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1. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Author

Bourne R. R. A., Steinmetz J. D., Saylan M., Mersha A. M., Weldemariam A. H., Wondmeneh T. G., Sreeramareddy C. T., Pinheiro M., Yaseri M., Yu C., Zastrozhin M. S., Zastrozhina A., Zhang Z. -J., Zimsen S. R. M., Yonemoto N., Tsegaye G. W., Vu G. T., Vongpradith A., Renzaho A. M. N., Sorrie M. B., Shaheen A. A., Shiferaw W. S., Skryabin V. Y., Skryabina A. A., Saya G. K., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Shigematsu M., Sahraian M. A., Naderifar H., Sabour S., Rathi P., Sathian B., Miller T. R., Rezapour A., Rawal L., Pham H. Q., Parekh U., Podder V., Onwujekwe O. E., Pasovic M., Otstavnov N., Negash H., Pawar S., Naimzada M. D., Al Montasir A., Ogbo F. A., Owolabi M. O., Pakshir K., Mohammad Y., Moni M. A., Nunez-Samudio V., Mulaw G. F., Naveed M., Maleki S., Michalek I. M., Misra S., Swamy S. N., Mohammed J. A., Flaxman S., Park E. -C., Briant P. S., Meles G. G., Hayat K., Landires I., Kim G. R., Liu X., LeGrand K. E., Taylor H. R., Kunjathur S. M., Khoja T. A. M., Bicer B. K., Khalilov R., Hashi A., Kayode G. A., Carneiro V. L. A., Kavetskyy T., Kosen S., Kulkarni V., Holla R., Kalhor R., Jayaram S., Islam S. M. S., Gilani S. A., Eskandarieh S., Molla M. D., Itumalla R., Farzadfar F., Congdon N. G., Elhabashy H. R., Elayedath R., Couto R. A. S., Dervenis N., Cromwell E. A., Dahlawi S. M. A., Resnikoff S., Casson R. J., Abdoli A., Choi J. -Y. J., Dos Santos F. L. C., Abrha W. A., Nagaraja S. B., Abualhasan A., Adal T. G., Aregawi B. B., Beheshti M., Abu-Gharbieh E., Afshin A., Ahmadieh H., Alemzadeh S. A., Arrigo A., Atnafu D. D., Ashbaugh C., Ashrafi E., Alemayehu W., Alfaar A. S., Alipour V., Anbesu E. W., Androudi S., Arabloo J., Arditi A., Bagli E., Baig A. A., Barnighausen T. W., Battaglia Parodi M., Bhagavathula A. S., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bijani A., Bikbov M., Bottone M., Braithwaite T., Bron A. M., Butt Z. A., Cheng C. -Y., Chu D. -T., Cicinelli M. V., Coelho J. M., Dai X., Dana R., Dandona L., Dandona R., Del Monte M. A., Deva J. P., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Dreer L. E., Ehrlich J. R., Ellwein L. B., Emamian M. H., Fernandes A. G., Fischer F., Friedman D. S., Furtado J. M., Gaidhane S., Gazzard G., Gebremichael B., George R., Ghashghaee A., Golechha M., Hamidi S., Hammond B. R., Hartnett M. E. R., Hartono R. K., Hay S. I., Heidari G., Ho H. C., Househ M., Ibitoye S. E., Ilic I. M., Huang J. J., Ilic M. D., Ingram A. D., Irvani S. S. N., Jha R. P., Kahloun R., Kandel H., Kasa A. S., Kempen J. H., Khairallah M., Khan E. A., Khanna R. C., Khatib M. N., Kim J. E., Kim Y. J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Koyanagi A., Kurmi O. P., Lansingh V. C., Leasher J. L., Leveziel N., Limburg H., Manafi N., Mansouri K., McAlinden C., Mohammadi S. F., Mokdad A. H., Morse A. R., Naderi M., Naidoo K. S., Nangia V., Nguyen H. L. T., Ogundimu K., Olagunju A. T., Panda-Jonas S., Pesudovs K., Peto T., Ur Rahman M. H., Ramulu P. Y., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Reinig N., Robin A. L., Rossetti L., Safi S., Sahebkar A., Samy A. M., Serle J. B., Shaikh M. A., Shen T. T., Shibuya K., Shin J. I., Silva J. C., Silvester A., Singh J. A., Singhal D., Sitorus R. S., Skiadaresi E., Soheili A., Sousa R. A. R. C., Stambolian D., Tadesse E. G., Tahhan N., Tareque Md. I., Topouzis F., Tran B. X., Tsilimbaris M. K., Varma R., Virgili G., Wang N., Wang Y. X., West S. K., Wong T. Y., Jonas J. B., Vos T., Bourne, R. R. A., Steinmetz, J. D., Saylan, M., Mersha, A. M., Weldemariam, A. H., Wondmeneh, T. G., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Pinheiro, M., Yaseri, M., Yu, C., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z. -J., Zimsen, S. R. M., Yonemoto, N., Tsegaye, G. W., Vu, G. T., Vongpradith, A., Renzaho, A. M. N., Sorrie, M. B., Shaheen, A. A., Shiferaw, W. S., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Saya, G. K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Shigematsu, M., Sahraian, M. A., Naderifar, H., Sabour, S., Rathi, P., Sathian, B., Miller, T. R., Rezapour, A., Rawal, L., Pham, H. Q., Parekh, U., Podder, V., Onwujekwe, O. E., Pasovic, M., Otstavnov, N., Negash, H., Pawar, S., Naimzada, M. D., Al Montasir, A., Ogbo, F. A., Owolabi, M. O., Pakshir, K., Mohammad, Y., Moni, M. A., Nunez-Samudio, V., Mulaw, G. F., Naveed, M., Maleki, S., Michalek, I. M., Misra, S., Swamy, S. N., Mohammed, J. A., Flaxman, S., Park, E. -C., Briant, P. S., Meles, G. G., Hayat, K., Landires, I., Kim, G. R., Liu, X., Legrand, K. E., Taylor, H. R., Kunjathur, S. M., Khoja, T. A. M., Bicer, B. K., Khalilov, R., Hashi, A., Kayode, G. A., Carneiro, V. L. A., Kavetskyy, T., Kosen, S., Kulkarni, V., Holla, R., Kalhor, R., Jayaram, S., Islam, S. M. S., Gilani, S. A., Eskandarieh, S., Molla, M. D., Itumalla, R., Farzadfar, F., Congdon, N. G., Elhabashy, H. R., Elayedath, R., Couto, R. A. S., Dervenis, N., Cromwell, E. A., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Resnikoff, S., Casson, R. J., Abdoli, A., Choi, J. -Y. J., Dos Santos, F. L. C., Abrha, W. A., Nagaraja, S. B., Abualhasan, A., Adal, T. G., Aregawi, B. B., Beheshti, M., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Afshin, A., Ahmadieh, H., Alemzadeh, S. A., Arrigo, A., Atnafu, D. D., Ashbaugh, C., Ashrafi, E., Alemayehu, W., Alfaar, A. S., Alipour, V., Anbesu, E. W., Androudi, S., Arabloo, J., Arditi, A., Bagli, E., Baig, A. A., Barnighausen, T. W., Battaglia Parodi, M., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bijani, A., Bikbov, M., Bottone, M., Braithwaite, T., Bron, A. M., Butt, Z. A., Cheng, C. -Y., Chu, D. -T., Cicinelli, M. V., Coelho, J. M., Dai, X., Dana, R., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Del Monte, M. A., Deva, J. P., Diaz, D., Djalalinia, S., Dreer, L. E., Ehrlich, J. R., Ellwein, L. B., Emamian, M. H., Fernandes, A. G., Fischer, F., Friedman, D. S., Furtado, J. M., Gaidhane, S., Gazzard, G., Gebremichael, B., George, R., Ghashghaee, A., Golechha, M., Hamidi, S., Hammond, B. R., Hartnett, M. E. R., Hartono, R. K., Hay, S. I., Heidari, G., Ho, H. C., Househ, M., Ibitoye, S. E., Ilic, I. M., Huang, J. J., Ilic, M. D., Ingram, A. D., Irvani, S. S. N., Jha, R. P., Kahloun, R., Kandel, H., Kasa, A. S., Kempen, J. H., Khairallah, M., Khan, E. A., Khanna, R. C., Khatib, M. N., Kim, J. E., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Koyanagi, A., Kurmi, O. P., Lansingh, V. C., Leasher, J. L., Leveziel, N., Limburg, H., Manafi, N., Mansouri, K., Mcalinden, C., Mohammadi, S. F., Mokdad, A. H., Morse, A. R., Naderi, M., Naidoo, K. S., Nangia, V., Nguyen, H. L. T., Ogundimu, K., Olagunju, A. T., Panda-Jonas, S., Pesudovs, K., Peto, T., Ur Rahman, M. H., Ramulu, P. Y., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Reinig, N., Robin, A. L., Rossetti, L., Safi, S., Sahebkar, A., Samy, A. M., Serle, J. B., Shaikh, M. A., Shen, T. T., Shibuya, K., Shin, J. I., Silva, J. C., Silvester, A., Singh, J. A., Singhal, D., Sitorus, R. S., Skiadaresi, E., Soheili, A., Sousa, R. A. R. C., Stambolian, D., Tadesse, E. G., Tahhan, N., Tareque, Md. I., Topouzis, F., Tran, B. X., Tsilimbaris, M. K., Varma, R., Virgili, G., Wang, N., Wang, Y. X., West, S. K., Wong, T. Y., Jonas, J. B., Vos, T., University of Washington [Seattle], Anglia Ruskin University (ARU), Imperial College London, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg University, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Aksum University, Cairo University, University of Sharjah, Wolkite University, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [Tehran] (SBUMS), Shahid Beheshti University, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, University of Leipzig Medical Center, University of Thessaly [Volos] (UTH), Visibility Metrics LLC, Adigrat University, San Raffaele Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Bahir Dar University (BDU), University Hospital of Ioannina, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Universita Vita Salute San Raffaele = Vita-Salute San Raffaele University [Milan, Italie] (UniSR), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Government Medical College Pali, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Ufa Eye Research Institute, ondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Service d'Ophtalmologie (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] (CSGA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, University of Minho, University of Adelaide, Singapore Eye Research Institute [Singapore] (SERI), Seoul National University Hospital, Hanoi National University of Education (HNUE), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute [Milan, Italie], University of Porto, Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), University of Dammam - Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Harvard University, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, University of Gondar, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ministry of Health and Medical Education [Iran] (MOHME), Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Cairo University - Faculty of Medicine, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp), University of Applied Sciences Ravensburg-Weingarten, University of São Paulo (USP), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, University College of London [London] (UCL), Haramaya University, Sankara Nethralaya Medical Research Foundation, The University of Lahore, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, University of Georgia, University of Utah, Institution of Public Health Sciences, Jigjiga Universit, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Independent Consultant, The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], Manipal academy of Higher Education, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Yale University [New Haven], University of Ibadan, University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Faculty of Science of the University of Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia, Deakin University [Burwood], University of Hail, Mysore Medical College, Banaras Hindu University [Varanasi] (BHU), Ophtalmologistes Associe Monastir, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (KUL), Institute of Human Virology [Nigeria] (IHVN), Myungsung Medical College, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Fattouma Bourguiba, Partenaires INRAE, Baku State University, Health Services Academy, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Health Ministers Council Gulf Cooperative Council Stat, Medical College of Wisconsin [Milwaukee] (MCW), Xiamen University Malaysia, Yonsei University, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Théa, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg., and GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators* on behalf of the Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study.

Subjects
Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Refractive error, Visual acuity, genetic structures, Eye disease, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Glaucoma, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, [SDV.MHEP.OS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Sensory Organs, education, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Articles, General Medicine, Diabetic retinopathy, Macular degeneration, medicine.disease, eye diseases, 3. Good health, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

Background: Many causes of vision impairment can be prevented or treated. With an ageing global population, the demands for eye health services are increasing. We estimated the prevalence and relative contribution of avoidable causes of blindness and vision impairment globally from 1990 to 2020. We aimed to compare the results with the World Health Assembly Global Action Plan (WHA GAP) target of a 25% global reduction from 2010 to 2019 in avoidable vision impairment, defined as cataract and undercorrected refractive error. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from

Published
2021

2. Prevalence and causes of vision loss in sub-Saharan Africa in 2015: magnitude, temporal trends and projections

Author

Naidoo, Kovin, Kempen, John H, Gichuhi, Stephen, Braithwaite, Tasanee, Casson, Robert J, Cicinelli, Maria Vittoria, Das, Aditi, Flaxman, Seth R, Jonas, Jost B, Keeffe, Jill Elizabeth, Leasher, Janet, Limburg, Hans, Pesudovs, Konrad, Resnikoff, Serge, Silvester, Alexander J, Tahhan, Nina, Taylor, Hugh R, Wong, Tien Y, Bourne, Rupert R A, Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Collaborators (Bourne R, Ackland P, Arditi A, Barkana Y, Bozkurt B, Tasanee B, Bron A, Budenz D, Cai F, Casson R, Chakravarthy U, Choi J, Cicinelli MV, Congdon N, Dana R, Dandona R, Dandona L, Das A, Dekaris I, Monte Del Monte MD, Deva J, Dirani M, Dreer L, Ellwein L, Frazier M, Frick K, Friedman D, Furtado J, Gao H, Gazzard A, George R, Gichuhi S, Gonzalez V, Hammond B, Hartnett ME, He M, Hejtmancik J, Hirai F, Huang J, Ingram A, Javitt J, Jonas J, Joslin C, Keeffe J, Kempen J, Khairallah M, Khanna R, Kim J, Lambrou G, Lansingh VC, Lanzetta P, Leasher J, Lim J, Hans L, Mansouri K, Mathew A, Morse A, Munoz B, Musch D, Naidoo K, Nangia V, Maria P, Battaglia Parodi M, Pena FY, Pesudovs K, Peto T, Quigley H, Raju M, Ramulu P, Resnikoff S, Reza D, Robin A, Rossetti L, Saaddine J, Sandar M, Serle J, Shen T, Shetty R, Sieving P, Silva JC, Silvester A, Sitorus RS, Stambolian D, Stevens G, Taylor H, Tejedor J, Tielsch J, Topouzis F, Tsilimbaris M, Meurs JV, Varma R, Virgili G, Volmink J, Wang YX, Ning-Li Wang SW, Wiedemann P, Wong T, Wormald R, Zheng Y, Flaxman S)., Naidoo, Kovin, Kempen, John H, Gichuhi, Stephen, Braithwaite, Tasanee, Casson, Robert J, Cicinelli, Maria Vittoria, Das, Aditi, Flaxman, Seth R, Jonas, Jost B, Keeffe, Jill Elizabeth, Leasher, Janet, Limburg, Han, Pesudovs, Konrad, Resnikoff, Serge, Silvester, Alexander J, Tahhan, Nina, Taylor, Hugh R, Wong, Tien Y, Bourne, Rupert R A, Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study., Collaborators (Bourne R, Ackland, P, Arditi, A, Barkana, Y, Bozkurt, B, Tasanee, B, Bron, A, Budenz, D, Cai, F, Casson, R, Chakravarthy, U, Choi, J, Cicinelli, Mv, Congdon, N, Dana, R, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Das, A, Dekaris, I, Monte Del Monte, Md, Deva, J, Dirani, M, Dreer, L, Ellwein, L, Frazier, M, Frick, K, Friedman, D, Furtado, J, Gao, H, Gazzard, A, George, R, Gichuhi, S, Gonzalez, V, Hammond, B, Hartnett, Me, He, M, Hejtmancik, J, Hirai, F, Huang, J, Ingram, A, Javitt, J, Jonas, J, Joslin, C, Keeffe, J, Kempen, J, Khairallah, M, Khanna, R, Kim, J, Lambrou, G, Lansingh, Vc, Lanzetta, P, Leasher, J, Lim, J, Hans, L, Mansouri, K, Mathew, A, Morse, A, Munoz, B, Musch, D, Naidoo, K, Nangia, V, Maria, P, Battaglia Parodi, M, Pena, Fy, Pesudovs, K, Peto, T, Quigley, H, Raju, M, Ramulu, P, Resnikoff, S, Reza, D, Robin, A, Rossetti, L, Saaddine, J, Sandar, M, Serle, J, Shen, T, Shetty, R, Sieving, P, Silva, Jc, Silvester, A, Sitorus, R, Stambolian, D, Stevens, G, Taylor, H, Tejedor, J, Tielsch, J, Topouzis, F, Tsilimbaris, M, Meurs, Jv, Varma, R, Virgili, G, Volmink, J, Wang, Yx, Ning-Li Wang, Sw, Wiedemann, P, Wong, T, Wormald, R, Zheng, Y, and Flaxman, S).

Subjects
Refractive error, medicine.medical_specialty, Sub saharan, Visual acuity, Visual Acuity, Glaucoma, Blindness, Cataract, Macular Degeneration, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, Epidemiology, Prevalence, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Africa South of the Sahara, business.industry, public health, Presbyopia, Macular degeneration, Refractive Errors, medicine.disease, Sensory Systems, Ophthalmology, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, epidemiology, medicine.symptom, business, Visually Impaired Persons, Forecasting, Demography
Abstract

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the prevalence and causes of vision loss in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in 2015, compared with prior years, and to estimate expected values for 2020.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the prevalence of blindness (presenting distance visual acuity In SSA, age-standardised prevalence of blindness, MSVI and MVI in 2015 were 1.03% (80% uncertainty interval (UI) 0.39–1.81), 3.64% (80% UI 1.71–5.94) and 2.94% (80% UI 1.05–5.34), respectively, for male and 1.08% (80% UI 0.40–1.93), 3.84% (80% UI 1.72–6.37) and 3.06% (80% UI 1.07–5.61) for females, constituting a significant decrease since 2010 for both genders. There were an estimated 4.28 million blind individuals and 17.36 million individuals with MSVI; 101.08 million individuals were estimated to have near vision loss due to presbyopia. Cataract was the most common cause of blindness (40.1%), whereas undercorrected refractive error (URE) (48.5%) was the most common cause of MSVI. Sub-Saharan West Africa had the highest proportion of blindness compared with the other SSA subregions.ConclusionsCataract and URE, two of the major causes of blindness and vision impairment, are reversible with treatment and thus promising targets to alleviate vision impairment in SSA.

Published
2020

3. Prevalence and causes of vision loss in East Asia in 2015: magnitude, temporal trends and projections

Author

Cheng C. -Y., Wang N., Wong T. Y., Congdon N., He M., Wang Y. X., Braithwaite T., Casson R. J., Cicinelli M. V., Das A., Flaxman S. R., Jonas J. B., Keeffe J. E., Kempen J. H., Leasher J., Limburg H., Naidoo K., Pesudovs K., Resnikoff S., Silvester A. J., Tahhan N., Taylor H. R., Bourne R. R. A., Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study, Battaglia Parodi M., Cheng, C. -Y., Wang, N., Wong, T. Y., Congdon, N., He, M., Wang, Y. X., Braithwaite, T., Casson, R. J., Cicinelli, M. V., Das, A., Flaxman, S. R., Jonas, J. B., Keeffe, J. E., Kempen, J. H., Leasher, J., Limburg, H., Naidoo, K., Pesudovs, K., Resnikoff, S., Silvester, A. J., Tahhan, N., Taylor, H. R., Bourne, R. R. A., Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease, Study, and Battaglia Parodi, M.

Subjects
Refractive error, Visual acuity, genetic structures, medicine.medical_treatment, Visual impairment, Population, Visual Acuity, Glaucoma, vision loss expert group, Blindness, vision lo, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, vision impairment, Prevalence, medicine, blindne, Humans, refractive error, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, education.field_of_study, Asia, Eastern, business.industry, Diabetic retinopathy, Cataract surgery, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Sensory Systems, Ophthalmology, glaucoma, Trachoma, cataract, global burden of disease study, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Optometry, medicine.symptom, macular degeneration, epidemiology, business
Abstract

BackgroundTo determine the prevalence and causes of blindness and vision impairment (VI) in East Asia in 2015 and to forecast the trend to 2020.MethodsThrough a systematic literature review and meta-analysis, we estimated prevalence of blindness (presenting visual acuity ResultsIn 2015, age-standardised prevalence of blindness, MSVI, mild VI and uncorrected presbyopia was 0.37% (80% uncertainty interval (UI) 0.12%–0.68%), 3.06% (80% UI 1.35%–5.16%) and 2.65% (80% UI 0.92%–4.91%), 32.91% (80% UI 18.72%–48.47%), respectively, in East Asia. Cataract was the leading cause of blindness (43.6%), followed by uncorrected refractive error (12.9%), glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, corneal diseases, trachoma and diabetic retinopathy (DR). The leading cause for MSVI was uncorrected refractive error, followed by cataract, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, corneal disease, trachoma and DR. The burden of VI due to uncorrected refractive error, cataracts, glaucoma and DR has continued to rise over the decades reported.ConclusionsAddressing the public healthcare barriers for cataract and uncorrected refractive error can help eliminate almost 57% of all blindness cases in this region. Therefore, public healthcare efforts should be focused on effective screening and effective patient education, with access to high-quality healthcare.

Published
2019

4. Authors' reply

Author

Birtwhistle, Richard V, Godwin, Marshall S, Delva, M Dianne, Casson, R Ian, and Lam, Miu

Published
2004

6. Impact of cardiometabolic factors on retinal vasculature: A 3 x 3, 6 x 6 and 8 x 8-mm ocular coherence tomography angiography study

Author

Sun, MT, Huang, S, Chan, W, Craig, JE, Knight, LSW, Sanders, P, Newland, H, Casson, R, Selva, D, Wong, CX, Sun, MT, Huang, S, Chan, W, Craig, JE, Knight, LSW, Sanders, P, Newland, H, Casson, R, Selva, D, and Wong, CX

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Ocular coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is available in varying size and resolution. We sought to characterise associations of cardiometabolic factors with retinal microvascular changes using 3 × 3, 6 × 6 and 8 × 8-mm OCTA scans to determine differences in detection with varying scan size. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 247 cardiovascular patients from a single-centre tertiary-care hospital. Demographic, comorbidity and medication data were obtained. Patients underwent 3 × 3, 6 × 6 and 8 × 8-mm macula OCTA scanning using Carl Zeiss CIRRUS HD-OCT Model 5000. Angioplex and AngioTool software was used to quantify vascular parameters in the superficial capillary plexus. RESULTS: Increasing age, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease were associated with reductions in vessel density, vessel perfusion, average vessel length and/or junction density in 3 × 3-mm OCTA (P < .05 for all). Conversely, smoking was associated with increased vessel density, vessel length and junction density in 3 × 3-mm OCTA (P < .05 for all). Associations of vessel abnormalities with cardiometabolic factors were progressively weakened and statistically attenuated in 6 × 6 and 8 × 8-mm OCTA scans. In multivariate analyses, dyslipidaemia remained an independent predictor of reduced vessel density, average vessel length and junction density (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiometabolic factors are associated with multiple retinal microvascular changes in 3 × 3-mm OCTA scans. These associations were weakened and progressively attenuated in OCTA scans of larger 6 × 6 and 8 × 8-mm size. These findings advance our understanding of microcirculatory dysfunction and may have future implications for the screening and management of patients with cardiometabolic risk factors. Additional studies are required to further investigate these important associations.

Published
2021

18. Development of Macroporous Chitosan Scaffolds for Eyelid Tarsus Tissue Engineering

Author

Sun, MT, O’Connor, AJ, Milne, I, Biswas, D, Casson, R, Wood, J, Selva, D, Sun, MT, O’Connor, AJ, Milne, I, Biswas, D, Casson, R, Wood, J, and Selva, D

Abstract

Background: Reconstruction of large eyelid defects remains challenging due to the lack of suitable eyelid tarsus tissue substitutes. We aimed to evaluate a novel bioengineered chitosan scaffold for use as an eyelid tarsus substitute. Methods: Three-dimensional macroporous chitosan hydrogel scaffold were produced via cryogelation with specific biomechanical properties designed to directly match characteristics of native eyelid tarsus tissue. Scaffolds were characterized by confocal microscopy and tensile mechanical testing. To optimise biocompatibility, human eyelid skin fibroblasts were cultured from biopsy-sized samples of fresh eyelid skin. Immunological and gene expression analysis including specific fibroblast-specific markers were used to determine the rate of fibroblast de-differentiation in vitro and characterize cells cultured. Eyelid skin fibroblasts were then cultured over the chitosan scaffolds and the resultant adhesion and growth of cells were characterized using immunocytochemical staining. Results: The chitosan scaffolds were shown to support the attachment and proliferation of NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and human orbital skin fibroblasts in vitro. Our novel bioengineered chitosan scaffold has demonstrated biomechanical compatibility and has the ability to support human eyelid skin fibroblast growth and proliferation. Conclusions: This bioengineered tissue has the potential to be used as a tarsus substitute during eyelid reconstruction, offering the opportunity to pre-seed the patient’s own cells and represents a truly personalised approach to tissue engineering.

Published
2019

26. Identification of novel mutations causing pediatric cataract in Bhutan, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka

Author

Javadiyan, S, Lucas, SEM, Wangmo, D, Ngy, M, Edussuriya, K, Craig, JE, Rudkin, A, Casson, R, Selva, D, Sharma, S, Lower, KM, Meucke, J, Burdon, KP, Javadiyan, S, Lucas, SEM, Wangmo, D, Ngy, M, Edussuriya, K, Craig, JE, Rudkin, A, Casson, R, Selva, D, Sharma, S, Lower, KM, Meucke, J, and Burdon, KP

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pediatric cataract is an important cause of blindness and visual impairment in children. A large proportion of pediatric cataracts are inherited, and many genes have been described for this heterogeneous Mendelian disease. Surveys of schools for the blind in Bhutan, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka have identified many children with this condition and we aimed to identify the genetic causes of inherited cataract in these populations. METHODS: We screened, in parallel, 51 causative genes for inherited cataracts in 33 probands by Ampliseq enrichment and sequencing on an Ion Torrent PGM. Rare novel protein coding variants were assessed for segregation in family members, where possible, by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: We identified 24 rare (frequency <1% in public databases) or novel protein coding variants in 12 probands and confirmed segregation of variants with disease in the extended family where possible. Of these, six are predicted to be the cause of disease in the patient, with four other variants also highly likely to be pathogenic. CONCLUSION: This study found that 20%-30% of patients in these countries have a mutation in a known cataract causing gene, which is considerably lower than the 60%-70% reported in Caucasian cohorts. This suggests that additional cataract genes remain to be discovered in this cohort of Asian pediatric cataract patients.

Published
2018

27. Analysis combining correlated glaucoma traits identifies five new risk loci for open-angle glaucoma

Author

Gharahkhani, P, Burdon, KP, Bailey, JNC, Hewitt, AW, Law, MH, Pasquale, LR, Kang, JH, Haines, JL, Souzeau, E, Zhou, T, Siggs, OM, Landers, J, Awadalla, M, Sharma, S, Mills, RA, Ridge, B, Lynn, D, Casson, R, Graham, SL, Goldberg, I, White, A, Healey, PR, Grigg, J, Lawlor, M, Mitchell, P, Ruddle, J, Coote, M, Walland, M, Best, S, Vincent, A, Gale, J, RadfordSmith, G, Whiteman, DC, Montgomery, GW, Martin, NG, Mackey, DA, Wiggs, JL, MacGregor, S, Craig, JE, Gharahkhani, P, Burdon, KP, Bailey, JNC, Hewitt, AW, Law, MH, Pasquale, LR, Kang, JH, Haines, JL, Souzeau, E, Zhou, T, Siggs, OM, Landers, J, Awadalla, M, Sharma, S, Mills, RA, Ridge, B, Lynn, D, Casson, R, Graham, SL, Goldberg, I, White, A, Healey, PR, Grigg, J, Lawlor, M, Mitchell, P, Ruddle, J, Coote, M, Walland, M, Best, S, Vincent, A, Gale, J, RadfordSmith, G, Whiteman, DC, Montgomery, GW, Martin, NG, Mackey, DA, Wiggs, JL, MacGregor, S, and Craig, JE

Abstract

Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is a major cause of blindness worldwide. To identify new risk loci for OAG, we performed a genome-wide association study in 3,071 OAG cases and 6,750 unscreened controls, and meta-analysed the results with GWAS data for intraocular pressure (IOP) and optic disc parameters (the overall meta-analysis sample size varying between 32,000 to 48,000 participants), which are glaucoma-related traits. We identified and independently validated four novel genome-wide significant associations within or near MYOF and CYP26A1, LINC02052 and CRYGS, LMX1B, and LMO7 using single variant tests, one additional locus (C9) using gene-based tests, and two genetic pathways - "response to fluid shear stress" and "abnormal retina morphology" - in pathway-based tests. Interestingly, some of the new risk loci contribute to risk of other genetically-correlated eye diseases including myopia and age-related macular degeneration. To our knowledge, this study is the first integrative study to combine genetic data from OAG and its correlated traits to identify new risk variants and genetic pathways, highlighting the future potential of combining genetic data from genetically-correlated eye traits for the purpose of gene discovery and mapping.

Published
2018

28. Randomised equivalence trial comparing three and six months of follow up of patients with hypertension by family practitioners

Author

Birtwhistle, Richard V., Godwin, Marshall S., Delva, M Diane, Casson, R Ian, Lam, Miu, MacDonald, Susan E., Seguin, Rachelle, and Ruhland, Lucia

Subjects
Blood pressure -- Control -- Case studies, Hypertension -- Case studies -- Care and treatment, Health, Control, Care and treatment, Case studies
Abstract

Abstract Objective To compare blood pressure control, satisfaction, and adherence to drug treatment in patients with treated hypertension followed up by their family physicians either every three months or every [...]

Published
2004

30. Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Bourne, RRA, Flaxman, SR, Braithwaite, T, Cicinelli, MV, Das, A, Jonas, JB, Keeffe, J, Kempen, JH, Leasher, J, Limburg, H, Naidoo, K, Pesudovs, K, Resnikoff, S, Silvester, A, Stevens, GA, Tahhan, N, Wong, TY, Taylor, HR, Ackland, P, Arditi, A, Barkana, Y, Bozkurt, B, Wormald, R, Bron, A, Budenz, D, Cai, F, Casson, R, Chakravarthy, U, Congdon, N, Peto, T, Choi, J, Dana, R, Palaiou, M, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Shen, T, Dekaris, I, Del Monte, M, Deva, J, Dreer, L, Frazier, M, Ellwein, L, Hejtmancik, J, Frick, K, Friedman, D, Javitt, J, Munoz, B, Quigley, H, Ramulu, P, Robin, A, Tielsch, J, West, S, Furtado, J, Gao, H, Gazzard, G, George, R, Gichuhi, S, Gonzalez, V, Hammond, B, Hartnett, ME, He, M, Hirai, F, Huang, J, Ingram, A, Joslin, C, Khanna, R, Stambolian, D, Khairallah, M, Kim, J, Lambrou, G, Lansingh, VC, Lanzetta, P, Lim, J, Mansouri, K, Mathew, A, Morse, A, Musch, D, Nangia, V, Battaglia, M, Yaacov, F, Raju, M, Rossetti, L, Saaddine, J, Sandar, M, Serle, J, Shetty, R, Sieving, P, Silva, JC, Sitorus, RS, Tejedor, J, Tsilimbaris, M, Bourne, RRA, Flaxman, SR, Braithwaite, T, Cicinelli, MV, Das, A, Jonas, JB, Keeffe, J, Kempen, JH, Leasher, J, Limburg, H, Naidoo, K, Pesudovs, K, Resnikoff, S, Silvester, A, Stevens, GA, Tahhan, N, Wong, TY, Taylor, HR, Ackland, P, Arditi, A, Barkana, Y, Bozkurt, B, Wormald, R, Bron, A, Budenz, D, Cai, F, Casson, R, Chakravarthy, U, Congdon, N, Peto, T, Choi, J, Dana, R, Palaiou, M, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Shen, T, Dekaris, I, Del Monte, M, Deva, J, Dreer, L, Frazier, M, Ellwein, L, Hejtmancik, J, Frick, K, Friedman, D, Javitt, J, Munoz, B, Quigley, H, Ramulu, P, Robin, A, Tielsch, J, West, S, Furtado, J, Gao, H, Gazzard, G, George, R, Gichuhi, S, Gonzalez, V, Hammond, B, Hartnett, ME, He, M, Hirai, F, Huang, J, Ingram, A, Joslin, C, Khanna, R, Stambolian, D, Khairallah, M, Kim, J, Lambrou, G, Lansingh, VC, Lanzetta, P, Lim, J, Mansouri, K, Mathew, A, Morse, A, Musch, D, Nangia, V, Battaglia, M, Yaacov, F, Raju, M, Rossetti, L, Saaddine, J, Sandar, M, Serle, J, Shetty, R, Sieving, P, Silva, JC, Sitorus, RS, Tejedor, J, and Tsilimbaris, M

Abstract

© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Background Global and regional prevalence estimates for blindness and vision impairment are important for the development of public health policies. We aimed to provide global estimates, trends, and projections of global blindness and vision impairment. Methods We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based datasets relevant to global vision impairment and blindness that were published between 1980 and 2015. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate the prevalence (by age, country, and sex), in 2015, of mild visual impairment (presenting visual acuity worse than 6/12 to 6/18 inclusive), moderate to severe visual impairment (presenting visual acuity worse than 6/18 to 3/60 inclusive), blindness (presenting visual acuity worse than 3/60), and functional presbyopia (defined as presenting near vision worse than N6 or N8 at 40 cm when best-corrected distance visual acuity was better than 6/12). Findings Globally, of the 7·33 billion people alive in 2015, an estimated 36·0 million (80% uncertainty interval [UI] 12·9–65·4) were blind (crude prevalence 0·48%; 80% UI 0·17–0·87; 56% female), 216·6 million (80% UI 98·5–359·1) people had moderate to severe visual impairment (2·95%, 80% UI 1·34–4·89; 55% female), and 188·5 million (80% UI 64·5–350·2) had mild visual impairment (2·57%, 80% UI 0·88–4·77; 54% female). Functional presbyopia affected an estimated 1094·7 million (80% UI 581·1–1686·5) people aged 35 years and older, with 666·7 million (80% UI 364·9–997·6) being aged 50 years or older. The estimated number of blind people increased by 17·6%, from 30·6 million (80% UI 9·9–57·3) in 1990 to 36·0 million (80% UI 12·9–65·4) in 2015. This change was attributable to three factors, namely an increase because of population growth (38·4%), population ageing after accounting for population growth (34·6%), and reduction in age-specific prevalence (−36·7%). T

Published
2017

31. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Flaxman, SR, Bourne, RRA, Resnikoff, S, Ackland, P, Braithwaite, T, Cicinelli, MV, Das, A, Jonas, JB, Keeffe, J, Kempen, JH, Leasher, J, Limburg, H, Naidoo, K, Pesudovs, K, Silvester, A, Stevens, GA, Tahhan, N, Wong, TY, Taylor, HR, Arditi, A, Barkana, Y, Bozkurt, B, Bron, A, Budenz, D, Cai, F, Casson, R, Chakravarthy, U, Choi, J, Congdon, N, Dana, R, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Dekaris, I, Del Monte, M, Deva, J, Dreer, L, Ellwein, L, Frazier, M, Frick, K, Friedman, D, Furtado, J, Gao, H, Gazzard, G, George, R, Gichuhi, S, Gonzalez, V, Hammond, B, Hartnett, ME, He, M, Hejtmancik, J, Hirai, F, Huang, J, Ingram, A, Javitt, J, Joslin, C, Khairallah, M, Khanna, R, Kim, J, Lambrou, G, Lansingh, VC, Lanzetta, P, Lim, J, Mansouri, K, Mathew, A, Morse, A, Munoz, B, Musch, D, Nangia, V, Palaiou, M, Parodi, MB, Pena, FY, Peto, T, Quigley, H, Raju, M, Ramulu, P, Reza, D, Robin, A, Rossetti, L, Saaddine, J, Sandar, M, Serle, J, Shen, T, Shetty, R, Sieving, P, Silva, JC, Sitorus, RS, Stambolian, D, Tejedor, J, Tielsch, J, Tsilimbaris, M, van Meurs, J, Flaxman, SR, Bourne, RRA, Resnikoff, S, Ackland, P, Braithwaite, T, Cicinelli, MV, Das, A, Jonas, JB, Keeffe, J, Kempen, JH, Leasher, J, Limburg, H, Naidoo, K, Pesudovs, K, Silvester, A, Stevens, GA, Tahhan, N, Wong, TY, Taylor, HR, Arditi, A, Barkana, Y, Bozkurt, B, Bron, A, Budenz, D, Cai, F, Casson, R, Chakravarthy, U, Choi, J, Congdon, N, Dana, R, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Dekaris, I, Del Monte, M, Deva, J, Dreer, L, Ellwein, L, Frazier, M, Frick, K, Friedman, D, Furtado, J, Gao, H, Gazzard, G, George, R, Gichuhi, S, Gonzalez, V, Hammond, B, Hartnett, ME, He, M, Hejtmancik, J, Hirai, F, Huang, J, Ingram, A, Javitt, J, Joslin, C, Khairallah, M, Khanna, R, Kim, J, Lambrou, G, Lansingh, VC, Lanzetta, P, Lim, J, Mansouri, K, Mathew, A, Morse, A, Munoz, B, Musch, D, Nangia, V, Palaiou, M, Parodi, MB, Pena, FY, Peto, T, Quigley, H, Raju, M, Ramulu, P, Reza, D, Robin, A, Rossetti, L, Saaddine, J, Sandar, M, Serle, J, Shen, T, Shetty, R, Sieving, P, Silva, JC, Sitorus, RS, Stambolian, D, Tejedor, J, Tielsch, J, Tsilimbaris, M, and van Meurs, J

Abstract

© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Background Contemporary data for causes of vision impairment and blindness form an important basis of recommendations in public health policies. Refreshment of the Global Vision Database with recently published data sources permitted modelling of cause of vision loss data from 1990 to 2015, further disaggregation by cause, and forecasts to 2020. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we analysed published and unpublished population-based data for the causes of vision impairment and blindness from 1980 to 2014. We identified population-based studies published before July 8, 2014, by searching online databases with no language restrictions (MEDLINE from Jan 1, 1946, and Embase from Jan 1, 1974, and the WHO Library Database). We fitted a series of regression models to estimate the proportion of moderate or severe vision impairment (defined as presenting visual acuity of <6/18 but ≥3/60 in the better eye) and blindness (presenting visual acuity of <3/60 in the better eye) by cause, age, region, and year. Findings We identified 288 studies of 3 983 541 participants contributing data from 98 countries. Among the global population with moderate or severe vision impairment in 2015 (216·6 million [80% uncertainty interval 98·5 million to 359·1 million]), the leading causes were uncorrected refractive error (116·3 million [49·4 million to 202·1 million]), cataract (52·6 million [18·2 million to 109·6 million]), age-related macular degeneration (8·4 million [0·9 million to 29·5 million]), glaucoma (4·0 million [0·6 million to 13·3 million]), and diabetic retinopathy (2·6 million [0·2 million to 9·9 million]). Among the global population who were blind in 2015 (36·0 million [12·9 million to 65·4 million]), the leading causes were cataract (12·6 million [3·4 million to 28·7 million]), uncorrected refractive error (7·4 million [2·4 million to 14·8 million]), a

Published
2017

36. Comparing the effectiveness of selective laser trabeculoplasty with topical medication as initial treatment (the Glaucoma Initial Treatment Study): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Author

Lamoureux, EL, Mcintosh, R, Constantinou, M, Fenwick, EK, Xie, J, Casson, R, Finkelstein, E, Goldberg, I, Healey, P, Thomas, R, Ang, GS, Pesudovs, K, Crowston, J, Lamoureux, EL, Mcintosh, R, Constantinou, M, Fenwick, EK, Xie, J, Casson, R, Finkelstein, E, Goldberg, I, Healey, P, Thomas, R, Ang, GS, Pesudovs, K, and Crowston, J

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Estimated to affect 60 million people worldwide, this figure is expected to rise to 80 million by 2020. Untreated, glaucoma leads to visual decay and eventually to blindness, and can significantly reduce quality of life. First-line treatment in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and exfoliative glaucoma is topical medical therapy with ocular hypotensives as eye drops. However, eye drops have several disadvantages including cost, possible local and systemic side effects, and adherence and perseverance issues. Randomised controlled trials have demonstrated that selective laser trabeculoplasty is equally as effective in lowering intraocular pressure as eye drops. However, the impact of these two treatment modalities from the patient and economic perspectives has not been adequately determined. Thus, it remains unclear whether topical medical therapy or selective laser trabeculoplasty should be recommended as first-line treatment for glaucoma. METHODS/DESIGN: This protocol describes an international, multi-centre, randomised controlled trial to determine the optimum first-line therapy for people with primary open-angle glaucoma and exfoliative glaucoma. This study will compare the effect of selective laser trabeculoplasty and topical medication with respect to patients' generic and glaucoma-specific quality of life. The trial will also provide a detailed cost-effectiveness analysis and compare the clinical effectiveness with respect to the degree of intraocular pressure lowering and rates of treatment failure. Research coordinators in each centre will identify and recruit previously untreated patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and exfoliative glaucoma. Those who meet the eligibility criteria will be invited to enter a randomised controlled trial with either selective laser trabeculoplasty or topical ocular hypotensive therapy, according to a stepped regimen. Outcome assessmen

Published
2015

37. Neuroprotection

Author

Wong, T, Crowston, J, Stalmans, I, Cordeiro, F, Migdal, C, Casson, R, Danesh, H, Gandolfi, S, Kipnis, T, Levin, L, Lipton, S, Martin, K, Osborne, N, Schmetterer, L, Schwartz, M, Trounce, I, Vidal Sanz, M, and Nucci, C

Subjects
Settore MED/30 - Malattie Apparato Visivo
Published
2010

38. Follow up of hypertension by family practitioners

Author

Nelson, Mark, Barnes, David, Birtwhistle, Richard V., Godwin, Marshall S., Delva, M. Dianne, Casson, R. Ian, and Lam, Miu

Subjects
Health
Abstract

EDITOR--Properly conducted trials must inform those who produce guidelines on managing clinical conditions. Birtwhistle et al have contributed to this knowledge base for hypertension in family practice, but I am [...]

Published
2004

48. Author Reply

Author

LEIBOVITCH, I, primary, CASSON, R, additional, LAFOREST, C, additional, and SELVA, D, additional

Published
2006
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