadallah et al. 2013), United Arab Emirates (Hamer 1986 as Chalybion targionii (Carruccio, 1872), 1988; Guichard 1988; Gillett & Gillett 2005; Roche 2007; Howarth & Gillett 2008; Schmid-Egger 2011). Extralimital distribution: Mediterranean area, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Turkey., Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., 2020, Biodiversity of the aculeate wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of the Arabian Peninsula: Apoidea (Spheciformes), Sphecidae (sensu stricto), pp. 77-90 in Zootaxa 4754 (1) on page 83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4754.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3719055, {"references":["Guichard, K. M. (1980) A preliminary account of sphecid wasps of Oman (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Journal of Oman Studies, Spec. Rep., 2, 223 - 232.","Roche, C. G. (2007) Conspectus of the sphecid wasps of Egypt (Hymenoptera: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae). Egyptian Journal of Natural History, 4, 12 - 149.","Dollfuss, H. (2016) The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae wasps of the \" Biologiezentrum Linz \" - collection in Linz, Austria including the genera Chalybion Dahlbom, Chlorion Latreille, Dynatus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, Penopodium Menke, Podium Fabricius, Sceliphron Klug, Stangeella Menke and Trigonopsis Perty (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecidae) and description of the new species Chalybion ohli from Madagascar. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 48, 1149 - 1185.","Guichard, K. M. (1988) Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Subfamily Sphecinae of the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 9, 114 - 151.","Gadallah, N. S. & Assery, B. M. (2004 a) A review of Sphecidae (with the exception of Larrinae) of the Jeddah region (west of Saudi Arabia), with a checklist of species known from Saudi Arabia. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 36, 215 - 239.","Gadallah, N. S., Al Dhafer, H. M., Aldryhim, Y. N., Fadl, H. & El Gharbawy, A. A. (2013) The digger wasps of Saudi Arabia: New records and distribution, with a checklist of species (Hym.: Ampulicidae, Crabronidae and Sphecidae). North-Western Journal of Zoology, 9 (2), 345 - 364.","Hamer, I. (1986) Hymenoptera highlights II. Bulletin of the Abu Dhabi Natural History Group, 30, 10 - 16. Available from: http: // www. enhg. org / bulletin / b 30 / 30 _ 10. htm (accessed 18 August 2019)","Gillett, M. & Gillett, C. (2005) Insects & other arthropods. In: Hellyer, P. & Aspinall, S. (Eds.), The Emirates, a Natural History. Trident Press Ltd., London, pp. 168 - 195 + 352 - 356 + 377 - 379.","Howarth, B. & Gillett, M. P. T. (2008) The terrestrial and freshwater arthropods of Abu Dhabi Emirate. In: Perry, R. J. (Ed.), Terrestrial Environment of Abu Dhabi Emirate. Environment Agency Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, pp. 380 - 463.","Schmid-Egger, C. (2011) Order Hymenoptera, families Crabronidae and Sphecidae. Arthropod Fauna of the UAE, 4, 488 - 608."]}

The genus Chalybion Dahlbom, 1843 from northwest Vietnam is studied. Six species of the genus are recorded for the area. Of these, C. dolichothorax (Kohl, 1918) and C. gracile Hensen, 1988 are new records, whereas C. tanvinhensis sp. nov. is described as a new species. Notes on the nest of the new species and keys to both sexes of the six species reported from northwest Vietnam are provided.

Chalybion tanvinhensis Pham & Ohl, sp. nov. (Figs. 1‒10) Material examined: Holotype, ♀, pinned (deposited in IEBR, VAST), VIETNAM: Hoa Binh, Tan Vinh, Luong Son, 2.v.2017, Phong Huy Pham [IEBR]. Paratypes (IEBR, VAST): VIETNAM: Son La: 2 ♂♂, Chieu Village, Muong Thai, Ham Yen, 11.viii.2017, Phong Huy Pham [IEBR]. Diagnosis: Chalybion tanvinhensis is a member of the C. fabricator species-group because of the following combination of characters: Anterior margin of clypeus with five distinct teeth (median three close together, lateral teeth sharp and rather distant from others), integument dark blue, tarsi without plantulae, lower metapleuron area without angular carina, a rim at propodeal base only behind metanotum, metapleuron distinctly depressed below level of mesopleuron and side of propodeum, sixth metasomal sternum of female flat and apically broadly truncate. This species can be easily distinguished from the other seven species of the C. fabricator species-group known so far by the following combination of characters: forewing homogenously, light brownish; fourth metasomal sternum of female without micropubescence; median and submedian teeth of clypeus well separate; vertex finely, sparsely punctate; mesoscutum weakly transversely strigose, interspaces shallowly punctate; petiole markedly curved, much shorter than the hindbasitarsus; antenna black; mesopleuron coarsely, densely punctate; metasoma with violaceous reflections. Because males of the fabricator species-group are known only for C. hainanense, C. malignum and C. sulawesii, the male of this new species can easily be separated from them by having the clypeus without teeth and no placoids on seventh to ninth flagellomeres. This new species is similar to C. lividum and C. sulawesii, but it can be distinguished from the first by having black antenna, the median tooth of the clypeus much narrower than submedian teeth, the metasoma with violaceous reflections; from the latter by having lateral teeth of the clypeus in the female rather sharp; the forewing slightly, rather unevenly brownish; the medial and submedial cells most uniformly hyaline; petiole markedly curved, much shorter than the hindbasitarsus. The male of C. tanvinhensis is unique in Chalybion in having the following characters: clypeus without lateral tooth, median and submedian tooth fused into single protruding lobe, placoids on seventh to ninth flagellomere (similar to C. japonicum (Gribodo, 1882), C. ohli Dollfuss, 2016 and C. zimmermanni Dahlbom, 1843).

Chalybion gracile Hensen, 1988 (Fig. 13) Material examined: VIETNAM: Son La: 3 ♀♀, Son La city, 1-10.v.2017 and 25.ix - 5.x.2017, Malaise trap, Long Dang Khuat. Distribution: Vietnam: Cochichine P. condon (= Con Dao island, Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province currently) (Hensen 1988), Son La (new record). Elsewhere: Malaysia, Indonesia, Laos, Sri Lanka., Published as part of Pham, Phong Huy, Ohl, Michael & Truong, Lam Xuan, 2019, The genus Chalybion Dahlbom, 1843 (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Northwest Vietnam, with description of a new species, pp. 202-210 in Zootaxa 4712 (2) on page 204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4712.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3587019, {"references":["Hensen, R. (1988) Revision of the nominate subgenus Chalybion Dahlbom (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 131, 13 - 64."]}

Chalybion japonicum (Gribodo, 1882) (Fig. 14) Material examined: VIETNAM: Hoa Binh: 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, Yen Thuy, 30.iii - 10.iv.2003, Malaise trap, Long Dang Khuat; 1 ♂, Da Phuc, Yen Thuy, 20-30.iv.2003, Malaise trap, Long Dang Khuat; 1 ♀, Tan Son, Mai Chau, 10- 15.iv.2010, Malaise trap, Long Dang Khuat; 3 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂, Tan Vinh, Luong Son, 2.v.2017, Phong Huy Pham. Son La: 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, Chieng Bom, Thuan Chau (Copia Natural Reserve), 15.v.2017, 1010m, Phong Huy Pham; 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂, Son La ciy, 10-20.v.2017; 2 ♀♀, Son La city, 1-10.viii.2017, Malaise trap, Long Dang Khuat. Distribution: Vietnam: Tonkin (= northern Vietnam), Ha Giang, Hanoi (Hensen 1988), Hoa Binh, Son La. Elsewhere: China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Russian Far East, Thailand, Laos. Remarks: Hensen (1988) recorded this species for Tonkin (= northern Vietnam), but he did not show the distribution at province level. Hoa Binh and Son La are provinces belonging to north Vietnam. In the present study, C. japonicum is, hence, not newly recorded for northwest Vietnam., Published as part of Pham, Phong Huy, Ohl, Michael & Truong, Lam Xuan, 2019, The genus Chalybion Dahlbom, 1843 (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Northwest Vietnam, with description of a new species, pp. 202-210 in Zootaxa 4712 (2) on page 204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4712.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3587019, {"references":["Gribodo, G. (1882) Alcune nuove specie e nuovo genere di Imenotteri Aculeati. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 18, 261 - 268.","Hensen, R. (1988) Revision of the nominate subgenus Chalybion Dahlbom (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 131, 13 - 64."]}

Chalybion dolichothorax (Kohl, 1918) (Fig. 12) Material examined: VIETNAM: Hoa Binh: 1 ♀, Tan Lac, Yen Thuy (area of Cuc Phuong National Park), 10- 25.v.2002, Malaise trap, Long Dang Khuat. Distribution: Vietnam: Tonkin Central (= Hanoi of Vietnam currently) (Hensen 1988); Hoa Binh (new record). Elsewhere: China, Laos., Published as part of Pham, Phong Huy, Ohl, Michael & Truong, Lam Xuan, 2019, The genus Chalybion Dahlbom, 1843 (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Northwest Vietnam, with description of a new species, pp. 202-210 in Zootaxa 4712 (2) on page 204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4712.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3587019, {"references":["Kohl, F. (1918) Die Hautfluglergruppe \" Sphecinae \". IV. Die naturliche Gattung Sceliphron Klug (= Pelopaeus Latr.). Annalen des k. k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 32, 1 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 2204","Hensen, R. (1988) Revision of the nominate subgenus Chalybion Dahlbom (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 131, 13 - 64."]}

Chalybion malignum (Kohl, 1906) (Fig. 15) Material examined: VIETNAM: Hoa Binh: 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Tan Lac, Yen Thuy, 5.viii.2017, Phong Huy Pham. Son La: 1 ♂, Muong Thai, Ham Yen, 11.viii. 2017, Phong Huy Pham. Distribution: Vietnam: Hoa Binh (Pham & Dang 2017), Son La (new record). Elsewhere: China, Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia., Published as part of Pham, Phong Huy, Ohl, Michael & Truong, Lam Xuan, 2019, The genus Chalybion Dahlbom, 1843 (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Northwest Vietnam, with description of a new species, pp. 202-210 in Zootaxa 4712 (2) on pages 204-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4712.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3587019, {"references":["Kohl, F. (1906) Zoologische Ergebnisse der Expedition der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Sudarabien und Sokotra im Jahre 1898 - 1899. Hymenopteren. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 71, 169 - 301.","Pham, Ph. H. & Dang, H. (2017) New record of the mud dauber wasp Chalybion malignum (Kohl, 1906) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Vietnam with the first information on its nesting biology. Punjab Univerity Journal of Zoology, 32 (1), 155 - 158."]}

Chalybion bengalense (Dahlbom, 1845) (Fig. 11) Material examined: VIETNAM: Son La: 3 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Chieu Village, Muong Thai, Ham Yen, 10.viii.2017; 2 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂, Son La city, 17.v.2017, Phong Huy Pham; 1 ♀, 3 ♂♂, Son La city, 1-20.viii.2017, Long Dang Khuat. Hoa Binh: 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Tan Lac, Yen Thuy, 3.viii.2017, Phong Huy Pham; 1 ♂, Tan Son, Mai Chau, 10-15.v.2001, Malaise trap, Long Dang Khuat; 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂, Lac village, Mai Chau town, Mai Chau, 12.v.2019, Phong Huy Pham. Lao Cai: 2 ♂♂, about 30 km east of Lao Cai city, near Hanoi-Laocai highway, 21.ix.2017, Phong Huy Pham. Yen Bai: 2 ♂♂, Yen Bai city, 14.ii.2015, emerged from a nest, Phong Huy Pham. Distribution: Vietnam: Sai Gon, Vung Tau (Dollfuss 2016), Da Nang (Tano & Kurokawa 2015), Hanoi, Thai Binh, Vinh Phuc, Nam Dinh, Son La, Hoa Binh, Ninh Binh, Thai Nguyen, Hung Yen, Quang Ninh, Bac Ninh, Lao Cai, Hai Duong, Phu Tho, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Quang Ngai, Kon Tum, Dac Lak (Pham 2018). Elsewhere: South Africa, Tanzania, Madagascar (Mascarenes, Seychelles islands), Ethiopia, Yemen (Socotra island), Maldives, Eritrea, Mozambique, Bangladesh, Iraq, Egypt, Greece, Nepal, Italy, French Polynesia, Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, China, Taiwan, Japan, Philippines (Volcano island), Indonesia (Ternate, Misool, Lesser Sunda island), Timor, Kiribati (Gilbert island), Guam, Mauritius (Chagos Archipelago), Australia, United State., Published as part of Pham, Phong Huy, Ohl, Michael & Truong, Lam Xuan, 2019, The genus Chalybion Dahlbom, 1843 (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Northwest Vietnam, with description of a new species, pp. 202-210 in Zootaxa 4712 (2) on page 204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4712.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3587019, {"references":["Dahlbom, A. G. (1845) Hymenoptera Europaea praecipue borealia; formis typicis nonnullis Specierum Generumve Exoticorum aut Extraneorum propter nexum systematicus associatis; per Familias, Genera, Species et Varietates disposita atque descripta. Tomus: Sphex in sensu Linneano. Officina Lundbergiana, Lund, 3, 353 - 528.","Dollfuss, H. (2016) The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the \" Biologiezentrum Linz \" - collection in Linz, Austria including the genera Chalybion Dahlbom, Chlorion Latreille, Dynatus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, Penepodium Menke, Podium Fabricius, Sceliphron Klug, Stangeella Menke and Trigonopsis Perty (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Sphecidae) and description of the new species Chalybion ohli from Madagascar. Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 48 (2), 1149 - 1185.","Tano, T. & Kurokawa, H. (2015) The wasps and bees collected in central part of Vietnam. Tsunekibachi, 27, 25 - 30.","Pham, Ph. H. (2018) Chalybion bengalense (Dahlbom, 1845) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) first reported in North Vietnam. Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 50 (1), 681 - 685. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.2019.1624220"]}

Chalybion heinii (KOHL,1906) Chalybion heinii (KOHL, 1906): HENSEN 1988: 36 (key), 37 (tax., Djibouti), 38 (figs 84-89). D i s t r i b u t i o n: Djibouti. Chalybion heinii is known from the Afrotropical (Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Somalia) and Palaearctic (Egypt, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen) regions., Published as part of Madl, Michael, 2018, A preliminary catalogue of the Hymenoptera (Insecta) of the Republic of Djibouti, pp. 907-967 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 50 (2) on page 943, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3776452

Chalybion bengalense (DAHLBOM, 1845) Sphex violaceous FABRICIUS, 1775: 346, ♀, ♂, (as violacea, incorrect original termination), junior primary homonym of Sphex violaceous Scopoli, 1763, " lectotype: ♀, South Africa: Cape of Good Hope, ZMUC". ? Sphex ferus DRURY, 1782: 57, ♀, " China: no specific locality (lost)". ? Sphex chrysis nitidulus CHRIST, 1791: 310, sex not indicated, "incorrect original termination", (holotype or syntypes: origin not indicated (lost)). Pelopoeus bengalense DAHLBOM, 1845: 433, ♀, ♂, " India: Bengal: no specific locality", (holotype or syntypes: ♀, Lund). Pelopoeus convexus F. SMITH, 1876: 449, ♂, "Mascarenes: Rodriguez island", (syntypes: ♂, BMNH). M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d: Vietnam: Hanoi: 1♀, Lien Mac, North Tu Liem, 18.ix.2017; 1♂, Co Nhue, North Tu Liem, 19.xii.2015; 1♂, Co Nhue, North Tu Liem, 3.vii.2016; 1♀ + 1♂, Co Nhue, North Tu Liem, 18.vi.2016; 4♂♂, Co Nhue, North Tu Liem, 7.v.2016; 1♂, My Dinh, North Tu Liem, 17.xi.2015; 1♀ + 3♂♂, Red River Bank, Long Bien, 9.vii.2016; 1♂, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, 9.xii.2015; 1♂, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, 24.xii.2015; 1♀ + 3♂♂, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, 7.vii.2016; 7♀♀ + 7♂♂, Ba Vi NP, Ba Vi, 10.vii.2016; 1♀, Thuy Xuan Tien, Chuong My, 1- 14.ix.2017, Malaise trap; 1♀, An Phu, My Duc, Chuong My, 5.vii.2017; 2♀♀ + 3♂♂, Mieu Mon, Dan Phuong, 2.v.2017, Phong Huy Pham; 2♂♂, Red River Bank, Long Bien, 20.ix.2016; 1♂, Red River Bank, Long Bien, 2.vi.2013, Hoa Thi Dang; 2♀♀, Hoa Lac, Thach That, 15-25.vi.2002, 15- 25.vii.2002, Malaise trap; 1♀, Da Ton, Gia Lam, 4-14.v.2001, Malaise trap; 2♀♀, Da Ton, Gia Lam, 5-15.iv.2001; 3♀♀ + 2♂♂, Da Ton, Gia Lam, 22.vii-2.viii.2011, Malaise trap, Long Dang Khuat; 1♀ + 4♂♂, Lien Mac, Bac Tu Liem, 1.v.2017; 1♀, Co Nhue, Bac Tu Liem, 22.vi ��� 2.vii.2001, Malaise trap, Nhi Thi Nguyen. Son La: 3♀♀ + 1♂, Chieu village, Muong Thai, Ham Yen, 10.viii.2017, 2♀♀ + 5♂♂, Son La city, 17.v.2017, Phong Huy Pham. Hoa Binh: 2♀♀ + 1♂, Tan Lac, Yen Thuy, 3.viii.2017, Phong Huy Pham; 1♂, Tan Son, Mai Chau, 10-15.v.2001, Malaise trap, Long Dang Khuat. Vinh Phuc: 2♀♀ + 3♂♂, Me Linh Station for Biodiversity, Me Linh, 2008, Malaise trap. Nam Dinh: 2♀♀ + 4♂♂, Xuan Thuy NP, Xuan Thuy, 2.v.2016, Phong Huy Pham. Ninh Binh: 4♀♀ + 6♂♂, Gia Sinh, Gia Vien, 24.vi.2017; 10♀♀ + 13♂♂, Bich Dao, Ninh Binh city, 20.vi.2017, Phong Huy Pham. Hai Duong: 3♀♀ + 6♂♂, Hien Thanh, Kinh Mon, 21.vii.2016, emerged from collected nests, Duy Dinh Nguyen & Anh Thi Tu Nguyen. Hung Yen: 3♀♀ + 5♂♂, Hai Trieu, Tien Lu, 25.vi.2013, Linh Van Khuc. Lao Cai: 2♂♂, about 30 km East of Lao Cai city, near Hanoi-Laocai highway, 21.ix.2017, Phong Huy Pham. Quang Ninh: 1♂, Hong Ha, Uong Bi city, 26.vi.2013, Linh Van Khuc. Bac Ninh: 3♀♀ + 6♂♂, Tan Hong, Tu Son, 10.ii.2017, emerged from collected nests, Phong Huy Pham. Phu Tho: 2♀♀ + 4♂♂, Thanh Son town, Thanh Son, vi.2011, Phong Huy Pham. Thai Binh: 10♀♀ + 9♂♂, Hong Minh, Hung Ha, 4.vi.2016; 9♂♂, Quang Trung, Ky Ba, 10.i.2016, emerged from collected nests; 10♀♀ + 7♂♂, Hong Minh, Hung Ha, 10.vii.2017; 2♂♂, Dong Minh, Tien Hai, 12.vii.2017, Phong Huy Pham. Thai Nguyen: 1♂, Phu Luong, 15.vii.2017, Hoa Thi Dang. Thanh Hoa: 1♀ + 4♂♂, Sam Son town, Sam Son, 20.vi.2016; Phong Huy Pham; 1♀, Thach Binh, Thach Thanh, 2.v.2016, emerged from a collected nest, Long Van Hoang. Nghe An: 3♂♂, Lang Sen, Kim Lien, Nam Dan, 27.vi.2017, emerged from collected nests, Phong Huy Pham. Quang Ngai: 1♀ + 1♂, An Binh, Ly Son, 8.viii.2017; 1♀, An Hai, Ly Son, 7.viii.2017, Hoa Thi Dang. Dac Lak: 2♀♀ + 2♂♂, Chu Yang Sin NP, Krong Kma, Krong Bang, 2.v.2016. Kon Tum: 1♀ + 1♂, Sa Thay town, Sa Thay, 3.iv.2014; 1♂, Chu Mom Ray NP, 2.iv.2014, Duong Dinh Tran. S t a t u s: This is the type species of the genus Chalybion. It is the second species of the genus to have been studied minutely in Vietnam (see PHAM and DANG 2017), in fact, the first wasp to have been studied in north Vietnam. Specimens collected in my study course were found to note with C. japonicum (GRIBODO, 1882) and Sceliphron madraspatanum (FABRICIUS, 1781) in aspects of distribution. O c c u r r e n c e: C. bengalense is a common domestic species in India (JAYAKAR & SPURWAY 1964). This species was firstly described by FABRICIUS in 1775 but there was a clear mislocality. DAHLBOM (1845) redescribed the insect and showed its exact locality. To before 2001, although several field trips in north Vietnam had been produced by numerous oversea legmans such as A. WEISS in 1901 at Tuyen Quang and R. VIRALIS de SALVAZA in 1924 (see HENSEN 1988), JENDEK in 1995 at Tam Dao, Vinh Phuc, PACHOL��TKO & DEMBICK�� in 1996 at Tam Dao, Vinh Phuc and SOLD��N in 1984 at Hanoi (see DOLLFUSS 2016), no records of the species were documented. This leads me to suggest that whether or not C. bengalense is an exotic species, but the occurrence time and the manner of immigration of the species are not determined. And it is not impossible to mention the present large distribution of the wasp and miscollections of legmans. That HENSEN (1988) took field trips in north Vietnam, Hanoi and Ha Giang, for examble, and collected only specimens of C. japonicum but not those of C. bengalense showed that at that time C. japonicum is a common and abundant species in north Vietnam. My data collected for a long duration from 2001 to 2017 show that although the number of specimens of the species collected is limited because of no quantification, C. bengalense is a common and abundant species in north Vietnam. Most of the areas of study that I took, only either the presence of C. bengalense or that of C. japonicum. It means that both species are not active at the same site. To my knowledge, in two recent decades, abundance of C. bengalense has limited the number of C. janponicum as clearly evidenced in Hanoi area, and between these two species may be to contain interactional relationships that it is really different to explain in the present study. The occurrence of C. bengalense is very closely related to that of S. madraspatanum, a common and largely distributed mud dauber wasp of the genus Sceliphron, because it is known as a reuser of old S. madraspatanum nests. D i s t r i b u t i o n: Vietnam: Sai Gon, Vung Tau (DOLLFUSS 2016), Da Nang (TANO & KUROKAWA 2015), Hanoi, Thai Binh, Vinh Phuc, Nam Dinh, Son La, Hoa Binh, Ninh Binh, Thai Nguyen, Hung Yen, Quang Ninh, Bac Ninh, Lao Cai, Hai Duong, Phu Tho, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Quang Ngai, Kon Tum, Dac Lak. Elsewhere: South Africa, Tanzania, Madagasca, Mascarenes, Seychelles islands, Ethiopia, Yemen, Maldives, Socotra, Eritrea, Mozambique, Bangladesh, Iraq, Egypt, Greece, Nepal, Italy, French Polynesia, Sri Lanka, India, Burma, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, China, Taiwan, Japan, Volcano Island, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Indonesia, Ternate, Misool, Sulawesi, Timor,Gilbert Island, Guam Island, Lesser Sunda Island, Chagos Archipelago, Australia, United State. Five provinces in which adult specimens of C. bengalense has been taken including Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Quang Ngai, Kon Tum, and Dac Lak are new records for the Center Vietnam. Most of studied localities with an altitude of less than 400 m conducted at various habitats recorded the presence of C. bengalense. In all urban habitats C. bengalense occurred in abundance. It is, therefore, interesting to judge that this is an urban sphecid wasp. V a r i a t i o n: Examination results on 268 specimens of C. bengalense in the present study that are compared to those of HENSEN in 1988 reveal that the wasp has the following some variations: Female forms varied 13-17 mm in length of the body, and 9.5-11.5 mm in length of forewings; male forms 8.5-15 mm in length of the body and 6.5-10 mm in length of forewings. In most of specimens examined the pedicel and the scape are blue. In a female specimen collected from Thanh Hoa, the ninth and tenth flagellomeres of an antenna are yellow and brownish yellow, respectively. In most of cases the integument is without violaceous, excepting a female specimen collected from Thanh Hoa and a male specimen collected from Hanoi (the metasoma and legs are violaceous reflections). Anterior part of the metapleuron is with finely small punctate, and posterior part of that with denser, larger punctate., Published as part of Pham, Phong Huy, 2018, Chalybion bengalense (D, 1845) (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) first reported in north Vietnam, pp. 681-685 in Linzer biologische Beitr��ge 50 (1) on pages 682-684, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4004358, {"references":["DAHLBOM A. G. (1845): Hymenoptera Europaea praecipue borealia; formis typicis nonnullis Specierum Generumve Exoticorum aut Extraneorum propter nexum systematicus associatis; per Familias, Genera, Species et Varietates disposita atque descripta. Tomus: Sphex in sensu Linneano. Officina Lundbergiana, Lund (in certain copies. - Prostat in Libraria Friderici Nicolai, Berolini [= Berlin]). XLIV + 528 pp.","FABRICIUS J. Ch. (1775): Systema Entomologiae, sistens Insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. - Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae [= Flensburg and Leipzig]. [1 - 32], 1 - 832 pp.","DRURY D. (1782): Illustrations of natural history. - B. White, Londo n 3: xxv + 76 pp.","CHRIST J. L. (1791): Naturgeschichte, Klassfication und Nomenclatur der Insekten vom Bienen, Wespen und Ameisengeschlecht; als der funften Klasse funfte Ordnung des Linneischen natursystems von den Insekten: Hymenoptera. Mit hautigen Flugeln. - Hermannische Buchhandlung, Frankfurt am Main, 535 pp.","SMITH F. (1876): Preliminary notice of new species of Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Forficulidae collected in the Island of Rodriguez by the naturalists accompanying the Transit-of-Venus expedition. - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 17 (4): 447 - 451.","GRIBODO G. (1882): Alcune nuove specie e nuovo genere di Imenotteri Aculeati. - Ann.","FABRICIUS J. Ch. (1781): Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca Natalia, metamorphosin adiectis observationibus, descriptionibus, 1. - Carol. Ernest. Bohnii, Hamburgi et Kilonii: I-VIII, 1 - 517 pp.","HENSEN R. V. (1988): Revision of the nominate subgenus Chalybion DAHLBOM (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). - Tijd. Entomol. 131: 13 - 64.","DOLLFUSS H. (2016): The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the \" Biologiezentrum Linz \" - collection in Linz, Austria including the genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis PERTY (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Sphecidae) and description of the new species Chalybion ohli from Madagascar. - Linzer biol. Beitr. 48 (2): 1149 - 1185."]}

The sphecid fauna of French Polynesia, limited until now to Sceliphron caementarium (Drury), is increased by three species recently introduced in the Society Islands : Sceliphron laetum (Smith), S. curvatum (Smith) and Chalybion bengalense (Dahlbom). The presence of S. curvatum in French Polynesia considerably broadens the known distribution of this species which is native to Asia and introduced into Europe and both North and South America. Chalybion bengalense is also reported from New Caledonia for the first time, as well as Sceliphron laetum from Wallis and Futuna. The distribution, biology and potential impact of each species on the arachnofauna are discussed. An identification key to the Sphecidae of French Polynesia is provided., Les Aculéates de Polynésie française. III. Les Sphecidae, avec le premier signalement de trois espèces pour les îles de la Société (Hymenoptera). La faune des Sphecidae de Polynésie française, limitée jusqu’à présent à Sceliphron caementarium (Drury), est ici augmentée de trois espèces récemment introduites dans les îles de la Société : Sceliphron laetum (Smith), S. curvatum (Smith) et Chalybion bengalense (Dahlbom). La présence de S. curvatum en Polynésie française agrandit considérablement la répartition connue de cette espèce originaire d’Asie et introduite en Europe comme aux Amériques. Chalybion bengalense est également cité de Nouvelle-Calédonie pour la première fois, de même que Sceliphron laetum de Wallis-et-Futuna. La distribution, la biologie, ainsi que l’impact potentiel de chaque espèce sur l’arachnofaune sont précisés. Une clé d’identification est proposée, permettant de distinguer l’ensemble des espèces présentes sur le territoire., Ramage Thibault, Charlat Sylvain, Jacq Frédéric. The Aculeata of French Polynesia. III. Sphecidae, with the record of three new species for the Society Islands (Hymenoptera). In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 120 (2),2015. pp. 157-163.

Chalybion femoratum (Fabricius, 1781) Distribution in Iran: Alborz (Ebrahimi 1993, 2014), East Azerbaijan (Ghazi-Soltani et al. 2010a; Ebrahimi 2014), Golestan (Ebrahimi 2014), Markazi (Hadi et al. 2014), Qazvin (de Beaumont 1957), Tehran (Ebrahimi 1993), Zanjan (Ebrahimi 2014). General distribution: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Remark: This species was first recorded as Sceliphron femoratum by de Beaumont (1957)., Published as part of Jahantigh, Fatemeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Mokhtari, Azizollah & Ramroodi, Sara, 2017, Catalogue of Ampulicidae, Crabronidae and Sphecidae of Iran (Hymenoptera, Apoidea), pp. 1-96 in Zootaxa 4307 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4307.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/846082, {"references":["Fabricius, J. Ch. (1781) Species Insectorum Exhibentes Eorum Differentias Specificas, Synonyma Auctorum, Loca Natalia, Metamorphosin Adiectis Observationibus, Descriptionibus. Carol Ernest Bohnii, Hamburgi et Kilonii [Hamburg and Kiel], 517 pp.","Ebrahimi, E. (1993) The sphecid wasps of subfamily Sphecinae in Iran (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 12 - 13, 87 - 104.","Ghazi-Soltani, G., Ebrahimi, E., Iranipur, S. & Pour Abad, R. (2010 a) Sphecid wasps from East Azerbaijan province, Iran (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Munis Entomology and Zoology, 5, 796 - 803.","Hadi, F., Ebrahimi, E., Modaress-Najafabadi, S. & Goldasteh, Sh. (2014) Introducing and identification of the species of Sphecidae (Hym) in Khomein (Iran). Journal of Entomological Research, 7 (1), 61 - 82. [Iran]","De Beaumont, J. (1957) Sphecidae du nord de l'Iran (Hym.). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 30, 127 - 139."]}

Chalybion walteri (Kohl, 1889) Distribution in Iran: Hormozgan, Isfahan, Fars (Ebrahimi 2014), Mazandaran (Ghahari et al. 2008), Semnan (Ebrahimi 2014), Sistan-o Baluchestan (Gussakovskij 1933). General distribution: Iran, Kazakhstan, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Remarks: This species was recorded as Sceliphron walteri Dalla Torre, 1897 (Gussakovskij 1933) and Chalybion walkeri (Kohl, 1889) (Ebrahimi 2014)., Published as part of Jahantigh, Fatemeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Mokhtari, Azizollah & Ramroodi, Sara, 2017, Catalogue of Ampulicidae, Crabronidae and Sphecidae of Iran (Hymenoptera, Apoidea), pp. 1-96 in Zootaxa 4307 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4307.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/846082, {"references":["Ghahari, H., Hayat, R., Tabari, M., Ostovan, H. & Imani, S. (2008) A contribution to the predator and parasitoid fauna of rice pests in Iran, and a discussion on the biodiversity and IPM in rice fields. Linzener Biologische Beitrage, 40, 735 - 764.","Gussakovskij, V. V. (1933) Sphecidae et Psammocharidae (Hymenoptera), a cl. N. Zarudnyi in Persia orientali collectae. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1, 269 - 307. [in Russian]","De Dalla Torre, C. G. (1897) Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque Descriptorum Systematicus et Synonimicus. Volumen VIII: Fossores (Sphegidae). Guilelmi Engelmann, Lipsiae [= Leipzig], 750 pp."]}

Chalybion turanicum (Gussakovskij, 1935) Distribution in Iran: Golestan (Gussakovskij 1935). General distribution: Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan., Published as part of Jahantigh, Fatemeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Mokhtari, Azizollah & Ramroodi, Sara, 2017, Catalogue of Ampulicidae, Crabronidae and Sphecidae of Iran (Hymenoptera, Apoidea), pp. 1-96 in Zootaxa 4307 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4307.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/846082, {"references":["Gussakovskij, V. V. (1935) Sphecodea und Vespodea von Tadjikistan. Trudy Tadzhikskoy Bazy Akademii Nauk SSSR, 5, 409 - 467. [in Russian]"]}

Chalybion minos (DE BEAUMONT, 1965) – Neu für das griechische Festland! Meine Belege stimmen mit den Typen von Kreta überein. Der Holotypus befindet seit kurzem im Biologiezentrum Linz (DOLLFUSS 2016). Bisher nur Funde im Tiefland. Belegmaterial (2♀♀ /233): C Olympia 5.7.1996 (3), 20.7.2006 (♀); D antikes Samikon 12.7.2001 (♀); e Alt-Korinth 22.6.1996 (3)., Published as part of Arens, Werner, 2017, Die Grabwespen der Peloponnes (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) 1. Teil: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae: Entomosericinae und Philanthinae; mit Beschreibung einer neuen Palmodes-Art, pp. 619-655 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 49 (1) on page 623, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5418930, {"references":["BEAUMONT J. de (1965): Les Sphecidae de la Grece (Hym.). - Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 38: 1 - 65.","DOLLFUSS H. (2016): The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae und Sphecinae Wasps of the \" Biologiezentrum Linz \" - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeela MENKE and Trigonospsis PERTY (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Sphecidae) and description of the new species Chalybion ohli from Madagascar. - Linzer biologische Beitrage 48 (2): 1149 - 1185."]}

The paper presents new information about the occurrence of Chalybion omissum (KOHL, 1889) in central part of Balkan Peninsula (southern Bulgaria). Seven specimens were caught at 4 sites: N of Kurdzhali (UTM: LG61), Usstrem village (MG55), NE of Kalimantsi village (GL09), NE of Madzharovo (MG01).

Chalybion minos (de BEAUMONT, 1965)(13 ♀♀, 13 66) G r e e c e: 2♀♀, 16, Crete, Sitia, 18.+ 20.V.1963, leh. Max Schwarz (Paratypes); 16, Crete, Sitia, 19.V.1963, leg. K. Kusdas (Paratype). T u r k e y 4♀♀, 866, Denizli, 10 km NE Denizli, 37°56'N 29°07'E, 290m, 4. VII.2006, leg. J. Halada; 3♀♀, 266, Denizil, 35 km SSE Denizli, 37°37'N 29°17'E, 970m, 5. VII.2006, leg. J. & M. Halada; 1♀, 15 km E Malatya, 27. VI.2000, leg. M. Halada; 1♀, 50 km NE Antalya, 37°07'N 35°13'E, 18.-19. VI.2001, leg. Straka; 16, SE Elazig, Hazar Gölü, 29. VI.2000, leg. M. Halada. N o t e: The Holotype ♀ of Sceliphron (Chalybion) minos de Beaumont, 1965 (Greece, Island of Crete: Sitia) ex Max Schwarz collection is now in the Biologiezentrum Linz collection., Published as part of Epeletier, 2016, The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis, pp. 1149-1185 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 48 (2) on page 1160, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5354686

Chalybion klapperichi (BALTHASAR, 1957)(1 ♀, 1 6) S y r i a:16, Jisr ash Shugur, 26.V.1996, leg. Mi. Halada. T u r k e y: 1♀, Denizli, 35 km SSE Denizli, 37°37'N 29°17'E, 970m, 5.VII.2006, leg. J. Halada. N o t e: The male of Chalybion klapperichi is characterized by a propodeal dorsum longitudinally striate on posterior half (see STANDFUSS & STANDFUSS 2006:311, Fig. 1), the eight sternite has a triangular process and the fourth to nineth flagellomere have tyloidea., Published as part of Epeletier, 2016, The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis, pp. 1149-1185 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 48 (2) on pages 1158-1159, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5354686, {"references":["STANDFUSS K. & L. STANDFUSS (2006): Zum aktuellen Artenbestand der Pemphredoninae, Bembicinae und Sphecinae (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae p. p. et Sphecidae) der planar - kollinen Vegetationsstufe in Sudost Thessalien / Griechenland. - Entomofauna 27: 301 - 316."]}

Chalybion clypeatum (FAIRMAIRE 1858) (16. ♀♀, 12 66) C e n t r a l A f r i c a n R e p u b l i c 1♀, 45 km N Sibut, 530m 06°06'N 19°08'E, 13.IV.2010, leg. J. Halada; 1♀, 50 km W Mbaiki, 500m, 04°10'N 17°42 E, 6.XII.2008, leg. J. Halada. E t h i o p i a:366, Wellega province, 60 km E Nekemte, 14.IV.2007, leg. J. Halada. G h a n a 1♀, Greater Accra, Aburi Botanical Garden, 470m, 5.85°N 0.17°W, 1.XI.2011, leg. Pühringer; 1♀, Volta Region, Likpe Bakua, 320-340m, 7.16°N 0.59°E, 16.X.2011, leg. Pühringer. K e n y a:16, Massaimara, 1.25°S 35.00°E, 10.-14.VIII.1992, leg. Leonhardsberger. N i g e r i a:16, Gashaka Gumfi NP, 25 km SW Serti env., 7°20'N 11°13'E, 400m, 9.-13.V.2011, leg. J. Halada. S e n e g a l: 1♀, 10 km SW Medina Gounas, 23-25.VI.2004, leg. Kudrna. S o u t h A f r i c a 2♀♀, 366, North West province, Bothaville, Vaal river, 16.I.2003, leg. Snižek; 1♀, Kw.Natal S, 17 km SE Richmond, 3.II.2000, leg. J. Halada; 1♀, North west, 50 km S Kimberley Ritchie, 22.I.2000, leg. J. Halada; 1♀, Eastern Cape, 30 km WN Kings W's Town, Rodikrans Damm, 12.XII.2002, leg. Ma. Halada; 1♀, Maputoland, SE Ndumo, 24.I.2003, leg. Snižek. T a n z a n i a 1♀, Shinayanga province, 100 km NWW Kahama, 03°25'S 31°47'E, 1200m, 24.XII.2006, leg. J. Halada; 1♀, Mbeya province, Mbeya city, 5.I.2007, leg. J. Halada. Z a m b i a: 3♀♀, 100 km W Solwezi, 12°13'S 25°39'E, 1400m, 10.IX.2005, leg. M. Halada; 16, 40 km W Chingola, 12°27'S 27°35'E, 1200m, 7.XI.2005, leg. M. Halada; 16, Solwezi env., 1.- 8.XII.2002, leg. J. Halada; 16, 150 km SW Solwezi, 13°02'S 25°45'E, 1300m, 15.XI.2005, leg. M. Halada; 16, Copperbelt province, 25 km W Chingola, 1600m, 16.I.2006, leg. Kmeko., Published as part of Epeletier, 2016, The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis, pp. 1149-1185 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 48 (2) on page 1154, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5354686

Chalybion japonicum (GRIBODO, 1883)(76 ♀♀, 123 66) C h i n a 1♀, Wufu, W Beijing, 15.-20.VII.1992, leg. Soldán; 16, Xienxian, 34.8°N 111.6°E, Zhongtiao Shan mt., 22.-24.V.1996, leg. J. Halada. J a p a n: 1♀, Akatani, Nigata prf., 28. V.1966, leg. Itami; 1♀, Niicyta, Shibata City, 18. V.1965, leg. Itami; 1♀, 266, Kamakura, 2. VII.1951, leg. Nagase; 1♀, 16, Hattoni, Osaka, coll. Kocourek; 16, Sata (Osumi), Odomari-Hammajiri-Magome, 30. V.1952, leg. Esaki & Hirashima. L a o s: 52♀♀, 9666, Province Hua Phan, Phou Pan, env. Ban Saleui, 20°13'30''N 103°59'26''E, 1350-1900m, 2009 – 2013, leg. Holzschuh & locals; 2♀♀, 16, Hua Phan province, Mt. Phu Pane, ~ 1500m, 20°12'N 103°59'E, 10-22.V.2011, leg. Jakl; 1♀, Khammouan province, Nakai, 500- 600m, 17°43'N 105°09'E, VI.2001, leg. Jendek. T a i w a n 9♀♀, 866, Taitung, Taiyan env., 240m, 23.082°N 102.284°E, 12. V.2012, leg. J. Halada; 1♀, 366, Yilan province, Ssuchi (Siji) env., 24°51'N 121°44'E, 675m, 26. V.2012, leg. J. Halada; 6♀♀, 766, Taoyoan province, Mingehih env., 1975m, 24°05'N 121°42'E, 9. V.2012, leg. J. Halada; 2♀♀, Lanyu Isl., 22.068°N 121.567°E, 10-300m, 15.-17. V.2012, leg. J. Halada; 16, Nantou province, Sun Moon lake env., 23.82°N 120.94°E, 800m, 25. V.2012, leg. J. Halada., Published as part of Epeletier, 2016, The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis, pp. 1149-1185 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 48 (2) on page 1158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5354686

Chalybion schulthessirechbergeri (KOHL 1918) (1 ♀, 1 6) C e n t r a l A f r i c a n R e p u p l i c 16, 45 km E Nola (GPS) 03°32'N 16°26'E, 8.VI.2009, leg. J. Halada. N a m i b i a: 1♀, 15 km E Swakopmund, 4.II.1993, leg. Max Schwarz., Published as part of Epeletier, 2016, The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis, pp. 1149-1185 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 48 (2) on page 1163, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5354686, {"references":["KOHL F. F. (1918). Die Hautfluglergruppe \" Sphecinae \". IV. Die naturliche Gattung Sceliphron KLUG (= Pelopaeus LATR.). - Annalen des k. k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 32: 1 - 171."]}

Chalybion walteri (KOHL, 1889)(10 ♀♀, 19 66) E g y p t:16, Mokkat, 16.VI.1929, leg. H. Priesner. G r e e c e:16, Kletra env., 3.VII.1997, leg. Deneš. J o r d a n 366, Lordan Valey Mubalath, 27.IV.1996, leg. Mi. Halada; 16, Dead See env., 16.IV.1996, leg. Mi. Halada; 266, Jordan valey, S Shuna, 25.-26.IV.1996, leg. Ma. & Mi. Halada; 16, North Shuna, 29.-30.IV.1996, leg. Ma. Halada. K y r g y z s t a n: 1♀, Ala Buka, 41.5°N 71.2°E, 6.VI.1995, leg. J. Halada; 16, Tshatkal Mt. R. Shikaftar, VII.2001, leg. Gurko. S y r i a 266, 60 km S Damascus, Khabab, 14.V.1996, leg. Ma. Halada; 16, Dibbin, 30 km S Suwayda, 15.-17.V.1996, leg. Mi. Halada. T u r k e y: 1♀, 140 km S Kayseri, 37°51'N 35°22'E, 1100m, 17. VII.2003, leg. Straka; 1♀, 10 km S Kayseri, 1660m, 38°37'N 35°31'E, 20. VII.2003, leg. Straka; 1♀, Nemrut Dagi Karadut, 2. VII.1993, leg. Mi. Halada; 1♀, Burdur, 5 km NE Yesilova, 1060m, 37°35'N 29°55'E, 6. VII.2006, leg. Mi. Halada; 1♀, vil. Eskisehir Sakar Ilica, near Gümele, 6.-9. VII.1997, leg. Prudek & Řiha; 16, 30 km NW Gaziantep, 2001, leg. Snižek; 16, 25 km E Malatya, Kopoksiz, 8. VII.1997, leg. Ma. Halada; 1♀, 16, Pamukkale, Asia minor, 8.+ 9. VI.1964, leg. J. Gusenleitner; 1♀, 16, Pamukkale, Asia minor, 31. V.1966, leg. Kusdas; 1♀, Antakya, 3. VI.1965, leg. M. Schwarz. U z b e k i s t a n:16, Tshinaz distr., Syr Darja, 25.V.2003, leg. Gurko., Published as part of Epeletier, 2016, The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis, pp. 1149-1185 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 48 (2) on page 1166, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5354686

Chalybion heinii (KOHL, 1906)(4 ♀♀, 3 66) K e n y a: 1♀, Lake Baringo, 07.50°N 36.05°E, 1000m, 31.VII.-1.VIII.1939, leg. Leonhardsberger; 1♀, Lake Baringo, 0.44°N 36.01°E, 5.-6.VIII.1992, leg. Leonhardsberger. G u i n e a: Variation: flagellum of 6 with placoids on third to nineth segment:16, N Balaki, 12°17.90'N 11°53.23'W, 29.VI.2004, leg. Ma. Halada. Y e m e n 1♀, Lawdar, NE Aden, 1140m, 13°53'N 45°48'E, 28.X.2005, leg. J. Halada; 1♀, 16, 20 km STaizz, 1200m, 13°30'N 43°57'E, 23.X.2005, leg. J. Halada; 16, Wadi Aniz, SSW Sana, 1520m 14°60'N (sic!) 44°09'E, 7.X.2005, leg. J. Halada., Published as part of Epeletier, 2016, The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis, pp. 1149-1185 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 48 (2) on page 1158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5354686

Chalybion incisum HENSEN, 1988(2 ♀♀) M o z a m b i q u e: 1♀, 15 km SE Save, 21°13'S 34°40'E, 65m, 18.-19.XII.2005, leg Kadlecová. T a n z a n i a 1♀, Pwani province, 15 km W Kibiti, 07°47'S 38°49'E, 100m, 15.I.2007, leg. Kadlecová., Published as part of Epeletier, 2016, The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis, pp. 1149-1185 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 48 (2) on page 1158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5354686, {"references":["HENSEN R. V. (1988): Revision of the nominate Subgenus Chalybion DAHLBOM (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). - Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 131: 13 - 64."]}

Chalybion bocandei (SPINOLA, 1851)(11 ♀♀, 6 66) B e n i n 1♀, Save env., 16.VI.2001, leg. Kantner; 2♀♀, 15 km SE Save, 8.-25.IV.2000, leg. J. Halada. G h a n a:466, Eastern, Senchi (NKpong), 6°12'N 0°04'E, 27.VIII.2012, leg. M. & J. Schwarz; 16, Volta, New Senchi (NE Kpong), 6°12'N 0°05'E, 2.IX.2012, leg. M. & J. Schwarz; 1♀, Volta, New Senchi (NE Kpong), 6°12'N 0°05'E, 26.VIII.2012, leg. M. & J. Schwarz. G u i n e a: 1♀, 16, N Balaki, 12°17.90'N 11°53.23'W, 29.IV.2004, leg. Ma. Halada; 1♀, Madina Salambandi, 11°55.65'N 11°53.85'W, 11.VII.2004, leg. Ma. Halada. S e n e g a l: 3♀♀, 10 km E Medina Gounas, 13°08.05'N 13°42.03'W, 25.VI.2004, leg. Ma. Halada; 1♀, 10 km SW Medina Gounas, 23.-25.VI.2004, leg. Kudrna; 1♀, 15 km E Velingara, 28.VI.2004, leg. M. Halada., Published as part of Epeletier, 2016, The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis, pp. 1149-1185 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 48 (2) on page 1154, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5354686

Chalybion flebile (LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, 1845) (40 ♀♀, 62 66) E g y p t: 1♀, Alexandria, VIII.1978, leg. Gottwald; 1♀, Meadi, 6.VIII.1931, leg. Priesner; 2♀♀, 16, Cairo, leg. Priesner. G r e e c e 5♀♀, 16, Epidauros, Korfos, 15.-27.IX.1986, leg. Wolf; 3♀♀, 266, Kletra env., 3. VII.1997, leg. Deneš; 1♀, Alt-Korinth, 24. V.1965, leg. Aigner; 1♀, 366, Korithos province,~ 50 km W Mègara, 6.-7.VIII.2010, leg. J. Halada; 1♀, 266, Pelopones, 20 km N Pilos, Marathopopli, 8. VII.1996, leg. Ma. Halada; 1♀, Pelopones, 20 km E Sparta, AG. Angiri, 5. VII.1996, leg. Ma. Halada; 566, Pelopones, 40 km S Argos, P.Astros, 4. VII.1996, leg. Ma. Halada; 16, Karpathos, 200m ob Lefkos, 35.35°N 27.04°E, 19.-24. VI.2010, leg. Tiefenthaler; 16, Rhodos, VI.1967, leg. Zimmermann. I t a l y: 266, Sardinia, Cagliari, 11.VII.1959, leg. Wolf; 16, Sicilia, Taormina Naxos, 8.X.1970, leg. Max Schwarz. I r a n:16, Azer. Sh. prov. Sis, 10 km E Shabestar, 38.26°N 45.86°E, 1540m, 19.VII.2010, leg. Mi. Halada. J o r d a n 2♀♀, N Shuna env., 29.-30.IV.1996, leg. Mi. & Ma. Halada; 266, Jordan valley, Mubalath, 27.IV.1996, leg. Ma.Halada; 16, Zarga-Main, 7. V.1995, leg. Deneš, det. Guichard; 16, Jordan valley, S Shuna, 25.-26.1996, leg. Mi. Halada, det. Guichard. M o r o c c o:16, 10 km S Rich, 22.V.1995, leg. Mi. Halada. O m a n: 1♀, Ash Sharqiyah, 25 km SW Sur, Wadi Fulay, 22°25'N 59°21'E, 130m, 16.IV.2013, leg. J. Halada. 7♀♀, 566, 10 km SE Súr, 14.III.2015, leg. Snižek. S p a i n:16, Alia de las Bojes, Granada, 1200m, 16.V.-8.VI.1983, leg. Peraudin. S y r i a: 1♀, 366, 60 km S Damascus, Khabab, 14.V.1996, leg. Ma. & Mi. Halada; 6♀♀, 766, Kafr, Suwayda, 21.VI.2000, leg. M. Halada, det. Ohl; 1♀, 30 km W Damascus, 16.VI.2000, leg. M. Halada. T u n i s i a: 1♀, Tunis, 2.-25.VIII.1972, leg. Bem. T u r k e y: 2♀♀, 25 km W Antalya, 36°13'N 35°51'E, 300m, 27. VI.2001, leg. Straka; 1♀, Province Hakkari, Habur Deeresi-Tal, S Beytisebab, 1100m, 10.VIII.1983, leg. Schacht; 966, SE Elazig, Hazar Gölü, 29. VI.2000, leg. M. Halada; 466, Manisia, 15 km SEE Salihli, 38°26'N 28°19'E. 170m, 2. VII.2006, leg. M. Halada; 16, Burdur, 5 km NE Yesilova, 37°35'N 29°55'E, 1060m, 6. VII.2006, leg. J. Halada; 16, Isparta, Egidir Gölü, 5 km N Akkecili, 38°06'N 30°46'E, 920m, 10. VII.2006, leg. J. Halada; 16, 30 km NW Gaziantep, 2001, leg. Snižek; 16, Harbi, Antakya, 17. VI.2000, leg. M. Halada; 16, Silifke env., 4. VII.1993, leg. Mi. Halada; 1♀, 16, SE Elazig, Hazar Gölü, 29. VI.2000, leg. M. Halada, det. Ohl; 16, Hakkari Oramar 10 km NE, 1700m, 29. VI.1985, leg. Max Schwarz., Published as part of Epeletier, 2016, The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis, pp. 1149-1185 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 48 (2) on page 1157, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5354686

Chalybion zimmermanni DAHLBOM, 1843(36 ♀♀, 11 66) M e x i c o: 33♀♀, 966, Guerrero Acahuizotla, 35 km S Chilpancingo, 1500m, 6.-9.VI.1997, leg. Kadlec; 1♀, Veracruz Montepio, 40 km N Catemaco, 30m, 24.-28.V.1997, leg. Kadlec. N i c a r a g u a: 1♀, Dept. Jinotega Cerro Diablo, 1300-1500m, 22.V.2005, leg. Berghe; 1♀, 16, Granada Dept., Domitila, Nat. Priv. Reserva, 11°42.506'N 85°57.253'W, 14.-16.V.2006, leg. Dauber; 16, Granada, Laguna de Apoyo, 20.-22.V.2005, leg. Berghe., Published as part of Epeletier, 2016, The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis, pp. 1149-1185 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 48 (2) on page 1166, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5354686

Chalybion laevigatum (KOHL, 1888)(59 ♀♀, 76 66) K e n y a: 4♀♀, 866, Mwingi, Kangonde wadi, 18.IV.2007, leg. M. Halada; 266, Voi (Tsavo) env., 8.-18.XI.1996, leg. Mi. Halada; 266, Voi (Tsavo) env., 22.XI.-2.XII.1996, leg. Mi. Halada; 16, Voi (Tsavo), 8.-18.XI.1996, leg. Snižek; 16, W Mwingi 6.IV.2007, leg. M. Halada. M a l a w i 1♀, Nkhotakota, lke Malawi, 21.I.2002, leg. J. Halada; 1♀, Mulanje Mts. env., 23.- 26.XII.2001, leg. J. Halada; 16, Nkhata Bay, lake Malawi, 1.I.2001, leg. J. Halada. M o z a m b i q u e: 5♀♀, Niassa Cuamba Mituque, Centro Pateral MT, 3.-17.IV.2012, leg. Olmi; 2♀♀, 55 km NW Chimoio, 13°44'S 33°15'E, 550m, 28.XI.2005, leg. J. Halada; 266, 35 km SW Chimoio, 19°08'S 33°09'E, 700m, 14.XII.2005, leg. Kadlecova; 16, 15 km SSE Manje, 15°29'S 33°16'E, 530m 2.-4.XII.2005, leg. J. Halada; 16, 15 km SE Save, 21°13'S 34°40'E, 65m, 18.- 19.XII.2005, leg. J. Halada. N a m i b i a:366, 25 km N Windhoek, 12.I.1993, leg. J. Gusenleitner & Max Schwarz. S o u t h A f r i c a: 5♀♀, 366, Maputoland, Tembe Elephant Park env., (Jozini), 22.I.2003, leg. Křivan & Snižek; 1♀, Krüger-Park, Punda Maria, 7.II.1988, leg. H. Malicky; 1♀, KwazaZulu Natal Mbazwana, 6.XII.2002, leg. Ma. Halada; 1♀, North West, 20 km W Bothaville, Klerksdorp Vaal river, 31.I.2001, leg. Snižek; 1♀, 16, Mpumalanga, 30 km NE Lydenbrug NR., Ohrig, 22.- 25.XI.2003, leg. J. Halada; 1♀, 366, Limpopo province, 35 km W Hoedspruit, 24°23'S 30°40'E, 470m, 19.XII.2009, leg. J. Halada; 1♀, Eastern Cape, 40 km S Umbata, 1.II.2000, leg. J. Halada; 2♀♀, 566, KwaZulu Natal Tembe Elephant Park, 50m, Ndumo, 27°02'S 32°23'E, 4.I.2008, leg. M. Halada; 2♀♀, 266, KwaZulu Natal Elephant Park, 50m, Ndumo, 27°02'S 32°23'E, 30.XII.2007, leg. M. Halada; 1♀, KwazaZulu Natal Tembe Elephant Park, 30.XI.2002, leg. Ma. Halada; 1♀, North West, W Bothaville, Vaal river, 1250m, 27°24'S 26°24'E. 23.XII.2007, leg. M. Halada; 366, KwaZulu Natal Tembe Elephant Park, Ndumo, 50m, 27°02'S 32°23'E, 10.I.2008, leg. M. Halada; 266, Maputoland, SW Emanguzi, 29.I.2003, leg. Snižek; 366, West Cape, NEN Clanvilliam Donngbos, 11.X.1999, leg. M. Halada; 1♀, NC Limpopo Modimole, 30.XII.2005, leg. Snižek. T a n z a n i a:16, Pwani province, 15 km E Utete, 08°03'S 38°53'E, 75m, 16.I.2007, leg. J. Halada. Z a m b i a: 2♀♀, 16, 95 km NW Mpika, 11°06'S 31°14'E, 1500m, 27.XI.2005, leg. M. Halada; 2♀♀, 16, Solwezi env., 1.-3.XII.2002, leg. J. Halada; 1♀, 50 km W Chingola, 1.-2.I.2003, leg. J. Halada; 2♀♀, 60 km W Solwezi, 4.-6.I.2003, leg. J. Halada; 2♀♀, 150 km SW Solwezi, 13°02'S 25°45'E, 1300m, 15.XI.2005, leg. M. Halada; 4♀♀, 566, 100 km W Solwezi, 12°13'S 25°39'E, 1400m, 10.XI.2005, leg. M. Halada; 1♀, 45 km SE Kitwe, 12.-15.I.2003, leg. J. Halada; 1♀, 70 km NE Kapiri Mposhi, 34°41'S 29°18'E, 1250m, leg. M. Halada; 1♀, 16, 140 km NE Kapiri Mposhi, 13°31'S 29° 41°48'E, 1500m, 23.XI.2005, leg. M. Halada; 1♀, Mkushi env., 16.- 18.XII.2004, leg. Snižek; 1♀, 150 km S Mwinilunga, 13°11'S 24°15'E, 1100m, 18.X.2008, leg. M. Halada; 1♀, 168 km E Mwinilunga, Lumwana East env., 7.XII.2004, leg. Snižek; 1♀, 70 km S Mpika, 12°18'S 31°07'E, 1500m, 25.XI.2005, leg. M. Halada; 1♀, 150 km W Solwezi Ntambu, 12°18'S 25°10'E, 1350m, 11.XI.2005, leg. M. Halada; 1♀, 50 km E Mwinilunga, 11°43'S 24°47'E, 1400m, 2.IX.2008, leg. M. Halada; 16, 50 km E Mwinilunga, 11°43'S 24°47'E, 1400m, 18.X.2008, leg. M. Halada; 566, 40 km W Chingola, 12°27'S 27°35'E, 1200m, 7.XI.2005, leg. M. Halada; 266, E Mutumbwe, NW Kasempa, 15.XI.2005, leg. Snižek; 16, 60 km NW Kapiri Mposhi, 8.XII.2002, leg. J. Halada. Z i m b a b w e: 1♀, (ZW) Dete (Hwange NP), 11.XI.1997, leg. Plass; 1♀, Chirinda Forest Land, Mt. Selinda, 24.I.1998, leg. Ma. Halada; 1♀, 16, Khami Ruins Bulawayo, 28.I.1998, leg. Ma. Halada; 1♀, 16, Bubui river, Bubi, 8.XII.1998, leg. Ma. Halada; 2♀♀, 16, 100 km S Bulawayo, Antelope, 6.XII.1998, leg. Ma. Halada; 1♀, 766, Mavhuradonha, Saf.A., 15 km SE Muzarabani, 17.XII.1998, leg. Ma. Halada; 266, 20 km W Gwanda, 6.XII.1998, leg. J. Snižek; 266, 80 km E Masvingo Nyika, 12.XII.1998, leg. Ma. Halada; 1♀, Bulawayo, Shangani, Naletale ruins env., 23.XI.2014, leg. Snižek; 1♀, SE Hwange, 40 km NW Lupane, 15.XI.2014, leg. Snižek., Published as part of Epeletier, 2016, The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis, pp. 1149-1185 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 48 (2) on page 1159, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5354686

Chalybion dolichothorax (KOHL, 1918)(3 ♀♀, 2 66) L a o s: 2♀♀, Hua Phan province, Ban Saleui, Phou Pan-Mt., 20°13'30''N 103°59'26''E GPS, 1350-1900m, 14.-18.V.2010, leg. Holzschuh & locals; 1♀, Hua Phan province, Ban Saleui (Village), 20°13'30''N 103°59'26''E, 1350-1900m MSL, 20.-31.V.2009, leg. Holzschuh & locals. Description of the hitherto unknown male of Chalybion dolichothorax: Large, body length 22-26.5 mm, length of forewing 15-18 mm. Clypeus distinctly produced and with three teeth, the median narrower than the submedian (Fig. 1). Mandible variably unusually shaped: ventrobasally with one large and one small lobe (Fig. 2). Tyloidea on Flagellomere V – IX. Sternum VIII see Fig. 3. Remaining areas as in female. L a o s:16, Hua Phan province, Phou Pan Mt., Ban Saleui (Village), 20°13'30''N 103°59'26''E. 1350- 1900m MSL, 10.-19.V.2009, leg. Holzschuh & locals; 16, Hua Phan province, Ban Saleui, Phou Pan Mt., 20°13'30''N 103°59'26''E GPS, 1350-1900m, 30.IV.2010, leg. Holzschuh & locals., Published as part of Epeletier, 2016, The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis, pp. 1149-1185 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 48 (2) on pages 1155-1156, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5354686, {"references":["KOHL F. F. (1918). Die Hautfluglergruppe \" Sphecinae \". IV. Die naturliche Gattung Sceliphron KLUG (= Pelopaeus LATR.). - Annalen des k. k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 32: 1 - 171."]}

Chalybion gredleri (KOHL, 1918)(4 ♀♀, 3 66) K e n y a: 1♀, Coast E Garsen, W Witu, 7.XII.2007, leg. Snižek; 266, Mwingi, Kangonde vade, 18.IV.2007, leg. M. Halada; 16, Voi env., Sagala env., 750m, 13.-19.XI.2011, leg. Snižek. S o u t h A f r i c a: 1♀, Kwazulu Natal province, 20 km N Greytown, 28°58'S 30°34'E, 1140m, 18.I.2010, leg. J. Halada. Z a m b i a: 1♀, 20 km SE Mwinilunga, 8.I.2003, leg. J. Halada; 2♀♀, 150 km SW Solwezi, 13°02'S 25°45'E, 1300m, 15.XI.2005, leg. M. Halada., Published as part of Epeletier, 2016, The Chloriontinae, Sceliphrinae and Sphecinae Wasps of the " Biologiezentrum Linz " - Collection in Linz, Austria including the Genera Chalybion DAHLBOM, Chlorion LATREILLE, Dynatus LEPELETIER de SAINT FARGEAU, Penepodium MENKE, Podium FABRICIUS, Sceliphron KLUG, Stangeella MENKE and Trigonopsis, pp. 1149-1185 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 48 (2) on page 1158, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5354686, {"references":["KOHL F. F. (1918). Die Hautfluglergruppe \" Sphecinae \". IV. Die naturliche Gattung Sceliphron KLUG (= Pelopaeus LATR.). - Annalen des k. k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 32: 1 - 171."]}

An animal's body size plays a predominant role in shaping its interspecific interactions, and, in encounters between two predators, often determines which shall be predator and which shall be prey. Spiders are top predators of insects, yet can fall prey to mud-dauber wasps that provision their larval nests with paralyzed spiders. Here we examined predator-prey interactions between Chalybion californicum (Saussure) (Sphecidae), a mud-dauber wasp, and Parasteatoda tepidariorum C. L. Koch (Theridiidae), a cobweb spider. We examined whether a spider's size influences its response to an attacking wasp, and report a size-dependent change in spider behavior: small-sized spiders fled, whereas medium- and large-sized spiders fought in response to wasp attacks. From the wasps' perspective, we examined whether spider size influences a wasp's hunting behavior and capture success. We found that wasps commonly approached small spiders, but were much less likely to approach medium and large spiders. However, wasp capture success did not vary with spider size. We also report a strategy used by Chalybion wasps toward cobweb spiders that is consistent with an interpretation of aggressive mimicry.

A new species of the blue mud-dauber genus Chalybion, C. sulawesii sp. n., is described from Sulawesi (Indonesia). The new species belongs in the C. fabricator species group, which up to now consisted of five rarely collected species. An identification key to the females of all species of the group is provided. Males are not keyed, because only a single male of the group, belonging to C. malignum, is known in addition to C. sulawesii. The last instar larva of C. sulawesii is described, although not all relevant characters could be reliably studied. We could show that the larva of the new species shows most of the relevant characters of the Sceliphrini, but differs from the larvae of other Sceliphrini studied yet in two characters. The majority of over 600 specimens of the new species have been reared from artificial trap nests, set up in different habitats and at different heights in the Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi. Of the 812 nests found, 606 provided adults, 64 provided pupae, and 40 provided larvae. 113 were just provisioned. The nesting activity of C. sulawesii showed a clear seasonality and was strongly influenced by the flowering plant diversity. Female activities were also significantly higher in lower strata. We assume that all three ecological factors studied influence the nesting activity of C. sulawesii via the spider prey density. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Notes on nesting and gregarious behavior of the blue nest renting wasp Chalybion japonicum (Gribodo) are presented. Three focal nests, freshly attached to the walls of an abandoned house belonging to the mud dauber wasp Sceliphron madraspatanum were occupied by C. japonicum, suggesting that the wasp is a nest invader of S. madraspatanum. Aggregation of C. japonicum males on the string of the sack, which hung loosely beneath the ceiling, undoubtedly plays a role to help males finding females easily rather than by having to take flight. Discussion on relationship of occurrence between C. japonicum and C. bengalense is included. The new appellation “nest renting wasps” for Chalybion species is suggested.

The Podiinae are composed of Dynatus, Penepodium, Trigonopsis and Podium, the monophyly of which is strongly supported. They form the sister group of the monophylum comprising Chalybion and Sceliphron. Podium contains four probably monophyletic taxa, namely the fumigatum, the rufipes and the agile species groups and Podium eurycephalum sp. n. The new species is inferred to be the sister taxon of the rufipes + the agile group. There is less evidence for the monophyly of the fumigatum group, whereas that of the rufipes and the agile group is strongly supported by some striking autapomorphies. The detailed similarities in the habitus of the agile group and Trigonopsis are interpreted as an independent development as a result of adaptation to their hunting habits. The second ‘syntype’ of Podium agile Kohl hitherto regarded as destroyed, was rediscovered.

Chalybion sumatranum (KOHL, 1884) Pelopoeus sumatranum KOHL, 1884: 375,, " Indonesia: Sumatra, no specific locality" (holotype or syntypes:, NHMW). D i s t r i b u t i o n: Indonesia: Sumatra; China: Hainan, Hong Kong; Vietnam (BARTHÉLÉMY 2014). BARTHÉLÉMY (2014) recorded this species occurring in Vietnam, but did not show its exact locality., Published as part of H, Phong, G, P. & N, Yuriy, 2015, Distributional checklist of sphecid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae) from Vietnam, pp. 1581-1599 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 47 (2) on page 1585, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5284501, {"references":["BARTHELEMY C. (2014): Provisional distributional checklist of Hong Kong Sphecidae (Apoidae). Downloaded from Internet on May 25, 2015 at http: // hkentsoc. org / bulletin / HKEB 6 (2) _ Barthelemy _ Sphecidae. pdf."]}

Chalybion gracile HENSEN, 1988 Chalybion gracile HENSEN, 1988: 28,, " Sri Lanka: Ratnapura District, Sinharaja Forest" (holotype:, USNM). D i s t r i b u t i o n: Sri Lanka, Malaya, Indonesia, Vietnam: Cochichine P. condor (= Con Dao Island, Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province currently) (HENSEN 1988)., Published as part of H, Phong, G, P. & N, Yuriy, 2015, Distributional checklist of sphecid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, Crabronidae) from Vietnam, pp. 1581-1599 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 47 (2) on page 1585, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5284501, {"references":["HENSEN R. V. (1988): Revision of the nominate subgenus Chalybion DAHLBOM (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). - Tijdschr. Ent. 131: 13 - 64."]}

Genus Chalybion DAHLBOM, 1843 Description: DAHLBOM 1843. Typus generis: Sphex caeruleus LINNAEUS, 1763. Distribution: All zoogeographical regions. Valid species: 3., Published as part of Madl, M., 2014, Annotated catalogue of the Ampulicidae, Crabronidae and Sphecidae (Hymenoptera) of the Malagasy subregion, pp. 933-1039 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 46 (2) on page 1015, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5312608

We report on efforts to maintain two common sphecid wasps, Chalybion caeruleum (Saussure 1867) and Sceliphron caementarium (Drury 1773), in field and laboratory enclosures in order to observe their predatory interactions with the orb-weaving spiders Argiope aurantia Lucas 1833 and A. trifasciata (Forskal 1775). Both species of wasps seemed to locate webs primarily by chance while flying along the tops of the vegetation but differed greatly in their hunting tactics once webs were located. Sceliphron caementarium was most successful at capturing spiders that had dropped out of webs in response to the wasp's hitting the web. But, C. caeruleum often employed a type of aggressive mimicry: it landed in the web or used its middle legs to pluck the web, luring the spider to the wasp. Argiope did not differ in their defensive response to C. caeruleum and S. caementarium. Most Argiope dropped out of webs in response to attacks rather than using other defensive behaviors such as shuttling between sides of w...