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International audience; The design of a pipe flow boiling experiment for the International Space Station is proposed, taking into account typical weight, power consumption and size constraints. The effect of singularities such as elbows upstream the test section is investigated. Velocity profiles downstream two elbows, measured by Particle Image Velocimetry are in good agreement with numerical simulation and allow to determine a specific distance (decay length) downstream the elbows for which the velocity profile recover its axisymmetry. From these results a breadboard is designed and tested in parabolic flights. Care has been taken to generate boiling downstream the decay length. Two-phase bubbly flow is observed with 2 perpendicular high-speed cameras in the test section and a symmetry of the bubble distribution in the pipe is verified for different gravity conditions when the bubbles are created after the decay length.

Background The physical and mental exhaustion of health care workers urgently needs to be addressed as a public health priority. Benefits of music on stress parameters have been extensively reported. Methods We carried out a systematic review to examine the efficacy of music interventions on stress parameters by selecting studies conducted in genuine care stress conditions. To approach the potential benefit of music therapy (MT) versus music medicine (MM), we followed international music-based intervention guidelines. Results Five outcomes were considered in our studies: stress, anxiety, mental workload, burnout risk and psychosomatic symptoms. Corresponding measures, including psychological, physiological questionnaires or stress biological parameters, showed significant results for the majority of them in music groups. Implications of music types, designs and limitations are discussed. Only one study compared MM and MT with an advantage for customized playlists over time. Conclusions In spite of heterogeneity, music interventions seem to significantly decrease stress parameters. The individual, customized supports with MT may be a crucial condition for this specific professional category. The impact of MT versus MM, the number of music sessions and the effect over time need to be explored.

When teaching academic writing to international students, instructors in search of helpful resources may sometimes be under the impression that there are broadly two kinds of books available to help them besides general textbooks on writing research: theoretical, research-based ESP approaches, on the one hand, and practical, hands-on ESL books providing specific vocabulary or grammar exercises, on the other. Teaching Writing for Academic Purposes to Multilingual Students – Instructional Appro...

International audience; We investigate experimentally the defect-mediated turbulence (DMT) which is induced by bubbles injection in a Taylor-Couette flow when the inner cylinder is rotating while the outer cylinder is fixed. Bubbles of 1.2 mm in diameter are injected at the bottom of a Taylor-Couette device of radii ratio equal to 0.91. The tangential Reynolds number range is [2 200, 19 300] and the air injection rate varies up to 800 ml/min. For these conditions of the experiments, bubbles are trapped in the gap by the Taylor vortices and arranged as patterns (toroidal, wavy toroidal, spirals, and wavy spirals). Visualizations of the bubble patterns were carried out. When decreasing the Reynolds number or increasing the air injection rate, spiral and toroidal patterns can coexist in a composite flow. Defects occur in the bubble’s patterns (merging or splitting of the Taylor vortex pairs). By analyzing the space-time diagram of bubbles patterns and their complex demodulation, we highlight different regimes and transitions in the DMT of the bubbly Taylor-Couette flow. The control parameter of the transitions is the air volumetric fraction, which evolves as the ratio between the axial injection Reynolds number and the tangential Reynolds number. By increasing the air volumetric fraction, the defects in the DMT flows are classified as three flow regimes: (i) structured composite flow where the defects are periodic in space and time, (ii) intermittency defects chaos where the defects zones alternate randomly with the patterns in time and space, and (iii) developed defects chaos with a large defects density. The statistical properties of these three regimes of the DMT are analyzed in the framework of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation.

We summarise here the information to be provided to women and referring physicians about percutaneous breast biopsy and lesion localisation under imaging guidance. After explaining why a preoperative diagnosis with a percutaneous biopsy is preferred to surgical biopsy, we illustrate the criteria used by radiologists for choosing the most appropriate combination of device type for sampling and imaging technique for guidance. Then, we describe the commonly used devices, from fine-needle sampling to tissue biopsy with larger needles, namely core needle biopsy and vacuum-assisted biopsy, and how mammography, digital breast tomosynthesis, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging work for targeting the lesion for sampling or localisation. The differences among the techniques available for localisation (carbon marking, metallic wire, radiotracer injection, radioactive seed, and magnetic seed localisation) are illustrated. Type and rate of possible complications are described and the issue of concomitant antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy is also addressed. The importance of pathological-radiological correlation is highlighted: when evaluating the results of any needle sampling, the radiologist must check the concordance between the cytology/pathology report of the sample and the radiological appearance of the biopsied lesion. We recommend that special attention is paid to a proper and tactful approach when communicating to the woman the need for tissue sampling as well as the possibility of cancer diagnosis, repeat tissue sampling, and or even surgery when tissue sampling shows a lesion with uncertain malignant potential (also referred to as “high-risk” or B3 lesions). Finally, seven frequently asked questions are answered.

Radioprotection issues about breast exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) for women with hereditary predisposition for breast cancer (BC) should be considered with modern perspectives including epidemiology and radiobiology. Consistent epidemiological data are only available for the BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. Radiobiology investigates the repair function in both proven mutation carriers and high family risk women with no identified mutation. Some specific assays help to quantify undeniable differences according to the dose and the genetic status. Specific low-dose effects are clearly identified. A lack of control in deoxyribonucleic acid recombination called hyper-recombination is a well-identified cause of misrepaired double-strand breaks (DSBs), genomic instability, and cellular transformation. While radio-induced BC risk obviously depends on age at exposure, it appears that the genetic status of women may also constitute another main parameter. Convergent epidemiological and biological data lead to be highly cautious considering the potential effects of breast radiation exposure in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. More generally, differences in individual response to IR are now well-established with cumulative evidence for a population more susceptible to radiation exposure even if all inherent molecular and cellular mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Indications for any kind of IR exposure involving breast, chest, or shoulders should be systematically justified in these women, including screening mammographic exposures.

International audience; Understanding and controlling nucleate pool boiling phenomena in zero gravity conditions is fundamental for space applications. An analytical model for the equilibrium radius reached by a bubble nucleated in sub-cooled conditions is established in this work and verified numerically. Indeed, direct numerical simulations of two phase flows conjugated with the heat conduction in the solid wall are carried out in order to verify and correct the analytical model. Fine grids, with cells size of the order of the micron, are manda- tory in order to capture the subtle equilibrium between condensation and evaporation that characterises stationary conditions. This has been possible thanks to the house made solver DIVA, validated for nucleate pool boiling simulations, and that permits to carry out parallel numerical simulations. Results show that the equilibrium radius of the bubble is a function of the thermal gradient, of the Jakob numbers associated with condensation and evaporation and of the apparent contact angle. The analysis of the thermal field is carried out and an interpretation of the physical processes that characterise the equilibrium is given. In addition, useful information on the heat transfer behaviour, reported in terms of Nu numbers, completes the work.

International audience; Based on a numerical approach, we propose in this study to characterize the interaction between a laminar boundary layer of a superheated or subcooled vapor flow and a static liquid pool at saturation temperature. For the purpose of this study, we define a canonical configuration that will help to improve our physical understanding of the interaction between a laminar flow and vaporization or condensation. By performing a full set of simulations sweeping the parameters space, correlations are proposed for the first time on the Nusselt number depending on the dimensionless numbers (the Reynolds number, the Prandtl number, the Jakob number and the density ratio) that characterize both vaporization and condensation. As attended, the Nusselt number decreases or increases in the configurations involving vaporization or condensation respectively. For high Jakob number, opposite trends are observed depending whether if vaporization or condensation is considered. Indeed a saturation of the heat flux happens in the first case, whereas a self-amplification of the heat flux occurs in the second one. Since the Nusselt number expressions are known, analytical expressions for the integrated heat flux exchanged at the liquid/vapor interface can be determined. Our study also takes interest to the behaviour of the viscous friction of the vapor flow on the liquid pool, which is weakly affected by the phase change, despite the important variation of the local flow structure due to evaporation or condensation. The physical mechanisms inducing all these phenomena are here discussed and clarified.

Surgical incision with drainage remains the first-line therapy recommendation for breast abscesses greater than 5 cm. To determine recovery with ultrasound guided (US-guided) procedures for treatment of lactational breast abscesses without surgical incision for drainage. Institutional review board approval and written informed patient consent were obtained for this retrospective study. From May 1, 2009, to June 1, 2018, 92 consecutive women (mean age 30 years, range 18–45) with 105 abscesses were treated with oral antibiotics and US-guided percutaneous drainage under local anesthesia. A total number of 202 US-guided procedures were performed. Three techniques were used: needle aspiration (diameter 18 to 14G), pigtail catheter insertion (diameter 5 to 7F), and/or vacuum-assisted biopsy/aspiration (diameter 10G). When using needle aspiration or pigtail catheter, a saline irrigation of the cavity was performed according to pus viscosity. The median diameter of abscesses was 4.5 cm (range 1–15), 82/105 (78%) were larger than 3 cm and 40/105 (38%) larger than 5 cm. US-guided management was successful for 101/105 (96%; 95% CI, (91–99%)) abscesses regardless the size. After the first round of procedures, 49/105 (47%) abscesses were recovered, 56/105 (53%) needed more than one drainage with a median number drainages of 2.6 (2–6). In 4/105 cases (4%), women underwent additional surgery under general anesthesia. By excluding abscesses which occurred in the weaning phase (n = 17), breastfeeding carried on for 68/75 (91%) women. Unlike previous studies, US percutaneous guided management of lactational abscesses is effective even for abscesses greater than 5 cm and allows continued breastfeeding.

International audience; This paper presents an investigation of the transient Onset of Nucleate Boiling (ONB) on a vertical heated surface cooled by an upward flow. The duct geometry used (semi-annulus with a heated inner wall) make this study very similar to a fuel rod in a Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR). This test section is then heated with different power steps to show the ONB and observe its propagation along the wall. The fluid used is the refrigerant HFE7000 flowing with flow rates corresponding to Reynolds numbers from 0 to 60,000 and subcoolings Jakob numbers from 8 to 33. Synchronised infra-red (IR) thermal measurements and high-speed camera visualizations provided new data which helped to develop models to characterise the Onset of Nucleate Boiling and the transition to the Fully Developed Nucleate Boiling regime (FDNB). This very finely characterized local behaviour provides an original insight for the onset of nucleate boiling in such sub-cooled convective configuration. It is shown that boiling is initiated by nucleation at a few specific sites and then propagates in the wake of a large vapor pocket flowing along the wall. Analysis of wall to fluid heat transfer evidences a short heat transfer degradation phase below the first vapor pocket, followed by a very effective cooling in its wake. The wall to fluid heat transfer during this transition toward fully developed nucleate boiling appears uncorrelated to the power dissipated within the heating element or to flow conditions.

International audience; Down syndrome is characterized by premature aging and dementia with neurological features that mimic those found in Alzheimer's disease. This pathology in Down syndrome could be related to inflammation, which plays a role in other neurodegenerative diseases. We previously found a link between the NFkB pathway, long considered a prototypical proinflammatory signaling pathway, and the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A). DYRK1A is associated with early onset of Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome patients. Here, we sought to determine the role of DYRK1A on regulation of the NFkB pathway in the mouse brain. We found that over-expression of Dyrk1A (on a C57BL/6J background) stabilizes IB protein levels by inhibition of calpain activity and increases cytoplasmic p65 sequestration in the mouse brain. In contrast, Dyrk1A-deficient mice (on a CD1 background) have decreased IB protein levels with an increased calpain activity and decreased cytoplasmic p65 sequestration in the brain. Taken together, our results demonstrate a role of DYRK1A in regulation of the NFkB pathway. However, decreased IB and DYRK1A protein levels associated with an increased calpain activity were found in the brains of mice over-expressing Dyrk1A after lipopolysaccharide treatment. Although inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment has a positive effect on calpastatin and a negative effect on DYRK1A protein level, a positive effect on microglial activation is maintained in the brains of mice over-expressing Dyrk1A.

International audience; This study aims to better characterize the heat transfer and flow structure in the fully developed nucleate flow boiling regime in a semi-annular duct. Experiments with a refrigerant HFE7000 were performed in the range of Reynolds numbers from 13 000 to 40 500, subcoolings close to 15 ◦C, for constant heating power, constant wall temperature and constant heating rates (linear increase of the wall temperature). With constant heating power, the wall heat flux is well predicted by a Chen-type correlation based on a contribution due to the forced convection and a contribution due to nucleate boiling, including the effect of the liquid subcooling. A thin layer of bubbles sliding along the wall is observed. The characteristic diameter of the bubbles increases with the heat flux and decreases with the liquid velocity and its subcooling. The bubble diameters can be well predicted versus 3 dimensionless numbers: the Reynolds number of the flow, the Jakob number based on the liquid subcooling and the Boiling number. A drag coefficient of the bubbles sliding on the wall is estimated from the measurements of the bubble relative velocities and is in good agreement with the recent numerical simulation of Shi et al. [1] for a spherical bubble moving close to a wall in a shear flow. In the experiments with a constant set temperature, a non-homogeneity of the surface temperatures is observed as well as high fluctuations of temperatures and heat fluxes. The heat transfer is strongly degraded ( ????-60%) by comparison with heating with a set power. Finally a transient nucleate boiling regime with a constant temperature increase dT/dt is investigated. For dT/dt < 50 K.s−1, the results are similar to those of Auracher and Marquardt and a correlation for the prediction of the wall heat flux versus the wall temperature in the transient nucleate boiling regime is provided.

Resume Considerer la densite mammographique comme un facteur de risque significatif constituerait un probleme de sante publique majeur, compte tenu de sa frequence chez des millions de femmes asymptomatiques dans la population generale. Premierement, il est important d’analyser comment des risques relatifs de 4 a 5 de cancer du sein ont ete obtenus dans la categorie « seins denses » dans certaines etudes. Deuxiemement, il est fondamental de considerer les conditions epidemiologiques requises pour qu’un facteur de risque puisse etre un « test diagnostique » permettant de distinguer une categorie de la population a haut risque. La densite mammographique ne repond pas a ces criteres.

Iodine-containing contrast media (ICM) are extensively used to improve image quality and information content in x-ray-based examinations, particularly in computed tomography (CT). In parallel, there is increasing evidence that the use of ICM during CT sessions is associated with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) breaks that may influence the estimation of the risks linked to x-ray exposure. Why has iodine been preferred to any other heavy elements to enhance contrast in radiodiagnostics? How to understand such DNA breaks effect? We searched for the answers in the early times of x-ray medical use. It appeared that the maximal ratio between the relative iodine and water mass energy absorption coefficients is reached in the range of 40–60 keV, which defines the energy range in which the dose is preferentially absorbed by ICM. This range does not correspond to the K-edge of iodine but to that of tungsten, the major component of the x-ray tube anode of CT scanners. At such energy, radiolysis of the ICM produces sodium or potassium iodide that prevents a normal DNA breaks repair and influences the individual response to x-ray low-dose. Both contrast enhancement and DNA breaks effect may therefore be caused by tungsten of the anodes of x-ray tubes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41747-018-0050-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This article summarises the information that should be provided to women and referring physicians about breast ultrasound (US). After explaining the physical principles, technical procedure and safety of US, information is given about its ability to make a correct diagnosis, depending on the setting in which it is applied. The following definite indications for breast US in female subjects are proposed: palpable lump; axillary adenopathy; first diagnostic approach for clinical abnormalities under 40 and in pregnant or lactating women; suspicious abnormalities at mammography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); suspicious nipple discharge; recent nipple inversion; skin retraction; breast inflammation; abnormalities in the area of the surgical scar after breast conserving surgery or mastectomy; abnormalities in the presence of breast implants; screening high-risk women, especially when MRI is not performed; loco-regional staging of a known breast cancer, when MRI is not performed; guidance for percutaneous interventions (needle biopsy, pre-surgical localisation, fluid collection drainage); monitoring patients with breast cancer receiving neo-adjuvant therapy, when MRI is not performed. Possible indications such as supplemental screening after mammography for women aged 40–74 with dense breasts are also listed. Moreover, inappropriate indications include screening for breast cancer as a stand-alone alternative to mammography. The structure and organisation of the breast US report and of classification systems such as the BI-RADS and consequent management recommendations are illustrated. Information about additional or new US technologies (colour-Doppler, elastography, and automated whole breast US) is also provided. Finally, five frequently asked questions are answered. • US is an established tool for suspected cancers at all ages and also the method of choice under 40. • For US-visible suspicious lesions, US-guided biopsy is preferred, even for palpable findings. • High-risk women can be screened with US, especially when MRI cannot be performed. • Supplemental US increases cancer detection but also false positives, biopsy rate and follow-up exams. • Breast US is inappropriate as a stand-alone screening method.

International audience; The physical mechanisms associated with the evolution of a micro-layer beneath a bubble and the transition between contact line and micro-layer regimes are investigated with fully resolved numerical simulations, in the framework of nucleate pool boiling. Capturing the transition between these two regimes has been possible for the first time using very refined grids and parallel computations. Indeed, grids with a cell size under 1 l m must be used in order to capture thermal and dynamical effects in the micro-layer. Such multiscale computations require advanced code capabilities. The present simulations are used to analyse the physical processes involved in the formation and depletion of a micro-layer. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the impact of the main parameters affecting the presence of the micro-layer. From these results, the limit conditions between nucleate boiling in micro-layer and contact line regimes are deduced. Neglecting the micro-layer would lead to erroneous results because it has a strong influence on the overall bubble growth. Therefore the present results could be of major interest for designing models of nucleate pool boiling in larger scales computations, when the micro-layer cannotbe resolved.

International audience; The quasistatic growth of an air bubble nucleated on an inclined plate is investigated. Three substrates (Teflon, treated glass, and glass) are used to study the influence of the wetting conditions of the plate. The plate has been drilled to allow air injection and nucleation of the bubbles on the substrate. High-speed shadowgraphy visualizations in two perpendicular planes are used to record the evolution of the bubble shape during its growth. Experiments are conducted in quiescent water for different slopes of the plate. The bubble shape is extracted from image processing and several geometric parameters are determined. These geometric parameters are used to evaluate the forces acting on the bubble using a point-force approach. It appears that the classical expressions of the forces are valid for small slopes of the surface (less than 15◦), while the force balance is no longer verified for higher slopes. This result is linked to an elongation of the bubble foot that has to be taken into account in the modeling of the capillary force. Thus an expression for the capillary force is proposed and the force balance is used to predict the bubble detachment diameter.

From Hiroshima bomb explosion data, the risk of radiation-induced cancer is significant from 100 mSv for a population considered as uniform and radioresistant. However, the recent radiobiological data bring some new elements that highlight some features that were not taken into account: the individual factor, the dose rate and the repeated dose effect. The objective evaluation of the cancer risk due to doses lower than 100 mSv is conditioned by high levels of measurability and statistical significance. However, it appears that methodological rigor is not systematically applied in all the papers. Furthermore, unclear communication in press often leads to some announcement effects, which does not improve the readability of the issue. This papers aims to better understand the complexity of the low-dose-specific phenomena as a whole, by confronting the recent biological data with epidemiological data.

We have generated a Xenopus laevis transgenic line, MBP-GFP-NTR, allowing conditional ablation of myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. In this transgenic line the transgene is driven by the proximal portion of the myelin basic protein regulatory sequence, specific to mature oligodendrocytes. The transgene protein is formed by the green fluorescent protein reporter fused to the Escherichia coli nitroreductase (NTR) selection enzyme. The NTR enzyme converts the innocuous prodrug metronidazole (MTZ) to a cytotoxin. Ablation of oligodendrocytes by MTZ treatment of the tadpole induced demyelination, and here we show that myelin debris are subsequently eliminated by microglial cells. After cessation of MTZ treatment, remyelination proceeded spontaneously. We questioned the origin of remyelinating cells. Our data suggest that Sox10+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which are already present in the optic nerve prior to the experimentally induced demyelination, are responsible for remyelination, and this required only minimal (if any) cell division of OPCs.

International audience; Mobile phone communications are conveyed by radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields, including pulse-modulated global system for mobile communications (GSM)-1800 MHz, whose effects on the CNS affected by pathological states remain to be specified. Here, we investigated whether a 2-h head-only exposure to GSM-1800 MHz could impact on a neuroinflammatory reaction triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 2-week-old or adult rats. We focused on the cerebral cortex in which the specific absorption rate (SAR) of RF averaged 2.9 W/kg. In developing rats, 24 h after GSM exposure, the levels of cortical interleukin-1ß (IL1ß) or NOX2 NADPH oxidase transcripts were reduced by 50 to 60%, in comparison with sham-exposed animals (SAR = 0), as assessed by RT-qPCR. Adult rats exposed to GSM also showed a 50% reduction in the level of IL1ß mRNA, but they differed from developing rats by the lack of NOX2 gene suppression and by displaying a significant growth response of microglial cell processes imaged in anti-Iba1-stained cortical sections. As neuroinflammation is often associated with changes in excitatory neurotransmission, we evaluated changes in expression and phosphorylation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in the adult cerebral cortex by Western blot analyses. We found that GSM exposure decreased phosphorylation at two residues on the GluA1 AMPAR subunit (serine 831 and 845). The GSM-induced changes in gene expressions, microglia, and GluA1 phosphorylation did not persist 72 h after RF exposure and were not observed in the absence of LPS pretreatment. Together, our data provide evidence that GSM-1800 MHz can modulate CNS cell responses triggered by an acute neuroinflammatory state.

International audience; We develop a novel method to study the gas phase features in a bubbly Taylor–Couette flow when bubbles are arranged as elevated toroidal strings. The flow is recorded in the front view plane with a high speed camera for a Reynolds number of 1500 and a global void fraction of 0.14 %. An image processing algorithm is developed to discriminate bubbles accumulated in clouds near the inner cylinder (cloud bubbles) from bubbles trapped in the bulk flow by vortices (swirl bubbles). The analysis of the preferential positions, azimuthal velocities, and equivalent void fraction of clouds and swirl bubbles separately provides a new insight into the dynamics of the bubble’s entrapment.

International audience; This article presents an experimental study of rapid transient boiling regimes of distilled water at saturation on a thin tungsten wire of 50 lm diameter. The heating rate varied from 0.5 to 5 10^5 K/s. Heat supply was obtained by periodic pulses of constant voltage with a period large enough to avoid response overlap. Rapid video recording (14,000 fps) was associated with electrical measurements. Two transient phenomena were studied: pulse heating and thermal relaxation. During pulse heating, it was observed that, depending on heating rate, three kinds of behavior exist: (i) only nucleate boiling appears for small heating rates (10^5 K/s), (ii) transition from nucleate boiling to film boiling by bubble coalescence at intermediate heating rates (2.10^5 K/s), and (iii), at higher heating rates, transition to film boiling by vapor wave propagation (speed 20 m/s). This last mechanism is interpreted as homogeneous nucleation process and is qualitatively similar to an autowave process. In the relaxation stage, it is observed that film collapse is characterized by two mechanisms: film break up into nucleate boiling regime or continuous vapor receding. This second mechanism is compared to a conduction model of a temperature traveling wave in the wire. The time variation of the vapor film length predicted by the model is in the range of the experimental data.

Contains fulltext : 177890.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) EUSOBI and 30 national breast radiology bodies support mammography for population-based screening, demonstrated to reduce breast cancer (BC) mortality and treatment impact. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the reduction in mortality is 40 % for women aged 50-69 years taking up the invitation while the probability of false-positive needle biopsy is

International audience; In this paper, we present Direct Numerical Simulations of Nucleate Boiling on a single site in configurations involving both a large microscopic contact angle, a moderate Jakob number (less than 50) and a high density ratio between the two phases. A detailed study on the validation of the numerical simulations is presented. Several issues about the numerical modelling of the contact line are addressed in order to define a global strategy to perform accurate and predictive simulations. Benchmarks from pioneering studies (Son et al., 1999) have been reproduced with more recent numerical methods and thinner grids in order to define the most relevant strategy for successful simulations. In particular, the grid sensitivityof the solution is thoroughly investigated by performing simulations with four successive grids. The numerical results are compared favorably with experimental data, since the discrepancy between the numerical solutions and the experimental data is always less than 10% whether the departure diameter or the departure frequency are considered. The influence on the numerical solution of the thermal con duction in the solid heater is also assessed and we report that this parameter has no influence in the con figurations of thick and highly conductive materials that have been considered in this study. We also present clarifications about the requirement of a specific modelling in the contact line region in order to account for a possible impact of the micro-region. Finally, based on the results of this analysis of our numerical simulations, we formulate the following unusual conclusion: the implementation of a micro-region model and an additional coupling between the overall solver and such a model is not required to perform well-resolved and accurate numerical simulations in the case of high density ratio,high microscopic contact angle (up to 30°) and moderate Jakob number. Next, we present some compar isons on the bubble shape evolution between the numerical simulations and a static force balance model, in order to investigate the mechanisms leading to the bubble detachment. Finally, we conclude this paper by presenting a parametric study, by varying the Jakob number, in order to propose a new correlation on the bubble detachment radius depending on the latter dimensionless number.

Resume But de l’etude L’objectif de cette etude etait d’evaluer les modalites d’organisation du programme PRESLO du point de vue des usagers (personnel de sante ayant des antecedents de lombalgie) afin d’identifier d’eventuelles ameliorations du programme PRESLO. Methodes Une approche de recherche qualitative a ete adoptee. Vingt et un participants ont ete selectionnes intentionnellement dans les differentes categories professionnelles du personnel. Tous ont ete volontaires pour participer a une entrevue individuelle semi-structuree explorant leurs representations de la lombalgie, leurs attentes, leur experience des seances collectives d’exercices physiques et leur observance de l’autoprogramme a domicile. Toutes les entrevues ont ete retranscrites et analysees au moyen du logiciel d’analyse qualitative Atlas.ti. Resultats La participation au programme etait motivee par les antecedents de lombalgie, l’attente de soulagement et le desir de gagner en autonomie. L’impact de la seance d’information evaluee apres 12 mois a montre une modification des representations de la lombalgie chez les participants. Les seances collectives d’exercices ont ete tres appreciees pour l’emulation engendree par le groupe. Leur observance a ete facilitee par la proximite et l’accessibilite (sur le lieu et le temps de travail) ainsi que l’information sur le programme fournie dans l’institution. L’autonomie des participants a la fin des seances collectives etait variable selon les personnes. Les supports d’information delivres ont ete globalement peu utilises. L’observance durable des exercices de l’autoprogramme a domicile etait egalement variable selon les personnes. L’impact du programme etait favorablement evalue par les participants en termes d’autonomisation, de bien-etre physique et psychologique et de reduction des douleurs. Les lacunes principales portaient sur l’absence de seances de rappel permettant de maintenir l’autonomie dans la realisation des exercices et la motivation engendree par le groupe. Les suggestions formulees portaient sur la necessite de seances de rappel et d’un suivi plus loin dans le temps. Conclusion Les resultats de cette etude ont permis d’evaluer qualitativement l’impact du programme et la satisfaction des participants dans plusieurs dimensions. Des pistes d’amelioration du programme ont pu etre identifiees. Des seances de rappel et de suivi semblent importantes pour ameliorer l’observance des exercices dans la duree.

International audience; During an hypothetical reactivity initiated accident in the core of a nuclear reactor, a power excursion occurs on some fuel rods. The consequent rapid boiling is a matter of study for the nuclear power plants safety evaluation, because of the risk for rod-clad failure. In order to better understand the influence of power excursions and to characterize the phases of the rapid boiling phenomenon, an experimental set-up has been built at the Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT). The test section is a semi annulus. The inner half cylinder is made of a stainless steel foil, heated by Joule effect. Thanks to the design of the facility, synchronized wall temperature measurement and flow visualization allow to characterize and analyze the heat transfer for the different boiling regimes nucleate boiling, critical heat flux and film boiling. From the main results, the impact of the wall heating rate on the boiling curve is discussed. The more the heating rate increases, the higher the heat flux is. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.

The phagocyte NADPH oxidase Nox2 generates superoxide ions implicated in the elimination of microorganisms and the redox control of inflammatory signaling. However, the role of Nox2 in phagocyte functions unrelated to immunity or pathologies is unknown. During development, oriented cell migrations insure the timely recruitment and function of phagocytes in developing tissues. Here, we have addressed the role of Nox2 in the directional migration of microglial cells during development. We show that microglial Nox2 regulates the chemotaxis of purified microglia mediated by the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR1). Stimulation of these receptors triggers activation of Nox2 at the leading edge of polarized cells. In the early postnatal stages of mouse brain development, Nox2 is activated in macrophages / microglial cells in the lateral ventricle or the adjacent subventricular zone (SVZ). Fluorescent microglia injected into the lateral ventricle infiltrate the dorso-caudal SVZ through a mechanism that is blocked by pretreatment of the injected cells with an irreversible Nox inhibitor. Infiltration of endogenous microglia into the caudal SVZ of the cerebral cortex is prevented by (1) Nox2 gene deficiency, (2) treatment with a Nox2 inhibitor (apocynin), and (3) invalidation of the VEGFR1 kinase. We conclude that phagocytes move out of the lateral ventricle soon after birth and infiltrate the cortical SVZ through a mechanism requiring microglial Nox2 and VEGFR1 activation. Nox2 therefore modulates the migration of microglia and their development.

What more natural than a stress response that would vary among individuals? The individual factor has been pointed out in numerous medical research areas, was alluded to in the antiquity under the term "idiosyncrasy" and used by Claude Bernard in the 19th century. The idea that each individual shows a specific response to radiation, as he does for any stress, is well-accepted. However, the history of radiobiology shows that this idea has been neglected. Today, it comes back in the debates of personalized medicine and in the evaluation of the risks of adverse reactions post-radiotherapy and of developing cancers linked to medical exposures.

International audience; The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) under construction at Michigan State University is based on a 400 kW heavy ion accelerator and uses in-flight production and separation to generate rare isotope beams. The first section of the fragment separator houses the rare isotope production target, and the primary beam dump to stop the unreacted primary beam. The experimental program will use 400 kW ion beams from 16O to 238U. After interaction with the production target, over 300 kW in remaining beam power must be absorbed by the beam dump. A rotating water-cooled thin-shell metal drum was chosen as the basic concept for the beam dump. Extensive thermal, mechanical and fluid flow analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of the high power density in the beam dump shell and in the water. Many properties were optimized simultaneously, such as shell temperature, mechanical strength, fatiguestrength, and radiation resistance. Results of the analyses of the beam dump performance with different design options will be discussed. For example, it was found that a design modification to the initial water flow pattern resulted in a substantial increase in the wall heat transfer coefficient. A detailed evaluation of materials for the shell is in progress. The widely used titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V (wt%), is presently consideredas the best candidate, and is the subject of specific tests, such as studies of performance under heavy ion irradiation.

International audience; Turbulent flow and heat transfer in an annular geometry have been previously studied experimentally or numerically. Velocity and temperature profiles have been measured and correlations for the wall shear stress and heat transfer have been derived. However there exists no study in turbulent flow for a semiannular geometry. This work aims to study steady and transient convection in a semi-annular test section for a wide range of Reynolds numbers from 10,000 to 60,000, the inner cylinder being heated by Joule effect. The velocity profile in the symmetry plane is measured by Particle Image Velocimetry and the temperature of the inner heated cylinder is measured by infrared thermography. The experimental results are complemented by numerical simulations which give also access to the velocity and temperature profiles in the whole test section. These results are compared to those obtained in an annular geometry for the same inner and outer cylinders radii and an equivalent flow rate. The velocity and temperature profiles and the wall shear stress are the same as in an annular section in an angular sector of p/2 around the symmetry plane. Both velocity and temperature profiles follow a logarithmic law. In steady convection, the local heat transfer has been characterized in several azimuthal positions. The local Nusselt number can be expressed versus a Reynolds number based on the local friction velocity. Characteristic thermal boundary layer thicknesses are also defined. Finally, transient convection tests are performed with a square power generation. The wall heat transfer and the evolution of the liquid temperature near the wall have the same self-similar evolution, with a characteristic time scale, which only depends on the flow Reynolds number.

The time has come to individualize radiation prescriptions on the basis of individual response rather than on population averages of organ tolerance.

International audience; Terrestrial and microgravity flow boiling experiments were carried out with the same test rig, comprising a locally heated artificial cavity in the center of a channel near the frontal edge of an intrusive glass bubble generator. Bubble shapes were in microgravity generally not far from those of truncated spheres,which permitted the computation of inertial lift and drag from potential flow theory for truncated spheres approximating the actual shape. For these bubbles, inertial lift is counteracted by drag and both forces are of the same order of magnitude as g-jitter. A generalization of the Laplace equation is found which applies to a deforming bubble attached to a plane wall and yields the pressure difference between the hydrostatic pressures in the bubble and at the wall, �p. A fully independent way to determine the overpressure p is given by a second Euler-Lagrange equation. Relative differences have been found to be about 5% for both terrestrial and microgravity bubbles. A way is found to determine the sum of the two counteracting major force contributions on a bubble in the direction normal to the wall from a single directly measurable quantity. Good agreement with expectation values for terrestrial bubbles was obtained with the difference in radii of curvature averaged over the liquid-vapor interface, �(1/R2 − 1/R1)�, multiplied with the surface tension coefficient, σ. The new analysis methods of force components presented also permit the accounting for a surface tension gradient along the liquid-vapor interface. No such gradients were found for the present measurements.

Mammographic density assessed at full-field digital mammography by using Breast Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (BI-RADS) classification and semiautomatic and fully automatic computer-assisted methods was significantly associated with breast cancer risk; radiologist-assigned BI-RADS density categorization was as accurate as computer-assisted methods for discrimination of patients with breast cancer from control subjects.

Mobile phone communications are conveyed by radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields, including pulse-modulated global system for mobile communications (GSM)-1800 MHz, whose effects on the CNS affected by pathological states remain to be specified. Here, we investigated whether a 2-h head-only exposure to GSM-1800 MHz could impact on a neuroinflammatory reaction triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 2-week-old or adult rats. We focused on the cerebral cortex in which the specific absorption rate (SAR) of RF averaged 2.9 W/kg. In developing rats, 24 h after GSM exposure, the levels of cortical interleukin-1s (IL1s) or NOX2 NADPH oxidase transcripts were reduced by 50 to 60%, in comparison with sham-exposed animals (SAR = 0), as assessed by RT-qPCR. Adult rats exposed to GSM also showed a 50% reduction in the level of IL1s mRNA, but they differed from developing rats by the lack of NOX2 gene suppression and by displaying a significant growth response of microglial cell processes imaged in anti-Iba1-stained cortical sections. As neuroinflammation is often associated with changes in excitatory neurotransmission, we evaluated changes in expression and phosphorylation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in the adult cerebral cortex by Western blot analyses. We found that GSM exposure decreased phosphorylation at two residues on the GluA1 AMPAR subunit (serine 831 and 845). The GSM-induced changes in gene expressions, microglia, and GluA1 phosphorylation did not persist 72 h after RF exposure and were not observed in the absence of LPS pretreatment. Together, our data provide evidence that GSM-1800 MHz can modulate CNS cell responses triggered by an acute neuroinflammatory state.

Background In the United States, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) has developed 20 Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) to measure the occurrence of hospital adverse events from medico-administrative data coded according to the ninth revision of the international classification of disease (ICD-9-CM). The adaptation of these PSIs to the WHO version of ICD-10 was carried out by an international consortium. Methods Two independent teams transcoded ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes proposed by the AHRQ into ICD-10-WHO. Using a Delphi process, experts from six countries evaluated each code independently, stating whether it was “included”, “excluded” or “uncertain”. During a two-day meeting, the experts then discussed the codes that had not obtained a consensus, and the additional codes proposed. Results Fifteen PSIs were adapted. Among the 2569 proposed diagnosis codes, 1775 were unanimously adopted straightaway. The 794 remaining codes and 2541 additional codes were discussed. Three documents were prepared: (1) a list of ICD-10-WHO codes for the 15 adapted PSIs; (2) recommendations to the AHRQ for the improvement of the nosological frame and the coding of PSI with ICD-9-CM; (3) recommendations to the WHO to improve ICD-10. Conclusions This work allows international comparisons of PSIs among the countries using ICD-10. Nevertheless, these PSIs must still be evaluated further before being broadly used.

Individual response to ionizing radiation is an important information required to apply an efficient radiotherapy treatment against tumour and to avoid any adverse effects in normal tissues. In 1981, Fertil and Malaise have demonstrated that the post-irradiation local tumor control determined in vivo is correlated with clonogenic cell survival assessed in vitro. Furthermore, these authors have reminded the relevance of the concept of intrinsic radiosensitivity that is specific to each individual organ (Fertil and Malaise, 1981) [1]. To date, since clonogenicity assays are too time-consuming and do not provide any other molecular information, a plethora of research groups have attempted to determine the molecular bases of intrinsic radiosensitivity in order to propose reliable and faster predictive assays. To this aim, several approaches have been developed. Notably, the recent revolution in genomic and proteomic technologies is providing a considerable number of data but their link with radiosensitivity still remains to be elucidated. On another hand, the systematic screening of some candidate genes potentially involved in the radiation response is highlighting the complexity of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of DNA damage sensoring and signalling and shows that an abnormal radiation response is not necessarily due to the impairment of one single protein. Finally, more modest approaches consisting in focusing some specific functions of DNA repair seem to provide more reliable clues to predict over-acute reactions caused by radiotherapy. In this review, we endeavoured to analyse the contributions of these major approaches to predict human radiosensitivity.

Background Since July 1, 2006 bone mineral density (BMD) testing has been reimbursed for osteoporosis screening under specific clinical conditions in France. Concurrently, drug coverage has been extended to all anti-osteoporotic treatments in women with low BMD. It was thus expected that the utilisation of BMD testing and subsequent treatment would increase significantly. Objective To examine the pattern of use of BMD testing following reimbursement by the French National Health Insurance and subsequent prescriptions reimbursed for anti-osteoporotic treatment in the general population of the Rhone-Alpes area, France. Methods Time trends, age and sex distribution of the population, and specialty of the physicians who performed the test were examined from all physicians’ claims for BMD testing between 2006 and 2009 in Rhone-Alpes. A prospective inception cohort of all women aged 50 years and older, without prior reimbursement for anti-osteoporotic treatment and who had a BMD test between January 1, 2007 and March 31, 2007, was then created. Women were followed for 1 year for their reimbursements of estrogen or other anti-osteoporotic treatment (bisphosphonates, raloxifene, teriparatide and strontium ranelate) after their initial BMD test. Results Between July 2006 and August 2009, 140,038 BMD tests were reimbursed in Rhone-Alpes, France, among which 94.8% were performed in women aged 50 years and older. In women, the number of BMD tests tended to significantly decrease during the study period ( p for trend = 0.047). The inception cohort was composed of 9635 women without prior anti-osteoporotic treatment. Among women without prior estrogen treatment, 27.3% ( n = 2339) initiated an anti-osteoporotic treatment within 4 months after a BMD test, mostly with bisphosphonates (16.8% n = 1441), followed by strontium ranelate (5.8% n = 498) and raloxifene (3.4% n = 290). At 1 year 1702 women (71.7%) were still on treatment. Conclusion Following the decision by the French National Health Insurance of repayment of BMD measurement, the proportion of women who had BMD testing tended to decrease instead of increase over the time period. Although BMD screening is focused in France on high risk women, only 25% of those who had an initial BMD test were subsequently treated with an anti-osteoporotic medication.

The study of a bubbly laminar two-phase flow in an open capillary channel under microgravity conditions was conducted aboard the sounding rocket, Texus-45. The channel consists of two parallel plates of width b = 25 mm and distance a = 10 mm. The flow along the length l = 80 mm is confined by a free surface on one side and a plate on the opposite side. The bubbles are injected at the nozzle of the capillary channel via six capillary tubes of 100 μm in inner diameter. Different liquid and gas flow rates were tested leading to different liquid free surface shape and bubble size. The effect of the gas flow rate on the shape of the free surface is analysed from image processing. The local curvature of the free surface can be related to the local wall friction taking into account the entrance effects in the channel. The wall shear stress is found to be increased in two-phase flow by comparison to single-phase flow. The mean bubble velocities averaged over the channel cross section are also measured by image processing. They are directly proportional to the mixture velocity. The bubble size increases along the channel due to coalescence. The bubble size evolution is well predicted by the coalescence model previously developed by the authors.

Pool boiling experiments in microgravity have been performed in the Sounding Rocket Maser 11. A heated plate of 1cm2 was located at the bottom of a small cylindrical tank partly filled with a refrigerant Novec HFE7000 pressurized with Nitrogen. Experiments were performed at different reservoir pressures and wall heat fluxes. The wall heat flux and wall temperature were simultaneously measured during the experiment and the behavior of the bubbles on the heater was filmed with a video camera through the transparent wall of the reservoir. The presence of Nitrogen dissolved inside the liquid led to a strong Marangoni convection around the bubble. The effect of Marangoni convection and evaporation on the wall heat transfer is analyzed in function of the relative values of the wall temperature and saturation temperature.

In an experimental situation called “diving for food”, groups of laboratory rats are tested in an aquarium where they have to dive and swim under water to reach the single source of food located at the other end. A behavioural differentiation appears: some rats — the carriers — dive to get food and others — non-carriers — stay in the cage and feed by stealing. We examine whether carrier and non-carrier profiles can be considered as social roles, defined as supraindividual features dependent on the social context. Carrier/non-carrier differentiation resulted in all groups tested. Individually tested, almost all rats can get food by diving and swimming. Differentiation also occurred in groups that had been previously trained alone in the device, and in groups whose members had all been carriers or non-carriers exclusively in a preliminary stage. As the access-to-food behaviour of a rat having to cope with the diving-for-food situation is settled by its social environment, we consider that the present experimental model is promising for the study of interactions between the individual and the social structure.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are thought to play a central role in the pathogenesis of diabetes complications. For this reason, a non-invasive tool using skin autofluorescence (AF) quantification that correlates with levels of tissue AGEs has been developed. The present study aimed to assess whether or not skin AF is associated with microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D).All consecutive patients with T1D (n=133) had three AF measures taken on the forearm, using illumination with a fluorescent tube, all on the same day after breakfast or lunch. Potential associations between skin AF levels and microvascular complications, age, diabetes duration and health status were then assessed using a multivariate linear-regression model.On age-adjusted analyses, diabetes duration, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy were significantly associated with skin AF levels (all P0.001). AF levels increased significantly with severity in both retinopathy and nephropathy (P0.001). After adjusting for age, diabetes duration, HbA(1c), smoking, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, the association of AF levels remained significant with nephropathy and neuropathy, but not with retinopathy and diabetes duration.This study suggests an independent association between skin AF levels and diabetic nephropathy and neuropathy, but not retinopathy, in T1D patients. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the ability of skin AF levels to predict microangiopathy.

Introduction L’utilisation de la mortalite intra-hospitaliere pour comparer la performance des hopitaux requiert son ajustement valide sur le « case-mix » des patients pris en charge. Un codage heterogene de leurs comorbidites pourrait influencer le classement des hopitaux et leur paiement a la performance. Methodes Dans chacun des 24 etablissements francais participants, nous avons tire au sort 30 sejours MCO realises en 2010 parmi les 78 GHM presentant la mortalite la plus elevee au niveau national. Ces sejours ont ete recodes de maniere homogene par un binome d’information medicale a partir du dossier patient. Un modele hierarchique Bayesien a estime la performance du codage initial pour chaque couple hopital/comorbidite (index d’Elixhauser/Charlson). A partir de ces estimations, nous avons re-impute la presence de comorbidites sur l’ensemble des patients pris en charge en 2010 dans ces etablissements pour corriger leur mortalite ajustee. Les changements de classement des hopitaux avant-apres correction ont ete utilises pour simuler l’influence des heterogeneites de codage sur des modeles incitatifs de paiement a la performance. Resultats Parmi les 70 402 sejours realises dans les hopitaux participants, 715 ont ete recodes. Les valeurs predictives positives medianes allaient de 56,5 a 97,5 % pour les 31 comorbidites de l’Elixhauser et de 52,2 a 92,9 % pour les 17 comorbidites du Charlson ; pour la sensibilite, 33,6 a 89,7 % pour l’Elixhauser et 38,7 a 90,2 % pour le Charlson. Pour l’Elixhauser, 70,3 % des hopitaux changeaient de position dans le classement par mortalite apres correction de l’ajustement, revelant que 6,53 % (± 3,6 %) d’un budget incitatif typique serait incorrectement attribue a des hopitaux tendant a surcoder les comorbidites de leurs patients. Pour le Charlson, 61,5 % des hopitaux changeaient de position avec 7,32 % (± 4 %) de mauvaise attribution du budget. Discussion/Conclusion Une meilleure validite des comorbidites renseignees par les hopitaux est necessaire pour permettre leur utilisation pour un paiement a la performance non biaise. Il est possible de corriger ces heterogeneites de codage par une relecture centralisee partielle des dossiers.