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La enfermedad de Kimura se debe sospechar ante masas o nódulos linfoides en cabeza y cuello, con afectación del tejido celular subcutáneo y linfadenopatías regionales, con poca inflamación y pocos síntomas sistémicos, habitualmente acompañadas de eosinofilia periférica y elevación de IgE sérica. Presenta buen pronóstico incluso sin tratamiento, aunque con tendencia a la recidiva. Se presenta el caso de un varón caucásico de 66 años con una masa laterocervical de rápida aparición cuyo diagnóstico final se realizó con la biopsia, en la que se encontraron hallazgos mixtos con hiperplasia angiolinfoide con eosinofilia (HALE), que antes se pensaba que era la misma entidad.

Sarcoidosis is a multiorgan granulomatous disease with a variable course.The purpose of this study is to identify the patients that are more likely to experience disease progression.A retrospective study in patients ≥18 years. Pulmonary function and radiological stage (Scadding criteria) were assessed at diagnosis, and at 1, 3 and 5 years. Sarcoidosis progression was established based on deterioration of radiological or pulmonary function (decrease ≥10% of FVC and/or ≥15% of diffusing capacity of the lung (DLCO).The sample included 277 caucasian patients [mean age, 50±13.6; 69.7% between 31-60 years; 56.3% men]. In total, 65% had stage II sarcoidosis, whereas only 8.3% had stage III/IV disease. Mean pulmonary function (FVC, FEVAt 3 years, a third of patients experienced sarcoidosis progression. Age was the only factor associated with disease prognosis.

The book ‘100 years Edgar Morin: Planetary Humanist’ [‘100 años Edgar Morin. Humanista Planetario’] was published in the centenary of the author as aknowledgement of his contributions to a planetary thinking. The aim of this review is to comment the relevant aspects of the twenty chapters that it is made of, having all the connection elements among them as a foothold and that bring a common sense to the work. As a result, it was observed that Morin’s planetary perspective and the relevance that he has attributed to the context are the connection elements of the twenty chapters, highlighting that the whole is a textual hologram that gives the reader multiple possibilities of reflections about the current reality and the uncertainties in relation to the future of humanity, bonding the challenges in education to emergent and necessary metamorphoses.

Introduction Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the third cause of death worldwide. While tobacco smoking is a key risk factor, COPD also occurs in never-smokers (NS). However, available evidence on risk factors, clinical characteristics, and natural history of the disease in NS is scarce. Here, we perform a systematic review of the literature to better describe the characteristics of COPD in NS. Methods We searched different databases following the PRISMA guidelines with explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria. A purpose-designed quality scale was applied to the studies included in the analysis. It was not possible to pool the results due to the high heterogeneity of the studies included. Results A total of 17 studies that met the selection criteria were included, albeit only 2 of them studied NS exclusively. The total number of participants in these studies were 57,146 subjects, 25,047 of whom were NS and 2,655 of the latter had NS-COPD. Compared to COPD in smokers, COPD in NS is more frequent in women and older ages, and is associated with a slightly higher prevalence of comorbidities. There are not enough studies to understand if COPD progression and clinical symptoms in NS are different to that of ever-smokers. Conclusions There is a significant knowledge gap on COPD in NS. Given that COPD in NS account for about a third of all COPD patients in the world, particularly in low-middle income countries, and the decrease in tobacco consumption in high income countries, understanding COPD in NS constitutes a public-health priority This work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)/PI20/00476/Cofinanciado Unión Europea (UE-FEDER) and Grupo de referencia competitiva Xunta de Galicia SI

National health systems must ensure compliance with conditions such as equity, efficiency, quality, and transparency. Since it is the right of society to know the health outcomes of its healthcare system, our aim was to develop a proposal for the accreditation of respiratory medicine departments in terms of care, teaching, and research, measuring health outcomes using quality of care indicators. The management tools proposed in this article should be implemented to improve outcomes and help us achieve our objectives. Promoting accreditation can serve as a stimulus to improve clinical management and enable professionals to take on greater leadership roles and take action to improve outcomes in patient care.

National health systems must ensure compliance with conditions such as equity, efficiency, quality, and transparency. Since it is the right of society to know the health outcomes of its healthcare system, our aim was to develop a proposal for the accreditation of respiratory medicine departments in terms of care, teaching, and research, measuring health outcomes using quality of care indicators. The management tools proposed in this article should be implemented to improve outcomes and help us achieve our objectives. Promoting accreditation can serve as a stimulus to improve clinical management and enable professionals to take on greater leadership roles and take action to improve outcomes in patient care.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas y obtener los baremos para población Boyacá Colombia del Cuestionario de Madurez Neuropsicológica Escolar CUMANES. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo cuantitativo de carácter psicométrico, se evaluaron 400 niños escolarizados, con edades entre 7 y 11 años, M = 8,94 y DE = 1,812 años. Para cuantificar la consistencia intema se estimó Alfa de Cronbach y Omega de McDonald obteniendo puntuaciones aceptables. Para identificar la estructura interna de la prueba se implementó Análisis Factorial Exploratorio el cual sugiere una dimensión del constructo y Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio permitió evidenciar buen ajuste del factor encontrado. No se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas mediante la variable sexo pero si por edad. Se requieren más investigaciones en población latinoamericana que corroboren posibles diferencias culturales en la ejecución de las subpruebas del CUMANES. Finalmente, se presentan baremos para estudiantes colombianos según edad. Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties and obtain the scales for the Boyacá Colombia population of the School Neuropsychological Maturity Questionnaire CUMANES. A descriptive quantitative study of psychometric character was carried out, 400 school children were evaluated, with ages between 7 and 11 years, M = 8,94 and SD = 1,812 years. To quantify the internal consistency, Cronbach's Alpha and McDonald's Omega were estimated obtaining acceptable scores. To identify the internal structure of the test, Exploratory Factor Analysis was implemented, which suggests a dimension of the construct and confirmatory factor analysis allowed to show good adjustment of the found factor. No statistically significant differences were found by the sex variable but by age. More research is needed in the Latin American population to corroborate possible cultural differences in the execution of the subtests of CUMANES. Finally, scales are presented for Colombian students according to age.

Relatively little is known about the risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in never-smokers, and these factors have not yet been fully characterised. This study therefore sought to analyse COPD risk factors in never-smokers by conducting a systematic review of the literature on the topic.We performed a search in PubMed (Medline) and Embase from 2000 onwards, to locate studies on COPD in never-smokers. For literature search and evidence synthesis purposes, we used the PRISMA guidelines and drew up a specific quality scale to quantify the evidence of each study included.The bibliographic search retrieved a total of 557 papers, 20 of which fulfilled the designated inclusion criteria (two case-control studies, four cohort studies and 14 cross-sectional studies). These studies were undertaken in Europe, the United States, Latin America, Asia and Africa. The risk factors for never-smokers were varied and ranged from exposure to biomass, occupational exposure and passive smoking to having a history of asthma, tuberculosis or respiratory infections during childhood. The effect of residential radon was unclear. The highest risk was obtained for previous respiratory diseases of any type, with a magnitude much higher than that observed for other risk factors.There are few studies on COPD risk factors in never-smokers. More purpose-designed studies in this subpopulation are thus called for, including well-designed studies to specifically assess if indoor radon has any role on COPD onset.

Se hizo una valoración neuropsicológica con los cuestionarios CUMANIN y CUMANES usando los baremos colombianos, haciendo una comparación con los baremos originales. El estudio es descriptivo-no experimental, en total, participaron 400 niños de colegios públicos y privados de 6 municipios del departamento de Boyacá-Colombia, Los participantes tenían edades entre los 3 y 11 años (M=6,69; DE=2,32 años). Se realizó un análisis de desempeño a partir de frecuencias en cada una de las subescalas que contaban con baremo, se hizo un análisis comparativo con la prueba t-student. Se identificaron diferencias estadísticas en el uso de los baremos en el CUMANIN y CUMANES. Se encontraron diferencias en lenguaje articulatorio en el CUMANIN en las variables sexo y tipo de institución. En el CUMANES se encontraron diferencias en el tipo de institución. Se sugiere hacer uso de los baremos de acuerdo a lo sugerido por la APA, se recomienda tener precauciones en el uso de pruebas no baremadas. El uso de los baremos permitiría la elaboración de algunas políticas públicas en la infancia a partir de una aproximación diagnóstica válida.

International audience; The conformational landscape of α-aminoglycine has been studied. A conformational search has been first done using a set of different low-cost computational methods. The conformers obtained have been finally optimized at MP2 and B3LYP-D3/6-311++G(2d,p) levels of theory. A conformational landscape of 15 conformers with relative energies lower than 2000 cm − 1 has been obtained. For the global minimum (IIa) a cooperative network formed by an O-H⋅⋅⋅N-H, NH⋅⋅⋅N and N-H⋅⋅⋅O-C hydrogen bonds, closing a sequential cycle stabilizes the structure. The next conformer in energy (Ia) also has two N-H⋅⋅⋅O-C, and N-H⋅⋅N and N-H⋅⋅⋅O-H hydrogen bonds. The potential energy surfaces associated with different torsions have been investigated, to rationalize the stability of some conformers. The relative population ratio in a supersonic jet has been estimated to calculate the relative intensity of the rotational spectra of the predicted conformers.

In the following paper, we present a pilot study based on an online co-creation experience with older adults which aims to study the technological acceptance in this population. Our goals were to assess older adults' technological acceptance of voice assistants and to explore the possibilities of using voice assistants in the daily lives of older adults. To do so, we performed an exploratory, mixed-method, multi-method study following co-creation sessions. Our results inform that some participants already have previous experiences with voice assistants but not for gaming, and our co-creation session contributed to the increased technological acceptance of voice assistants in older adults and see other possibilities in their uses.

Objetivo. Se evaluo el impacto a largo plazo del Programa de Correccion Neuropsicologica Infantil, PROCONI, luego de 3 anos de haber sido implementado. Metodo . Se realizo una investigacion prospectiva experimental en una cohorte de 38 ninos y ninas de los cuales, el 52.4% (22) eran de genero masculino y 47.6% (20) femenino. Los participantes tenian edades comprendidas entre 5 y 7 anos (M= 7.12; DE=.96), pertenecientes a colegios del area urbana y rural de la ciudad de Tunja. Resultados . En los participantes de la zona urbana y rural se encontraron puntuaciones de neurodesarrollo de acuerdo a la edad y escolaridad, evaluados con el CUMANIN o CUMANES respectivamente y se encontraron correlaciones estadisticamente significativas que oscilaron entre moderadas y fuertes en el desempeno de las evaluaciones de seguimiento en la mayoria de las areas e sti muladas. Discusion . La implementacion del programa PROCONI de estimulacion neuropsicologica puede tener efectos significativos a largo plazo con el fin de prevenir dificultades de aprendizaje, el fracaso escolar y el ajuste social en las areas de madurez neuropsicologica.

Severe eosinophilic asthma is a high-burden disease. Mepolizumab has been effective in several randomized clinical trials. However, such success might not be applicable to patients treated in usual clinical practice. The objectives of this article are to evaluate the efficacy of mepolizumab in severe uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma under usual clinical practice, and to determine characteristics associated with the response to this treatment.We have conducted a retrospective, multicentre study, including all adult patients with severe uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma in Galicia, Spain, on whom mepolizumab treatment was started before June 2020, at least 6 months before the time of inclusion, and had received at least one dose of the drug. Patient characteristics, clinical data, respiratory function and comorbidities were collected at baseline and at the 6-month-follow-up. Responders and super-responders were defined according to clinical response and requirement of systemic corticosteroids.122 patients (mean age 58 years old) were included. In the follow-up treatment 6 months later, 75.4% of the patients were well-controlled, displaying a significant reduction in blood eosinophil counts (p 0.001), hospital admissions and disease exacerbations (p 0.001), and had their systemic glucocorticosteroid dose significantly reduced (p 0.001). The inhaled corticosteroid dose was also lowered (p 0.01) after 6 months of treatment. Around two-thirds had a clinically significant increase in FEV1, 95% of the patients were considered responders and 43% super-responders.In routine clinical practice, mepolizumab is effective in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma and it has a good safety profile.

Special issue Novel Technologies and Solutions for Coastal Evolution and Management.-- 16 pages, 7 figures, 6 tables.-- Data Availability Statement: The results obtained in this study are available on request from the corresponding author, The evaluation of coastal damage caused by storms is not straightforward and different approaches can be applied. In this study, damage caused by extreme storms is evaluated at a regional scale based on news information published in regional newspapers. The data derived from the news are compared with hydrodynamic parameters to check the reliability of this methodology as a preliminary” fast approach” to evaluate storm damage and to identify hotspots along the coast. This methodology was applied to the two most extreme storms ever recorded along the Spanish Mediterranean coast, which occurred in January 2017 and January 2020, severely impacting the coast and causing significant community concerns. The news information from different media sources was processed and weighted to describe the resulting erosion, inundation, sand accumulation, and destruction of infrastructures. Moreover, an accuracy index for scoring the quality of the information was proposed. In spite of some limitations of the method, the resulting regional coastal hazard landscape of damage provides a rapid overview of the intensity and distribution of the damage and enables one to identify the location of potential hotspots for the analyzed extreme storm events. The results show that estimated damage intensity is better related to maximum wave energy than cumulative wave energy during a storm, and that beach characteristics should also be included for understanding the distribution of coastal damage, This work has been done in the framework of the MOCCA research project (RTI2018-093941-B-C32) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, National Agency of Research. This work acknowledges the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) to ICM-CSIC

Background Healthy habits are essential for preschoolers to have a healthy lifestyle. The promotion of these healthy habits from a holistic approach by preschool teachers guarantees a better quality of life and a healthier society. Using cocreation, we designed training for healthy habit promotion for preschool teachers (all@once). Then, we implemented the training and evaluated its impact on classroom teaching strategies. Methods This study presents the all@once training design and its implementation and evaluation during 2019. The cocreation process involved 8 parents, 9 preschool teachers and 9 health professionals (selected by a nonprobabilistic sampling system according to quotas) to design training from a holistic perspective. To evaluate the all@once impact in classroom practice, a pilot study was undertaken in four public schools in Barcelona (Spain). All@once was implemented with 16 volunteer teachers selected by convenience sampling and 328 children. A mixed methods approach was chosen to collect data based on direct nonparticipating naturalist systematic observations in June and October 2019. After qualitative data categorization, changes in health routines and actions at school were assessed by either contingency table analysis of frequency distributions or nonparametric comparisons of two related samples. Results The cocreation process provided training organized into online capsules with a holistic view of health in four main dimensions (nutrition, hygiene, physical activity and emotional health). Of these dimensions, the emotional health dimension comprised half of the training content. Pilot testing of the impact of all@once on classroom health-related activities evidenced an increase in the likelihood of observing fruit consumption by children, healthy habit promotion and hand washing. The most significant all@once-induced changes that we observed were related to teaching strategies concerning the emotional health dimension of the training. Conclusions This pilot study provides evidence of cocreation being a productive way to design training for preschool teachers regarding inclusive education in integral health. This approach collects the needs of the school community, provides training with a holistic concept of health and effectively impacts classroom routines and family health habits in the short term.

Objective Inhalation therapy is one of the key pillars in the treatment of chronic obstructive diseases, such as asthma and COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); however, wide number of errors occur with high frequency in the inhalation manoeuvres among these patient. This review discuss the main errors made with inhalation devices, factors associated with poor IT (inhalation technique), their consequences and possible solutions. Data sources To do this, we performed a search of any publications available in PubMed between the years 2000 and 2019, using the key words: asthma, COPD, obstructive lung disease, inhalers, misuse and errors. Study selections After a review of the titles and abstracts by the working group, the articles chosen were considered the most relevant in providing evidence of the problems and establishing solutions in the inhalation treatment of asthma and COPD. Results There are several publications that associated the errors in the inhalation technique with a poor prognosis both of asthma and COPD. Most authors generally agree in that a poor IT is associated with poor control of the symptoms. Conclusions It is essential to review the IT in all our patients with asthma and COPD due to the high socio-economic impact that it involves; an effort must be made to homogenise the evaluation of IT, so that it helps to transmit a clear message to the patients, as well as to the health professionals on what is and what is not a correct manoeuvre.

espanolSiguiendo otras obras con lineas tematicas similares¹ y publicaciones anteriores en la Revista Creatividad y Sociedad², el texto presenta una experiencia vivida en un aula de clases extraescolares de Arts&Crafts, a traves de un relato, el cual vertebra el sentido de este producto. Asi, en el cuerpo del texto se presentan una serie de reflexiones pedagogicas a raiz de lo que se genera en esta experiencia (el tiempo, el espacio, los materiales), articulandolas desde la triada creatividad-educacion-salud como tierra fertil para co-construir un aula inclusiva y para enriquecer tanto la experiencia educativa como el oficio docente. EnglishFollowing some other works in similar topics and some previous publications in this Creativity and Society Journal, the text introduces an experience lived in a classroom of Arts&Crafts’ after-school activities, through a narration which articulates the meaning of this product. So, in the body of the text there are presented some pedagogical considerations in the wake of what has been generated in this experience (the time, the space, the materials), articulating them from the triad creativity-education-health as fertile land to co-create an inclusive classroom and enrich the educational as much as teaching craft.

The relationship between obesity and asthma exacerbations is still under debate. The aim of our work is to analyse the relationship between obesity and hospital re-admissions in asthmatics. A review was retrospectively performed on all hospital admissions of adult patients due to asthma exacerbation occurring in our hospital for 11 years. All those cases with asthma as the first diagnosis in the discharge report were included, or those with asthma as the second diagnosis provided when the first diagnosis was respiratory infection or respiratory failure. Only the first hospital admission of each patient was included in this study. The Odds Ratios of a higher incidence of early/late readmissions due to asthma exacerbation were calculated using a binary logistic regression, using the body mass index (BMI) as independent variable, adjusted for all the variables included in the study. The study included 809 patients with a mean age of 55.6 years, and 65.2% were female. The majority (71.4%) were obese or overweight. No significant relationship was observed in the univariate or multivariate analyses between overweight or obesity and the early or late hospital readmissions due to asthma. Therefore, obesity does not seem to be a determining factor in the risk of asthma exacerbations.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de un programa de estimulación temprana en 38 preescolares rurales de 36 a 78 meses; se realizó un estudio cuasiexperi-mental con grupo control, con medidas pre-postratamiento; la valoración se desarrolló con el cuestionario de madurez neuropsicológica infantil (CUMANIN). Los grupos control y experimental fueron asignados mediante un muestreo aleatorio. A nivel pre tratamiento se encontró que el 53 % presentó grados de inmadurez neuropsicológica; no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. La valoración post tratamiento evidenció diferencias significativas que señalan que el grupo experimental tuvo un mejor desempeño que el grupo control. En el análisis intragrupal, el grupo experimental tuvo mejoras a nivel pre- y postratamiento asociado a la implementación del programa; también se hallaron diferencias significativas a nivel intragrupal en el grupo control, posiblemente asociado a un efecto reactivo del test. La evaluación del programa en este estudio mostró resultados favorables en su implementación. Las experiencias en estimulación temprana pueden influir en el desarrollo madurativo de los niños; se sugiere implementar programas de estimulación temprana en niños en situación de desventaja. Abstract The aim of the present investigation was to determine the effect of an early stimulation program to implement and evaluate an early stimulation program in38 rural preschoolers with 36 to 78 months, a quasi-experimental study with control group, with pre-post treatment measures, the evaluation was developed with the Questionnaire for children's neuropsychological maturity (CUMANIN). Control and experimental groups were randomly assigned. At the pre-treatment level, it was found that 53% presented degrees of neuropsychological immaturity, no significant differences were found between the groups. The post treatment evaluation showed significant differences that indicate that the experimental group had a better performance than the control group. In the intragroup analysis, the experimental group had improvements at the pre-and post-treatment level associated to the implementation of the program, also significant differences were found at intragroup level in the control group, possibly associated to a reactive effect of the test. The evaluation of the program in the present study showed favorable results in its implementation. Early stimulation experiences may influence the maturational development of children; it is suggested to implement early stimulation programs in disadvantaged children.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de un programa de estimulación temprana en 38 preescolares rurales de 36 a 78 meses; se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental con grupo control, con medidas pre-postratamiento; la valoración se desarrolló con el cuestionario de madurez neuropsicológica infantil (CUMANIN). Los grupos control y experimental fueron asignados mediante un muestreo aleatorio. A nivel pre tratamiento se encontró que el 53 % presentó grados de inmadurez neuropsicológica; no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. La valoración post tratamiento evidenció diferencias significativas que señalan que el grupo experimental tuvo un mejor desempeño que el grupo control. En el análisis intragrupal, el grupo experimental tuvo mejoras a nivel pre- y postratamiento asociado a la implementación del programa; también se hallaron diferencias significativas a nivel intragrupal en el grupo control, posiblemente asociado a un efecto reactivo del test. La evaluación del programa en este estudio mostró resultados favorables en su implementación. Las experiencias en estimulación temprana pueden influir en el desarrollo madurativo de los niños; se sugiere implementar programas de estimulación temprana en niños en situación de desventaja

Serum samples are easily obtained and contain proteins released by cells in steady-state or pathological conditions. Therefore, they are ideal for differential proteomics analyses, which can be applied to heterogeneous disorders like asthma to identify biomarkers associated with patient subgroups. In the present study, sera from healthy controls (HC) or patients with rhinitis (R) or different asthma phenotypes (allergic/AA vs. non-allergic/NAA)/severities (intermittent mild/IM vs. moderate-severe/MS) were collected. The resulting groups of sera (MSAA, IMAA, R, MSNAA, IMNAA, HC) were randomly subdivided into 2 sample pools and analysed in triplicate together with an internal reference sample by means of CPLLs and 8 plex-iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS. This method identified 26 potential biomarkers involved in key processes for asthma pathogenesis, such as immune responses. PANTHER overrepresentation test against human plasma proteome also showed a role of pathways related to the Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) in AA and complement factors in NAA. Indeed, our results suggest a set of serum biomarkers to differentiate AA from NAA patients: insulin-like growth factor acid-labile subunit (IGF-ALS) (already validated by ELISA), protein AMBP, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2) for MSAA and complement factor I (CFI) and MASP1 for NAA.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas y la baremación de la prueba Evaluación Neuropsicológica de las Funciones Ejecutivas (ENFEN). Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo descriptivo de tipo psicométrico. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 367 participantes (171 niños 46,6 %; 196 niñas 53,4 %) del área rural y urbana, con edades comprendidas entre los 6 y los 12 años (M = 8,99 años; DE = 1,88). Para los resultados se utilizó el método de análisis factorial exploratorio por componentes principales para la validez de constructo y la validez de criterio con la escala de funciones ejecutivas de la prueba ENI. El análisis factorial exploratorio arrojó un solo factor en la prueba que explicó el 58,86 % de la varianza. Se presentan correlaciones entre las pruebas ENI y ENFEN, entre todas las variables. La prueba ENFEN es una prueba válida para evaluar las funciones ejecutivas en niños del área urbana y rural la cual puede ser utilizada en el ámbito clínico e investigativo. Abstract This research aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties and standardization of the Neuropsychological Assessment of Executive Functions in Children Test (ENFEN in Spanish). This was a non-experimental quantitative and psychometric study with a convenience sample of 367 participants (171 children and 196 girls, 46,6 % and 53,4 %) of both rural and urban areas, aged 6 to 12 years (M = 8,99, SD = 1,88). The method of exploratory factor analysis by principal components was used to establish criterion and content validity against the executive function subscale of the ENI. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a single factor explaining 58,86 % of the total variance, like the original test results. Statistically significant correlations between all subscales and the ENI was found (p

La agricultura es el sector que mayor demanda del agua supone a nivel mundial. En los países en vías de desarrollo, el agua utilizada para regadío representa más del 95% del total de usos del agua, y juega un papel esencial en la producción y seguridad de los alimentos. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la correlación entre cationes y aniones presentes en las aguas de perforación del Dpto. de Saladas (Corrientes) y determinar la calidad de las muestras de agua. La correlación entre cationes y aniones presentes en las aguas demostró dos grupos de variables. Primer grupo formado por los cationes que definen la salinidad y dureza del agua, como sulfatos, cloruros, calcio, potasio, magnesio. El segundo grupo formado por alcalinidad y pH. Los riesgos más comunes, según los cuales se evalúan los efectos de la calidad del agua, son los relacionados con la salinidad y la toxicidad. Los resultados relacionados a la sodicidad y salinidad indican que la calidad del agua utilizada es buena y puede ser utilizada con fines agrícolas, excepto 5 de 20 muestras que presentaron salinidad alta, lo que las hace aptas para riego en suelos con muy buena permeabilidad y al tener bajo contenido en sodio, podría usarse para riego usando cultivos tolerantes a la salinidad. No se encontraron niveles tóxicos limitantes para la producción, pero si niveles superiores a los establecidos por el CAA del ion nitrato, en siete muestras haciéndolas no aptas para consumo humano.

Background: Pseudochylothorax (PCT) (cholesterol pleurisy or chyliform effusion) is a cholesterol-rich pleural effusion (PE) that is commonly associated with chronic inflammatory disorders. Nevertheless, the characteristics of patients with PCT are poorly defined. Methods: A systematic review was performed across two electronic databases searching for studies reporting clinical findings, PE characteristics, and the most effective treatment of PCT. Case descriptions and retrospective studies were included. Results: The review consisted of 62 studies with a total of 104 patients. Median age was 58 years, the male/female ratio was 2.6/1, and in the 88.5% of cases the etiology was tuberculosis (TB) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). PE was usually unilateral (88%) and occupied greater than one-third of the hemithorax (96.3%). There was no evidence of pleural thickening in 20.6% of patients, and 14 patients had a previous PE. The pleural fluid (PF) was an exudate, usually milky (94%) and with a predominance of lymphocytes (61.1%). The most sensitive tests to establish the diagnosis were the cholesterol/triglycerides ratio (CHOL/TG ratio) >1, and the presence of cholesterol crystals (97.4% and 89.7%, respectively). PF culture for TB was positive in the 34.1% of patients. Favorable outcomes with medical treatment, therapeutic thoracentesis, decortication/pleurectomy, pleurodesis, thoracic drainage and thoracoscopic drainage were achieved in 78.9%, 47.8%, 86.7%, 66.6%, 37.5% and 42.9%, respectively. Conclusions: PCT is usually tuberculous or rheumatoid, unilateral and the PF is a milky exudate. The presence of cholesterol crystals and a CHOL/TG ratio >1 are the most sensitive test for the diagnosis. The lack of pleural thickening does not rule out PCT. Treatment should be sequential, treating the underlying causes, and assessing the need for interventional techniques.

ResumenIntroducción: La carencia de programas de intervención neuropsicológica en población preescolar es una tarea pendiente en Colombia, siendo la etapa de los tres a los seis años, un periodo crítico en el desarrollo y adquisición de habilidades cognitivas y sociales a lo largo del ciclo vital. Objetivo: Se buscó evaluar la madurez neuropsicológica en niños (as) de 3 a 6 años de un colegio privado de la ciudad de Tunja, con el fin de diseñar un programa de corrección neuropsicológica. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional- descriptivo y comparativo en 46 niños (as) con edad promedio de 57 meses, teniendo como base las funciones mentales del neurodesarrollo propuestas por Portellano, Mateos y Martínez y evaluadas con el CUMANIN y una historia clínica. Los datos recibieron un tratamiento estadístico de cálculo de medias y desviaciones a partir del valor promedio de la prueba adaptada al contexto colombiano, un análisis a través del estadístico T de Student con las puntuaciones obtenidas en la aplicación y una comparación entre resultados por grupo de edad. Resultados: Los resultados son inferiores en el grupo de edad de 55- 78 meses respecto al grupo de edad de 36 a 42 meses. No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas por sexo. El 63% de los participantes presentó puntuaciones por debajo de las esperadas en por lo menos dos de las áreas evaluadas. Conclusión: A partir de los datos obtenidos se justifica el diseño de un programa de corrección neuropsicológica. Palabras clave: Neuropsicología; desarrollo de programa; desarrollo infantil. (Fuente: DeCS, Bireme). AbstractIntroduction: The lack of neuropsychological intervention programs in preschool population is a pending task in Colombia, where the stage from 3 to 6 years old is a critical period in the development and acquisition of cognitive and social skills throughout the life cycle. Objective: To evaluate the neuropsychological maturity in children from 3 to 6 years old in a private school in the city of Tunja in order to design a program of neuropsychological correction. Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive and comparative study was conducted in 46 children with an average age of 57 months on the basis of the mental functions of the neurodevelopment proposed by Portellano, Mateos and Martínez and was evaluated using CUMANIN and a medical history. The data received a statistical treatment of calculating the averages and deviations from the average value of the test adapted to the Colombian context, an analysis using the Statistical T of Student with the results obtained in the application and a comparison of results by age group. Results: The results indicate lower scores in the age group of 55-78 months compared to the age group of 36 to 42 months. No significant differences by gender were found. 63% of the participants obtained scores below the expected in at least two of the areas evaluated. Conclusion: The data obtained justify the design of a neuropsychological correction program.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas y la baremación de la prueba Evaluación Neuropsicológica de las Funciones Ejecutivas (ENFEN). Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo descriptivo de tipo psicométrico. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 367 participantes (171 niños 46,6 %; 196 niñas 53,4 %) del área rural y urbana, con edades comprendidas entre los 6 y los 12 años (M = 8,99 años; DE = 1,88). Para los resultados se utilizó el método de análisis factorial exploratorio por componentes principales para la validez de constructo y la validez de criterio con la escala de funciones ejecutivas de la prueba ENI. El análisis factorial exploratorio arrojó un solo factor en la prueba que explicó el 58,86 % de la varianza. Se presentan correlaciones entre las pruebas ENI y ENFEN, entre todas las variables. La prueba ENFEN es una prueba válida para evaluar las funciones ejecutivas en niños del área urbana y rural la cual puede ser utilizada en el ámbito clínico e investigativo. This research aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties and standardization of the Neuropsychological Assessment of Executive Functions in Children Test (ENFEN in Spanish). This was a non-experimental quantitative and psychometric study with a convenience sample of 367 participants (171 children and 196 girls, 46,6 % and 53,4 %) of both rural and urban areas, aged 6 to 12 years (M = 8,99, SD = 1,88). The method of exploratory factor analysis by principal components was used to establish criterion and content validity against the executive function subscale of the ENI. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a single factor explaining 58,86 % of the total variance, like the original test results. Statistically significant correlations between all subscales and the ENI was found (p