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Resumen La vacuna oral contra el poliovirus (OPV) ha sido fundamental en controlar la epidemia de poliomielitis, y destaca por su seguridad, eficacia, facilidad de administración oral y bajo costo. Sin embargo, a pesar de estas ventajas, al tratarse de una vacuna con virus vivos atenuados, existe la posibilidad de mutaciones que confieran neurovirulencia. Por ende, es importante la vigilancia de parálisis flácida aguda (PFA), ya sea asociada a las vacunas atenuadas (VAPP) o a los virus derivados de vacunas (VDPV). En esta revisión presentamos datos importantes de Latinoamérica en los últimos años, donde se revisan los datos de VDPV de transmisión comunitaria, de origen ambiguo y asociadas con inmunodeficiencias. Debido a la presencia de VDPV, es importante fortalecer el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica por PFA, con datos muy inferiores a los recomendados en estos últimos años en las Américas. Adicionalmente, es fundamental mejorar las coberturas vacunales para reducir la cantidad de lactantes en riesgo de adquirir poliomielitis. En consecuencia, presentamos las tasas de cobertura vacunal con la vacuna inactivada contra el poliovirus (IPV) en la región y analizamos los programas de vacunación contra la poliomielitis en concordancia con las recomendaciones de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica (SLIPE; mínimo 3 dosis de IPV) y del Grupo de Expertos en Asesoramiento Estratégico (SAGE) sobre Inmunización de la OMS (mínimo 2 dosis de IPV). El estudio concluye con recomendaciones de los autores para el cambio de OPV a uso exclusivo de IPV, para aumentar las coberturas vacunales y para reforzar la vigilancia por PFA en la región.

Objectives To investigate the pattern of multiple human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and associated factors in young women who access the Brazilian public health care system to better understand the characteristics of multiple HPV infections, a critical issue in this era of multivalent vaccines. Methods This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study with sexually active unvaccinated women (16–25 years old) from 119 primary Brazilian healthcare centers between September 2016 and November 2017. Cervical samples were collected by trained health professionals, and HPV detection was performed in a central laboratory by Linear Array. Results Of the 5268 women, 33.00% (95% CI 31.07–34.92) had multiple infections. At least one type of high-risk HPV was present in 85.50% of all multiple infections. All HPV types were detected more frequently in association with other types than alone. Young individuals who were single or in a casual relationship and those who had more than one sexual partner in the past year were more likely to have multiple infections. Conclusions In this work, a high rate of multiple HPV infections among unvaccinated young adults tended to increase due to certain risk factors. Such data can provide insight for decision makers in the development of public policies regarding HPV prevention., Plain Language Summary Understanding the characteristics of multiple infections is critical in the era of HPV multivalent vaccines for the prevention of cervical carcinomas. Therefore, in this cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate the pattern of multiple HPV infections and associated factors in 5,268 sexually active unvaccinated women (16–25 years old) who access the Brazilian public health care system. Cervical samples were collected by trained health professionals, and HPV detection was performed in a central laboratory by Linear Array. A total of 33.00% (95% CI 31.07–34.92) had multiple infections (60.43% of the HPV-positive sample). The number of HPV types in a multiple infection ranged from 2 to 14 different types. The viral types more frequently identified were HPV 16 and 52. All HPV types were detected more frequently in association with other types than alone. The incidence of multiple infections was 1.29 times higher in single than in married or cohabitating participants. Women who had two or more partners in the last year also had higher rates of multiple infections than those who had fewer than two sexual partners. In conclusion, a high prevalence of multiple infections prior to the national HPV immunization program was observed, especially with the increase in less safe behavior factors.

The impact of COVID-19 vaccination in the elderly has received relatively little attention, particularly in a scenario predominated by the gamma variant. The aim of this study was to assess vaccination coverage and its relationship to changes in the pattern of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in the elderly in Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. This was an ecological study with Brazilian Ministry of Health data on hospitalizations and deaths, assessing vaccination coverage based on a two-dose regimen, in addition to two vaccination regimens associated with a significant protective effect, one partial (35 days or more after the first dose of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine) and the other complete (14 days or more after the second dose of the Sinovac-CoronaVac vaccine). Based on the date of initial symptoms, patterns of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths were assessed comparatively in elderly 60-69 years and 70 years or more in two groups of Epidemiological Weeks (EW) in 2020 (unvaccinated) and 2021 (vaccinated). Hospitalization and death rates were estimated with Poisson regression. In the groups 60-69 and 70 years or more, vaccination coverage rates were 41.8% and 54.8%, as well as 53.5% and 90.1%, in the EW groups 18-20/2021 and 21-23/2021, respectively. Both EW groups in 2021 showed a substantial change in the patterns of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths, with an increase in the risk of hospitalization and death in unvaccinated younger individuals and an important reduction in vaccinated elderly, especially those 60-69 years of age, besides overall reductions of 62% (95%CI: 52-69) and 63% (95%CI: 43-75) in hospitalization and death rates, respectively. Our results emphasize the importance of mass vaccination, especially during an epidemic such as in Manaus, marked by high circulation of the gamma variant.A avaliação do impacto da vacinação contra a COVID-19 em idosos é escassa, sobretudo em um cenário com predomínio da variante Gama. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cobertura vacinal e sua relação com mudanças no padrão de internações e óbitos por COVID-19 em idosos de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Este é um estudo ecológico com dados de internações e óbitos do Ministério da Saúde que avaliou a cobertura vacinal, mediante esquema com duas doses, além de dois regimes de vacinação associados a significativo efeito protetor, um parcial (35 ou mais dias após a primeira dose da vacina Oxford/AstraZeneca) e outro completo (14 dias ou mais após a segunda dose da vacina Sinovac-CoronaVac). A partir da data dos primeiros sintomas, padrões de internação e óbito por COVID-19 foram avaliados, comparativamente, em idosos de 60-69 e de 70 anos ou mais, em dois grupos de Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) de 2020 (não vacinados) e 2021 (vacinados). Taxas de internação e óbito foram estimadas pelo modelo Poisson. Entre 60-69 anos e naqueles com 70 anos ou mais, a cobertura por vacina foi 41,8% e 54,8%, bem como 53,5% e 90,1% nos grupos de SE 18-20/2021 e 21-23/2021, respectivamente. Em ambos os grupos de SE de 2021, observou-se substancial mudança nos padrões de internações e óbitos por COVID-19, com aumento no risco de internação e óbito nos mais jovens não vacinados, e importante redução no número de idosos vacinados, sobretudo naqueles com 60-69 anos, além de redução global de 62% (IC95%: 52-69) e 63% (IC95%: 43-75) nas taxas de internação e óbitos, respectivamente. Nossos resultados reforçam a importância da vacinação em massa, especialmente em contexto epidêmico como o de Manaus, marcado por elevada circulação da variante Gama.La evaluación del impacto de la vacunación contra la COVID-19 en ancianos es escasa, sobre todo en un escenario con predominio de la variante Gamma. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la cobertura de vacunación y su relación con cambios en el patrón de internamientos y óbitos por COVID-19 en ancianos de Manaos, Amazonas, Brasil. Este es un estudio ecológico con datos de internamientos y óbitos del Ministerio de Salud, que evaluó la cobertura de vacunación, mediante un esquema con dos dosis, además de dos regímenes de vacunación, asociados a un significativo efecto protector, uno parcial (35 o más días tras la primera dosis de la vacuna Oxford/AstraZeneca) y otro completo (14 días o más tras la segunda dosis de la vacuna Sinovac-CoronaVac). A partir de los datos de los primeros síntomas, se evaluaron patrones de internamiento y óbito por COVID-19, comparativamente, en ancianos de 60-69 y de 70 años o más, en dos grupos de Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) de 2020 (no vacunados) y 2021 (vacunados). Se estimaron tasas de internamiento y óbito mediante el modelo Poisson. Entre 60-69 años y en aquellos con 70 años o más, la cobertura por vacuna fue 41,8% y 54,8%, así como 53,5% y 90,1% en los grupos de SE 18-20/2021 y 21-23/2021, respectivamente. En ambos grupos de SE de 2021, se observó un cambio sustancial en los patrones de internamiento y óbitos por COVID-19, con un aumento en el riesgo de internamiento y óbito en los más jóvenes no vacunados e importante reducción en los ancianos vacunados, sobre todo en aquellos con 60-69 años, además de una reducción global de 62% (IC95%: 52-69) y 63% (IC95%: 43-75) en las tasas de internamiento y óbitos, respectivamente. Nuestros resultados refuerzan la importancia de la vacunación en masa, especialmente en un contexto epidémico como el de Manaos, marcado por una elevada circulación de la variante Gamma.

Background In addition to screening by Pap smears, vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) can dramatically reduce cervical cancers caused by the virus. The acceptance of HPV vaccination is directly related to HPV knowledge. This research aimed to evaluate knowledge about HPV and vaccination among men and women aged 16–25 years who use the public health system in Brazil. Methods This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study of sexually active young adults recruited from 119 primary care units between 2016 and 2017. All participants answered a face-to-face standardized questionnaire. Results Of 8581 participants, the mean percentage of correct answers about HPV and vaccination was 51.79% (95% CI 50.90-52.67), but 75.91% (95% CI 74.13-77.69) had awareness of the HPV vaccination. Women answered a higher proportion of questions correctly than men did (p = 0.0003). Lower education level was the variable that most interfered with knowledge. The best information sources for knowledge were both health professionals and the media (1.33%, 95% CI 1.03-1.70). Conclusions The results emphasize the importance of educational programs about HPV and vaccination among young adults, especially in socially disadvantaged populations. These findings can help to increase the vaccination rate in the country and to stimulate public health policies., Highlights • This is the first nationwide study of young adults who use the public health system. • Lower education level was the variable that most interfered with knowledge. • The best information source was the combination of health professionals and the media. • These results can complement surveillance data on increasing the vaccination rate.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o Sistema de Vigilância em Imunizações considerando-se o módulo Registro do Vacinado, do Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, Brasil, 2017. Métodos Estudo descritivo, utilizando-se do Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems, publicado pelo Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/Atlanta/GA/United States), para avaliar os atributos de simplicidade, flexibilidade, qualidade dos dados, sensibilidade, oportunidade e utilidade do sistema para seis vacinas do calendário de vacinação da criança. Resultados O Sistema de Vigilância em Imunizações foi considerado complexo em sua descrição, flexível às mudanças no calendário vacinal, de baixa qualidade dos dados para as vacinas DTP e rotavírus, de aceitabilidade regular, com alta sensibilidade para a vacina BCG, inoportuno para a vacina contra hepatite B e útil às finalidades do Programa Nacional de Imunizações. Conclusão Qualidade dos dados, aceitabilidade e oportunidade não apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, sendo necessárias ações pelo aprimoramento do sistema de informações. Resumen Objetivo Comparar estructura y proceso de trabajo en atención primaria para implementar la teleconsulta médica en municipios de diferentes regiones y tamaños (mil habitantes: 100). Métodos Estudio transversal, con análisis descriptivo y bivariado, datos de 2017-2018 para evaluar la disponibilidad de computadora con internet, cámara, micrófono, altavoz y proceso de trabajo (uso de Telesalud, centro de regulación central y flujo de comunicación). Resultados Se analizaron 30.346 unidades y 38.865 grupos. La presencia de equipos de teleconsulta osciló entre 1,2% en los grandes municipios del Norte y 26,7% en pequeños municipios del Sur. El proceso de trabajo osciló entre 10,7% en pequeños municipios del Norte y 39,5% en grandes municipios del Sur. En comparación con el Sur, municipios medianos del Norte (OR=0,14 - IC95% 0,11;0,17) y Nordeste (OR=0,21 - IC95% 0,18;0,25) tenían menos probabilidades de contar con los equipos necesarios. Conclusión Existe la necesidad de inversiones en Salud Digital, con desigualdades regionales relevantes. Abstract Objetivo To evaluate the National Immunization Program Immunization Surveillance System, based on its Vaccination Record module, for Brazil in 2017. Methods This was a descriptive study using the Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/Atlanta/GA/United States) to evaluate the attributes of simplicity, flexibility, data quality, sensitivity, timeliness and usefulness of the system for six vaccines on the child immunization schedule. Results The Immunization Surveillance System was considered complex in its description; flexible to changes in the immunization schedule; of poor data quality for the DTP and rotavirus vaccines; regular acceptability; high sensitivity for the BCG vaccine; untimely for the hepatitis B vaccine and useful for the purposes of the National Immunization Program. Conclusion The data quality, acceptability and timeliness results were not satisfactory, so that actions are needed to enhance the information system.

To evaluate the National Immunization Program Immunization Surveillance System, based on its Vaccination Record module, for Brazil in 2017.This was a descriptive study using the Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/Atlanta/GA/United States) to evaluate the attributes of simplicity, flexibility, data quality, sensitivity, timeliness and usefulness of the system for six vaccines on the child immunization schedule.The Immunization Surveillance System was considered complex in its description; flexible to changes in the immunization schedule; of poor data quality for the DTP and rotavirus vaccines; regular acceptability; high sensitivity for the BCG vaccine; untimely for the hepatitis B vaccine and useful for the purposes of the National Immunization Program.The data quality, acceptability and timeliness results were not satisfactory, so that actions are needed to enhance the information system.Avaliar o Sistema de Vigilância em Imunizações considerando-se o módulo Registro do Vacinado, do Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, Brasil, 2017.Estudo descritivo, utilizando-se do Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems, publicado pelo Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/Atlanta/GA/United States), para avaliar os atributos de simplicidade, flexibilidade, qualidade dos dados, sensibilidade, oportunidade e utilidade do sistema para seis vacinas do calendário de vacinação da criança.O Sistema de Vigilância em Imunizações foi considerado complexo em sua descrição, flexível às mudanças no calendário vacinal, de baixa qualidade dos dados para as vacinas DTP e rotavírus, de aceitabilidade regular, com alta sensibilidade para a vacina BCG, inoportuno para a vacina contra hepatite B e útil às finalidades do Programa Nacional de Imunizações.Qualidade dos dados, aceitabilidade e oportunidade não apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, sendo necessárias ações pelo aprimoramento do sistema de informações.Comparar estructura y proceso de trabajo en atención primaria para implementar la teleconsulta médica en municipios de diferentes regiones y tamaños (mil habitantes:25; 25-100;100).Estudio transversal, con análisis descriptivo y bivariado, datos de 2017-2018 para evaluar la disponibilidad de computadora con internet, cámara, micrófono, altavoz y proceso de trabajo (uso de Telesalud, centro de regulación central y flujo de comunicación).Se analizaron 30.346 unidades y 38.865 grupos. La presencia de equipos de teleconsulta osciló entre 1,2% en los grandes municipios del Norte y 26,7% en pequeños municipios del Sur. El proceso de trabajo osciló entre 10,7% en pequeños municipios del Norte y 39,5% en grandes municipios del Sur. En comparación con el Sur, municipios medianos del Norte (OR=0,14 - IC95% 0,11;0,17) y Nordeste (OR=0,21 - IC95% 0,18;0,25) tenían menos probabilidades de contar con los equipos necesarios.Existe la necesidad de inversiones en Salud Digital, con desigualdades regionales relevantes.

The Brazilian National Immunization Program (PNI, in Portuguese) is coordinated by the Ministry of Health in cooperation with state and municipal health departments. Since the program's creation in 1973, it has become one of the country's most relevant public health interventions, having produced important results such as certification of Brazil as free of wild poliovirus circulation, the elimination rubella virus circulation, and an important reduction in cases and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases. Brazil is one of the countries that offers the most vaccines free of cost to the population, with 15 vaccines for children, 9 for adolescents, and 5 for adults and the elderly. The program's expansion and the maintenance of high vaccination coverage rates led to a rapid decrease in vaccine-preventable diseases, completely changing the epidemiological scenario of these diseases in Brazil in the last four decades. The country is currently witnessing an increasing share of the population without adequate vaccination. To the extent that these diseases are no longer circulating, precisely because of the high vaccination coverage rates, especially since the early 2000s, many of them are now unknown to the population. As a result, many people have no notion of the danger these diseases represent. We thus need to understand the multiple factors contributing to this decrease in coverage, which has created the risk of resurgence of serious diseases that had already been controlled or eliminated in Brazil.O Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI), coordenado pelo Ministério da Saúde, de forma compartilhada com as secretarias estaduais e municipais de saúde, vem se consolidando como uma das principais e mais relevantes intervenções em saúde pública, com a conquista de resultados importantes, como a certificação de área livre da circulação do poliovírus selvagem, a eliminação da circulação do vírus da rubéola e pelo importante impacto na redução dos casos e mortes pelas doenças imunopreveníveis, a partir da sua criação em 1973. O Brasil é um dos países que oferece o maior número de vacinas, de forma gratuita, com 15 vacinas para crianças, 9 para os adolescentes, cinco para os adultos e idosos. A partir dessa expansão do programa e da manutenção de elevadas coberturas vacinais, foi possível observar o rápido impacto na diminuição das doenças imunopreveníveis, mudando completamente o cenário epidemiológico dessas doenças no país, ao longo destas últimas quatro décadas. Atualmente, o país vive um contexto em que aumenta a parcela da população sem vacinação adequada. Na medida em que as doenças passam a não circular mais, justamente porque se mantiveram elevadas coberturas vacinais principalmente a partir dos anos 2000, muitas doenças tornaram-se desconhecidas, fazendo com que algumas pessoas não tenham noção do perigo representado por elas. É necessário, portanto, entender os múltiplos fatores que estão contribuindo para essa diminuição, criando, dessa forma, o risco de ressurgimento de doenças graves já controladas ou eliminadas na população.El Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones de Brasil (PNI), coordinado por el Ministerio de la Salud, de forma compartida con Las secretarías estatales y municipales de salud, se ha consolidando como una de las principales y más relevantes intervenciones en salud pública, con la conquista de resultados importantes, como la certificación de área libre de la circulación del poliovirus salvaje, la eliminación de la circulación del virus de la rubeola, además de por el importante impacto en la reducción de los casos y muertes por enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, a partir de su creación en 1973. Brasil es uno de los países que ofrece el mayor número de vacunas, de forma gratuita, con 15 vacunas, 9 para adolescentes, 5 para adultos y ancianos. A partir de esta expansión del programa y del mantenimiento de elevadas coberturas de vacunación fue posible observar el rápido impacto en la disminución de las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, cambiando completamente el escenario epidemiológico de esas enfermedades en el país, a lo largo de estas últimas cuatro décadas. Actualmente, el país vive un contexto en que aumenta la proporción de la población sin vacunación adecuada. A medida que las enfermedades pasan a no circular más, justamente porque se mantuvieron elevadas, principalmente a partir de la década del 2000, muchas enfermedades se convirtieron en desconocidas, provocando que algunas personas no tengan noción del peligro representado por ellas. Es necesario, por tanto, entender los múltiples factores que están contribuyendo a esta disminución, creando, de esta forma, el riesgo de resurgimiento de enfermedades graves ya controladas o eliminadas de la población.

IntroductionHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, and vaginal and anal sex are the most common transmission routes. Sex workers and men who have sex with men (MSM) are more exposed to the virus, and therefore, a higher frequency of this infection would be expected. The prevalence of HPV infection types and the forms and factors of transmission must be investigated to control infection-related outcomes. This protocol study will be the first nationwide study with a uniform methodology to evaluate HPV prevalence of and infection types among sex workers and MSM in Brazil.Methods and analysisThis multicentre cross-sectional study will be conducted with a respondent-driven sampling method to recruit 1174 sex workers and 1198 MSM from all regions of Brazil. The study will consist of preliminary interviews to verify the eligibility criteria and characterise the network size as well as a second questionnaire to obtain sociodemographic, behavioural and sexual information. Specimens from the oral cavity and anal and cervical or penile/scrotal sites will be collected. All HPV samples will be processed in a certified central laboratory. Other sexually transmitted infections will be evaluated by interview and by rapid testing for HIV and syphilis. Strict quality control will be conducted using different procedures, including the training and certification of the health professionals responsible for acquiring data and monitoring visits.Ethics and disseminationThe project was approved by the research ethics committee of the main institution and the corresponding ethics committees of the recruitment sites. Due to the literature gap on the sexual health of sex workers and MSM and the intense stigma surrounding these populations, a critical analysis of the study results will contribute to epidemiological knowledge and will be useful for the development of strategies against virus morbidities.

The present study aims to determine whether 17DD-YF-specific humoral and cellular immunological memory is maintained 8-years after primary vaccination with subdoses (10,447IU;3,013IU;587IU;158IU;31IU). For this purpose, this follow-up study was carried out in a subset of volunteers (n = 98) originally enrolled in the dose-response study in 2009 and 46 non-vaccinated controls. Our results demonstrated that vaccinees, who had seroconverted following primary vaccination and had not been revaccinated, present similar neutralizing antibodies levels and YF-specific cellular memory, particularly CMCD4 and EMCD8 as compared to the reference full dose (27,476IU). Although, PRNT seropositivity rates were similar across subgroups (94, 82, 83, 94, 80, and 91%, correspondingly), only doses above 587IU elicited similar iterative proportion of seropositivity rates, calculated as a progressive decrease on seropositivity rates along time (89, 80, 80, and 91%, respectively) as compared to 158IU and 31IU (68 and 46%, respectively). Noteworthy were the strong positive correlations ("EMCD4,EMCD8" and "TNFCD8,IFNCD8") observed in most subdoses, except for 31IU. Major similarities underscored the preserved antibody titers and the outstanding levels of EMCD8, relevant correlates of protection for YF-specific immunity. These findings provide evidences to support the regular use of dose sparing strategy for YF vaccine in adults.

Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, PROEP/ CPqRR/FIOCRUZ, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico?CNPq (grant nos. 444417/2014-1 and 458134/2014-7), and Programa Nacional de Imuniza??es, Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de?Minist?rio da Sa?de, Brazil (grant no. TC 277/2013). O.A.M.-F., A.T.-C., and L.R.A. received research fellowships from CNPq. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Secretaria Municipal de Sa?de. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Secretaria do Estado de Sa?de de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Sa?de P?blica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiol?gicos Bio-Manguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiol?gicos Bio-Manguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiol?gicos Bio-Manguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiol?gicos Bio-Manguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiol?gicos Bio-Manguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Universidade Federal de Alfenas. Alfenas, MG, Brazil. Universidade de Bras?lia. Bras?lia, DF, Brazil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Bras?lia, DF, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Bras?lia, DF, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. We evaluated the duration of neutralizing antibodies and the status of 17DD vaccine?specific T- and B-cell memory following primary and revaccination regimens for yellow fever (YF) in Brazil. We observed progressive decline of plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT) seropositivity and of the levels of effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as interferon-?+CD8+ T cells, 10 years after primary vaccination. Revaccination restored PRNT seropositivity as well as the levels of effector memory CD4+, CD8+, and interferon-?+CD8+ T cells. Moreover, secondary or multiple vaccinations guarantee long-term persistence of PRNT positivity and cell-mediated memory 10 years after booster vaccination. These findings support the relevance of booster doses to heighten the 17DD-YF?specific immune response to guarantee the long-term persistence of memory components. Secondary or multiple vaccinations improved the correlates of protection triggered by 17DD-YF primary vaccination, indicating that booster regimens are needed to achieve efficient immunity in areas with high risk for virus transmission.

Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), BioManguinhos/FIOCRUZ, PROEP/IRR/FIOCRUZ, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico-CNPq Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Departamento de Fisiologia e Biof?sica. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil Secretaria Municipal de Sa?de de Belo Horizonte. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Secretaria do Estado de Sa?de de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Sa?de P?blica Sergio Arouca. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiol?gicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiol?gicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiol?gicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiol?gicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiol?gicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiol?gicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiol?gicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiol?gicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Universidade de Bras?lia. Faculdade de Medicina. Bras?lia, DF, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Departamento de Imuniza??o e Doen?as Transmiss?veis. Bras?lia, DF, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Programa Nacional de Imuniza??es. Bras?lia, DF, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Ren? Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. The Yellow Fever (YF) vaccination is recommended for people living in endemic areas and represents the most effective strategy to reduce the risk of infection. Previous studies have warned that booster regimens should be considered to guarantee the long-term persistence of 17DD-YF-specific memory components in adults living in areas with YF-virus circulation. Considering the lower seroconversion rates observed in children (9-12 months of age) as compared to adults, this study was designed in order to access the duration of immunity in single-dose vaccinated children in a 10-years cross-sectional time-span. The levels of neutralizing antibodies (PRNT) and the phenotypic/functional memory status of T and B-cells were measured at a baseline, 30-45 days, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 10 years following primary vaccination. The results revealed that a single dose induced 85% of seropositivity at 30-45 days and a progressive time-dependent decrease was observed as early as 2 years and declines toward critical values (below 60%) at time-spans of ?4-years. Moreover, short-lived YF-specific cellular immunity, mediated by memory T and B-cells was also observed after 4-years. Predicted probability and resultant memory analysis emphasize that correlates of protection (PRNT; effector memory CD8+ T-cells; non-classical memory B-cells) wane to critical values within ?4-years after primary vaccination. Together, these results clearly demonstrate the decline of 17DD-YF-specific memory response along time in children primarily vaccinated at 9-12 months of age and support the need of booster regimen to guarantee the long-term persistence of memory components for children living in areas with high risk of YF transmission.

Background The 17DD-yellow fever (YF) vaccine induces a long-lasting protective immunity, resulting from humoral and cellular immunological memory. The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) may affect pre-existing 17DD-vaccine protective immunity and increase the risk of acquiring YF infection. Our goal was to determine whether DMARD would affect the duration of YF-specific protective immunity in RA patients. Methods A total of 122 RA patients, previously immunized with the 17DD-YF vaccine (1–5, 5–9, and ≥ 10 years) and currently under DMARD therapy, were enrolled in the present investigation. Immunomodulatory therapy encompasses the use of conventional synthetic DMARD alone (csDMARD) or combines with biological DMARD (cs+bDMARD). A total of 226 healthy subjects were recruited as a control group (CONT). Neutralizing antibody responses were measured by a plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT), and cellular immunity was evaluated by an in vitro 17DD-YF-specific peripheral blood lymphoproliferative assay. Results The data demonstrated that csDMARD therapy did not affect the duration of protective immunity induced by the 17DD-YF vaccine compared to that of CONT, as both presented a significant time-dependent decline at 10 years after vaccination. Conversely, cs+bDMARD therapy induced a premature depletion in the main determinants of the vaccine protective response, with diminished PRNT seropositivity levels between 5 and 9 years and impaired effector memory in CD8+ T cells as early as 1–5 years after 17DD-YF vaccination. Conclusions These findings could support changing the vaccination schedule of this population, with the possibility of a planned booster dose upon the suspension of bDMARD in cases where this is allowed, even before 10 years following 17DD-YF vaccination. The benefit of a planned booster dose should be evaluated in further studies. Trial registration RBR-946bv5. Date of registration: March 05, 2018. Retrospectively registered

Objectives This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of genital, anal and oral HPV infection in Brazil through systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We searched EMBASE, LILACS, MEDLINE, Web of Science and SciELO from inception to December 2018. Original research articles that assessed the prevalence of genital (i.e., cervical, penile), anal and oral HPV infection in Brazil were selected in pairs by independent authors. No sex, age, HPV vaccination, language or date restrictions were applied. HPV prevalence was estimated and stratified according to risk factors population and by geographic area throughout the country. The study prevalence was pooled using a random effects model. Analysis was performed using R (version 3.5.2), packages meta version 4.9-4 and metaphor 2.0-0. This review is registered on PROSPERO under protocol number CRD42016032751. Results We identified 3,351 references. After the screening process, 139 of them were eligible for this systematic review (57,513 total participants). Prevalence of cervical HPV was 25.41% (95% CI 22.71-28.32). Additionally, prevalence was 36.21% (95% CI 23.40, 51.33) in the penile region, 25.68% (95%CI 14.64, 41.04) in the anal region, and 11.89% (95%CI 6.26, 21.43) in the oral region. Subgroup analysis showed prevalence in each anatomic site was higher in high-risk populations. Conclusion The prevalence of HPV is high in the Brazilian population and varies by population risk and anatomic body site, with lower rates in the oral cavity compared to that in the cervical, penile and anal region. Studies on HPV have primarily been developed to evaluate infection and cancer in the cervical region. There is a profound lack of HPV data in many geographic regions of Brazil and for different anatomic sites.

We analyzed the time trends and spatial distribution of MMR vaccine coverage in Brazil during 2007-2017. In early 2018, a measles outbreak started in the North region of Brazil, reaching 11 of the 27 federal units by January 24, 2019. In this period, 10,302 cases were confirmed. Although the reintroduction of measles in Brazil is likely due to migration from Venezuela, the spread of the virus was made possible by the low levels of MMR coverage, as a result of significant decreases during the study period. Areas with high concentration of municipalities with low coverage are more susceptible to the spread of the virus, especially in the North and Northeast regions. Increasing vaccination coverage is essential to block the ongoing outbreak in Brazil. Vaccination strategies might target priority areas, especially those with a marked decrease in coverage. Moreover, it is essential to extend actions to travelers, migrants and refugees.

to analyze characteristics, incidence and factors associated with serious adverse events (SAEs) following yellow fever vaccination during an outbreak of the disease in Brazil (2016-2017).this was a case-control study using data from the National Immunization Program Information System (SI-PNI); SAE were considered to be cases, and non-serious adverse events (NSAE) were considered to be controls.we analyzed 135 SAE cases and 1,058 controls; of the 135 SAE, 79 (58.5%) were males and median age was 28 years [09-49]; incidence in January 2017 reached 1.3 case per 100,000 vaccine doses administered; there was statistical association with males (Odds Ratio [OR]=1.73 - 95%CI 1.20;2.48), primary vaccination (OR=1.65 - 95%CI 1.01;2.71), and being 60 years of age or older taking as reference those aged under 5 (OR=4.4; p-value0.02).SAE owing to yellow fever vaccine showed a greater chance of occurring in men, the elderly and primary vaccination.analisar características, incidência e fatores associados aos eventos adversos graves (EAGs) pós-vacinação contra febre amarela durante surto da doença no Brasil (2016-2017).estudo de caso-controle, com dados do Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunizações (SI-PNI); foram considerados casos os EAGs, e controles os eventos adversos não graves (EANGs).foram analisados 135 casos de EAG e 1.058 controles; dos 135 EAGs, 79 (58,5%) eram homens, e a mediana de idade dos casos, 28 anos (intervalo interquartílico: 9-49); a incidência de EAG em janeiro de 2017 chegou a 1,3 caso por 100 mil doses aplicadas; houve associação estatística com o sexo masculino (odds ratio [OR]=1,73; IC95% 1,20;2,48), ser primovacinado (OR=1,65; IC95% 1,01;2,71), e ter idade ≥60 anos, tomando-se por referência os menores de 5 anos (OR=4,4; p-valor0,02).EAG pela vacina da febre amarela apresentou maior chance de ocorrer em homens, idosos e primovacinados.analizar características, incidencia y factores asociados a eventos adversos graves (EAG) posvacunación contra la fiebre amarilla durante brote de la enfermedad en Brasil (2016-2017).estudio de caso-control, con datos del Sistema de Informaciones del Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones (SI-PNI); se consideraron casos los EAG, y controles los eventos adversos no graves (EANG).se analizaron 135 casos de EAG y 1.058 controles; de los 135 EAG, 79 (58,5%) eran hombres, con edad promedio de 28 años [rango intercuartílico: 9-49]; la incidência en enero de 2017 llegó a 1,3 caso por 100 mil dosis aplicadas; ocurrió asociación estadística con el sexo masculino (odds ratio [OR]=1,73 - IC95% 1,20;2,48), ser primovacunado (OR=1,65 - IC95% 1,01;2,71), y tener ≥60 años de edad tomando como referencia a los menores de 5 años (OR=4,4; p-valor0,02).EAG por la vacuna de la fiebre amarilla presentó mayor probabilidad de ocurrir en hombres, ancianos y primovacunados.

The sexual behaviors of 15- to 24-year-olds increase the risk of this population to acquire sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The present study aimed to describe the sexual behavior in the transition to adulthood Brazilian population and its association with STI history. We analyzed cross-sectional data collected from 8562 sexually active women and men who participated in the National Survey of Human Papillomavirus Prevalence (POP-Brazil). This large-scale survey enrolled participants from 26 Brazilian capitals and the Federal District. Professionals from primary care facilities were trained to collect data utilizing a standardized questionnaire with questions on sociodemographic, sexual behavior, and drug use. We constructed a Poisson model with robust variance for both crude and adjusted analysis to investigate the associations between the variables. To adjust the distribution of the sample to the study population, we weighted the measures by the population size in each city and by gender. There were differences in several aspects from sexual behavior between genders. The majority of men reported an early sexual initiation, more sexual partners, and a different practice in sexual positions when compared with women. Women reported use of contraception more frequently than men (P

Resumo: Os objetivos consistiram em descrever os casos e verificar a frequência de anafilaxia relacionada à vacina sarampo, caxumba e rubéola (SCR) do produtor A, bem como avaliar os possíveis fatores de risco associados. Estudo de caso-controle (1:4), em Santa Catarina, Brasil, de 14 de julho de 2014 a 12 de janeiro de 2015, em crianças de um a menores de cinco anos, vacinadas com SCR e notificadas com anafilaxia, sendo os controles sem anafilaxia. Utilizou-se, como medida de associação, odds ratio (OR) com intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%) e os testes qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher. Calcularam-se taxas de anafilaxia por doses distribuídas/aplicadas. Entrevistaram-se 15 casos e 60 controles, em 12 municípios. As taxas de anafilaxia foram 2,46 e 5,05 por doses distribuídas e aplicadas, respectivamente. Dentre os casos de anafilaxia, oito (53,4%) eram do sexo masculino, e dentre os controles, 36 (60%), com p = 0,64. Na análise bivariada referente à anafilaxia e alergia à proteína do leite de vaca (APLV), verificou-se OR = 51,62, com p = 0,00002 e IC95%: 5,59-476,11. As variáveis alergia alimentar familiar, aleitamento materno, evento adverso pós-vacinação (EAPV) anterior e vacinação simultânea não foram estatisticamente significativas (p = 0,48; p = 1,00; p = 0,49; p = 0,61). Taxas de anafilaxia por doses distribuídas/aplicadas ficaram acima de 1/100 mil doses aplicadas (taxa esperada). Anafilaxia e APLV apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa. Não foram encontradas associações estatísticas referentes à vacinação simultânea, aleitamento materno, alergia alimentar familiar e EAPV anterior. Recomendou-se ao produtor informar na bula todos os componentes do produto e que crianças com história pregressa de APLV não sejam vacinadas com essa vacina.

To describe the characteristics of vaccine adverse events (VAE) reports in the online VAE Reporting System (VAE-RS) after 2 years of operation.A descriptive analysis of VAE reports entered into the VAE-RS between July 2014 and June 2016 was performed.During the study period, 24 732 VAE were reported. Of 5 570 Brazilian municipalities, 2 571 (46.2%) reported at least one VAE; however, only 1 622 (6.6%) reports had been completed/closed at the end of the study period. Of these, 89.9% referred to mild VAE. Among the completed reports, 19.7% did not provide information on "type of medical care provided," and 98.7% had no information regarding laboratory tests. Systemic neurological symptoms were the most frequent serious VAE among closed reports (59.5% of serious signs/symptoms). Concerning age, the highest VAE reporting coefficients were recorded for children aged ≤ 4 years.The VAE-RS is useful to monitor immunization safety. However, municipal services must increase adherence to the system and perform the required investigation and reporting of VAE, with timely and adequate completion of the VAE-RS form. Knowledge regarding VAE can be used in the daily routine of surveillance services, improving the safety of immunobiological agents.Describir las características de las notificaciones de eventos adversos posvacunación (EAPV) en el Sistema de Información de Vigilancia de EAPV (SI-EAPV, un sistema en línea, durante los primeros 2 años de ejecución del sistema.Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de los registros de EAPV notificados en el SI-EAPV entre julio de 2014 y junio de 2016.Durante el período del estudio, se registraron 24 732 notificaciones. De 5 570 municipios brasileños, 2 571 (46,2%) notificaron algún EAPV. Sin embargo, solamente 1 622 (6,6%) notificaciones estaban cerradas al momento del estudio; de ellas, el 89,9% no presentó gravedad. Respecto a las notificaciones cerradas, en el 19,7% no fue anotada la variable “atención médica” y el 98,7% no presentó registro de exámenes de laboratorio. Entre los eventos adversos graves cerrados, las manifestaciones clínicas sistémicas neurológicas fueron las más frecuentes, representado el 59,5% de los signos y síntomas. En cuanto a la edad, los mayores coeficientes de notificación se registraron entre los menores de 4 años.El SI-EAPV es útil para el monitoreo de la seguridad de las vacunas. Sin embargo, los municipios necesitan ampliar la adhesión al sistema, así como realizar las investigaciones y notificaciones de los EAPV, llenando la ficha de notificación de forma adecuada y oportuna. El conocimiento sobre EAPV puede ser aplicado en la práctica de los servicios de vigilancia en salud, mejorando la seguridad en la utilización de los productos inmunobiológicos.

Streszczenie Wprowadzenie W marcu 2010 r. wprowadzono do stosowania w Brazylii 10-walentną skoniugowaną szczepionke przeciwko pneumokokom ( pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ; PCV10). Podstawą dopuszczenia jej do obrotu bylo wykazanie, ze w zakresie wskaźnikow immunologicznych dotyczących skuteczności w zapobieganiu zakazeniom pneumokokowym nie byla ona gorsza od szczepionki 7-walentnej. Schemat dawkowania PCV10 obejmuje podanie trzech podstawowych dawek w wieku 2, 4 i 6 miesiecy oraz dawki przypominającej w wieku 12 miesiecy. W czasie wprowadzania szczepionki na rynek zaproponowano szczepienie pojedynczą dawką wszystkich dzieci w wieku 12–23 miesiecy, nieobjetych podstawowym cyklem szczepien. Analizowano skutecznośc szczepionki PCV10 w profilaktyce inwazyjnych chorob pneumokokowych u dzieci w Brazylii. Metody Od 1 marca 2010 r. do 31 grudnia 2012 r. w 10 stanach w Brazylii u dzieci w wieku kwalifikującym do podania co najmniej jednej dawki PCV10 prowadzono badania przesiewowe w kierunku inwazyjnych chorob pneumokokowych, określanych jako wyhodowanie Streptococcus pneumoniae z krwi, plynu mozgowo-rdzeniowego lub innego miejsca, ktore w warunkach fizjologicznych nie jest skolonizowane przez bakterie. U dzieci wykonywano badania laboratoryjne oraz prowadzono obserwacje szpitalną. Jednym z celow badania bylo utworzenie w kazdym przypadku odpowiedniej grupy kontrolnej, obejmującej 4 dzieci odpowiadających pod wzgledem wieku i miejsca zamieszkania. Do analizy wykorzystano warunkową regresje logistyczną, a skutecznośc PCV10 obliczono jako (1 – skorygowany sparowany iloraz szans) × 100% zarowno do typu szczepionki, jak i odpowiednich serotypow bakterii zawartych w szczepionce (to znaczy w tej samej grupie serologicznej co serotyp szczepionki). Wyniki W 316 przypadkach chorob inwazyjnych (mediana wieku 13,2 miesiąca, zakres 2,6–53,1) i u 1219 dzieci w grupie kontrolnej (13,3 miesiąca, 2,6–53,1) skorygowana skutecznośc dostosowanego do wieku schematu szczepienia PCV10 wyniosla 83,8% (95% CI: 65,9–92,3) przeciwko serotypom zawartym w szczepionce i 77,9% (41,0–91,7) przeciwko serotypom związanym ze szczepionką. Skutecznośc przeciwko określonym serotypom wykazano wobec dwoch najczestszych serotypow zawartych w szczepionce – 14 (87,7%, 60,8–96,1) i 6B (82,8%, 23,8–96,1) oraz serotypowi 19A (82,2%, 10,7–96,4), związanemu z serotypem szczepionki 19F. Pojedyncza dawka szczepienia u dzieci w wieku 12–23 miesiecy, nieobjetych podstawowym cyklem szczepien, skutecznie zapobiegala chorobom wywolanym przez rodzaje bakterii zawarte w szczepionce (68,0%, 17,6–87,6). Nie wykazano skuteczności przeciwko serotypom pneumokokow niezawartych w szczepionce, zarowno po odpowiednim do wieku podstawowym cyklu szczepien, jak i po pojedynczym szczepieniu. Interpretacja Szczepionka PCV10 podawana w Brazylii w ramach rutynowego programu szczepien ochronnych zapobiega chorobom inwazyjnym wywolywanym przez serotypy pneumokokow zawarte w szczepionce. Podanie PCV10 moze wywolac tez ochrone krzyzową przeciwko niektorym serotypom związanym ze szczepionką.

Introdução: A influenza é uma doença infecciosa altamente transmissível, de distribuição global e que tem alto impacto na saúde pública. De acordo com a OMS, anualmente são registrados de três a cinco milhões de casos graves, que resultam em, aproximadamente, 0,25 a 0,5 milhão de mortes em todo o mundo. Indivíduos com doenças crônicas apresentam alto risco e complicações e morte e estão entre os grupos alvo para vacinação anual. Entretanto, as coberturas vacinais estão abaixo das preconizadas pela Assembleia Mundial da Saúde e OMS. Objetivo: Este texto é uma revisão não sistemática da literatura, com o objetivo de apresentar as informações mais recentes sobre os riscos da influenza e benefícios da vacina contra influenza em pacientes portadores de doenças cardíacas crônicas. Métodos: Levantamento dos artigos publicados sobre o tema no PUBMED, SCIELO e sites da OMS, PAHO e CDC, assim como as informações do Ministério da Saúde, no período de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2014. Resultados: De um total de 143 artigos identificados sobre o tema, foram selecionadas 56 referências para esta revisão. Grande parte dos estudos, recentemente publicados, aponta para uma forte associação entre influenza e risco de complicações e morte por doença cardiovascular. Embora a vacina seja recomendada para cardiopatas, as coberturas vacinais são baixas na maioria dos países. Conclusões: É necessário conscientizar os profissionais de saúde e a população sobre os benefícios da vacinação.

Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with the development of genital warts and different types of cancer, including virtually all cervical cancers and a considerable number of penile, anal and oropharyngeal cancers. Data regarding the prevalence of HPV infection in Brazil are limited and fragmented. We aim to determine HPV prevalence in sexually active women and men aged 16–25 years and to investigate regional differences in virus prevalence and types. Methods and analysis This is a nationwide, multicentric, cross-sectional, prospective study that will include participants aged 16–25 years from all Brazilian capital cities. Recruitment will occur in primary health units by trained health professionals who will be responsible for collecting biological samples and interviewing the volunteers. After signing informed consent, all participants will answer a questionnaire that will collect sociodemographic and behavioural data. All samples will be processed in a certified central laboratory, and strict quality control will be performed by many different procedures, including double data entry, training and certification of primary care health professionals responsible for data collection, simulation of interviews, and auditing and monitoring of visits. The sample size will be standardised based on the population distribution of each capital using SAS and R statistical software. Ethics and dissemination The project was approved by the research ethics committee of the main institution and the corresponding ethics committees of the recruitment sites. This will be the first Brazilian nationwide study to determine overall HPV prevalence and to examine regional differences and social, demographic and behavioural factors related to HPV infection. Critical analysis of the study results will contribute to epidemiological knowledge and will set a baseline for future evaluation of the impact of the National HPV Vaccination Program.