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A pessoa com deficiência visual vê-se, muitas vezes, privada do acesso à arte e à cultura por falta de medidas de acessibilidade que permitam a fruição deste tipo de serviços e/ou produtos. A pandemia por COVID-19 veio a transformar o mundo como o conhecíamos: as exigências derivadas dos sucessivos confinamentos, obrigaram os agentes culturais a reinventarem-se, pensando em novas formas de chegar aos diferentes públicos, o que pode contribuir para a expansão de algumas técnicas de acessibilidade, tais como a audiodescrição, descentralizando, desta forma, o acesso à arte. A audiodescrição é um dos recursos que pode contribuir para a fruição da cultura e que consiste numa técnica de acessibilidade que permite “transformar” as imagens em palavras, de forma que as pessoas com deficiência visual possam conhecer e compreender o mundo imagético que as rodeia e ao qual, normalmente, não têm acesso. Esta técnica ainda não é conhecida por todas as pessoas o que pode dificultar a expansão deste recurso e respetiva implementação. Desta forma, urge dar a conhecer o que é a audiodescrição para que mais agentes culturais a possam vir a utilizar e mais pessoas com deficiência visual possam usufruir dela. Assim, é importante divulgar exemplos de boas práticas que permitam levar a arte à casa das pessoas. O presente trabalho tem como intuito promover a reflexão sobre as potencialidades de acesso que possam ter surgido em épocas de confinamento por COVID-19 e apresentar exemplos de boas práticas de disponibilização das artes considerando a pessoa com deficiência visual.

Summary: Mismatch between CO2 production (Vco2) and respiration underlies the pathogenesis of obesity hypoventilation. Leptin-mediated CNS pathways stimulate both metabolism and breathing, but interactions between these functions remain elusive. We hypothesized that LEPRb+ neurons of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) regulate metabolism and breathing in obesity. In diet-induced obese LeprbCre mice, chemogenetic activation of LEPRb+ DMH neurons increases minute ventilation (Ve) during sleep, the hypercapnic ventilatory response, Vco2, and Ve/Vco2, indicating that breathing is stimulated out of proportion to metabolism. The effects of chemogenetic activation are abolished by a serotonin blocker. Optogenetic stimulation of the LEPRb+ DMH neurons evokes excitatory postsynaptic currents in downstream serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe (DR). Administration of retrograde AAV harboring Cre-dependent caspase to the DR deletes LEPRb+ DMH neurons and abolishes metabolic and respiratory responses to leptin. These findings indicate that LEPRb+ DMH neurons match breathing to metabolism through serotonergic pathways to prevent obesity-induced hypoventilation.

Introduction: Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) is the primary cause of death associated with opioids and individuals with obesity are particularly susceptible due to comorbid obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Repeated exposure to opioids, as in the case of pain management, results in diminished therapeutic effect and/or the need for higher doses to maintain the same effect. With limited means to address the negative impact of repeated exposure it is critical to develop drugs that prevent deaths induced by opioids without reducing beneficial analgesia.Methods: We hypothesized that OIRD as a result of chronic opioid use can be attenuated by administration of IN leptin while also maintaining analgesia in both lean mice and mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) of both sexes. To test this hypothesis, an opioid tolerance protocol was developed and a model of OIRD in mice chronically receiving morphine and tolerant to morphine analgesia was established. Subsequently, breathing was recorded by barometric plethysmography in four experimental groups: obese male, obese female, lean male, and lean female following acute administration of IN leptin. Respiratory data were complemented with measures of arterial blood gas. Operant behavioral assays were used to determine the impact of IN leptin on the analgesic efficacy of morphine.Results: Acute administration of IN leptin significantly attenuated OIRD in DIO male mice decreasing the apnea index by 58.9% and apnea time by 60.1%. In lean mice leptin was ineffective. Blood gas measures confirmed the effectiveness of IN leptin for preventing respiratory acidosis in DIO male mice. However, IN leptin was not effective in lean mice of both sexes and appeared to exacerbate acid-base disturbances in DIO female mice. Additionally, morphine caused a complete loss of temperature aversion which was not reduced by intranasal leptin indicating IN leptin does not decrease morphine analgesia.Discussion: IN leptin effectively treated OIRD in morphine-tolerant DIO male mice without impacting analgesia. In contrast, IN leptin had no effect in lean mice of either sex or DIO female mice. The arterial blood gas data were consistent with ventilatory findings showing that IN leptin reversed morphine-induced respiratory acidosis only in DIO male mice but not in other mouse groups. Finally, a hypercapnic sensitivity study revealed that IN leptin rescued minute ventilation under hypercapnic conditions only in DIO male mice, which suggests that differential responses to IN leptin are attributable to different leptin sensitivities depending on sex and the obesity status.

Considerando os direitos da pessoa com deficiência visual e a necessidade do ambiente se adaptar à diversidade de públicos, pretende-se compreender em que medida os centros de saúde de Portugal respondem às suas necessidades de comunicação e de interação no acesso aos cuidados de saúde primários. Os dados deste estudo, exploratório-descritivo, resultaram do preenchimento de um inquérito por questionário 124 pessoas com deficiência visual. Conclui-se que os centros de saúde não respondem às necessidades da maioria dos participantes, sendo as consequências deste facto a perda de autonomia, privacidade e informações importantes, para além de serem, também, percecionadas algumas barreiras que se prendem a questões interpessoais. Os resultados obtidos reforçam a importância de sensibilizar, por um lado, as pessoas com deficiência visual para a afirmação esclarecida dos seus direitos e por outro, os profissionais e organizações sobre o impacto da deficiência visual nas dimensões interpessoais e na autogestão das informações. Palavras-chave: Informação acessível. Comunicação acessível. Literacia em saúde. Cuidados de saúde primários. Pessoas com deficiência visual. Visually impaired people's outlook on primary health care information ABSTRACT Considering the rights of people with visual impairment and the need for the environment to adapt to the diversity of people, it is intended to understand the extent to which health centres of Portugal respond to communication and interaction needs of people with visual impairment when they access to primary health care. The data collected in this exploratory-descriptive study resulted from a questionnaire survey, by 124 people with visual impairment. It is possible to conclude that health centers do not meet the needs of the majority of participants, and the consequences of this fact are the loss of autonomy, privacy and important information, besides also being perceived some barriers related to interpersonal issues. The results reinforce the importance of awareness of people with visual impairment to their rights and, on the other hand, professionals and organizations about the impact of visual impairment on interpersonal dimensions and self-management of information. Keywords: Accessible information. Accessible communication. Health literacy. Primary health care. Visually impaired people.

The impact of the employees’ perceptions of CSR activities on the employee-organization relationship has been little explored in the literature. This study aims to analyze the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) perceptions (Environment-related CSR; Employee-related CSR, Customer-related CSR) on organizational citizenship behavior through the mediating role of the organizational identification of employees in the hotel sector. A questionnaire was applied to a sample of 214 frontline employees who work in four- and five-star hotels. Using Model 4 of the PROCESS macro, a mediation model was designed to test the hypotheses. The results indicate that there is a mediation model that uses the effect of organizational identification in the relationship between perceptions of CSR and organizational citizenship behavior. This study concludes that an increase in identification with the organization based on environmental-related activities, employee-related activities, or customer-related activities impact on OCB. The results of this study represent contributions to the literature in the CSR field, as well as to the case of human resources managers who wish to enhance organizational citizenship behavior and identification among hotel staff.

A educação inclusiva é uma das áreas fortes da INCLUDiT, tendo os diversos pósteres e artigos centrados na temática sido submetidos a revisão cega por pares. Foram publicados textos em livro de resumos e monografias. Para a presente edição especial da revista Indagatio Didactica, foi feita uma seleção de artigos que descrevem trabalhos de investigação ilustrativos da investigação realizada no âmbito da temática. Procura-se, através deste número especial, contribuir para que o processo educativo seja o mais natural possível, dando-se a conhecer ações essenciais que devem ser implementadas em articulação com medidas adotadas dentro e fora da escola. Compõem este número seis trabalhos de investigação em língua portuguesa, oriundos de diferentes instituições do Brasil e Portugal.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of snake venoms and purified toxins on the phytopathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. The evaluations were performed with 17 crude venoms (13 from Bothrops, 3 from Crotalus, and 1 from Lachesis) and seven toxins (1 from Bothrops and 6 from Crotalus). Antibacterial activity was assessed in MB1 medium containing solubilized treatments (1 μL mL-1). A total of 100 μL bacterial suspension (8.4 x 109 CFU mL-1) was used. After incubation at 28°C, the number of bacterial colonies at 24, 48, and 72 hours after inoculation was evaluated. SDS-PAGE gel at 15% was used to analyze the protein patterns of the samples, using 5 μg protein of each sample in the assay. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and lethal concentration (LC50) values were determined by the Probit method. Venoms and toxins were able to reduce more than 90% of R. solanacearum growth. These results were either equivalent to those of the positive control chloramphenicol or even better. While MIC values ranged from 4.0 to 271.5 μg mL-1, LC50 ranged from 28.5 μg mL-1 to 4.38 mg mL-1. Ten crude venoms (7 from Bothrops and 3 from Crotalus) and two purified toxins (gyroxin and crotamine) are promising approaches to control the phytopathogenic bacterium R. solanacearum.

Introduction: The Learning Products for ALL (ProLearn4ALL) is a project which aims to make children aware of difference in the primary schools, with accessible multiform products, developed by higher education students. This process, which is founded on Problem Based Learning (PBL) methodologies, has as its main phases: the conceptualization of products and prototypes; pilot test; revision, reformulation and validation of products; and, finally the production and dissemination of a pedagogical kit. Objectives: The paper presents the PBL methodology as an active process used to develop critical thinking through the use of proposed prototype solutions to solve non-routine problems. Methods: Applying PBL methodology, the process started with the theoretical contextualization of the four main domains of disability (hearing, intellectual, motor, visual) and with the creation of prototypes, by students in the areas of Social Sciences and Education, to highlight the characteristics of each domain. Subsequently, Arts and Design students were asked to create playful and accessible products, based on the prototypes that were previously built. Results: Students were challenged to put themselves in the places of people with disability by using specific restrictions, created as thematic introductions to the proposed challenges. In this sense, the products were made with higher level of awareness, as students were simultaneously producers and users. Conclusion: The multiple reflections, during and after the production of the resources, allowed a constant process of research, validation and exclusion of solutions to occur, which progressively led to the construction of the final Pedagogical Kit.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a prevalent condition and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western Society. The loss of motor input to the tongue and specifically to the genioglossus muscle during sleep is associated with pharyngeal collapsibility and the development of OSA. We applied a novel chemogenetic method to develop a mouse model of sleep disordered breathing Our goal was to reversibly silence neuromotor input to the genioglossal muscle using an adeno-associated viral vector carrying inhibitory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs AAV5-hM4Di-mCherry (DREADD), which was delivered bilaterally to the hypoglossal nucleus in fifteen C57BL/6J mice. In the in vivo experiment, 4 weeks after the viral administration mice were injected with a DREADD ligand clozapine-N-oxide (CNO, i.p., 1mg/kg) or saline followed by a sleep study; a week later treatments were alternated and a second sleep study was performed. Inspiratory flow limitation was recognized by the presence of a plateau in mid-respiratory flow; oxyhemoglobin desaturations were defined as desaturations >4% from baseline. In the in vitro electrophysiology experiment, four males and three females of 5 days of age were used. Sixteen–nineteen days after DREADD injection brain slices of medulla were prepared and individual hypoglossal motoneurons were recorded before and after CNO application. Positive mCherry staining was detected in the hypoglossal nucleus in all mice confirming successful targeting. In sleep studies, CNO markedly increased the frequency of flow limitation n NREM sleep (from 1.9 ± 1.3% after vehicle injection to 14.2 ± 3.4% after CNO, p < 0.05) and REM sleep (from 22.3% ± 4.1% to 30.9 ± 4.6%, respectively, p < 0.05) compared to saline treatment, but there was no significant oxyhemoglobin desaturation or sleep fragmentation. Electrophysiology recording in brain slices showed that CNO inhibited firing frequency of DREADD-containing hypoglossal motoneurons. We conclude that chemogenetic approach allows to silence hypoglossal motoneurons in mice, which leads to sleep disordered breathing manifested by inspiratory flow limitation during NREM and REM sleep without oxyhemoglobin desaturation or sleep fragmentation. Other co-morbid factors, such as compromised upper airway anatomy, may be needed to achieve recurrent pharyngeal obstruction observed in OSA.

Anticorpos, agentes empregados no desenvolvimento de pesquisas biomédicas, no diagnóstico e na terapêutica, possuem elevada capacidade de interação aos mais variados ligantes, Estruturalmente são heterotetrameros constituídos por duas cadeias leves e duas cadeias pesadas com massa molecular de aproximadamente 150 kDa, Visando melhorar as características farmacocinéticas e minimizar possíveis reações adversas desencadeadas por imunoglobulinas de origem não humana, a engenharia molecular de anticorpos vem obtendo fragmentos de anticorpos como porções Fab, F(ab’)2, scFv e Fv, Em adição aos anticorpos convencionais, camelídeos produzem imunoglobulinas funcionais desprovidas de cadeia leve, onde o domínio variável da cadeia pesada, denominado VHH ou nanocorpo, é responsável pelo reconhecimento antigênico, Apresentando características adequadas ao desenvolvimento de fármacos com alta capacidade de neutralização, fragmentos VHHs vêm sendo propostos para uso em imunoterapia passiva ou em drug-delivery, No diagnóstico esses fragmentos podem ser aplicados na construção de biosensores ou na imagiologia, atuando na detecção de células cancerígenas, no monitoramento de tumores ou em alterações celulares.

The harmony of the facial profile is widely influenced by the height and form of the nasal dorsum. A few millimeters can make the lateral view aesthetically more or less pleasing and adequate in a subject's face. Professionals working with facial aesthetics should focus not only on the surgical techniques for proposed outcomes, but also with the subtleties and subjectivity that characterize aesthetic concepts and judgment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective survey to evaluate the preferences of a group of healthcare professionals working with facial aesthetics, a group of fine artists, and lay people about the best nasal radix height; the survey involved comparing 3 different nasal radix heights using computer-altered photographs of women with measurements close to the Caucasian standard. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The lowest position of the nasal radix - close to the height of the pupil - was preferred (53%), followed by the middle position (superior crease of the eye). The highest position, resembling classic Greek statues, was considered the worst. The authors aos evaluated the effect of age, gender, and educational level on the choice of the best and worst female profiles.A harmonia facial da visão de perfil é muito influenciada pela altura e forma do dorso nasal. Poucos milímetros podem determinar as diferenças que tornam o perfil esteticamente agradável e adequado a uma determinada face. Além da discussão a respeito de técnicas cirúrgicas para obter determinados objetivos, os profissionais também precisam se aprofundar nas sutilezas e subjetividades que envolvem o julgamento estético. Com forma de estudo tipo inquérito, o objetivo foi pesquisar a preferência de um grupo de profissionais de saúde que lidam com estética facial, um grupo de artistas e outro de leigos sobre três possíveis variações da altura da raiz do nariz. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Fotografias de mulheres, com medidas muito próximas do modelo caucasiano, foram modificadas com computação gráfica e opiniões sobre estas variações colhidas entre profissionais, artistas e leigos. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: A população de entrevistados considerou o perfil alto, tipo grego, como indesejável. Tal convicção foi muito evidente em todos os grupos. A preferência foi pelo perfil com raiz nasal próxima da altura da pupila em 53%, seguido do perfil na altura da prega tarsal. Avaliou-se também a influência da idade, sexo e escolaridade dos entrevistados sobre as escolhas dos melhores e piores perfis femininos.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Brazil has the largest number of snakebite cases in South America, of which the large majority is concentrated in the Midwest and North. METHODS In this descriptive observational study, we assessed the epidemiological and clinical snakebite cases referred to the Centro de Medicina Tropical de Rondônia from September 2008 to September 2010. RESULTS We followed up 92 cases from admission until discharge, namely 81 (88%) men and 11 (12%) women, with a mean age of 37 years, and mainly from rural areas (91.3%). The snakebites occurred while performing work activities (63%) during the Amazon rainy season (78.3%). The vast majority of individuals presented from the Porto Velho microregion (84.7%). Approximately 95.6% of the snakebites were caused by snakes of the genus Bothrops, followed by two lachetics and two elapidics cases. Surgery was performed in 10 cases (9 fasciotomies in the lower limb and 1 amputation). No deaths were reported in this study, but 4 cases (4.3%) developed sequelae in the lower limb. CONCLUSIONS This study can contribute to a better understanding of envenomation in the state of Rondônia and thus can be useful for identifying real conditions that can increase the incidence of snakebites in this region. Moreover, the study results can serve as a basis for improving educational campaigns designed to prevent these types of snakebites, as well as for preserving snakes.

Abstract This review discusses studies on the venom of Bothrops erythromelas published over the past 36 years. During this period, many contributions have been made to understand the venomous snake, its venom, and its experimental and clinical effects better. The following chronological overview is based on 29 articles that were published between 1979 and 2015, with emphasis on diverse areas. The complexity of this task demands an integration of multidisciplinary research tools to study toxinology. This science is in need of renewed conceptual and experimental platforms aimed at obtaining a profound understanding of the highly complex pathophysiology of snakebite envenoming and toxins isolated from snakes.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Crotalus envenomations cause serious complications and can be fatal without appropriate treatment. Venom isoforms present and inter/intraspecific variations in the venom composition can result in different symptoms presented by bites by snakes from the same species but from different geographical regions. We comparatively evaluated the local and systemic effects caused by Crotalus durissus terrificus (Cdt), C.d. collilineatus (Cdcolli), and C.d. cascavella (Cdcasc) envenomation. METHODS: Venom chromatography was performed. Proteolytic, phospholipase, and LAAO activities were analyzed. Edema, myotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and coagulation alterations were evaluated. RESULTS: The venom SDS-PAGE analyses found the presence of convulxin, gyroxin, crotoxin, and crotamine in Cdt and Cdcolli venoms. Crotamine was not present in the Cdcasc venom. Cdt, Cdcollli, and Cdcasc venoms had no proteolytic activity. Only Cdcasc and Cdt venoms had phospholipase activity. LAAO activity was observed in Cdcolli and Cdcasc venoms. Cdcolli and Cdcasc venoms caused 36.7% and 13.3% edema increases, respectively. Cdt venom caused a 10% edema induction compared to those by other venoms. All venoms increased TOTAL-CK, MB-CK, and LDH levels (indicating muscle injury) and ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP levels (markers of liver damage) and were able to induce a neuromuscular blockade. Urea and creatinine levels were also altered in both plasma and urine, indicating kidney damage. Only Cdcolli and Cdcasc venoms increased TAPP and TAP. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results allow us to draw a distinction between local and systemic effects caused by Crotalus subspecies, highlighting the clinical and biochemical effects produced by their respective venoms.