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Measurements of high-temperature air emission spectra between 150 and 250 nm (VUV/UV) are presented. These measurements are calibrated in absolute intensity. The high-temperature air was produced using an atmospheric pressure plasma torch facility. The centerline temperature of the plasma jet is approximately 6700 K. A VUV emission spectroscopy system was adapted to the plasma torch facility to acquire spectra from 150 to 250 nm. Absolute intensity spectra were obtained in this wavelength range. They were compared with numerical predictions of the line-by-line spectroscopy code SPECAIR. The overall agreement between the SPECAIR predictions and measurements is good, particularly above 180 nm. Several modifications to the SPECAIR radiation code were carried out in order to improve agreement with experiments. These modifications significantly improved agreement though, at lower wavelengths, the data indicate that a source of emission remains unaccounted for by SPECAIR. Several possibilities for this missing source of emission are discussed, including photodissociation of the nitric oxide molecule.

The Interprofessional Spiritual Care Curriculum (ISPEC) was created to train interdisciplinary health care teams to recognize and address the spiritual needs of seriously or chronically ill patients. The curriculum, in a train-the-trainer format, employs didactic presentations, discussions, lab sessions, skill demonstrations, and video clips. In course applications, participants were required to submit goals to achieve and demonstrate institutional support. For the first ISPEC course, in July 2018, 48 clinician-chaplain teams attended. Following the 2½ day course, participants had access to online training modules for 1-year, ISPEC faculty mentoring support, and regular conference calls on goal implementation progress. Participants reported recognizing the importance of providing spiritual care and a new understanding of how collaborating as interprofessional teams enabled them to integrate this care into their home institution settings. In a mixed-methods evaluation survey completed 12 months after the ISPEC course, participants reported on the percentage of their goals completed, number and types of professionals they had educated in spiritual care, and personal confidence regarding spiritual care leadership skills. This data can serve as a model to guide other organizations striving to improve spiritual care, practiced collaboratively by clinicians and chaplains, as an essential aspect of overall QI efforts in palliative care.

Background: Spiritual care is a key domain of quality palliative care. Spiritual distress is highly prevalent in patients and their families facing serious illness. Guidelines support the ethical obligation of health care providers to attend to spiritual distress as part of total distress. All clinicians require education and support to provide this care to patients and their families facing serious illness. Objective: This project focused on the development of a curriculum for education of health care professionals in spiritual care. It was based on a consensus-derived generalist-specialist model of spiritual care, with all clinicians providing generalist-spiritual care and trained chaplains providing specialist spiritual care. Design: The curriculum was designed for classroom and online learning. Setting: The curriculum is appropriate for all clinical settings in the United States and internationally. Measurements: Needs assessment surveys and course evaluation data have provided a basis on which to develop and refine the curriculum. This curriculum is built on a pilot Interprofessional Spiritual Care Education Curriculum (ISPEC) course held at the Veterans Administration, DC. Results: Needs assessment and course evaluation data support the ISPEC course content. Conclusions: The ISPEC curricula serve as a much-needed training resource to improve spiritual care for all people with serious illness.

This study investigated different approaches to optimize flows in misaligned culverts. Structures aligned with the natural stream are always preferred, as misalignments cause a change of direction at the culvert inlet associated with lower performance and sedimentation and erosion problems. This optimal positioning can cause high financial costs and a flow optimization minimizing the associated problems could be a viable alternative. In this study, we used computational fluid dynamics analysis to evaluate the flow in 44 different scenarios with misalignment angles ranging from 0 ∘ &ndash, 90 ∘ . It was found that smooth transitions towards the narrowest point in the stream (culvert) were possible for any degree of misalignment resulting in improved, uniform velocity distributions and less turbulence. An experimental setup was able to confirm the possible flow improvements. The proposed approach of flow redirection can lower construction costs and gives planners and designers more flexibility as tailored reinforcement and redesign of the stream embankment can be used as an alternative to costly creek alignments.

Culverts, as an essential part of drainage networks worldwide, provide an efficient solution for flowing waters to cross man-made barriers including roads. Existing structures can be many years old and changes in rainfall patterns due to global warming might not have been considered in their original design. While correctly designed culverts can effectively drain water during high-intensity rainfall events, poorly designed or outdated structures could cause upstream flooding resulting in costly damage and losses. Hydraulic improvements to prepare existing culverts for greater discharge rates could be a favorable alternative to rebuilding every failing structure. Modern design guidelines calculate the performance for inlet and outlet controlled flows on the basis of established hydraulic theories. After calculating the headwater levels for both flow controls, the inferior one is then chosen, based on the assumption that the culvert will operate in its least efficient state. Flow improvements could be made by enforcing the better performing option. Outlet control can be ensured by raising the tailwater levels as high as the outlet thereby utilizing the entire cross-sectional area of the culvert. It was found that, in some cases, an enforced outlet control enables culverts to perform better than operation under inlet control. However, only smooth and short culverts with high losses at the inlet were identified as benefiting from this approach and many existing structures could be improved by better inlet designs.

The capability to reproduce atmospheric entry phenomena in ground-based facilities is crucial for studying the entry of space missions and of any objects de-orbiting or entering the Earth’s atmosphere. During entry, these objects are exposed to intense mechanical and thermal stresses due to interactions with the high-temperature plasma that forms in front of them. Complex physical and chemical phenomena occur at hypersonic conditions. The characterization of plasma–meteoroid interactions requires the ability to understand the thermochemical state of the plasma flowfield, both in the free stream and in the boundary layer surrounding the meteoroid, as well as the determination of the evolution of the meteoroid under the effect of the plasma. The latter requires monitoring the temporal evolution of the shape and surface temperature of the material during melting and ablation processes and the ability to characterize the evolution of the structure and composition of the material. Several complementary ground-based facilities worldwide can be used for that purpose. A few of them are presented in this chapter. They include the SCIROCCO and GHIBLI facilities of CIRA in Italy, the HEAT facility at SITAEL (Italy) and the CP50 Plasma Torch facility at CentraleSupelec (CNRS, France). These ground-based facilities operate under a wide variety of conditions, with test times ranging from less than 1 s (HEAT) to continuous (SCIROCCO, GHIBLI, CP50), specific enthalpies up to 30 MJ kg−1 and heat fluxes up to 30 MW m−2 . The following sections present these various facilities and illustrate their measurement capabilities. Illustrative results from experiments on various materials, including meteorites, are presented. Additional experimental facilities and results may be found in.

This paper reviews the electron- and heavy-particle impact processes governing the population/depletion of the states of N, O, N2, and N2+, which can be significantly affected by nonequilibrium conditions while strongly radiating in lunar-return shock layers. The collisional-radiative model developed in this work includes electron-impact excitation, ionization, heavy-particle impact excitation, vibration–electron, vibration–translation, dissociation and bound–bound radiative mechanisms. The available experimental and theoretical reaction rates governing these processes were critically reviewed to produce a reliable set of rate constants. The collisional-radiative model was then applied to typical nonequilibrium thermodynamic conditions encountered during lunar-return Earth reentry. The effect of heavy-particle impact processes is discussed.

International audience; This paper concerns the 3D simulation of corona discharge using high performance computing (HPC) managed with the message passing interface (MPI) library. In the field of finite volume methods applied on non-adaptive mesh grids and in the case of a specific 3D dynamic benchmark test devoted to streamer studies, the great efficiency of the iterative R&B SOR and BiCGSTAB methods versus the direct MUMPS method was clearly demonstrated in solving the Poisson equation using HPC resources. The optimization of the parallelization and the resulting scalability was undertaken as a function of the HPC architecture for a number of mesh cells ranging from 8 to 512 million and a number of cores ranging from 20 to 1600. The R&B SOR method remains at least about four times faster than the BiCGSTAB method and requires significantly less memory for all tested situations. The R&B SOR method was then implemented in a 3D MPI parallelized code that solves the classical first order model of an atmospheric pressure corona discharge in air. The 3D code capabilities were tested by following the development of one, two and four coplanar streamers generated by initial plasma spots for 6 ns. The preliminary results obtained allowed us to follow in detail the formation of the tree structure of a corona discharge and the effects of the mutual interactions between the streamers in terms of streamer velocity, trajectory and diameter. The computing time for 64 million of mesh cells distributed over 1000 cores using the MPI procedures is about 30 min ns−1, regardless of the number of streamers.

Exploring contemplative practices and spirituality in social work has developed a new impetus as the understanding of the importance of those variables in patient care has increased. Social work brings its historical attention to the whole person and the many ways the social worker and patient understand their respective roles in assisting in the process of healing and coping with loss. It is essential that social workers attend to their own understanding of the space for contemplative practice in their lives. This article sets the context for this important work and provides an example of a program designed to increase the social worker's awareness and practice skills that reflect the particular dynamics of engaging spirituality in the clinical relationship.

Reflections on the Role of the Spirit in Finding Meaning and Healing as Clinicians is based on a presentation for the George Washington Spirituality and Health Summer Institute on July 13, 2017. The presentation invited health care professionals to explore contemplative practices as ways to invite the Spirit to strengthening their resilience in caring for themselves and others. As clinicians, there is often a longing to be grounded in a regular contemplative practice centering one's inner life and to acknowledge the creative energy of the Spirit in relationships. This reflection draws on resilience research that finds that contemplative practices such as deep breathing, meditation, reflective writing, and peer or community support enhance ways of meaning making and healing. Contemplative practices are provided, which can connect clinicians to the Spirit with the purpose of leading to increased meaning and healing in self and relationships.

This paper presents the findings of a study into how different inlet designs for stormwater culverts increase the discharge rate. The objective of the study was to develop improved inlet designs that could be retro-fitted to existing stormwater culvert structures in order to increase discharge capacity and allow for changing rainfall patterns and severe weather events that are expected as a consequence of climate change. Three different chamfer angles and a rounded corner were simulated with the software ANSYS Fluent, each of the shapes tested in five different sizes. Rounded and 45 ∘ chamfers at the inlet edge performed best, significantly increasing the flow rate, though the size of the configurations was a critical factor. Inlet angles of 30 ∘ and 60 ∘ caused greater turbulence in the simulations than did 45 ∘ and the rounded corner. The best performing shape of the inlet, the rounded corner, was tested in an experimental flume. The flume flow experiment showed that the optimal inlet configuration, a rounded inlet (radius = 1/5 culvert width) improved the flow rate by up to 20% under submerged inlet control conditions.

International audience; The aim of this paper is to test a developed SOR R&B method using the Chebyshev accelerator algorithm to solve the Laplace equation in a cubic 3D configuration. Comparisons are made in terms of precision and computing time with other elliptic equation solvers proposed in the open source LIS library. The first results, obtained by using a single core on a HPC, show that the developed SOR R&B method is efficient when the spectral radius needed for the Chebyshev acceleration is carefully pre-estimated. Preliminary results obtained with a parallelized code using the MPI library are also discussed when the calculation is distributed over one hundred cores.

The absolute radiation measurements obtained in the electric arc-driven shock-tube facility at NASA Ames Research Center were analyzed to test the collisional-radiative model developed at Ecole Centrale Paris. Two conditions representative of Earth reentry at 10.54 and 11.17 km/s were investigated in the vacuum ultraviolet and infrared spectral ranges. For each of the conditions, the corresponding charge-coupled device images were analyzed. The electron number density was inferred from Stark-broadened nitrogen and Hα lines. Comparisons with the predicted electron number density profiles enabled us to validate the ionization rate constant model implemented in the flowfield solver and to accurately locate the shock front. For both freestream conditions and all the spectral ranges, the predictions of the initial intensity rises were improved when the total spatial smearing (due to the shock motion, the optics, and the camera) was taken into account. The nonequilibrium intensities observed in the vacuum ultr...

This article is a report on a study designed with experienced clinicians to explore the question of spirituality, religion and practice. Using eight focus groups from around the United States, the data provided support for the importance of theoretically grounded practitioners who have integrated spiritual and religious practices into their personal and professional lives. The participants' discussions provide strong support for exploring spirituality and religious beliefs in the context of the ways clients make meaning of life circumstances. An interesting finding is the importance of paying attention to the place of spirituality and religion in clinical practice.

The following article is designed to provide an historical overview of the role that the Smith College School for Social Work has played in serving U.S. service members and their families throughout the past 91 years. Particular attention is paid to the building momentum of interest and activity at the School since 2005.

Experimental pitot pressure measurements in impulse facilities have typically had large scale harmonic fluctuations associated with them. A combined experimental and numerical approach is used to investigate if a Helmholtz resonance is created from the shrouding that protects the pressure sensor from particle impact, rather than disturbances being present in the free stream. To verify this experimentally, hydraulic oil was used to change the sound speed in the cavity. Numerical calculations of the pitot probe were used to show that both the steady and the expected transient inflow cause a Helmholtz resonance of similar period. However, a 5% isothermal level of free stream noise was required to match the experimental fluctuation levels. Also, viscous eects were shown to be significant during the initial transient response of the pressure measurement. A new pitot probe design was successfully tested and shown to be able to reduce the magnitude and period of the fluctuations.

The X2 facility at the University of Queensland was modified to allow experimentation at low pressures in nonreflected shock tube mode. Three Titan conditions (98% N2, 2% CH4) were examined. Emission spectroscopy measurements were taken for these conditions, with freestream pressures of 13, 8, and 4 Pa, and average shock speeds of 6.4, 6.2, and 9.0 km/s respectively. A region approximately 100 mm long was imaged onto the entrance slit of the spectrometer. Comparisons with previous experimental work and computational models showed that the peak nonequilibrium radiative heat transfer level behind the shock was consistent for the 13 and 8 Pa conditions. The spectral results showed that in comparison to these previous results, the modified facility resulted in a significant improvement in signal strength and increase in the length of test flow available at such low pressure conditions, allowing finer spectral resolution and the potential, if needed, for further spatial resolution. For the 4 Pa condition, experimental results were successfully gathered to provide information about the nonequilibrium peak and fall-off rate of the radiative heating behind the shock wave. The results showed consistency and repeatability in the new low pressure condition, and sufficient test time and test gas was available to allow the capture of high resolution spectral images.

International audience; Studies of the ultraviolet and visible emission from an atmospheric pressure air plasma and its interaction with two carbon-based ablative materials were performed in an inductively coupled plasma torch. These experiments were conducted at a plate power of 40 kW, which produced an air plasma in local thermodynamic equilibrium with a maximum temperature of approximately 6200 K, corresponding to a specific enthalpy of 16.4 MJ/kg. Three techniques were developed to measure the ablator surface temperature. Recession rates and product species profiles were measured for two different materials (ASTERM™ and carbon-bonded carbon fiber) at a plasma velocity of approximately 20 m/s. Measured surface temperatures were in the range of 2100 to 2300 K, and corresponding hot-wall heat fluxes were approximately 1.4 MW/m2. Spatially resolved profiles of the main species detected in the boundary layer were recorded, and they showed evidence of strong coupling between the ablated material and the freestream.

The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region of the radiation spectrum spans from 100 nm to 200 nm and is responsible for 30-50 % of the radiative heat flux during peak heating for a lunar return trajectory [1].

This essay reflects on personal transformative experiences as explored using ideas from transformative learning, developmental perspectives and the practice of spiritual direction. This reflects the multi-disciplinary, relationally based perspectives that are useful in exploring transformation when spirituality is an essential dimension of understanding the meaning of critical incidents or events in one's life. Using the metaphor of spinning a kaleidoscope to identify memories that elucidate critical transitions in a personal narrative, there are memories from childhood, early professional life and recent events which afford an opportunity to revisit and explore the meaning of those events. The essay provides insight into the practice of spiritual direction that has similar parallels in clinical practice. These parallels include: the importance of attending to the relationship; of paying attention to one's own stillness and silence; and of engaging the other in owning the transformative power of ...

978-5-94588-165-5; International audience; During atmospheric reentry, a plasma is formed ahead of the surface of the vehicle and the excited particle present in the plasma produces ra-diative heating §uxes to the surface of the vehicle. A high-temperature air plasma torch operating at atmospheric pressure was used to experimentally reproduce atmospheric reentry conditions. A high-resolution and absolute intensity emission spectrum (full width at half maximum (FWHM) = 0.064 nm) was obtained from 200 to 450 nm and then compared with computational results provided by the SPECAIR code [1]. This paper discusses the comparison of the two spectra over this wavelength range in order to con¦rm the validity of the calculation and provide direction to improve the calculated spectrum.

For many Earth atmospheric reentry conditions, the vacuum ultraviolet portion of the radiative heating can be significant. As a result, information on this region can be important to the development of thermal protection systems. Few experimental data are available in the this spectral region due to the difficulty of measuring emission in a spectral region where air strongly absorbs the radiation. The 50 kW radio-frequency inductively coupled plasma torch recently installed at the Laboratoire EM2C (Ecole Centrale Paris) has been used to conduct equilibrium emission spectroscopy measurements in the vacuum ultraviolet region for relevant Earth reentry conditions. Absolute intensity emission spectra measured in the range 170 - 200 nm are obtained and compared with the prediction of the line-by-line Specair code.

(1996). Essay: On spirituality and social work practice. Smith College Studies in Social Work: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 171-175.

The prediction of the nonequilibrium radiative heat flux experienced by a spacecraft during Earth's re-entry relies on an approach based on a combination of both numerical simulation and ground test experiments. This paper presents an analysis of the equilibrium and nonequilibrium radiation measured in the NASA Ames' Electric Arc Shock Tube (EAST) facility for typical Moon or Mars return conditions. Therefore, the conditions chosen ranged from 10.54 to 11.17 km/s with a free-stream pressure of 0.1 Torr. The observed emitting spectral features, atomic lines of nitrogen and oxygen, present in the Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) and Near-Infrared (NIR) were analyzed. The populations of the emitting states were inferred and compared with predictions obtained from a collisional-radiative model and with simulations obtained with a multi-temperature Boltzmann model.

Hayabusa, an unmanned Japanese spacecraft, was launched to study and collect samples from the surface of the asteroid 25143 Itokawa. In June 2010, the Hayabusa spacecraft completed it’s seven year voyage. The spacecraft and the sample return capsule (SRC) re-entered the Earth’s atmosphere over the central Australian desert at speeds on the order of 12 km/s. This provided a rare opportunity to experimentally investigate the radiative heat transfer from the shock-compressed gases in front of the sample return capsule at true-flight conditions. At these conditions, the total heat transfer to the vehicle has a significant radiative component and this can be estimated by studying the radiation emitted from the shock layer and the hot surface. Such measurements can be compared with numerical simulations of the flow and with results from ground-based testing in shock tunnels and expansion tubes. This in turn leads to a better understanding of the complex thermochemistry occurring within the shock layer and aids in the design of more efficient thermal protection systems for future spacecraft.

There are large uncertainties in the aerothermodynamic modelling of super-orbital re-entry which impact the design of spacecraft thermal protection systems (TPS). Aspects of the thermal environment of super-orbital re-entry flows can be simulated in the laboratory using arc- and plasma jet facilities and these devices are regularly used for TPS certification work [5]. Another laboratory device which is capable of simulating certain critical features of both the aero and thermal environment of super-orbital re-entry is the expansion tube, and three such facilities have been operating at the University of Queensland in recent years [10]. Despite some success, wind tunnel tests do not achieve full simulation, however, a virtually complete physical simulation of particular re-entry conditions can be obtained from dedicated flight testing, and the Apollo-era FIRE II flight experiment [2] is the premier example which still forms an important benchmark for modern simulations. Dedicated super-orbital flight testing is generally considered too expensive today, and there is a reluctance to incorporate substantial instrumentation for aerothermal diagnostics into existing missions since it may compromise primary mission objectives. An alternative approach to on-board flight measurements, with demonstrated success particularly in the ‘Stardust’ sample return mission, is remote observation of spectral emissions from the capsule and shock layer [8].

At high flight speeds, radiation becomes an important component of aerodynamic heat transfer, and its coupling with the flow field can significantly change the macroscopic features of the flow. As radiating flight conditions are typically encountered in re-entry trajectories, the associated flight regimes range from rarefied to continuum, and may have many levels of thermal, chemical and electronic nonequilibrium. Accurate estimates of the nonequilibrium radiation involved in high speed operations such as reentry are essential in order to more efficiently design thermal protection systems.

For reentry operations into atmospheres such as Titan, accurate, reliable radiation data is essential for estimating the total heat transfer experienced by the vehicle. Experiments are being undertaken in the X2 facility at the University of Queensland to measure the radiation produced by superorbital entry in the rarefied section of the trajectory. These experiments use the Nonreflected Shock Tube (NRST) mode of experimentation, which allows full-scale measurement of the radiation in the flow. This paper presents results from the continuing experimental work being conducted in the X2 facility, focussing on freestream pressures between 2 and 13 Pa for a 98% N2, 2% CH4 Titan gas mixture. For radiating flows with Titan gas, the main radiator of interest is CN (cyanogen), formed in high concentrations in the nonequilibrium region behind the shock. The experimental data includes static and pitot pressure measurements of the flows and a spectrometer is used to capture the radiation in the CN violet band. Flow visualisation is also achieved with a high speed camera.

We describe a numerical modelling technique used to simulate the gas flow in the complete X2 facility in non-reflected shock tube mode. The technique uses a one-dimensional model to simulate piston dynamics and diaphragm rupture and couples this to an axisymmetric simulation of the shock tube which captures viscous and finite-rate chemistry effects. This technique is used to simulate a nonequilibrium radiation condition relevant to a Titan atmospheric manoeuvre. The condition is a 7,km/s shock propagating into a N2/CH4 mixture at 80,Pa. The results show that the shock remains relatively planar at the exit of the shock tube such that there should be little difficulty for the optics. In terms of modelling, the finite-rate chemistry gas performs better than the equilibrium gas for these flows with regards to flow property estimates.

At high flight speeds, radiation becomes an important component of aerodynamic heat transfer, and its coupling with the flow field can significantly change macroscopic features of the flow. As radiating flight conditions are typically encountered in reentry trajectories, the associated flight regimes range from rarefied to continuum, and may have many levels of thermal, chemical and electronic non-equilibrium.

Cyclic tetrapeptides are a class of natural products that have been shown to have broad ranging biological activities and good pharmacokinetic properties. In order to synthesise these highly strained compounds a ring contraction strategy had previously been reported. This strategy was further optimised and a suite of techniques, including the Edman degradation and mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, were developed to enable characterisation of cyclic tetrapeptide isomers. An NMR solution structure of a cyclic tetrapeptide was also generated. To illustrate the success of this strategy a library of cyclic tetrapeptides was synthesised.

What potent blood hath modest May,What fiery force the earth renews,The wealth of forms, the flush of hues ….—Ralph Waldo EmersonSomeday soon, virtually any pregnant woman will be able to learn — with 98-99% accuracy — whether her fetus has contracted a serious genetic disorder by undergoing nothing more than an inexpensive, non-invasive blood test. For years, scientists have sought a method of prenatal testing that could boast both high levels of accuracy and low levels of risk. The most promising solution lies in an exciting recent discovery: tiny quantities of fetal cells and DNA cross over into the mother's bloodstream during pregnancy. If the fetal genetic material can be successfully isolated from the maternal blood, it can be used to diagnose a number of genetic disorders, such as Down Syndrome, cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, and sickle cell anemia. Indeed, researchers have spent the last decade developing ways to accomplish this.