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10. Human Cytomegalovirus IE1-72 Protein Interacts with p53 and Inhibits p53-Dependent Transactivation by a Mechanism Different from That of IE2-86 Protein

Author

Huang, E.-S., Zhang, Z., Cai, H., Cha, C.-Y., Hwang, E.-S., Huong, S.-M., and Huang, D. Y.

Subjects
viruses, virus diseases, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition
Abstract

Infection of host cells with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) induces cell cycle dysregulation. Two HCMV immediate-early (IE) proteins, IE1-72 and IE2-86, are promiscuous transactivators that have been implicated in the dysregulatory events. Cellular p53 protein is accumulated to high levels in HCMV-infected cells, but the indicative marker of p53 transcriptional activity, p21, is markedly decreased. Both IE1-72 and IE2-86 were able to transactivate the p53 promoter and interact with p53 protein in DNA-transfected or HCMV-infected cells. HCMV UL84, a multiregulatory protein expressed in early periods of HCMV infection, also interacted with p53. HCMV IE1-72 prevented or disrupted p53 binding to p53-specific DNA sequences, while IE2-86 and/or UL84 enhanced p53 binding and induced supershift of this DNA-protein complex. Both HCMV IE1-72 and IE2-86 were able to inhibit p53-dependent transcriptional activation in plasmid-transfected cells. IE1-72, rather than IE2-86, was found to be responsible for p21 downregulation in HCMV-infected HEL cells. DNA transfection analysis using IE1-72 mutants revealed that exon 2/3 and the zinc finger region of IE1-72 are essential for IE1-72's effect on the repression of p53-dependent transcriptional activation. These data suggest that HCMV IE1-72 and/or IE2-86 transactivates the p53 promoter and induces p53 accumulation, but HCMV IE1-72 represses the p53 transactivation activity by a unique binding hindrance mechanism different from that of IE2-86. Thus, various modes of viral IE proteins and p53 interactions might result in multiple outcomes, such as stimulation of cellular DNA synthesis, cell cycle progression and cell cycle arrest, and prevention of program cell death.

Published
2009
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11. Andrology (Male Fertility, Spermatogenesis)

Author

Matsumoto, Y., primary, Goto, S., additional, Hashimoto, H., additional, Kokeguchi, S., additional, Shiotani, M., additional, Okada, H., additional, Cohen - Bacrie, P., additional, Hazout, A., additional, Belloc, S., additional, De Mouzon, J., additional, Menezo, Y., additional, Dumont, M., additional, Junca, A. M., additional, Cohen-Bacrie, M., additional, Alvarez, S., additional, Olivennes, F., additional, Prisant, N., additional, Weltin, M., additional, Geissler, W., additional, Clussmann, C., additional, Strowitzki, T., additional, Eggert-Kruse, W., additional, Endou, Y., additional, Fjii, Y., additional, Motoyama, H., additional, Quintana, F. Q., additional, Zaloa Larreategui, Z. L., additional, Iratxe Penalba, I. P., additional, Sara Ortega, S. O., additional, Monica Martin, M. M., additional, Guillermo Quea, G. Q., additional, Jose Serna, J. S., additional, Showell, M. G., additional, Brown, J., additional, Yazdani, A., additional, Stankiewicz, M. T., additional, Hart, R. J., additional, Zumoffen, C., additional, Munuce, M. J., additional, Caille, A., additional, Ghersevich, S., additional, Lendinez, A. M., additional, Perez-Nevot, B., additional, Palomares, A. R., additional, Serrano Garballo, A., additional, Rodriguez, A., additional, Reche, A., additional, Mayor-Olea, A., additional, Ruiz-Galdon, M., additional, Reyes-Engel, A., additional, Mendiola, J., additional, Jorgensen, N., additional, Andersson, A. M., additional, Calafat, A. M., additional, Redmon, J. B., additional, Drobnis, E. Z., additional, Wang, C., additional, Sparks, A., additional, Thurston, S. W., additional, Liu, F., additional, Swan, S. H., additional, Tarasconi, A. C., additional, Tarasconi, B. V., additional, Tarasconi, D. V., additional, Silva, E. M. V., additional, Fujii, Y., additional, Crha, I., additional, Pribyl, J., additional, Skladal, P., additional, Zakova, J., additional, Ventruba, P., additional, Pohanka, M., additional, De La Fuente, G., additional, Pacheco, A., additional, Velasco, J. A. G., additional, Requena, A., additional, Pacheco Castro, A., additional, San Celestino Carchenilla, M., additional, Salvanes, R., additional, Arnanz, A., additional, Balmori, C., additional, Pellicer, A., additional, Garcia-Velasco, J. A., additional, Ishikawa, T., additional, Fujisawa, M., additional, Kranz, S., additional, Hersemeyer, K., additional, Hentrich, A., additional, Tinneberg, H. R., additional, Konrad, L., additional, Simon, L., additional, Lutton, D., additional, McManus, J., additional, Lewis, S. E. M., additional, Rubio, S., additional, Simon Sanjurjo, P., additional, Lewis, S., additional, Buzzi, J., additional, Valcarcel, A., additional, Lombardi, E., additional, Oses, R., additional, Rawe, V., additional, Young, E., additional, Magendzo, A., additional, Lizama, S., additional, Duque, G., additional, Mackenna, A., additional, Monqaut, A., additional, Zavaleta, C., additional, Lopez, G., additional, Lafuente, R., additional, Brassesco, M., additional, Condorelli, R., additional, La Vignera, S., additional, La Rosa, S., additional, Barone, N., additional, Vicari, E., additional, Bellanca, S., additional, D'Agata, R., additional, Calogero, A. E., additional, Enciso, M., additional, Iglesias, M., additional, Galan, I., additional, Gosalvez, A., additional, Gosalvez, J., additional, Curaba, M., additional, Poels, J., additional, Van Langendonckt, A., additional, Donnez, J., additional, Wyns, C., additional, Garcez, M., additional, Salvador, M., additional, Pasqualotto, E. B., additional, Braga, D. P. A. F., additional, Borges, E., additional, Pasqualotto, F. F., additional, Aoki, T., additional, Figueira, R. C. S., additional, Maldonado, L. G. L., additional, Iaconelli, A., additional, Frassini, R., additional, Mandelli, J., additional, Setti, A. S., additional, Cortezzi, S. S., additional, Di Mauro, M., additional, Burrello, N., additional, Kashir, J., additional, Jones, C., additional, Young, C., additional, Ruas, M., additional, Grasa, P., additional, Rietdorf, K., additional, Heytens, E., additional, Heindryckx, B., additional, Yoon, S. Y., additional, Fissore, R. A., additional, Deane, C. M., additional, Nikiforaki, D., additional, Tee, S. T., additional, de Sutter, P., additional, Parrington, J., additional, Coward, K., additional, Visser, L., additional, Westerveld, G. H., additional, van Daalen, S. K. M., additional, van der Veen, F., additional, Lombardi, M. P., additional, Repping, S., additional, Cubillos, S., additional, Sanchez, S., additional, Pedraza, J., additional, Charria, G., additional, Aparicio, H., additional, Gongora, A., additional, Caldino, F., additional, Cuneo, S., additional, Ou, J. P., additional, Zhao, W. E., additional, Liu, Y. F., additional, Xu, Y. W., additional, Zhou, C. Q., additional, Al-Asmar Pinar, N., additional, Peinado, V., additional, Gruhn, J., additional, Susiarjo, M., additional, Gil-Salom, M., additional, Martinez-Jabaloyas, J. M., additional, Remohi, J., additional, Rubio, C., additional, Hassold, T., additional, Al-Asmar, N., additional, Rodrigo, L., additional, Hassold, T. J., additional, Bungum, M., additional, Forsell, N., additional, Giwercman, A., additional, Amiri, I., additional, Sheikh, N., additional, Najafi, R., additional, Godarzi, M., additional, Farimani, M., additional, Makukh, H., additional, Tyrkus, M., additional, Zastavna, D., additional, Nakonechnuy, A., additional, Khayat, S. S., additional, Schileiko, L. V., additional, Kurilo, L. F., additional, Garcia-Herrero, S., additional, Garrido, N., additional, Martinez-Conejero, J. A., additional, Romany, L., additional, Meseguer, M., additional, Dorphin, B., additional, Lefevre, M., additional, Gout, C., additional, Oger, P., additional, Yazbeck, C., additional, Rougier, N., additional, De Stefani, S., additional, Scala, V., additional, Benedetti, S., additional, Tagliamonte, M. C., additional, Zavagnini, E., additional, Palini, S., additional, Bulletti, C., additional, Canestrari, F., additional, Subiran, N., additional, Pinto, F. M., additional, Candenas, M. L., additional, Agirregoitia, E., additional, Irazusta, J., additional, Cha, E. M., additional, Lee, J. H., additional, Park, I. H., additional, Lee, K. H., additional, Kim, M. H., additional, Jensen, M. S., additional, Rebordosa, C., additional, Thulstrup, A. M., additional, Toft, G., additional, Sorensen, H. T., additional, Bonde, J. P., additional, Henriksen, T. B., additional, Olsen, J., additional, Bosco, L., additional, Speciale, M., additional, Manno, M., additional, Amireh, N., additional, Roccheri, M. C., additional, Cittadini, E., additional, Wu, P., additional, Lee, Y. M., additional, Chen, H. W., additional, Tzeng, C. R., additional, Llacer, J., additional, Ten, J., additional, Lledo, B., additional, Rodriguez-Arnedo, A., additional, Morales, R., additional, Bernabeu, R., additional, Garcia-Peiro, A., additional, Martinez-Heredia, J., additional, Oliver-Bonet, M., additional, Ribas, J., additional, Abad, C., additional, Amengual, M. J., additional, Navarro, J., additional, Benet, J., additional, Moutou, C., additional, Gardes, N., additional, Nicod, J. C., additional, Becker, N., additional, Bailly, M. P., additional, Galland, I., additional, Pirello, O., additional, Rongieres, C., additional, Wittemer, C., additional, Viville, S., additional, Elmahaishi, W., additional, Smith, B., additional, Doshi, A., additional, Serhal, P., additional, Harper, J. C., additional, Rennemeier, C., additional, Kammerer, U., additional, Dietl, J., additional, Staib, P., additional, Elgmati, K., additional, Nomikos, M., additional, Theodoridou, M., additional, Calver, B., additional, Swann, K., additional, Lai, F. A., additional, Georgiou, I., additional, Lazaros, L., additional, Xita, N., additional, Kaponis, A., additional, Plachouras, N., additional, Hatzi, E., additional, Zikopoulos, K., additional, Ferfouri, F., additional, Clement, P., additional, Molina Gomes, D., additional, Albert, M., additional, Bailly, M., additional, Wainer, R., additional, Selva, J., additional, Vialard, F., additional, Takisawa, T., additional, Usui, K., additional, Kyoya, T., additional, Shibuya, Y., additional, Hattori, H., additional, Sato, Y., additional, Ota, M., additional, Kyono, K., additional, Chiu, P. C., additional, Lam, K. K., additional, Lee, C. L., additional, Chung, M. K., additional, Huang, V. W., additional, O, W. S., additional, Tang, F., additional, Ho, P. C., additional, Yeung, W. S., additional, Kim, C. H., additional, Lee, J. Y., additional, Kim, S. H., additional, Suh, C. S., additional, Shin, Y. K., additional, Kang, Y. J., additional, Jung, J. H., additional, Cha, C. Y., additional, Hwang, E. S., additional, Mukaida, T., additional, Nagaba, M., additional, Takahashi, K., additional, Elkaffash, D., additional, Sedrak, M., additional, Huhtaniemi, I., additional, Abdel-Al, T., additional, Younan, D., additional, Cassuto, N. G., additional, Bouret, D., additional, Hammoud, I., additional, Barak, Y., additional, Seshadri, S., additional, Bates, M., additional, Vince, G., additional, Jones, D. I., additional, Ben Khalifa, M., additional, Montjean, D., additional, Cohen-Bacrie, P., additional, Aubriot, F. X., additional, Cohen, M., additional, Boudjema, E., additional, Magli, M. C., additional, Crippa, A., additional, Baccetti, B., additional, Ferraretti, A. P., additional, Gianaroli, L., additional, Singer, T., additional, Neri, Q. V., additional, Hu, J. C., additional, Maggiulli, R., additional, Kollman, Z., additional, Rauch, E., additional, Schlegel, P. N., additional, Rosenwaks, Z., additional, Palermo, G. D., additional, Zorn, B., additional, Skrbinc, B., additional, Matos, E., additional, Golob, B., additional, Pfeifer, M., additional, Osredkar, J., additional, Sabanegh, E., additional, Sharma, R. K., additional, Thiyagarajan, A., additional, Agarwal, A., additional, Robin, G., additional, Boitrelle, F., additional, Marcelli, F., additional, Marchetti, C., additional, Mitchell, V., additional, Dewailly, D., additional, Rigot, J. M., additional, Rives, N., additional, Perdrix, A., additional, Travers, A., additional, Milazzo, J. P., additional, Mousset-Simeon, N., additional, Mace, B., additional, Jakab, A., additional, Molnar, Z., additional, Benyo, M., additional, Levai, I., additional, Kassai, Z., additional, Ihan, A., additional, Kopitar, A., additional, Kolbezen, M., additional, Vaamonde, D., additional, Da Silva-Grigoletto, M. E., additional, Garcia-Manso, J. M., additional, Vaamonde-Lemos, R., additional, Oehninger, S. C., additional, Walis, G., additional, Monahan, D., additional, Ermolovich, E., additional, Fadlon, E., additional, Abu Elhija, A., additional, Abu Elhija, M., additional, Lunenfeld, E., additional, Huleihel, M., additional, Costantini-Ferrando, M., additional, Hu, J. C. Y., additional, Alvarez, J. G., additional, Velilla, E., additional, Lopez-Teijon, M., additional, Lopez-Fernandez, C., additional, Tempest, H. G., additional, Sun, F., additional, Ko, E., additional, Turek, P., additional, Martin, R. H., additional, Zomeno-Abellan, M. T., additional, Ramirez, A., additional, Gutierrez-Adan, A., additional, Martinez, J. C., additional, Landeras, J., additional, Ballesta, J., additional, Aviles, M., additional, Ganaiem, M., additional, Binder, S., additional, Meinhardt, A., additional, Sousa, L., additional, Grangeia, A., additional, Carvalho, F., additional, Sousa, M., additional, Barros, A., additional, Sifer, C., additional, Sermondade, N., additional, Hafhouf, E., additional, Poncelet, C., additional, Benzacken, B., additional, Levy, R., additional, Wolf, J. P., additional, Crisol, L., additional, Aspichueta, F., additional, Hernandez, M. L., additional, Exposito, A., additional, Matorras, R., additional, Ruiz-Larrea, M. B., additional, Ruiz-Sanz, J. I., additional, Jallad, S., additional, Atig, F., additional, Ben Amor, H., additional, Saad, A. L. I., additional, Kerkeni, A., additional, Ajina, M., additional, Othmane, A. L. I., additional, Koscinski, I., additional, Ladureau, L., additional, Scarselli, F., additional, Casciani, V., additional, Lobascio, M., additional, Minasi, M. G., additional, Rubino, P., additional, Colasante, A., additional, Arizzi, L., additional, Litwicka, K., additional, Iammarrone, E., additional, Ferrero, S., additional, Mencacci, C., additional, Franco, G., additional, Zavaglia, D., additional, Nagy, Z. P., additional, Greco, E., additional, Ohgi, S., additional, Takahashi, M., additional, Kishi, C., additional, Suga, K., additional, Yanaihara, A., additional, Chamley, L. W., additional, Wagner, A., additional, and Shelling, A. N., additional

Published
2010
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13. Microwave Process for VOC Abatement

Author

CHA CORP LARAMIE WY, Cha, C. Y., Carlisle, C. T., Wander, J. D., CHA CORP LARAMIE WY, Cha, C. Y., Carlisle, C. T., and Wander, J. D.

Abstract

The CHA Corporation has completed a US Air Force Phase II Small Business Innovation Research program to investigate the feasibility of using a novel microwave-based process for the removal and destruction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in effluents from non-combustion sources such as paint booth ventilation streams. Removal of solvents by adsorption followed by regeneration of saturated granular activated carbon (GAO) by microwave energy was accomplished in a single, fixed-bed reactor. Microwave regeneration of the saturated carbon in the fixed bed restored the original adsorption capacity of the GAO. During microwave regeneration the concentrated desorbed paint solvent was easily oxidized by passing the mixture of vapors through a fixed bed of an oxidation catalyst mixed with silicon carbide. After completing the fixed-bed pilot testing we assembled a pilot-scale continuous system and tested it during a three-month, continuous demonstration at McZClellan Air Force Base from 15 January to 16 April 1999. For this demonstration a 1OO-cfm stream of extracted soil vapors was continuously passed through the pilot system, and the airborne VOCs were removed. The success of this demonstration and piot-scale testing at CHA Corporation show the technical feasibility of using this system at an Air Force spray painting operation to continuously clean ventilation air. Laboratory and prototype test results were discussed., Presented at the 93rd Annual Conference Air and Waste Management Association at Salt Lake City, Utah.

Published
2000

14. Microwave Process for NOx Abatement

Author

CHA CORP LARAMIE WY, Cha, C. Y., Carlisle, C. T., Wander, J. D., CHA CORP LARAMIE WY, Cha, C. Y., Carlisle, C. T., and Wander, J. D.

Abstract

The CHA Corporation has completed an U.S. Air Force Phase II Small Business Innovation Research program to investigate the feasibility of using a novel microwave-based filter device to remove and destroy unwanted by-products of combustion in exhaust gases. A Corning ceramic monolith soot filter that has about 90% soot removal efficiency was placed in a housing that allowed for microwave regeneration. Two filters were installed in parallel into the exhaust piping of a diesel engine. After 4-hour periods of operation, the filters were successfully regenerated with microwave energy for over 50 cycles. A prototype device for the destruction of NOx in exhaust gas generated by a 58- hp diesel engine was constructed and tested. The NOx control device comprised two separate fixed-bed reactors filled with catalyst beads. In the first, a Pt/Pd catalyst was used to convert NO into NO2 in the diesel exhaust. A reducing agent (JP-8) and microwaves were supplied to the second reactor, containing alumina-SiC pellets coated with a Pt/Rh/Pd catalyst, to destroy NO2. Because NO oxidation efficiency (45-55%) is suppressed by the high concentration of water in diesel engine exhaust, NOx destruction efficiencies were 30-40%, 10-20% lower than the NOx destruction obtained from smaller reactors. Test results obtained for this prototype microwave device clearly identified technical and economic advantages as well as technical difficulties of applying microwave-based filter devices to control pollutants in diesel exhaust. Preliminary experimental data indicate that the microwave reactor system developed for NOx destruction can be used to destroy waste rocket fuels including hydrazine and unsymmetric dimethylhydrazine in nitrogen or air streams. Laboratory and prototype test results will be presented.

Published
2000

26. The role of interferon in virus-induced diabetes.

Author

Yoon, Ji-Won, Cha, Chang-Yong, Jordan, George W., Yoon, J W, Cha, C Y, and Jordan, G W

Abstract

The repeated administration of interferon (IFN) or an IFN inducer reduced the development of diabetes in mice infected with the D variant of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Mice treated with the IFN inducer had less infectious virus, fewer pathologic changes, and higher concentrations of immunoreactive insulin in the islets of Langerhans in comparison with untreated mice. Antibody to mouse IFN (MuIFN) suppressed circulating IFN in mice infected with the B variant of EMC virus. Mice treated with antibody to MuIFN had four times more infected islet cells and 10 times more infectious virus in the pancreas compared with untreated mice. Of the surviving animals treated with antibody to MuIFN, approximately 40% developed mild diabetes whereas none of the mice developed diabetes when infected with the B variant of EMC virus alone. The IFN system is an important determinant of the outcome in EMC virus-induced diabetes in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1983
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29. PYROLYSIS OF WASTE POLYSTYRENE IN HEAVY OIL

Author

Marsh, John, Cha, C. Y., and Guffey, F. D.

Abstract

Waste plastics are an environmental problem because of recycling limitations and their resistance to natural decomposition. This research investigates the thermal degradation (pyrolysis) of waste polystyrene in heavy oil as a tertiary recycling method. Kinetic parameters for pyrolysis were obtained, and distillate products from the reaction were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Four types of heavy oil were used to find which would be most suitable in this process. Complete pyrolysis of polystyrene occurred at temperatures lower than those reported in the literature.

Published
1994
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32. Synthesis of the transferrin receptor by cultures of embryonic chicken spinal neurons.

Author

Markelonis, G J, Oh, T H, Park, L P, Cha, C Y, Sofia, C A, Kim, J W, and Azari, P

Abstract

We have purified a glycoprotein from chicken sciatic nerves, sciatin, which has pronounced trophic effects on avian skeletal muscle cells in culture. Recent studies have shown that sciatin is identical to the iron-transport protein, transferrin, in terms of its physicochemical structure, immunological reactivity, and biological activity. To determine whether transferrin is synthesized and released by neuronal tissue, we incubated cultures of dissociated chicken spinal neurons in a medium free of L-leucine containing either L-3H-amino acids or L-[14C]leucine and immunoprecipitated transferrin with highly specific antibodies. The radiolabeled protein precipitated by rabbit heteroclonal, goat heteroclonal, or mouse monoclonal antitransferrin antibodies increased in specific activity in a linear manner for at least 30 min. Synthesis of this protein was abolished by the presence of puromycin (20 micrograms/ml) or cycloheximide (10(-5) M). The disappearance of the radiolabeled protein from cells was linear with a half-life (t 1/2) of 8-10 h. When immunoprecipitates were separated by SDS gel electrophoresis, a prominent band corresponding to transferrin (Mr 84,000) was visualized by staining with Coomassie Blue. However, when such gels were fluorographed, no radioactivity was apparent in the transferrin region of the gel although a prominent radioactive band was visualized at an Mr of 56,000. The protein of Mr 56,000 was not simply a degradation product of transferrin because this particular protein band was not generated by incubating radiolabeled transferrin with unlabeled neuronal homogenates. The protein of Mr 56,000 was purified from embryonic chicken brain and spinal cord by immunoabsorption chromatography on mouse monoclonal antitransferrin IgG conjugated to Sepharose 4B followed by affinity chromatography on immobilized transferrin. The purified protein bound radioiodinated transferrin and was precipitated by rabbit anti-chicken transferrin-receptor antibodies. Furthermore, this receptor protein was found to be localized on the plasma membrane of dorsal root ganglion neurons by immunocytochemistry using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, and by blocking experiments, which showed that antitransferrin receptor IgG could inhibit the binding of fluorescein-conjugated transferrin at 4 degrees C to cultured neurons in vitro. From these data, we conclude that transferrin is not synthesized by cultures of chicken spinal cord neurons, but that the receptor for transferrin is synthesized by these cultures and is precipitated by antitransferrin antibodies as an antigen-receptor complex.

Published
1985
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34. Microwave induced reactions of SO2and NOxdecomposition in the char-bed

Author

Cha, C. -Y.

Abstract

Microwaves applied to a pyrolytic carbon matrix enhance the chemical reactions of SO2and NOxdecomposition. The SO2and NOxin a coal combustor product gas are adsorbed in a char bed and decomposed by the microwave to elemental sulfur and nitrogen, respectively. High removal rates of SO2and NOx-- near 98% -- were observed in the laboratory tests. The activated carbon used as an adsorbent is also produced inexpensively in the electromagnetic field from coal pyrolysis. During the 21-cycle adsorption and decomposition experiments, the surface area of the bed carbon was increased from 7 m2/g to 700 m2/g. Process concept testing and economic evaluation will be completed in the U.S. Department of Energy, SBIR Phase II Program under Contract Number DE-FG03-90ER80898. This program is also supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number EHR-910-8774. The paper presents the laboratory test results obtained to date.

Published
1994
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35. PRODUCTION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM COAL CHARS USING MICROWAVE ENERGY

Author

Norman, Loren M. and Cha, C. Y.

Abstract

The microwave induced reaction of carbon with carbon dioxide has been investigated as a method of production of activated carbon using coal char. Factors which control the carbon-carbon dioxide reaction in a microwave environment were also studied.Results indicate that the reaction rate is primarily controlled by the electric field strength. The reaction rate or conversion follows an Arrhenius type relationship with substitution of the electric field strength for temperature. In other instances, temperature is easily determined and therefore used in these calculations. In this case, the particle temperature is nearly impossible to measure. This means that we need an easily calculated variable to use in our calculations. The input microwave power will serve as this variable. It is easily determined, and is also useful in calculations because, as stated earlier, when input power (in the form of electric field strength) is substituted for temperature in equations of the Arrhenius type, the reaction rate is related in a similar manner, Because of difficulties associated with the direct measurement of particle temperature in the microwave energy field, only reactor skin temperatures were measured.The char surface area, as calculated using the B.E.T. equation, was increased dramatically by the microwave process. The prod uct had a high degree of microporosity and was a good adsorbent of NOx gas in air. The solids residence time for the coal char in direct microwave contact was on the order of minutes. Reactor skin temperature measurements at the reaction zone suggest that reaction occurred at approximately 600°F(316°C).

Published
1994
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