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7. PHYTATE

Author

Skoglund, Erika, primary, Carlsson, Nils-Gunnar, additional, and Sandberg, Ann-Sofie, additional

Published
2009
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13. Circulating Linoleic Acid is Associated with Improved Glucose Tolerance in Women after Gestational Diabetes

Author

Andersson-Hall, Ulrika, Carlsson, Nils-Gunnar, Sandberg, Ann-Sofie, and Holmäng, Agneta

Subjects
linoleic acid, Adult, Blood Glucose, endocrine system, endocrine system diseases, glucose tolerance, nutritional and metabolic diseases, serum fatty acids, lcsh:TX341-641, Glucose Tolerance Test, Middle Aged, Article, gestational diabetes mellitus, Diabetes, Gestational, Pregnancy, Humans, Female, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply
Abstract

Women with previously diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at increased risk of type-2-diabetes mellitus (T2D). We aimed to establish links between glucose tolerance (GT) and serum fatty acid (FA) profile in the transition from GDM to T2D. Six years after GDM, 221 women were grouped as having normal GT (NGT), impaired GT (IGT), or T2D based on oral GT test results. Fasting serum FAs were profiled, anthropometric measures taken, and dietary intake determined. Linoleic acid (LA) was significantly higher in NGT women (p &lt, 0.001) compared with IGT and T2D, and emerged as a strong predictor of low glucose and insulin levels, independently of BMI. Self-reported vegetable oil consumption correlated with LA serum levels and glucose levels. Delta-6-, delta-9-, and stearoyl-CoA-desaturase activities were associated with decreased GT, and delta-5-desaturase activities with increased GT. In a subgroup of women at high risk of diabetes, low LA and high palmitic acid levels were seen in those that developed T2D, with no differences in other FAs or metabolic measurements. Results suggest that proportions of LA and palmitic acid are of particular interest in the transition from GDM to T2D. Interconversions between individual FAs regulated by desaturases appear to be relevant to glucose metabolism.

Published
2018

17. Alginate, small bowel sterol excretion, and absorption of nutrients in ileostomy subjects

Author

Sandberg, Ann-Sofie, Andersson, Henrik, Bosaeus, Ingvar, Carlsson, Nils-Gunnar, Hasselblad, Kristina, and Harrod, Magnus

Subjects
Ileostomy -- Physiological aspects, Food additives -- Physiological aspects, Digestion -- Physiological aspects, Intestinal absorption -- Physiological aspects, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Abstract

The effect of alginate on ileostomy excretion of sterols and nutrients was investigated in six ileostomy subjects fed a constant low-fiber diet with or without supplementation with 7.5 g sodium alginate. A mean of 95% of uronic acids derived from the sodium alginate was recovered in the ileostomy contents. Supplementation with alginate increased fat excretion by 140% and decreased bile acids excretion by 12%. Sodium and potassium excretion were significantly increased whereas starch and nitrogen excretion were unchanged. Five of six subjects showed a decreased apparent absorption of iron and manganese with alginate, which, however, was not statistically significant. Absorption of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and zinc were unchanged. Almost no digestion of sodium alginate occurs in the stomach and small intestine. The increased fatty acids excretion may be explained by the binding or trapping of fatty acids in the gel matrix formed by alginate, which may also cause a reduced bile flow. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:751-6.

Published
1994

23. Herring and chicken/pork meals lead to differences in plasma levels of TCA intermediates and arginine metabolites in overweight and obese men and women

Author

Vincent, Andrew, primary, Savolainen, Otto I., additional, Sen, Partho, additional, Carlsson, Nils-Gunnar, additional, Almgren, Annette, additional, Lindqvist, Helen, additional, Lind, Mads Vendelbo, additional, Undeland, Ingrid, additional, Sandberg, Ann-Sofie, additional, and Ross, Alastair B., additional

Published
2016
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25. Assessing phytase activity

Author

Qvirist, Linnea, Carlsson, Nils-Gunnar, Andlid, Thomas, Qvirist, Linnea, Carlsson, Nils-Gunnar, and Andlid, Thomas

Abstract

Phytases are nutritionally important for increased bioavailability of dietary minerals and phosphate for monogastric animals including humans. Release of minerals and phosphate is accomplished by the enzymatic stepwise degradation of phytate (inositol hexaphosphate, IP6). Activity determinations of phytase is often based on analysis of total released phosphate (Pi), but phytase activity in its purest form represents released product per time from IP6 only. Microbial and plant preparations often also contain mixtures of phosphatases and organic phosphate compounds; hence some released phosphate in enzymatic assays may originate from non-phytase phosphatases degrading non-phytate molecules. Moreover, even purified enzyme extracts assessed via Pi release may result in errors, since commercial IP6 commonly contains contamination of lower inositol phosphates, and further, the products of phytase IP6 hydrolysis are also substrates for the phytase. These facts motivate a quantitative comparative study. We compared enzyme activity determination in phytase assay samples at four different time points, based on analyzing the substrate IP6 versus the product Pi using different selected methods. The calculated activities varied substantially. For example, at 15 min into enzymatic assay, variations from 152 mU/ml (by IP6 analysis on HPIC) to 275-586 mU/ml (by Pi analysis using several methods) was detected. Our work emphasizes the importance of defining the type of activity assessed, showing that phytase activity based on released Pi may yield false positive results and/or overestimations. We propose to differentiate between phytase activity, being the activity by which IP6 is degraded, and total inositol phosphatase activity, corresponding to total released phosphate during the enzymatic reaction.

Published
2015

26. Quality of Filleted Atlantic Mackerel (<italic>Scomber Scombrus</italic>) During Chilled and Frozen Storage: Changes in Lipids, Vitamin D, Proteins, and Small Metabolites, including Biogenic Amines.

Author

Standal, Inger Beate, Mozuraityte, Revilija, Rustad, Turid, Alinasabhematabadi, Leili, Carlsson, Nils-Gunnar, and Undeland, Ingrid

Subjects
ATLANTIC mackerel, OMEGA-3 fatty acids, AMINES
Abstract

Quality changes of vacuum-packed Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) fillets during 12 months’ frozen storage at −27°C and 9 days’ chilled storage at +4°C were evaluated. Freezing at −27°C preserved the long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs), both in light and dark muscle, vitamin D, and the low molecular weight metabolites (LMW) (studied by high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, HR NMR). Protein oxidation took place, especially between 1 and 7 months, decreasing water holding capacity and protein extractability. During chilled storage, no lipid or protein oxidation was observed, but lipolysis increased, and several LMW metabolites relevant for sensory and nutritional quality degraded into non-favorable compounds. The content of biogenic amines was high at day 9 (e.g., 18 mg histamine/100 g), jeopardizing safety. Preservation of mackerel fillets by freezing at −27°C is thus a better option compared to prolonged chilled storage at +4°C; the quality was well preserved for 12 months’ frozen storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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29. Inositol phosphates with different numbers of phosphate groups influence iron absorption in humans

Author

Sandberg, Ann-Sofie, Brune, Mats, Carlsson, Nils-Gunnar, Hallberg, Leif, Skoglund, Erika, and Rossander-Hulthen, Lena

Subjects
Inositol phosphates -- Physiological aspects, Iron deficiency anemia -- Prevention, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Abstract

Background: Inositol hexaphosphate ([IP.sub.6]) is a well-known inhibitor of iron absorption, whereas the effects of the less-phosphorylated derivatives of [IP.sub.6] are less known. Objectives: The objective was to investigate the effects of inositol tri-, tetra-, and pentaphosphates ([IP.sub.3], [IP.sub.4], and [IP.sub.5], respectively) on iron absorption in humans. Design: Iron absorption was measured in 5 experiments from single meals by extrinsic labeling with [sup.55]Fe and [sup.59]Fe and determination of whole-body retention and the erythrocyte uptake of isotopes. In experiments 1-3 the meals contained white-wheat rolls to which 10 mg P as [IP.sub.5], [IP.sub.4], or [IP.sub.3], respectively, was added. Inositol 1,2,6-triphosphate [Ins(1,2,6)[P.sub.3]] and a mixture of isomers of [IP.sub.4] and [IP.sub.5] were studied. White-wheat rolls contained 10 mg P as [IP.sub.3] + [IP.sub.4] and 2 mg P as [IP.sub.5] + [IP.sub.6] in experiment 4 and 20 mg P as [IP.sub.3] + [IP.sub.4] and 3 mg P as [IP.sub.5] + [IP.sub.6] in experiment 5; inositol phosphates were obtained via fermentation of sodium phytate. Each experiment had 8-11 subjects. Results: In experiment 1, iron absorption was reduced by 39%, whereas there was no significant effect on iron absorption in experiments 2 and 3. In experiments 4 and 5, iron absorption was reduced by 54% and 64%, respectively, suggesting that [IP.sub.3] and [IP.sub.4] contributed to the inhibitory effect. Conclusions: [IP.sub.5] has an inhibitory effect on iron absorption, whereas [IP.sub.3] and [IP.sub.4] in isolated form have no such effect. [IP.sub.3] and [IP.sub.4] in processed food contribute to the negative effect on iron absorption, presumably by binding iron between different inositol phosphates. To improve iron absorption from cereals and legumes, degradation of inositol phosphates needs to be to less-phosphorylated inositol phosphates than [IP.sub.3]. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:240-6.

Published
1999

30. Comparative survival and growth performance of European lobster larvae, Homarus gammarus, reared on dry feed and conspecifics.

Author

Powell, Adam, Hinchcliffe, James, Sundell, Kristina, Carlsson, Nils‐Gunnar, and Eriksson, Susanne P.

Subjects
HOMARUS gammarus, LOBSTER culture, ANIMAL nutrition, CANNIBALISM in animals, CARBOHYDRATES
Abstract

A bottleneck of crustacean larval culture concerns nutrition and associated cannibalism in communal rearing systems, which impact on larval survival, development and growth. For early-stage European lobster, Homarus gammarus larvae, feeding ecology and body composition are largely unknown. We initiated four progressive feeding experiments (novel feed types, feeding regime and feed size and cannibalism effects) on growth and survival, to inform and update husbandry protocols. Performance of larvae offered a dry commercial feed was not significantly different compared with a conventional wet plankton feed of the same ration and size grade (both within 600-1,000 μm). Further experiments found that the same ration of dry feed offered six times daily improved development and growth, over the conventional regime of three times daily. Small-grade dry feed (particles: 250-360 μm) improved larval performance compared with a larger feed (360-650 μm). Larvae were also fed different proportions of dry feed and/or conspecifics in both communal and individual rearing systems (the latter preventing cannibalism via segregation). Individually reared larvae, fed only dead conspecifics, displayed the greatest survival (80%) to postlarvae. This underlines the impact of cannibalism on survival and nutrition in H. gammarus larviculture. A final experiment analysed H. gammarus zoea 1 composition, identifying deficiencies in ash and carbohydrate in lobster feeds. This suggests a need for a species-specific, formulated dry feed for H. gammarus larviculture. Our research represents the first investigation of H. gammarus larval composition and dietary requirements and highlights decreased growth potential associated with providing nutrition solely from generic commercial feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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50. Small bowel absorption of magnesium and calcium sulphate from a natural mineral water in subjects with ileostomy.

Author

Normén, Lena, Arnaud, Maurice J., Carlsson, Nils-Gunnar, and Andersson, Henrik

Subjects
MINERALS in nutrition, MAGNESIUM, HIGH-calcium diet, MINERAL waters, ILEOSTOMY, DIETARY supplements, CLINICAL trials
Abstract

Background In many developed countries, magnesium and calcium intakes do not reach recommendations for a large part of the population. Mineral water may be a useful alternative source of dietary minerals, especially in groups of people at risk for developing deficiency due to low intakes. Aim To assess if the addition of a natural and mineral-rich water increased small bowel mineral absorption in people with ileostomy. Methods A controlled randomised crossover study with two periods of two days each and a minimum 5 days of washout was performed in six ileostomy subjects. Apparent mineral absorption from 0.5 L of natural mineral water with either a high or a low mineral content consumed in the fasting state was compared. The daily addition of minerals corresponded to 2.3 mmol magnesium, 6.9 mmol calcium and 7.7 mmol sulphate. Ileostomy effluents were sampled and analysed for magnesium, calcium and total sulphate. Results When compared with the control, the median absorbed amount of magnesium increased from 0.8 (0–1.34) mmol/d to 1.2 (0.8–1.9) mmol/d, which corresponded to a 30 % increase (P=0.028). Median amount of calcium absorbed increased from 8.3 (6.7–13.6) mmol/d to 14.8 (8.3–20.4) mmol/d, i. e. a 45% increase (P=0.027). The sulphate absorption increased from 1.9 (1.3–2.2) mmol/d to 5.1 (4.2–6.8) mmol/d, which corresponded to 197% increase (P=0.028). Conclusions The mineral-rich water increased absorption of both magnesium and calcium and can therefore be used as an additional source of minerals. However, consumption with meals may be preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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