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Objectives To determine the effect of therapeutic anticoagulation, with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractionated heparin (UFH, high dose nomogram), compared to standard care in hospitalized patients admitted for COVID-19 with an elevated D-dimer on the composite outcome of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation or death up to 28 days. Trial design Open-label, parallel, 1:1, phase 3, 2-arm randomized controlled trial Participants The study population includes hospitalized adults admitted for COVID-19 prior to the development of critical illness. Excluded individuals are those where the bleeding risk or risk of transfusion would generally be considered unacceptable, those already therapeutically anticoagulated and those who have already have any component of the primary composite outcome. Participants are recruited from hospital sites in Brazil, Canada, Ireland, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and the United States of America. The inclusion criteria are: Laboratory confirmed COVID-19 (diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 via reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction as per the World Health Organization protocol or by nucleic acid based isothermal amplification) prior to hospital admission OR within first 5 days (i.e. 120 hours) after hospital admission; Admitted to hospital for COVID-19; One D-dimer value above the upper limit of normal (ULN) (within 5 days (i.e. 120 hours) of hospital admission) AND EITHER: D-Dimer ≥2 times ULN OR D-Dimer above ULN and Oxygen saturation ≤ 93% on room air; > 18 years of age; Informed consent from the patient (or legally authorized substitute decision maker). The exclusion criteria are: pregnancy; hemoglobin platelet count 9/L in the last 72 hours; known fibrinogen known INR >1.8 (if testing deemed clinically indicated by the treating physician prior to the initiation of anticoagulation); patient already prescribed intermediate dosing of LMWH that cannot be changed (determination of what constitutes an intermediate dose is to be at the discretion of the treating clinician taking the local institutional thromboprophylaxis protocol for high risk patients into consideration); patient already prescribed therapeutic anticoagulation at the time of screening [low or high dose nomogram UFH, LMWH, warfarin, direct oral anticoagulant (any dose of dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban)]; patient prescribed dual antiplatelet therapy, when one of the agents cannot be stopped safely; known bleeding within the last 30 days requiring emergency room presentation or hospitalization; known history of a bleeding disorder of an inherited or active acquired bleeding disorder; known history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; known allergy to UFH or LMWH; admitted to the intensive care unit at the time of screening; treated with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation or invasive mechanical ventilation at the time of screening; Imminent death according to the judgement of the most responsible physician; enrollment in another clinical trial of antithrombotic therapy involving hospitalized patients. Intervention and comparator Intervention: Therapeutic dose of LMWH (dalteparin, enoxaparin, tinzaparin) or high dose nomogram of UFH. The choice of LMWH versus UFH will be at the clinician’s discretion and dependent on local institutional supply. Comparator: Standard care [thromboprophylactic doses of LMWH (dalteparin, enoxaparin, tinzaparin, fondaparinux)] or UFH. Administration of LMWH, UFH or fondaparinux at thromboprophylactic doses for acutely ill hospitalized medical patients, in the absence of contraindication, is generally considered standard care. Main outcomes The primary composite outcome of ICU admission, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation or death at 28 days. Secondary outcomes include (evaluated up to day 28): All-cause death Composite of ICU admission or all-cause death Composite of mechanical ventilation or all-cause death Major bleeding as defined by the ISTH Scientific and Standardization Committee (ISTH-SSC) recommendation; Red blood cell transfusion (>1 unit); Transfusion of platelets, frozen plasma, prothrombin complex concentrate, cryoprecipitate and/or fibrinogen concentrate; Renal replacement therapy; Hospital-free days alive; ICU-free days alive; Ventilator-free days alive; Organ support-free days alive; Venous thromboembolism (defined as symptomatic or incidental, suspected or confirmed via diagnostic imaging and/or electrocardiogram where appropriate); Arterial thromboembolism (defined as suspected or confirmed via diagnostic imaging and/or electrocardiogram where appropriate); Heparin induced thrombocytopenia; Trajectories of COVID-19 disease-related coagulation and inflammatory biomarkers. Randomisation Randomisation will be stratified by site and age (>65 versus ≤65 years) using a 1:1 computer-generated random allocation sequence with variable block sizes. Randomization will occur within the first 5 days (i.e. 120 hours) of participant hospital admission. However, it is recommended that randomization occurs as early as possible after hospital admission. Central randomization using an interactive web response system will ensure allocation concealment. Blinding (masking) No blinding involved. This is an open-label trial. Numbers to be randomised (sample size) 462 patients (231 per group) are needed to detect a 15% risk difference, from 50% in the control group to 35% in the experimental group, with power of 90% at a two-sided alpha of 0.05. Trial Status Protocol Version Number 1.4. Recruitment began on May 11th, 2020. Recruitment is expected to be completed March 2022. Recruitment is ongoing. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04362085 Date of Trial Registration: April 24, 2020 Full protocol The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest of expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.

As práticas esportivas partilham com os estados enfermos uma potência mostrativa capaz de desvelar aspectos de nossas estruturas ontológicas que, no mais das vezes, estão ocultas. Nesse artigo, são avaliadas três modalidades esportivas, a saber, judô, beisebol e futebol, que permitem entender certos aspectos de nossa existência que nos caracterizam. A elaboração de tais aspectos por meio das vivências esportivas possibilita a reconfiguração existencial do indivíduo que passa por situações-limite como doenças e derrotas, entre outras reversões de expectativas. É possível ainda uma abordagem em segunda pessoa da corporeidade, chamada aqui de empática, que abre um campo interpretativo para as práticas esportivas em direção a uma melhor compreensão do que é ser humano.

BackgroundHeparin, in addition to its anticoagulant properties, has anti-inflammatory and potential anti-viral effects, and may improve endothelial function in patients with Covid-19. Early initiation of therapeutic heparin could decrease the thrombo-inflammatory process, and reduce the risk of critical illness or death.MethodsWe randomly assigned moderately ill hospitalized ward patients admitted for Covid-19 with elevated D-dimer level to therapeutic or prophylactic heparin. The primary outcome was a composite of death, invasive mechanical ventilation, non-invasive mechanical ventilation or ICU admission. Safety outcomes included major bleeding. Analysis was by intention-to-treat.ResultsAt 28 days, the primary composite outcome occurred in 37 of 228 patients (16.2%) assigned to therapeutic heparin, and 52 of 237 patients (21.9%) assigned to prophylactic heparin (odds ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43 to 1.10; p=0.12). Four patients (1.8%) assigned to therapeutic heparin died compared with 18 patients (7.6%) assigned to prophylactic heparin (odds ratio, 0.22; 95%-CI, 0.07 to 0.65). The composite of all-cause mortality or any mechanical ventilation occurred in 23 (10.1%) in the therapeutic heparin group and 38 (16.0%) in the prophylactic heparin group (odds ratio, 0.59; 95%-CI, 0.34 to 1.02). Major bleeding occurred in 2 patients (0.9%) with therapeutic heparin and 4 patients (1.7%) with prophylactic heparin (odds ratio, 0.52; 95%-CI, 0.09 to 2.85).ConclusionsIn moderately ill ward patients with Covid-19 and elevated D-dimer level, therapeutic heparin did not significantly reduce the primary outcome but decreased the odds of death at 28 days.Trial registration numbers: NCT04362085; NCT04444700

IMPORTANCE: Early-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) characterized by microalbuminuria is associated with future cardiovascular events, progression toward end-stage renal disease, and early mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To compare the albuminuria-lowering effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery vs best medical treatment in patients with early-stage CKD, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: For this randomized clinical trial, patients with established type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria were recruited from a single center from April 1, 2013, through March 31, 2016, with a 5-year follow-up, including prespecified intermediate analysis at 24-month follow-up. INTERVENTION: A total of 100 patients with type 2 diabetes, obesity (body mass indexes of 30 to 35 [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared]), and stage G1 to G3 and A2 to A3 CKD (urinary albumin-creatinine ratio [uACR] >30 mg/g and estimated glomerular filtration rate >30 mL/min) were randomized 1:1 to receive best medical treatment (n = 49) or RYGB (n = 51). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was remission of albuminuria (uACR

The increasing number of bariatric/metabolic operations as important alternatives for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes brought several concerns about the intensive care of patients undergoing those procedures. Intensive Care Unit admission criteria are needed in order to better allocate resources and avoid unnecessary interventions. Furthermore, well-established protocols, helpful in many clinical situations, are not directly applicable to obese patients. Indeed, difficult airway management, mechanical ventilation, fluid therapy protocols, prophylaxis, and treatment of venous thromboembolic events have unique aspects that should be taken into consideration. Finally, new data related to planning nutrition therapy of the critically obese have been highlighted and deserve consideration. In this review, we provide an outline of recent studies related to those important aspects of the care of the bariatric/metabolic patients in critical conditions.

From the point of view of literary theory and comparative literature, this article aims to analyze how it is configured the narrative of life of a patient of the General and Didactic Clinic of the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, in the context of a consultation with the resident who attends her, and how that narrative is reconfigured by the same resident, both in the conversation with her assistant and at the resumption of the consultation with the patient, in which diagnostic hypotheses, predictions and treatments will be transmitted. The analysis undertaken here is based mainly on the concepts of prefiguration, configuration and refiguration established by Paul Ricoeur in his book Time and Narrative (2010); narrator and narrative point of view, as in Arrigucci Jr. (1998) and Friedman (2002); and the cultural aspects of the comic genre, as in Aristotle (s/d), Darnton (1996), Bakhtin (1999) and Baudelaire (2002). In conclusion, this paper aims to propose some analytical and theoretical grounds for the concept of a “cleaved’ or “impure” narrator in the context of the relations between narrative and medicine. RESUMEN Este artigo busca analisar, do ponto de vista da teoria literaria e da literatura comparada, o modo como e configurada, por ela mesma, a narrativa de vida de uma paciente do Ambulatorio Geral e Didatico do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo num contexto de consulta com a medica residente que a atende, e de que modo essa narrativa e reconfigurada pela mesma residente, tanto na conversa com seu assistente quanto na retomada da consulta com a paciente, na qual hipoteses diagnosticas, prognosticos e tratamento lhe serao transmitidos. A analise empreendida aqui funda-se essencialmente nos conceitos de prefiguracao, configuracao e refiguracao, tal como estabelecidos por Paul Ricoeur em sua obra Tempo e narrativa (2010); narrador e ponto de vista narrativo, tal como em Arrigucci Jr. (1998) e Friedman (2002); e do riso em suas articulacoes culturais, tal como em Aristoteles (s/d), Darnton (1996), Bakhtin (1999) e Baudelaire (2002). Ao final, este trabalho visa a propor bases analiticas e teoricas para a definicao do conceito de narrador “clivado” ou “impuro”, no contexto das relacoes entre narrativa e medicina.

To evaluate the impact of a multifaceted nutritional educational intervention on the quality of nutritional therapy and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients.We conducted a prospective, non-blinded study with a non-contemporaneous control group at a 16-bed intensive care unit (ICU) at the Hospital das Clinicas, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School in Sao Paulo, Brazil. There were three phases. Phase 1: the quality of NT was evaluated in 50 newly admitted intensive care unit patients in a pre-educational program (Pre-EP). Phase 2: nutritional protocols were created and an education program was implemented. Phase 3: another 50 patients were enrolled and observed in a post-educational program (Post-EP) using phase 1 methodology. Nutritional Therapy practice was evaluated through nutritional assessments, adequacy of energy requirements, duration of fasting, and use of early enteral nutrition. Intensive care unit length of stay and hospital length of stay were measured as primary end-points.The pre-educational program and post-educational program groups did not differ in age, APACHE II score, gender, or nutritional assessment. The mean ± SD duration of fasting decreased (Pre-EP 3.8 ± 3.1 days vs. Post-EP: 2.2 ± 2.6 days; p = 0.002), the adequacy of nutritional therapy improved (Pre-EP 74.2% ± 33.3% vs. Post-EP 96.2% ± 23.8%; p0.001), and enteral nutrition was initiated earlier than 48 h more commonly (Pre-EP 24% vs. Post-E 60%; p = 0.001). Median intensive care unit length of stay decreased (Pre-EP: 18.5 days vs. Post-EP: 9.5 days; p0.001) although hospital length of stay did not.Implementing a multifaceted nutritional educational intervention could improve the quality of nutritional therapy and may decrease intensive care unit length of stay in critically ill patients.

Embora absolutamente pertinente, a relação entre texto e medicina ainda é pouco pesquisada no meio acadêmico brasileiro. Não obstante, é fato que toda prática médica é permeada de narrativas, quer sejam as dos pacientes, que contam aos médicos as histórias de suas doenças, quer as dos médicos, que recontam essas histórias de acordo com modelos científicos aprendidos e com sua experiência clínica. Inspirado na Narrative-Based Medicine, campo teórico já consolidado no meio anglófono, e em algumas teorias provenientes dos Estudos Literários e das Ciências Sociais, este artigo busca discutir, introdutoriamente, algumas possibilidades para a consolidação de um estudo interdisciplinar das narrativas relacionadas à área médica no âmbito acadêmico brasileiro. Although absolutely relevant, the research about the relationship between text and medicine is not well fund within the Brazilian academy yet. Nevertheless, the fact is that the medical practice is permeated with narratives, whether those by patients, who tell the doctors the stories of their diseases, whether those by physicians, who recount these stories according to their consolidated scientific models and to their clinic experience. Inspired by the theoretical field called Narrative-Based Medicine, which is already well established within the Anglophone academic environment, and by some theories from the Literary Studies and the Social Sciences, this article aims to introductorily discuss some possibilities for the consolidation of an interdisciplinary study of the medical narratives in Brazil. Aunque absolutamente relevante, la relación entre texto y medicina es todavía objeto de poca investigación en el medio académico brasileño. Sin embargo, es un hecho que toda la práctica médica tiene sus relatos, ya se trate de pacientes que cuentan las historias clínicas de sus enfermedades a los médicos, o de los médicos, que cuentan estas historias de acuerdo a sus modelos científicos aprendidos y de su experiencia clínica. Inspirado por la Narrative-Based Medicine, campo teórico ya establecido en lengua inglesa, y por algunas teorías que vienen de los Estudios Literarios y de las Ciencias Sociales, este artículo pretende discutir, introductoriamente, algunas posibilidades para la consolidación de un estudio interdisciplinario de las narrativas médicas en el ámbito académico brasileño.

BackgroundThe role of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score in predicting complications, such as Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has yet to be evaluated and serum creatinine may be too heavily weighted in the existing MELD formula, since it has many pitfalls in cirrhotic patients.MethodsRetrospective data of the perioperative period from consecutive adult OLTs performed from January to December 2009 were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to analyze the risk factors for AKI and mortality after OLT.ResultsThere were 114 OLTs performed in the study period, 22 (19,2%) were submitted to dialysis prior OLT and were excluded from the analysis for AKI. The median age was 52 years and 66% were male. Median creatinine value was 0.85mg/dL and MELD was 19. Fifty-two of the 92 patients (56,5%) developed AKI in the first 72 hours after OLT. The only independent risk factor for AKI was calculated MELD and when the components of the MELD score were analyzed, INR had a much stronger impact in predicting AKI then serum creatinine. Overall mortality rate was 32,5% and anesthesia duration was the only variable associated with higher mortality rate.ConclusionsAlthough MELD score seems to have a good performance in predicting AKI after OLT, serum creatinine had no impact on its prediction despite its importance on MELD calculation. Modifying the MELD score, which could include novel AKI biomarkers, may improve its prognostic accuracy and provide a better tool for public health planning.

INTRODUÇÃO: As úlceras da mucosa gastroduodenal que aparecem após graves insultos têm sido chamadas de úlceras associadas ao estresse ou, mais genericamente, de "doença mucosa associada ao estresse" (DMAE). São conhecidas desde a Antiguidade e apesar de relacionarem-se com altos índices de morbidade e mortalidade, esquemas de profilaxia no intuito de minimizar seus riscos, só foram introduzidos recentemente. Os inibidores da bomba de prótons têm desempenhado papel importante nesse cenário. MÉTODOS: O presente artigo é uma breve revisão sobre seu uso dentro do contexto clínico da profilaxia do sangramento gastrointestinal relacionado ao estresse. INTRODUCTION: Gastroduodenal mucosal ulcers that appear after severe insults have been called ulcers associated with stress or, more generally, "mucosal disease associated with stress" (DMAE). Are known since antiquity and although linked with high morbidity and mortality, prevention schemes in order to minimize their risk, were introduced only recently. The proton pump inhibitors have played an important role in this scenario. METHODS: This article is a brief review of its use within the clinical context of prophylaxis of gastrointestinal bleeding due to stress.

Initial autopsy rate (period)Subsequent autopsy rate (period) Australia 21.0% (1992-93) 12.0% (2002-2003) Brazil 75.6% (1996-2000) 44.3% (2001-2006)France 15.4% (1988) 3.7% (1997) Hungary 100% (1938-51) 68.9% (1992-2002) Ireland 30.4% (1990) 18.4% (1999) Jamaica 65.3% (1968) 39.3% (1997) Sweden 81.0% (1984) 34.0% (1993) United Kingdom 42.7% (1979) 15.3% (2001) United States 26.7% (1967) 12.4% (1993)

In their excellent review De Vlieger et al. (1) confirmed the steady decrease of nonforensic autopsies, a well-documented phenomenon in Europe, United States(2), and Latin America, including Brazil (figure).However, the causes usually attributed to explain this phenomenon, from my point-of-view, are not causes, but consequences of a change occurring on the concept of disease. The concept of disease should be considered what truly rules the art and science of medicine, giving directions to procedures as well as yielding pathways to research. Hofmann (3) argues that the contemporary concept of disease is technologically constituted. That means, "technology provides the physiological, biochemical, and morphological entities that are applied in defining diseases." I believe the decline of clinical autopsy is the result of a rearrange of conceptual frameworks working on the contemporary medical rationality (4). Trying "to convince" intensive care doctors about the value of autopsies based only on its value per se won't work (5). The autopsies must aggregate value to the procedure itself: new techniques, new insights, as pointed by the authors. In fact, a new status in medical rationality is needed, otherwise the decline will continue.

OBJECTIVES: We designed a cohort study to describe characteristics and outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in the largest public hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil, as Latin America becomes the epicenter of the pandemic. METHODS: This is the protocol for a study being conducted at an academic hospital in Brazil with 300 adult ICU beds dedicated to COVID-19 patients. We will include adult patients admitted to the ICU with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 during the study period. The main outcome is ICU survival at 28 days. Data will be collected prospectively and retrospectively by trained investigators from the hospital’s electronic medical records, using an electronic data capture tool. We will collect data on demographics, comorbidities, severity of disease, and laboratorial test results at admission. Information on the need for advanced life support and ventilator parameters will be collected during ICU stay. Patients will be followed up for 28 days in the ICU and 60 days in the hospital. We will plot Kaplan-Meier curves to estimate ICU and hospital survival and perform survival analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model to identify the main risk factors for mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04378582. RESULTS: We expect to include a large sample of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU and to be able to provide data on admission characteristics, use of advanced life support, ICU survival at 28 days, and hospital survival at 60 days. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide epidemiological data about critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Brazil, which could inform health policy and resource allocation in low- and middle-income countries.

O Juramento de Hipócrates é considerado o marco ético do nascimento da medicina ocidental até os dias atuais. Ao inovar a prática médica na Antiguidade ampliando o ensino da nova ίατρικέ τέκνη para além do clã dos Asclepíades, o médico Hipócrates de Cós inaugura uma nova fase na história da medicina no período clássico. O Juramento estabelece o vínculo necessário entre o mestre e o seu discípulo, garantindo a transmissão dos preceitos éticos fundamentais para a prática da medicina, embasado em conceitos pertencentes ao universo cosmológico e moral grego: a ἀρετή, a αιδὡς e a φιλία. Assim como a Oração Fúnebre de Péricles, o texto do Juramento de Hipócrates é uma forma literária onde se encerra o ήθος a ser propagado para as futuras gerações. O tom fundamental dessas enunciações é o apelo para o não-esquecimento, para o acolhimento das palavras de uma forma duradoura, sem perder seu vigor, sublimando a temporalidade alcançando uma memória imorredoura. O Juramento de Hipócrates focaliza a prática médica dentro de uma \"teleologia do Bem\". O objetivo do médico hipocrático era ajudar ou pelo menos não causar nenhum dano ao seu paciente, pautado nas noções de harmonia, de justa medida e de momento oportuno. A medicina hipocrática não se reduziu a uma nova habilidade técnica simplesmente, mas há de ser considerada uma verdadeira profissão, a partir do momento em que professava publicamente suas intenções de cura e seus limites de atuação, baseados em um \"paradigma de eticidade\": o Juramento de Hipócrates. The Hippocratic Oath is considered to be the ethical framework of Western medicine, from its birth to the present day. By innovating medical practice in the Antiquity by extending the teaching of the new ίατρικέ τέκνη beyond the clan of the Asklepiads, the physician Hippocrates of Kos inaugurates a new phase in the history of medicine in the classical period. The Oath establishes the necessary bond between the master and his disciple, guaranteeing the transmission of the ethical precepts fundamental to the practice of medicine, based on concepts belonging to the Greek cosmological and moral universe: the ἀρετή, αιδὡς and φιλία. Similarly to Pericles´ Funeral Oration, the text of the Hippocratic Oath is a literary form in which an ήθος is to be propagated for future generations. It is contented that the fundamental tone of these enunciations is the call for non-forgetfulness, for the reception of words in a lasting way, without losing its power, sublimating temporality towards immortal memory. Thus, the Hippocratic Oath focuses medical practice within a \"Teleology of Good\". The objective of the Hippocratic physician was to help or at least not cause any harm to his patient, based on the notions of harmony, precise measure and right timing. Hippocratic medicine should not be simply reduced to a new technical skill, rather, it must be considered as the birth of a true profession, from the moment it professes publicly its intentions of healing and its limits of action, based on this new \"ethical paradigm\": the Oath of Hippocrates.

INTRODUÇÃO: Considerando que a dor é multifacetada e levando em conta a importância em realizar uma aproximação às vivências de pessoas acometidas por enfermidades relacionadas à cronicidade deste adoecimento, este trabalho buscou contribuir para o conhecimento a respeito do fenômeno da dor enfatizando o discurso tanto de doentes submetidos à redução aguda da nocicepção por cirurgia, como também de pessoas com neuropatia periférica congênita. MÉTODOS: O acompanhamento dos 15 participantes com dor crônica (pacientes com cordotomia cervical por dor oncológica refratária e rizotomia trigeminal percutânea por neuralgia do trigêmeo) se deu no ambulatório de Neurologia do Hospital das Clínicas ao longo de 12 meses, em três momentos distintos: pré-operatório (V1), pós-operatório imediato (V2) e pós-operatório posterior (V3) (após 4 meses da intervenção). Para a avaliação quantitativa do fenômeno da dor, foram aplicados instrumentos utilizados habitualmente no Departamento: o Questionário Sociodemográfico e o Protocolo de Modulação Condicionada da Dor (MCD) somente no primeiro momento; e o Questionário para Diagnóstico de Dor Neuropática 4 (DN4), o Inventário de Sintomas de Dor Neuropática (NPSI), o Inventário Breve de Dor (BPI), o McGill Breve, a Escala de Catastrofismo Associado à Dor (PCS) e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e de Depressão (HADS). As entrevistas abertas foram realizadas em três momentos, embasando-se no método fenomenológico hermenêutico. Para enriquecer a compreensão de que a nocicepção é um dos fatores, mas não o único que influência a ocorrência do fenômeno da dor e se aproximar do aspecto do sofrimento, também foram entrevistadas duas pessoas acometidas por Neuropatias Hereditárias Sensoriais Autonômicas (HSAN), que não apresentam sensibilidade à dor. Estes participantes foram acompanhados em momento único, no qual, além da realização da entrevista, foram aplicados o Questionário Sociodemográfico e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e de Depressão (HADS). RESULTADOS: Percebeu-se através da análise quantitativa das escalas aplicadas que, no geral, houve uma tendência de diminuição da dor e dos índices de ansiedade após a realização do procedimento cirúrgico. Esta redução se apresentou de maneira mais significativa entre os pacientes com câncer. Os escores do DN4 (6,9±2,3; 2,7±2,2; 5,5±2,5) foram significantes nos diferentes momentos e diminuíram entre as visitas V1 e V2. Para o NPSI os valores foram significantes apenas entre as visitas V1 e V2, apresentando os respectivos valores (65,6±12; 26,4±13,7). O valor da média de interferência do BPI mostrou-se diferente entre os momentos V1 e V2 com valores médios de (60,3±14,1; 15,7±13,3). Os valores do questionário McGill Breve para dor foram (6,1±1,5 e 2,0±1,0) respectivamente para V1 e V2 no componente sensitivo, para o componente afetivo os valores foram (2,8±1,8; 0,3±0,6) respectivamente. Para escala de humor os padrões mantiveram-se semelhantes aos das escalas de dor, houve uma queda dos valores entre a visita 1 e 2 para a escala PCS que se manteve na visita 3. Não houve significância entre os momentos para a escala HADS depressão. Já para a HADS ansiedade houve uma queda nos valores entre V1 e V2, assim como entre as visitas V1 e V3. Ou seja, não houve significância entre V2 e V3. As entrevistas foram analisadas a partir de Unidades de Sentido que emergiram a partir do discurso dos participantes. Para o momento V1, foram consideradas as unidades: Tempo de Procura por um Diagnóstico, Relação com o Cônjuge e Família, Trabalho, Relação com a Morte e Expectativa de Melhora. Nos momentos V2 e V3, as mesmas unidades foram mantidas, com exceção de \"Tempo de Procura por Diagnóstico\". Na análise dos doentes com insensibilidade à dor, foram mantidas as mesmas Unidades de Sentido do outro grupo de participantes, com exceção de \"Relação com a morte\" e \"Expectativas de melhora\". O aspecto da escuta apresentou-se como de extrema importância para a compreensão dos doentes com dor crônica entendendo-os antes da realização de procedimento neurocirúrgico, imediatamente após a neurocirurgia e em momento posterior. Também se tornou possível a escuta do relato das pessoas que, por possuírem uma condição de insensibilidade à dor, apresentam uma experiência diferenciada de sofrimento frente ao aspecto da dor INTRODUCTION: Considering that pain is multifaceted and acknowledging the importance to approach the experiences of people affected by illness related to its chronicity, this work sought to contribute to the knowledge about the phenomenon of pain emphasizing the discourse of both patients submitted to acute reduction of nociception by surgery, and also of people with congenital peripheral neuropathy. METHODS: The follow-up of the 15 participants with chronic pain (patients with cervical cordotomy for refractory oncologic pain and percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia) occurred at the Neurology outpatient clinic of the Hospital das Clínicas during 12 months at three different moments: preoperative (V1), immediate postoperative (V2) and late postoperative (V3) (after 4 months of intervention). For the quantitative evaluation of pain phenomenon, instruments commonly used in the Department were applied: the Sociodemographic Questionnaire and the Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) protocol only at the first moment; and the Questionnaire for Diagnosis of Neuropathic Pain (DN4), the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI), the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), the McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The open interviews were carried out in three moments, based on the hermeneutic phenomenological method. To enrich the understanding that nociception is one of the factors, but not the only one that influences the occurrence of pain phenomenon and to approach the aspect of suffering, two people affected by Autonomic Sensorial Hereditary Neuropathies (HSAN) were also interviewed. These participants were followed in a single moment, in which, in addition to the interview, the Sociodemographic Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were applied. RESULTS: It was noticed through the quantitative analysis of the scales that, in general, there was a tendency to decrease pain and anxiety indexes after performing the surgical procedure. This reduction was more significant among cancer patients. The DN4 scores (6,9±2,3; 2,7±2,2; 5,5±2,5) were significant at different moments and decreased between visits V1 and V2. For NPSI values were significant only between visits V1 and V2, presenting the respective values (65,6±12; 26,4±13,7). The mean value of BPI interference was different between moments V1 and V2 with mean values of (60,3±14,1; 15,7±13,3). The values of McGill questionnaire for pain were (6,1±1,5 e 2,0±1,0) respectively for V1 and V2 in the sensory component, and for the affective component the values were (2,8±1,8; 0,3±0,6) respectively. For mood scales the patterns remained similar to those of the pain scales, there was a decrease in the values between visit 1 and 2 for the scale PCS that remained at visit 3. For HADS Depression scale there was no significance between the different moments. Considering the HADS Anxiety scale there was a decrease in the values between V1 and V2, as well as between visits V1 and V3, but there was no significance between V2 and V3 moments. The interviews were analyzed from Units of Meaning that emerged from the discourse of the participants. For the V1 moment, the following units were considered: Search Time for a Diagnosis, Relationship with Spouse and Family, Work, Relationship with Death and Expectation of Improvement. At moments V2 and V3, the same units were maintained, except for \"Search Time for a Diagnosis\". In the analysis of patients with HSAN condition the same Units of Meaning were kept, except for \"Relationship with Death\" and \"Expectation of Improvement\". The listening aspect was extremely important for the understanding of patients with chronic pain in the three different moments, before performing a neurosurgical procedure, immediately after neurosurgery and at a later time. It also brought the opportunity to listen to the ones with HSAN condition who present a differentiated experience of suffering towards pain

A terapia nutricional mostra-se de grande importância no tratamento do doente crítico, por apresentar impacto favorável em seu desfecho clínico. No entanto, até 70% dos pacientes em unidade de terapia intensiva podem não receber terapia nutricional adequada. Isso ocorre, em parte, pela falta de formação e de conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde sobre princípios de nutrição clínica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto da introdução de um programa de educação médica em terapia nutricional em uma unidade de terapia intensiva sobre a qualidade da terapia nutricional e os resultados clínicos de seus pacientes. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em três fases distintas: 1) Pré-programa educacional (PP): 50 pacientes recém-admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva foram selecionados consecutivamente para avaliação da qualidade da terapia nutricional a eles oferecida e seus desfechos clínicos, através de visitas periódicas. 2) Programa Educacional (PE): foram criados protocolos nutricionais específicos. Um programa de educação em terapia nutricional baseado nesses protocolos (palestras, workshops e discussões à beira leito) foi introduzido nessa unidade de terapia intensiva. 3) Pós-programa educacional (PO): a qualidade da terapia nutricional e os desfechos clínicos de um segundo grupo de 50 pacientes foram avaliados, utilizando-se a mesma metodologia da fase 1 (PP). Os marcadores utilizados para avaliação da qualidade da terapia nutricional foram: avaliação nutricional, adequação da oferta de energia, tempo de jejum e introdução de nutrição enteral precoce. Tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e tempo de internação hospitalar foram registrados e avaliados como desfechos clínicos principais. Os pacientes da fase PP e PO não diferiram em idade, APACHEII, sexo, tipo de diagnóstico na admissão e avaliação nutricional. Observou-se redução no tempo de jejum (PP 3,8 dias ± 3,1 vs PO: 2,2 dias ± 2,6; p = 0,002), melhora na adequação calórica (PP 74,2% ± 33,3 vs PO 96,2 ± 23,8%; p