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Objective: To evaluate the cardioprotective effect of bioassay-guided isolated fractions of Cleome viscosa methanolic extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Total phenolics, flavonoids, and in vitro antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of Cleome viscosa were evaluated. The FD-40 fraction from this extract was further evaluated for antihyperglycemic efficacy (insulin and HbA1c), antioxidant activity, and cardioprotective effects (creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase, and histopathology) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In silico studies were also conducted to assess the bioactivity of FD-40. Results: Cleome viscosa methanolic extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, and FRAP assays compared to other extracts. Treatment with FD-40 (40 mg/kg b.w.) isolated from this extract normalized blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c, creatine kinase-MB, and lactate dehydrogenase levels in diabetic rats. It also significantly reduced oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzymes, decreasing lipid peroxidation as well as restoring the levels of ascorbic acid and glutathione. Histological study demonstrated that FD-40 treatment improved cardiac structure in diabetic rats. Molecular docking analysis revealed that phytocompounds from FD-40 had strong binding affinities with cardiac markers and oxidative enzymes. Hexose (5TMS) demonstrated greater binding affinity with xanthine oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase. Conclusions: FD-40 of Cleome viscosa methanolic extract exhibits significant cardioprotective effects in diabetic rats by regulating cardiac markers and reducing oxidative stress. The underlying mechanisms need to be elucidated in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the cardioprotective effect of bioassay-guided isolated fractions of Cleome viscosa methanolic extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Total phenolics, flavonoids, and in vitro antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of Cleome viscosa were evaluated. The FD-40 fraction from this extract was further evaluated for antihyperglycemic efficacy (insulin and HbA1c), antioxidant activity, and cardioprotective effects (creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase, and histopathology) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In silico studies were also conducted to assess the bioactivity of FD-40. Results: Cleome viscosa methanolic extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, and FRAP assays compared to other extracts. Treatment with FD-40 (40 mg/kg b.w.) isolated from this extract normalized blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c, creatine kinase-MB, and lactate dehydrogenase levels in diabetic rats. It also significantly reduced oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzymes, decreasing lipid peroxidation as well as restoring the levels of ascorbic acid and glutathione. Histological study demonstrated that FD-40 treatment improved cardiac structure in diabetic rats. Molecular docking analysis revealed that phytocompounds from FD-40 had strong binding affinities with cardiac markers and oxidative enzymes. Hexose (5TMS) demonstrated greater binding affinity with xanthine oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase. Conclusions: FD-40 of Cleome viscosa methanolic extract exhibits significant cardioprotective effects in diabetic rats by regulating cardiac markers and reducing oxidative stress. The underlying mechanisms need to be elucidated in the future.

Background Cardiac injury caused by iron overload is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with beta-thalassemia, owing to frequent blood transfusion, increased iron overload, and blood hemolysis. Objective This research aimed to assess several novel cardiac biomarkers in the blood samples of children and adult patients with beta-thalassemia major (βTM), along with their respective control groups. These biomarkers included endothelin 1 (ET-1), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), and renalase (RNLS). Methods This case-control study was done on 46 patients with βTM (23 children <18 years, and 23 adults ≥18 years) from the Genetic Hematology Center in Thi-Qar province, Iraq, and 42 comparable controls in 2 groups (21 for each group) in the period from February to April 2023. Results Levels of ET-1, NT-proBNP, ANP, GDF-15, RNLS, and ferritin were higher in the children and adults with βTM than in the control subjects. Conclusion Elevations of the novel cardiac biomarkers ET-1, NT-proBNP, ANP, GDF-15, and RNLS in the sera of children and adult patients with βTM when compared with comparable control subjects confirm that the majority of patients with βTM are at risk of cardiac and cardiovascular complications even when there are no obvious symptoms, especially in children, which gives suitable predictive biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the use of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays to rule out non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Despite concerns about assay imprecision, studies have shown that the single sample rule out (SSRO) method is safe. The article provides data on the imprecision of hs-cTnT assays and calculates the probability of misclassification for different troponin values. The risk of misclassification is low, particularly when the initial troponin value exceeds 7 ng/L. An alternative SSRO threshold of 6 ng/L has also been found to be clinically safe. The article also discusses the misclassification issue with the Roche elecys e801 hs-cTnT assay, which had a low rate of misclassification, with less than 0.08% of results in the range of 6-7 ng/L being misclassified. The study concludes that despite the imprecision, the assay is precise enough to ensure that misclassifications are rarely clinically significant. [Extracted from the article]

The present study aimed to study the effect of caffeic acid (CA) on diabetic cardiac complications associated with Type-I diabetes mellitus (DM) in rats. Type-I DM in rats was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection once only [45 mg/kg, i.v]. The animals were divided into four groups, and treatment was given for 8 weeks with CA [25 mg/kg, PO and 50 mg/kg, PO] in two specified diabetic groups. After 8 weeks, serum and urine were collected and various serum and urine parameters were estimated. Animals were then sacrificed, and their hearts were removed for estimation of histopathological and oxidative parameters. STZ-induced diabetic rats showed significantly decreased albumin levels and increased MDA, collagen, and decreased activates of SOD and glutathione in their diabetic hearts. In the diabetic control, rats showed significantly increased serum cardiac parameters of CK, CRP, and LDH and also increased serum lipid profile parameters of LDL, cholesterol, and TG. Treatment with CA 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg showed significantly decreased CK, CRP, and LDH in diabetic-treated rats and decreased UA. Additionally, significantly decreased MDA, collagen, and increased activities of SOD and GSH were seen in the diabetic-treated rats. Histopathological findings also supported the beneficial effect of CA on the left ventricle of the heart. The present study revealed that the beneficial effects of CA on diabetic cardiovascular complications may be via anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives. Myocardial infarction (MI) is a severe cardiac event associated with plaque formation in arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart. Arrhythmias, such as bradyarrhythmia or tachyarrhythmia, commonly accompany MI, contributing to its morbidity and mortality. Electrolyte disturbances, particularly potassium and magnesium imbalances, can exacerbate arrhythmic risks in MI patients. This study aimed to assess the incidence of alterations in serum potassium and magnesium levels during acute MI and their correlation with rhythm disturbances. Material and methods. A prospective analytical study was conducted with 150 patients diagnosed with acute MI based on ECG changes and elevated cardiac markers. Serum potassium and magnesium levels were measured, and rhythm disturbances were assessed using continuous cardiac monitoring and standard ECG. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the association between serum potassium, serum magnesium, and rhythm changes. Results. The study investigated the demographic and clinical characteristics of participants and the potential relationship between serum electrolyte levels and arrhythmic changes. The mean age of the participants was 54.3 years, with a male predominance (76% male, 24% female). Among the participants, 50.67% had diabetes, 52% had hypertension, and 28% had both conditions. Serum electrolyte analysis showed elevated magnesium levels in 6.66% and elevated potassium levels in 12.66% of patients. Notably, arrhythmic changes in ECG were present in 62% of patients, with sinus tachycardia being the most prevalent (17%). However, statistical analysis revealed no significant correlation between serum magnesium, serum potassium, and rhythm changes (p >0.05). These findings suggest that while arrhythmic changes are common, they are not directly associated with elevated levels of these electrolytes, indicating the need for further investigation into other potential factors influencing arrhythmias in this population. Conclusion. Despite the prevalence of electrolyte disturbances in acute MI patients, this study found no significant association between serum magnesium, serum potassium levels, and rhythm disturbances. Further research is warranted to elucidate the complex interplay between electrolyte imbalances and arrhythmias in MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for over 30% of all deaths globally, necessitating reliable diagnostic tools. Prompt identification and precise diagnosis are critical for effective personalized treatment. Nanotechnology offers promising applications in diagnostics, biosensing and drug delivery for prevalent cardiovascular diseases. Its integration into cardiovascular care enhances diagnostic accuracy, enabling early intervention and tailored treatment plans. By leveraging nanoscale innovations, healthcare professionals can address the complexities of CVD progression and customize interventions based on individual patient needs. Ongoing advancements in nanotechnology continue to shape the landscape of cardiovascular medicine, offering potential for improved patient outcomes and reduced mortality rates from these pervasive diseases. Article highlights Nanotechnology in early cardiac marker detection Nanoparticles possess a wide range of capabilities for diagnostic purposes, namely in the realm of early identification of atherosclerosis by the quantification of inflammatory markers. Precision and effectiveness are essential for the detection of heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) as an early biomarker for cardiac events. Several techniques, such as chromatography (HPLC, GC-MS) and immunoassays (ELISA, LFIA), can be used with distinct advantages in terms of sensitivity, specificity and turnaround time. Challenges with immunoassays include the occurrence of cross-reactivity and interference, while chromatographic procedures require specialized equipment and skilled personnel. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control gene expression and exhibit stability in human fluids, rendering them valuable as biomarkers. miRNA-21 is a biomarker that is specifically intriguing for heart failure due to its involvement in both the etiology and diagnostics of the condition. Therapeutic approaches aimed at miRNA-21 entail the use of antagomiRs and miRNA mimics, which present opportunities for precision medicine. miRNA-21 is involved in heart hypertrophy, fibrosis and remodeling, and its abnormal regulation offers diagnostic and prognostic information. Current challenges & limitations in early detection Early diagnosis of heart issues is essential for effective treatment and better outcomes. Advanced cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are increasingly employed for congestive heart failure, ventricular tachyarrhythmia and bradyarrhythmia. Regular battery changes remain necessary, despite breakthroughs in battery design and CIED programming, resulting in cost, risk and inconvenience. Transvenous lead extraction for damaged leads is potentially fatal. Spin-echo (SE) sequences, enhanced by ECG-gating, improve myocardial-blood contrast but have limited temporal resolution and motion-related artefacts. Ejection fraction (EF), a typical systolic function measure, is susceptible to inaccuracies due to subjective endocardial boundary tracing. Emerging biochemical diagnostics for heart disease encounter hurdles in standardization, preanalytical variability and imprecision. Reliable economic evaluations of test costs and benefits are lacking. Immunoassays for novel cardiac proteins use antibodies targeting various epitopes, resulting in varying results and interpretation challenges. "Sandwich" immunoassays may produce false positives due to disturbances in antigen-antibody reactions and interference by factors like rheumatoid factor or human antimouse antibodies. The presence of endogenous substances like hemoglobin and bilirubin can lower the sensitivity and specificity of troponin assays. POC devices for cardiac troponins and BNP detection are sensitive yet expensive and time-consuming. Recent advances & innovations in early detection Patenting theranostic nanoparticles, developing a UV-cross-linkable cardiac patch with gold nano-rods and creating nanoparticle-based stem cell conjugates for post-infarction treatment are significant advances in spatially designed nanoparticle trials in CVDs, neurological disorders and cancer therapies. AuNPs and iron oxide nanoparticles improve imaging of atherosclerotic plaques and CVDs, with CNA35-AuNPs found to improve contrast and detection in CT images. MRI, utilizing T2 and T1 mapping, 4D flow imaging and nanoplatforms, enhances imaging accuracy and precision, replacing biopsies for heart structure, function and tissue characteristics. PET imaging in CVDs uses radioactive tracers for 3D imaging of biological processes, such as myocardial perfusion using 13N-ammonia, enhanced by nanoplatforms and targeting ligands improving specificity and effectiveness. Enhanced ultrasound imaging with nanoparticles targeting vascular markers enhances echogenicity and contrast-to-noise ratio, resulting in safe and effective real-time imaging. MSOT and PAI use photoacoustic imaging for high-resolution carotid artery and atherosclerosis detection, with nanoparticles improving sensitivity, contrast and specificity. MPI, a real-time, high-resolution imaging method, enhances signal strength and accuracy with optimized nanoparticles for tracer detection, multiplexed imaging and sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pamukkale Medical Journal is the property of Pamukkale Journal of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Dromedaries’ normal heart architecture and size have not been adequately examined utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and topographic anatomy. Result we aimed to investigate the regular appearance of the heart and its dimensions, using MRI and cross-sectional anatomy, in mature Arabian one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius). We also analyzed hematological and cardiac biochemical markers. MRI scans were conducted on twelve camel heart cadavers using a closed 1.5-Tesla magnet with fast spin echo (FSE) weighted sequences. Subsequently, the hearts were cross-sectionally sliced. Additionally, hematobiochemical studies were conducted on ten mature live camels. The study analyzed standard cardiac dimensions including HL, BW, RA, LA, RV, LV, IVS, LAD, RAD, RVD, AoD, TCVD, and MVD. The results showed a strong positive correlation between the cardiac dimensions obtained from both gross analysis and MR images, with no significant difference between them. On both gross and MRI images, the usual structures of the heart were identified and labeled. Along with the cardiac markers (creatine kinase and troponin), the average hematological values and standard biochemical parameters were also described. Conclusion According to what we know, this investigation demonstrates, for the first time the typical heart structures and dimensions of the heart in dromedaries, and it could serve as a basis for diagnosing cardiac disorders in these animals.

Background: Dromedaries' normal heart architecture and size have not been adequately examined utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and topographic anatomy. Result: we aimed to investigate the regular appearance of the heart and its dimensions, using MRI and cross-sectional anatomy, in mature Arabian one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius). We also analyzed hematological and cardiac biochemical markers. MRI scans were conducted on twelve camel heart cadavers using a closed 1.5-Tesla magnet with fast spin echo (FSE) weighted sequences. Subsequently, the hearts were cross-sectionally sliced. Additionally, hematobiochemical studies were conducted on ten mature live camels. The study analyzed standard cardiac dimensions including HL, BW, RA, LA, RV, LV, IVS, LAD, RAD, RVD, AoD, TCVD, and MVD. The results showed a strong positive correlation between the cardiac dimensions obtained from both gross analysis and MR images, with no significant difference between them. On both gross and MRI images, the usual structures of the heart were identified and labeled. Along with the cardiac markers (creatine kinase and troponin), the average hematological values and standard biochemical parameters were also described. Conclusion: According to what we know, this investigation demonstrates, for the first time the typical heart structures and dimensions of the heart in dromedaries, and it could serve as a basis for diagnosing cardiac disorders in these animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lipid endocannabinoid system has recently emerged as a novel therapeutic target for several inflammatory and tissue-damaging diseases, including those affecting the cardiovascular system. The primary targets of cannabinoids are cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) receptors. The CB2 receptor is expressed in the cardiomyocytes. While the pathological changes in the myocardium upregulate the CB2 receptor, genetic deletion of the receptor aggravates the changes. The CB2 receptor plays a crucial role in attenuating the advancement of myocardial infarction (MI)-associated pathological changes in the myocardium. Activation of CB2 receptors exerts cardioprotection in MI via numerous molecular pathways. For instance, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol attenuated the progression of MI via modulation of the CB2 receptor-dependent anti-inflammatory mechanisms, including suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Through similar mechanisms, natural and synthetic CB2 receptor ligands repair myocardial tissue damage. This review aims to offer an in-depth discussion on the ameliorative potential of CB2 receptors in myocardial injuries induced by a variety of pathogenic mechanisms. Further, the modulation of autophagy, TGF-β/Smad3 signaling, MPTP opening, and ROS production are discussed. The molecular correlation of CB2 receptors with cardiac injury markers, such as troponin I, LDH1, and CK-MB, is explored. Special attention has been paid to novel insights into the potential therapeutic implications of CB2 receptor activation in MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major cause of deaths all over the world. The high level of blood cholesterol and oxidative stress are major risk factors for heart diseases. The phytotherapeutics have attracted attention as potential agents for preventing and treating oxidative stress associated diseases. The objective of present study was to evaluate the synergetic cardio-protective and antilipidemic potential of medicinal plants viz. Coriandrum sativum, Piper nigrum and Cactus grandiflorus. Cardio-protective and anti-lipidemic potential of herbal mixture was evaluated against salbutamol induced cardiotoxicity in rabbits. For this purpose, rabbits were divided into six groups as normal control, salbutamol control, curative and standard drug curative. Results Salbutamol significantly (p

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Organophosphorous (OP) compound poisoning is a common toxological emergency in agricultural country like India, as it is easily available. Cardiac Marker (CPKMB &Trop-I) level were frequently elevated in OPC poisoning and ECG changes were observed. Fatality is mostly due to cardiovascular and respiratory failure. Aim & Objective: To study clinical severity and it's correlation to myocardial injury in respect to Troponine-I, CPK-MB and ECG changes. Material and Methods: A prospective observational study conducted among 97 patients admitted in Medicine Department, VIMSAR, Burla with history of OPC poisoning during the period of Dec 2019 to Dec 2021 after approval from institutional Ethical Committee. Changes in ECG, Serum CPK-MB, Trop-I level were estimated by IFCC and ELISA method, respectively and observed at admission, after 3 days and at discharge. Results: Mostly Chlorpyriphos (23.7%) was consumed followed by Phorate (22.7%). The most common clinical symptoms was bradycardia (49.5%) followed by hypotension (26.8%), and tachycardia (21.6%). Acetylcholine esterase level decreased (<25000IU) in 75.3 % patients. ECG showed Sinus bradycardia (44.3%), followed by QT prolongation (33%). On day3, significantly elevated Trop-I (27.80 %) and CPK-MB(29.89%) were found. Conclusion: Majority of the patients were in the age group of 45-60 with males more than females. Occurrence of cardiotoxicity was related to the type of compounds ingested. Elevated CPK-MB and Trop-I indicates severity of OPC poisoning requiring longer ICU stay and also statistically significant to predict the prognosis of poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ludwig's angina was first described in 1839 by German physician, Wilhelm Frederick Von Ludwig as a rapidly and fatal progressive gangrenous cellulitis and edema of the soft tissues of the neck and floor of the mouth with rapid spread to other places like anterior mediastinum. However, Type 2 acute myocardial infarction (MI) due to Ludwig's angina has not been documented. A 62‐year‐old male presented to the emergency department with visible anterior neck swelling for 1 week, which was preceded by a tooth arch 1 week prior, the patient presented with a high grade fevers, dysphonia, dysphagia, and facial swelling. No history of trauma. He reported in the past 24 h prior to evaluation, a steady progression of pain intensity with rapid progression and anterior neck skin erythema and swelling. The pain was exacerbated by rotation of the neck, tongue protrusion, and speaking. On examination, there was a visible anterior neck swelling measuring 10.0 × 3.0 cm in widest dimensions, exquisitely tender to palpation with a positive temperature gradient, skin hyperpigmentation and firm in consistency, no crepitus, fluctuance, or induration. Tongue appeared elevated with sublingual edema and pooling of secretions. No stridor. A chest and neck ultrasound scan revealed an extensive abscisic mass from the submandibular, neck, sternal notch, and right clavicular region with the largest pockets measuring 2.11 × 0.8 cm, 2.03 × 0.62 cm, 1.50 × 1.1 cm, with noted submandibular, subclavicular and deep and superficial cervical lymph nodes, the largest measuring 1.23 × 1.63 cm in dimensions. A neck‐CT scan with contrast revealed a pronounced subcutaneous tissue localized collection extending to both submandibular spaces measuring about 5.5 × 12.5 × 9.5 cm with mural enhancement. The upper chest cuts showed moderate pleural effusions and a paracardial hypodense well‐defined lesion measuring 7.5 × 2.5 cm with mild pericardial effusion. The patient was referred to the ear, neck and throat, ENT surgeon for urgent drainage of the abscess, which was done successfully and about 300 mL of hemorrhagic pus was drained. Then transferred to highly dependent unit, (HDU) for IV antibiotic administration and vital observations, prior to that electrocardiogram, ECG showed a normal sinus rhythm. The following day in HDU, the patient started experiencing a chest pain of sudden onset radiating to the upper jaws, left forearm and throbbing in nature, palpitations and started becoming diaphoretic. Blood pressure was 150/70 mmgh and pulse of 120 bpm. ECG readings demonstrated ST‐elevation, at lead 11, V2, and V3, cardiac Troponin I and CK‐MB were elevated 10.0 ng/mL, (<0.4 ng/mL) and 150.0 IU/L, (5‐25 IU/L) respectively. The patient was started on medications to relief acute ischemic pain these included, sublingual nitroglycerin 0.6 mg, morphine 5 mg intravenous slowly, antithrombotic, and beta‐adrenergic blockade. He was kept in HDU later with heparin 80 U/kg bolus and 8 U/kg continuous infusion and was taken for coronary angiogram which demonstrated no any coronary artery occlusion. The patient later on started to register improvement and later discharged on medications for follow‐up. On follow‐up, the subsequent ECG showed persistent atrial fibrillation and patient was discharged on P2Y12 inhibitor, clopidogrel, 75 mg, and beta‐blocker, metoprolol 50 mg. Over the past three decades, mortality rates for acute MI have increased significantly, One common subtype, type 2 MI is noted and driven by a myocardial oxygen supply and demand mismatch in the absence of coronary thrombosis. T2MI can occur with or without obstructive coronary disease like in this patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries. T2MI is increasingly recognized because of various septic pathophyisologies that cause increased myocardia oxygen demand. Evidence of myocardial ischemia especially those with sepsis are likely to develop myocardial injury. T2MI is frequent and explains a significant increase in clinical practice. A consensus is needed about how the diagnosis is established, to facilitate evidence‐based therapies geared toward improving outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major cause of deaths all over the world. The high level of blood cholesterol and oxidative stress are major risk factors for heart diseases. The phytotherapeutics have attracted attention as potential agents for preventing and treating oxidative stress associated diseases. The objective of present study was to evaluate the synergetic cardio-protective and antilipidemic potential of medicinal plants viz. Coriandrum sativum, Piper nigrum and Cactus grandiflorus. Cardio-protective and anti-lipidemic potential of herbal mixture was evaluated against salbutamol induced cardiotoxicity in rabbits. For this purpose, rabbits were divided into six groups as normal control, salbutamol control, curative and standard drug curative. Results: Salbutamol significantly (p < 0.05) increased the level of serum cardiac biomarkers (ALT, CK-MB, AST and LDH) and lipids (LDL, triglycerides, cholesterol) in rabbits. The prior and post administration of herbal mixture significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the elevated level of serum cardiac biomarkers and lipids equal to normal control. Gross pathological examination revealed that heart of salbutamol control animals became hardened, congested and were enlarged than preventive and curative groups. The phytotherapeutic analysis of medicinal plants revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, alkaloids and steroids. Conclusion: The results showed that this herbal mixture has strong cardio-protective and anti-lipidemic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diverse clinical and laboratory features of multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS‐C) have been reported in the literature. Despite the worldwide distribution, systemic studies regarding the laboratory results do not exist. Therefore, we aimed to perform this systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate the serological, immunological, and cardiac parameters of the MIS‐C associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using specific keywords for any papers published in English since the disease onset and the first report until July 19, 2020. The inclusion criteria were children <21 years diagnosed with MIS‐C without any limitation on defining criteria. Forty‐eight studies were included in the final analysis, with a total population size of 3543 children with MIS‐C. The median age of the included patients was 8.3 (6.7–9) years. The pooled prevalence of male patients was 59% (95% CI: 56%–61%) and 62% (95% CI: 55%–69%) were admitted in ICU. The pooled prevalence of positive SARS‐CoV‐2 RT‐PCR, SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM, and SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibody tests was 33% (95% CI: 27%–40%), 39% (95% CI: 22%–58%) and 81% (95% CI: 76%–86%), respectively. The positivity rate of the inflammatory markers was as follows: CRP (96%, 95% CI: 90%–100%), d‐dimer (87%, 95% CI: 81%–93%), ESR (81%, 95% CI: 74%–87%), procalcitonin (88%, 95% CI: 76%–97%), ferritin (79%, 95% CI: 69%–87%), and fibrinogen (77%, 95% CI: 70%–84%). The pooled prevalence of elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level, pro‐BNP, and troponin were found in 60% (95% CI: 44%–75%), 87% (95% CI: 75%–96%), and 55% (95% CI: 45%–64%), respectively. The majority of patients had positive SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG test. Nearly one‐third of the cases showed negative RT‐PCR results. Cardiac and inflammatory markers were elevated in the majority of cases. These findings suggest that hyperinflammation and cardiac dysfunction are common complications of MIS‐C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been continuously increasing, and this trend is projected to continue. CVD is rapidly becoming a significant public health issue. Every year there is a spike in hospital cases of CVD, a critical health concern in lower- and middle-income countries. Based on identification of novel biomarkers, it would be necessary to study and evaluate the diagnostic requirements or CVD to expedite early detection. Main body The literature review was written using a wide range of sources, such as well-known medical journals, electronic databases, manuscripts, texts, and other writings from the university library. After that, we analysed the specific markers of CVD and compiled a systematic review. A growing body of clinical research aims to identify people who are at risk for cardiovascular disease by looking for biomolecules. A small number of biomarkers have been shown to be useful and reliable in medicine. Biomarkers can be used for a variety of clinical applications, such as predicting heart disease risk, diagnosing disease, or predicting outcomes. As a result of the ability for a single molecule to act as a biomarker, its usefulness in medicine is expected to increase significantly. Conclusions Based on assessing the current trends in the application of CVD markers, we discussed and described the requirements for the application of CVD biomarkers in coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, and other cardiovascular illnesses. Furthermore, the current review focuses on biomarkers for CVD and the procedures that should be considered to establish the comprehensive nature of the expression of biomarkers for cardiovascular illness.

Aim: Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE); It is a clinical condition that can progress with abnormal consciousness, seizures, and multi-organ failure. In this retrospective study, it was aimed to evaluate the cord blood gas pH value and cardiac markers, as well as diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neurological examinations and developmental results of newborns diagnosed with HIE who underwent therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Materials-Methods: Patients who were hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Hacettepe University İhsan Doğramacı Children's Hospital between January 2015 and January 2021 and received TH treatment with the diagnosis of HIE stage 2-3 and were followed up in the outpatient clinic were included in the study. Umbilical cord blood gas pH, Troponin-I, CK-MB values, diffusion MRI findings and Bayley Developmental Assessment Scale for Infants and Young Children-lll (BSID-III) results werecompared. Results: Mean gestational week of 17 patients included in the study was 39 weeks (37-41), mean birth weight was 3360 ± 325 g, 13 (59%) were male. Seizures were not detected in 10 (59%) of the patients in aEEG/EEG follow-up. There was no statistical difference between the median cord blood gas pH value and abnormal diffusion MRI results. Between the BSID-III scoresand the median ofthe cord blood gas pH; There was no statistical difference between heart markers and diffusion MRI and BSID-III results. Conclusion: Cord blood gas values used for TH indication in infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy are not sufficient to predict long-term neurodevelopmental prognosis. If the number of patients is increased, we can say that cardiac enzymes, which show that the heart muscle is affected by hypoxia in these patients, may be useful in predicting the neurological-developmental problems that the baby may presence in long-term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To discuss the diagnosis and treatment of one patient with ruptured intracranial aneurysm complicated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and to provide the reference for the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and anesthesia of the disease. Methods: The clinical data, imaging findings, and anesthesia methods of one patient with ruptured intracranial aneurysm complicated with AMI were retrospectively analyzed, and the analysis was performed combined with the relevant literatures. Results: The patient was admitted to hospital due to sudden severe headache with nausea and vomiting for 4 h. A total of 1 h and 10 min after admission, the multi-slice CT results showed subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). There was little bilateral ventricular effusion, and the intracranial angiography results showed a tumor in the posterior communicating segment of the right internal carotid artery. A total of 2 h 52 min after admission, the myoglobin was 483. 6 μ g·L-1, the troponin I was 4. 990 μg·L-1, the creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB (CK-MB) was 45. 70 μg·L-1. A total of 16 h 31 min after admission, the ECG results showed sinus bradycardia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and ST-T segment changes. The initial diagnosis of the patient was SAH, AMI, and hypertension grade 3 (very high risk). After early comprehensive treatment, the patient underwent emergency clipping of cerebral aneurysm after 3 d. The anesthesia method was tracheal intubation ansthesia, and the anesthetic drugs were carefully selected to achieve the best blood flow and anesthesia effect. The vital signs of the patient were stable during the operation, and the condition of the patient was improved and discharged after 7 d. Conclusion: For the patients with intracranial aneurysm rupture complicated with AMI, CT, intracranial angiography, and myocardial markers are the important examinations for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis; controlling the blood pressure is the key point for the treatment and anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ludwig's angina was first described in 1839 by German physician, Wilhelm Frederick Von Ludwig as a rapidly and fatal progressive gangrenous cellulitis and edema of the soft tissues of the neck and floor of the mouth with rapid spread to other places like anterior mediastinum. However, Type 2 acute myocardial infarction (MI) due to Ludwig's angina has not been documented. A 62‐year‐old male presented to the emergency department with visible anterior neck swelling for 1 week, which was preceded by a tooth arch 1 week prior, the patient presented with a high grade fevers, dysphonia, dysphagia, and facial swelling. No history of trauma. He reported in the past 24 h prior to evaluation, a steady progression of pain intensity with rapid progression and anterior neck skin erythema and swelling. The pain was exacerbated by rotation of the neck, tongue protrusion, and speaking. On examination, there was a visible anterior neck swelling measuring 10.0 × 3.0 cm in widest dimensions, exquisitely tender to palpation with a positive temperature gradient, skin hyperpigmentation and firm in consistency, no crepitus, fluctuance, or induration. Tongue appeared elevated with sublingual edema and pooling of secretions. No stridor. A chest and neck ultrasound scan revealed an extensive abscisic mass from the submandibular, neck, sternal notch, and right clavicular region with the largest pockets measuring 2.11 × 0.8 cm, 2.03 × 0.62 cm, 1.50 × 1.1 cm, with noted submandibular, subclavicular and deep and superficial cervical lymph nodes, the largest measuring 1.23 × 1.63 cm in dimensions. A neck‐CT scan with contrast revealed a pronounced subcutaneous tissue localized collection extending to both submandibular spaces measuring about 5.5 × 12.5 × 9.5 cm with mural enhancement. The upper chest cuts showed moderate pleural effusions and a paracardial hypodense well‐defined lesion measuring 7.5 × 2.5 cm with mild pericardial effusion. The patient was referred to the ear, neck and throat, ENT surgeon for urgent drainage of the abscess, which was done successfully and about 300 mL of hemorrhagic pus was drained. Then transferred to highly dependent unit, (HDU) for IV antibiotic administration and vital observations, prior to that electrocardiogram, ECG showed a normal sinus rhythm. The following day in HDU, the patient started experiencing a chest pain of sudden onset radiating to the upper jaws, left forearm and throbbing in nature, palpitations and started becoming diaphoretic. Blood pressure was 150/70 mmgh and pulse of 120 bpm. ECG readings demonstrated ST‐elevation, at lead 11, V2, and V3, cardiac Troponin I and CK‐MB were elevated 10.0 ng/mL, (

Background: Stem cell therapy has emerged as a novel treatment for heart failure after myocardial infarction (Ml). Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are commonly considered because of their accessibility and usability. However, their therapeutic potential remains controversial. In our previous in vitro study, chorion-derived mesenchymal stem cells (C-MSCs) and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) demonstrated an ability to differentiate into cardiomyocytes and neural cells, respectively. Thus, we examined whether C-MSCs had a better differentiation potential in an MI animal model. Methods: MI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending artery, and DiI-labeled MSCs were injected into the border of the infarcted myocardium. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and fractional shortening (FS) were measured using echocardiograms. Masson's Trichrome staining was performed to evaluate the viable myocardium. Alpha-sarcomeric actin (α-SA), cardiac troponin-T (cTnT), and isolectin were immunolabeled to evaluate differentiation and capillary formation. Results: After 8 weeks, the LVEF and FS significantly increased to a greater extent in the C-MSC-injected group with maintenance of viable myocardium, as compared to in the control, UC-MSC-, and BM-MSC-injected groups (p

Measurement of high-sensitivity (hs) cardiac troponin (cTn) T and I is widely studied for cardiac assessment of stable populations. Recent data suggest clinical and prognostic discrepancies between both hs-cTn. We aimed at reviewing published studies with respect to underlying causes and clinical implications. We summarized current evidence on release and clearance mechanisms of cTnT and I, and on preanalytical and assay-related issues potentially portending to differences in measured concentrations. We also performed a systematic review of outcome studies comparing both hs-cTn in the general population, patients with congestive heart failure, stable coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation. For the interpretation of concentrations of hs-cTnT, stronger association with renal dysfunction compared to hs-cTnI should be considered. Hs-cTnT also appears to be a stronger indicator of general cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality. Hs-cTnI concentrations tend to be more sensitive to coronary artery disease and ischemic outcomes. These findings apparently reflect variations in the mechanisms of cardiac affections resulting in cTn release. Whether these differences are of clinically relevance remains to be elucidated. However, having the option of choosing between either hs-cTn might represent an option for framing individualized cardiac assessment in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scopoletin is a phenolic coumarin isolated from a variety of plants and was originally used to treat various diseases including arthritis as well as bone-related diseases. The goal of this study was to determine scopoletin's therapeutic potential in an animal model of myocardial infarction induced with ISO. There were five groups of albino male rats. Group I (control) animals were orally treated with olive oil. Group II (scopoletin) animals were pre-treated orally with a 50-mg dosage of scopoletin for 28 days. Group III (ISO-treated) animals were treated with 85 mg/kg of ISO subcutaneously for 2 consecutive days (29th and 30th day). Group IV (scopoletin and ISO) animals were pre-treated orally with 25 mg of scopoletin for 28 days before exposure to ISO. Group V (scopoletin and ISO) animals were pre-treated with 50 mg of scopoletin for 28 days before exposure to ISO. In the ISO-administered animals, a wider heart-to-body weight ratio, a higher heart weight, higher cardiac diagnostic markers, higher MDA levels and related antioxidant levels, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers were observed. Scopoletin pre-treatment with ISO (25 and 50 mg/kg b.wt) significantly reduced heart-to-body weight ratio, cardiac diagnostic markers, MDA, inflammatory markers, and apoptotic markers. Meantime, a pre-treatment with scopoletin increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes. Inflammation and necrosis were observed in the histopathology of heart tissue of ISO-treated animals and these histopathological conditions were reversed by scopoletin pretreatment. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of ISO-treated rats were shown to be increased by scopoletin, showing its therapeutic potential against cardiovascular diseases. Through the use of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, scopoletin exhibited anti-myocardial infarction properties. However, further preclinical studies will be required to demonstrate the mechanism of action of scopoletin involved in anti-myocardial infarction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aims The aim of this study was to establish age‐specific and sex‐specific cut‐off values for N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) and high‐sensitivity troponin T (hs‐troponin T) in healthy subjects and assess cardiac biomarkers as screening tools for subclinical heart failure (HF) in a general population. Methods and results Altogether, 1936 participants were randomly selected from the general population Tromsø 7 study in Northern Norway. Diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive value) of cardiac markers for echocardiographically defined subclinical HF was evaluated. The receiver‐operating characteristic analysis showed that areas under the curve were relatively low (under 0.75) for both NT‐proBNP and hs‐troponin T, suggesting that the diagnostic accuracy of these biomarkers for subclinical HF was not excellent, especially for mild forms of HF and younger age group 40–49 years. Sex‐specific and age‐specific cut‐offs for hs‐troponin T (99th percentiles) and NT‐proBNP (97.5th percentiles) were established in healthy subjects from the same general population. The sex‐specific and age‐specific cut‐offs for NT‐proBNP had higher specificity for subclinical HF compared with the previously established single cut‐off 125 pg/mL. Age‐specific cut‐off for hs‐troponin T (18 ng/L) for men ≥60 years had also higher specificity than the single cut‐off 14 ng/L. These cut‐offs had high specificity, but low sensitivity, that makes hs‐troponin T and NT‐proBNP good biomarkers to rule in HF in case of a positive test, but not good enough to rule out all unrecognized HF due to false negative results. Conclusions N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide and hs‐troponin T are suboptimal screening tools for subclinical HF in a general population due to low sensitivity.

The current study investigated the preventive effect of 6-Shogaol on isoproterenol hydrochloride (ISO)-induced myocardial cardiac injury. 6-Shogaol (50 mg/kg b.w.) was administered for 14 days at pretreatment and ISO-induction (85 mg/kg b.w.) for the last two days (13th and 14th days) by subcutaneous injection. Cardiac markers in serum like creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cardiac troponins T (cTn T) and I (cTn I) increased in ISOinduced rats. Moreover, lipid peroxidative markers like thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) were raised, and the activities/level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were diminished in ISO-treated heart tissue. In addition, inflammatory and nuclear respiratory factor (Nrf)-2 signalling molecules were upregulated in ISO-induced ischemic rats. 6-Shogaol pretreatment decreased the activities of cardiac and lipid peroxidative markers and enhanced the antioxidant status in ISO-induced cardiac injury rats. Further, 6-Shogaol pretreatment inhibited serum inflammatory markers: tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB), Nrf-2 molecule and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in ISO-induced cardial damage rats. We noticed the effect of 6-Shogaol inhibited pro-apoptotic genes like B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax), Fas, caspase-3, -8, -9, cytochrome C, and inflammatory genes and increased Bcl-2 expression in ISO-treated rats. The cardioprotective activity of 6-Shogaol in rats with ISO-induced myocardial damage may be due to its ability to reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, perhaps via the Nrf-2/HO-1 signalling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been continuously increasing, and this trend is projected to continue. CVD is rapidly becoming a significant public health issue. Every year there is a spike in hospital cases of CVD, a critical health concern in lower- and middle-income countries. Based on identification of novel biomarkers, it would be necessary to study and evaluate the diagnostic requirements or CVD to expedite early detection. Main body: The literature review was written using a wide range of sources, such as well-known medical journals, electronic databases, manuscripts, texts, and other writings from the university library. After that, we analysed the specific markers of CVD and compiled a systematic review. A growing body of clinical research aims to identify people who are at risk for cardiovascular disease by looking for biomolecules. A small number of biomarkers have been shown to be useful and reliable in medicine. Biomarkers can be used for a variety of clinical applications, such as predicting heart disease risk, diagnosing disease, or predicting outcomes. As a result of the ability for a single molecule to act as a biomarker, its usefulness in medicine is expected to increase significantly. Conclusions: Based on assessing the current trends in the application of CVD markers, we discussed and described the requirements for the application of CVD biomarkers in coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, and other cardiovascular illnesses. Furthermore, the current review focuses on biomarkers for CVD and the procedures that should be considered to establish the comprehensive nature of the expression of biomarkers for cardiovascular illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The association between blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels and incident heart failure (HF) in the general population is still unclear., Methods and Results: We assessed the association of BUN level with incident HF in 14,167 ARIC participants without a history of HF at baseline (1987-1989) (mean age 54.1 years, 54.4% female, 25.2% Black). BUN levels (mg/dL) were divided into quartiles, with the highest quartile further divided into tertiles (Q1 ≤13, Q2 13-15, Q3 15-17, Q4a 17-19, Q4b 19-21, Q4c >21). HF events were identified through to December 31, 2019, using diagnostic codes on discharge records or death certificates. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using multivariable Cox models. During a median follow-up of 26.2 years, 3,482 participants developed HF (incidence rate 10.7 per 1,000 person-years). In a multivariable Cox model adjusted for sociodemographic variables, the highest BUN quartile (Q4) had a HR of 1.19 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09, 1.31) compared with Q1. HRs for Q4a, Q4b, and Q4c were 1.14 (95% CI 1.02, 1.28), 1.11 (0.96, 1.28), and 1.42 (1.22, 1.63), respectively. After further adjustment for clinical factors, the association remained significant for Q4c (HR 1.23 [1.06, 1.43]). Associations were consistent across demographic and clinical subgroups., Conclusions: In this community-based cohort, higher BUN levels were significantly associated with incident HF. BUN, routinely measured in clinical care, may help identify individuals at risk of HF.

In patients with initially elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase MB (CPK-MB), its increase after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be due not only to additional injury, but also to natural release during myocardial infarction. Therefore, CPK-MB should be evaluated relative to the initial values.Aim. To compare the CPK-MB dynamics after myocardial reperfusion relative to baseline values and the upper limit of normal (ULN) for the optimal approach to determining myocardial reperfusion injury in patients with acute coronary syndrome.Material and methods. A single center observational study was conducted with the participation of 90 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Patients underwent a biochemical blood test for CPK-MB twice and its dynamics was determined relative to the initial value and ULN.Results. Between the ischemia time and CPK-MB dynamics relative to the initial values, there is a moderate negative correlation. At the same time, the ratio of CPKMB after surgery to ULN is not associated with ischemia time. Analysis of covariance showed that the CPK-MB dynamics, determined relative to the initial values, is 20% dependent on the ischemia time. Individual features of coronary system anatomy, localization of the infarct-associated artery and the subsequent reperfusion procedure together explain the CPK-MB dynamics after surgery by 27%. When the ratio of CPK-MB to ULN is included in the analysis of covariance, all the above factors lose statistical significance.Conclusion. Thus, for a more accurate assessment of myocardial reperfusion injury after PCI, not the upper limit of normal should be analyzed, but the initial values of CPK-MB. In patients with the left heart dominant, as well as in the infarction localization in the system of right or left anterior descending artery, there is a slight change in the marker. On the contrary, more pronounced dynamics is observed in patients with tortuous coronary arteries and with implantation of 2 or more stents. At the same time, the assessment of CPK-MB in relation to ULN is not associated with the ischemia time and does not depend on the clinical and angiographic characteristics and tactics of the operation.

BackgroundLevels of N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a marker of heart failure and cardiovascular risk, are generally higher in women than men. We explored whether iron biomarkers mediate sex differences in NT-proBNP levels.MethodsWe included 5,343 community-dwelling individuals from the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease study. With linear regression analyses, we investigated the association of sex and iron biomarkers with NT-proBNP levels, independent of adjustment for potential confounders. The assessed iron biomarkers included ferritin, transferrin saturation (TSAT), hepcidin, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR). Next, we performed mediation analyses to investigate to which extent iron biomarkers influence the association between sex and NT-proBNP.ResultsOf the included 5,343 participants, the mean standard deviation age was 52.2 ± 11.6 years and 52% were females. After adjustment for potential confounders, women compared to men, had higher NT-proBNP (β = 0.31; 95%CI = 0.29, 0.34), but lower ferritin (β = –0.37; 95%CI = –0.39, –0.35), hepcidin (β = –0.22, 95%CI = –0.24, –0.20), and TSAT (β = –0.07, 95% CI = –0.08, –0.06). Lower ferritin (β = –0.05, 95%CI = –0.08, –0.02), lower hepcidin (β = –0.04, 95%CI = –0.07, –0.006), and higher TSAT (β = 0.07; 95%CI = 0.01, 0.13) were associated with higher NT-proBNP. In mediation analyses, ferritin and hepcidin explained 6.5 and 3.1% of the association between sex and NT-proBNP, respectively, while TSAT minimally suppressed (1.9%) this association.ConclusionOur findings suggest that iron biomarkers marginally explain sex differences in levels of NT-proBNP. Future studies are needed to explore causality and potential mechanisms underlying these pathways.

Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) should be referred promptly to the hospital to reduce mortality and morbidity. Differentiating between low-risk and high-risk patients remains a diagnostic challenge. Point-of-care testing can contribute to earlier disposition decisions for patients excluded from ACS. This study describes the validation of the Atellica® VTLi. Patient-side Immunoassay Analyzer for high-sensitivity troponin point-of-care (POC) analysis. (The Atellica VTLi is not available for sale in the USA. The products/features (mentioned herein) are not commercially available in all countries. Their future availability cannot be guaranteed). A total of 152 patients with acute chest pain admitted at the cardiac emergency department (ED) were included in the study. Capillary blood was compared with a whole blood and plasma sample obtained by venipuncture. All samples were analyzed using the Atellica VTLi Patient-side Immunoassay Analyzer; in addition, plasma was analyzed by a central lab immunoassay analyzer. No significant difference was observed between venous whole blood vs. plasma analyzed by the Atellica VTLi Patient-side Immunoassay Analyzer. The difference between capillary blood and venous blood showed a constant bias of 7.1%, for which a correction factor has been implemented. No clinically relevant differences were observed for the capillary POC results compared to plasma analyzed with a standard immunoassay analyzer. The Atellica VTLi Patient-side Immunoassay Analyzer for high-sensitivity troponin analysis shows equivalent results for all sample types, including capillary blood. No clinically relevant discordances were observed between capillary POC and central laboratory results. With additional studies, this could pave the way towards rapid testing of high-sensitivity troponin in the ambulance or the general practitioner's office without the need for hospitalization of patients with acute chest pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Trastuzumab administered as a (neo)adjuvant therapy in radically treated Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer patients improves overall survival. This study aimed to assess if factors commonly thought to play a role as biomarkers of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity (TIC) are pathognomonic for this injury. Data obtained for 130 HER2-positive breast cancer patients do not support an influence of N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), or myoglobin on the frequency of TIC. Suggestions for trastuzumab therapy include: close cooperation between cardiologists and oncologists; not using NT-proBNP, CK-MB, or myoglobin as standard TIC predictive markers; organizing prospective studies assessing the role of these parameters as TIC predictive markers in the case of HER2 blockage in conjunction with doublet immunotherapy or other anti-HER2 agents. Trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity (TIC) can lead to early treatment discontinuation. The aim of this study was to evaluate: N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), myoglobin, and selected biochemical and clinical factors as predictors of TIC. One hundred and thirty patients with HER2-positive BC receiving adjuvant trastuzumab therapy (TT) were enrolled. Measurement of cardiac markers and biochemical tests as well as echocardiography were performed prior to TT initiation and every three months thereafter. Cardiotoxicity leading to treatment interruption occurred in 24 patients (18.5%). While cardiotoxicity caused early treatment discontinuation in 14 patients (10.8%), the TIC resolved in 10 (7.7%) and TT was resumed. The most common complication was a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction of more than 10% from baseline or below 50% (7.7%). In patients with TIC, there was no increase in the levels of NT-proBNP, myoglobin, and CK-MB. BMI, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, age, cancer stage, type of surgery, use of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy were shown to not have an effect on TIC occurrence. NT-proBNP, myoglobin, and CK-MB are not predictors of TIC. There is an ongoing need to identify biomarkers for TIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nefopam hydrochloride (Acupan) is commonly used to relieve moderate to severe postoperative pain. This drug is generally well tolerated; however, it has been associated with cardiac conduction problems, cerebral edema, fever, and renal failure when taken in excess. The aim is to investigate the effect of toxic doses of nefopam on the liver, heart, and brain of rats after exposure (acute toxicity of nefopam and concentration in these organs. Demonstrate whether TNF-α and NF-κB, and some selected interleukins (IL1β and IL-10) have a role in the mechanism of organ injury induced by nefopam Methods: Fourteen(14) adult rats, Group I controls n = 7: Rats were administered a single intraperitoneal injection (IP) with normal saline Group II Nefopam-treated animals: each rat injected with a one toxic dose IDP (40 mg/kg) Nefopam and then sacrificed 24 hours after drug administration, and whole blood and organs were collected. Results: After injection of a toxic dose of nefopam showing a decrease in serum level of TNF-α (17.96 Pg per ml to 14.53 Pg per ml) and a decrease in IL 10 (from 36.26 to 23.22) and IL from (6.0 to 5.3 pg/ml) and an increase in NF-κB (396.314 TO 416.266 Pg/ml), the cardiac marker also changed CK-MB. Conclusion: Nefopam(acute toxic model) produced various effects on serum levels of cytokines (whether inflammatory or anti-inflammatory markers), in addition, it did not have significant effects on CK-MB, ALT, AST, and ALP; this may indicate that this acute toxic dose of Nefopam did not have significant effects on heart and liver tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cardio-protective effects of Terminalia catappa and Terminalia chebula are well-recognized in Ayurveda for its antimicrobial, antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials. The present study evaluates the effects of T. catappa leaves (Tct.LE) and T. chebula fruits (Tce.FE) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced rats through analysis of the cardiac biomarkers, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes and respiratory chain enzymes for their cardio-protective properties. This study includes 42 adult male Albino Wistar rats randomized into seven groups for 21-days. Groups were categorized as control; DOX (1.5 mg/kg) induced negative control; basal diet with 300 mg/kg of Tct.LE, with 300 mg/kg Tce.FE; DOX with 300 mg/kg of Tct.LE, Tce.FE, and propranolol (25 mg/kg). The doses of 300 mg/kg of both plants have a significant effect on the TCA cycle, respiratory and lysosomal enzymes activity. The troponin levels are significantly reduced in plant treated group than the DOX-treated rats when compared with the control and propranolol treated group. Likewise, the increased level of creatine kinase-muscle/MB, creatine kinase and lipid profile in the DOX-treated animals were significantly reduced upon being treated with extracts. The cardio-protective activity of Tct.LE leaves and Tce.FE indicate its potential use in the management of cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aims The objective of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of urinary N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) compared with plasma NT‐proBNP in patients presenting with acute chest pain in the emergency department. Methods and results We measured simultaneously plasma and urinary NT‐proBNP at admission in 301 patients with acute chest pain. In our cohort, 174 patients suffered from acute coronary syndrome (ACS). A follow‐up (median of 55 months) was performed regarding the endpoints all‐cause mortality and major adverse cardiac events (mortality, congestive heart failure, ACS with the necessity of a coronary intervention, and stroke). Fifty‐four patients died during follow‐up; 98 suffered from the combined endpoint. A significant and positive correlation of urinary and plasma NT‐proBNP was found (r = 0.87, P

Abstract Background COVID-19 has resulted in high mortality worldwide. Information regarding cardiac markers for precise risk-stratification is limited. We aim to discover sensitive and reliable early-warning biomarkers for optimizing management and improving the prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Methods A total of 2954 consecutive COVID-19 patients who were receiving treatment from the Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital in China from February 4 to April 10 were included in this retrospective cohort. Serum levels of cardiac markers were collected after admission. Coronary artery disease diagnosis and survival status were recorded. Single-cell RNA-sequencing and bulk RNA-sequencing from different cohorts of non-COVID-19 were performed to analyze SARS-CoV-2 receptor expression. Results Among 2954 COVID-19 patients in the analysis, the median age was 60 years (50–68 years), 1461 (49.5%) were female, and 1515 (51.3%) were severe/critical. Compared to mild/moderate (1439, 48.7%) patients, severe/critical patients showed significantly higher levels of cardiac markers within the first week after admission. In severe/critical COVID-19 patients, those with abnormal serum levels of BNP (42 [24.6%] vs 7 [1.1%]), hs-TNI (38 [48.1%] vs 6 [1.0%]), α- HBDH (55 [10.4%] vs 2 [0.2%]), CK-MB (45 [36.3%] vs 12 [0.9%]), and LDH (56 [12.5%] vs 1 [0.1%]) had a significantly higher mortality rate compared to patients with normal levels. The same trend was observed in the ICU admission rate. Severe/critical COVID-19 patients with pre-existing coronary artery disease (165/1,155 [10.9%]) had more cases of BNP (52 [46.5%] vs 119 [16.5%]), hs-TNI (24 [26.7%] vs 9.6 [%], α- HBDH (86 [55.5%] vs 443 [34.4%]), CK-MB (27 [17.4%] vs 97 [7.5%]), and LDH (65 [41.9%] vs 382 [29.7%]), when compared with those without coronary artery disease. There was enhanced SARS-CoV-2 receptor expression in coronary artery disease compared with healthy controls. From regression analysis, patients with five elevated cardiac markers were at a higher risk of death (hazards ratio 3.4 [95% CI 2.4–4.8]). Conclusions COVID-19 patients with pre-existing coronary artery disease represented a higher abnormal percentage of cardiac markers, accompanied by high mortality and ICU admission rate. BNP together with hs-TNI, α- HBDH, CK-MB and LDH act as a prognostic biomarker in COVID-19 patients with or without pre-existing coronary artery disease.

Introduction: Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating event, with a mortality of up to 50%. Acute cardiac dysfunction is common after such an event, and it is known to have a negative impact on the outcome of these patients. Cardiac troponin release occurs frequently after SAH and represents an early biomarker for neurogenic cardiac dysfunction. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of a raised troponin value on the outcome of SAH patients. Methods: This is a prospective observational study held between 2014-2017 at the University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest. Data on clinical admission status, highsensitivity troponin I, ECG and echocardiographic evaluation results, ICU length of stay and in-hospital mortality rate. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametrical Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests. The results were considered significant at p<0.05. Results: A total of 335 consecutive patients with non-traumatic SAH were admitted during the study period. 92 of them were excluded and 243 were analyzed, 203 with aneurysmal SAH and 40 with non-aneurysmal, non-traumatic SAH. High-sensitivity troponin I reached its peak level 48 to 72 hours after SAH and was higher in patients with aneurysmal SAH. For all SAH patients, its median and peak values on days 1 and 2 were correlated with the ICU length of stay and inversely correlated with in-hospital length of stay. For the first 3 days, the median and maximum troponin values are higher in patients who died compared with those who survived and were discharged home (p-value < 0.001). Predictors of an elevated troponin on day 1 are loss of consciousness at ictus, a high Hunt and Hess and Fisher Scale grade, intraventricular haemorrhage and cerebral midline shift. Conclusions: The release of cardiac troponin is a valuable marker of neurogenic cardiac dysfunction in the first 3 days after SAH. The study replicates other data in the literature and highlights the association between SAH severity, early troponin elevation and in-hospital death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims The aim of this study was to establish age-specific and sex-specific cut-off values for N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-troponin T) in healthy subjects and assess cardiac biomarkers as screening tools for subclinical heart failure (HF) in a general population. Methods and results Altogether, 1936 participants were randomly selected from the general population Tromsø 7 study in Northern Norway. Diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive value) of cardiac markers for echocardiographically defined subclinical HF was evaluated. The receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that areas under the curve were relatively low (under 0.75) for both NT-proBNP and hs-troponin T, suggesting that the diagnostic accuracy of these biomarkers for subclinical HF was not excellent, especially for mild forms of HF and younger age group 40–49 years. Sex-specific and age-specific cut-offs for hs-troponin T (99th percentiles) and NT-proBNP (97.5th percentiles) were established in healthy subjects from the same general population. The sex-specific and age-specific cut-offs for NT-proBNP had higher specificity for subclinical HF compared with the previously established single cut-off 125 pg/mL. Age-specific cut-off for hs-troponin T (18 ng/L) for men ≥60 years had also higher specificity than the single cut-off 14 ng/L. These cut-offs had high specificity, but low sensitivity, that makes hs-troponin T and NT-proBNP good biomarkers to rule in HF in case of a positive test, but not good enough to rule out all unrecognized HF due to false negative results. Conclusions N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and hs-troponin T are suboptimal screening tools for subclinical HF in a general population due to low sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Express and highly sensitive immunoassays for the quantitative registration of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) are in high demand for early point-of-care differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. The selection of antibodies that feature rapid and tight binding with antigens is crucial for immunoassay rate and sensitivity. A method is presented for the selection of the most promising clones for advanced immunoassays via simultaneous characterization of interaction kinetics of different monoclonal antibodies (mAb) using a direct label-free method of multiplex spectral correlation interferometry. mAb-cTnI interactions were real-time registered on an epoxy-modified microarray glass sensor chip that did not require activation. The covalent immobilization of mAb microdots on its surface provided versatility, convenience, and virtually unlimited multiplexing potential. The kinetics of tracer antibody interaction with the "cTnI—capture antibody" complex was characterized. Algorithms are shown for excluding mutual competition of the tracer/capture antibodies and selecting the optimal pairs for different assay formats. Using the selected mAbs, a lateral flow assay was developed for rapid quantitative cTnI determination based on electronic detection of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles applied as labels (detection limit—0.08 ng/mL, dynamic range > 3 orders). The method can be extended to other molecular biomarkers for high-throughput screening of mAbs and rational development of immunoassays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, pharmaceutical scientists' interest has increased to find novel pharmaceutical natural substances with potent antioxidant capacity and very low side effects to be used safely in preventive medicine. One of the most common types of diseases with a large spread globally is cardiovascular diseases, which cause a high rate of deaths annually. The present study evaluated the use of Artemisia herba alba leaves' extract (AHALE) and AHALE zinc oxide nanoparticles (AHALE – ZnONPs) against isoproterenol (ISO) inducing myocardial infarction (MI) in male rats. Several groups of Wistar male rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were pretreated with several doses of AHALE or AHALE – ZnONPs for one month followed by exposure to ISO for two days. After treatment, samples of the rats' heart tissues and blood were collected for several molecular biological and biochemical analyses. Heart enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation compounds, lipid markers, activities, ROS generation, apoptosis, DNA damage and expression of lipid metabolism genes were analyzed in rats pretreated with AHALE or AHALE – ZnONPs followed by exposure to ISO. The results showed an increase in the levels of AST, ALT, LDH, CK, CK-MB, and cTnT (heart markers), elevation in TG, TC, and LDL levels (lipid profile markers), levels of TBARS and LOOH (lipid peroxidation products), ROS generation, DNA damage, apoptosis, and upregulation of PPAR-α, ADD1, FASN, and ACC genes in animals exposed to ISO in comparison with the control animals. Moreover, a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities, including GPx, GRx, and GST, was observed in animals exposed to ISO in comparison with control rats. In male rats pretreated with AHALE or AHALE – ZnONPs followed by exposure to ISO, the oxidative stress induced by ISO was prevented. The results suggest that Artemisia extract could be considered for use as one of the natural compounds for prevention of atherosclerosis and heart diseases due to its high antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities. The reduced oxidative stress of Artemisia extract may be a result of the existence of flavonoids and phenolic substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating event, with a mortality of up to 50%. Acute cardiac dysfunction is common after such an event, and it is known to have a negative impact on the outcome of these patients. Cardiac troponin release occurs frequently after SAH and represents an early biomarker for neurogenic cardiac dysfunction. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of a raised troponin value on the outcome of SAH patients. Methods: This is a prospective observational study held between 2014-2017 at the University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest. Data on clinical admission status, high-sensitivity troponin I, ECG and echocardiographic evaluation results, ICU length of stay and in-hospital mortality rate. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametrical Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests. The results were considered significant at p

Emerging evidence suggests that epicardial fat thickness (EFT) may be a critical feature to understand cardiac health and determine the risk of heart failure. The current review critically assesses and discusses evidence on the efficiency of measuring EFT, in comparison to the well-known markers B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its N-terminal fragment pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), as a prognostic and diagnostic approach in individuals with or at risk of heart failure. A systematic approach was undertaken to search major databases, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and the Cochrane library to identify studies that quantified EFT and serum BNP/NT-proBNP levels in individuals with or at risk of heart failure. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and a total of 1983 participants were included in this systematic review. Evidence shows a clear association between increased EFT and elevated BNP/NT-proBNP levels in individuals with metabolic disease and suggests that both methods can be used for heart failure diagnosis and prognosis. However, due to the broad spectrum of challenges linked with measuring EFT, BNP/Pro-BNP is the predominant method used for heart failure diagnosis and prognosis in clinical practice. Nonetheless, measuring EFT provides a powerful and reproducible diagnostic tool for risk stratification and heart failure diagnosis and prognosis. Importantly, measuring EFT proves valuable to validate BNP/NT-proBNP levels to predict heart failure, especially due to its non-invasive nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study aimed to explore the in vivo protective potential of rosuvastatin (ROSS), an oral antihyperlipidemic drug against doxorubicin (DOXO) induced cardio toxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: Cardiac toxicity was induced by DOXO injection (10 mg/kg, i.p.), once on the 20th day of the experiment. Except for the control rats, all were received DOXO and the study was continued for up to 21 days. The influence of ROSS on acute treatment was analyzed by quantification of cardiac marker enzymes such as creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and liver marker enzymes like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) along with the measurement of in vivo antioxidants like superoxide dismutase and catalase. To observe histological changes of myocardial tissue hematoxylin and eosin staining were used. Results: Acute administration of DOXO resulted in a marked rise of cardiac marker enzymes that confirms the myocardial damage compared to control animals whereas administration of ROSS (10 mg/kg, p.o.) resulted in the significant reduction of CK-MB, LDH levels (p<0.05) and AST, ALT levels to a remarkable extent. Moreover, ROSS administration significantly increased the activities of various in vivo antioxidant levels. Conclusion: From the results, the acute administration of ROSS showed significant cardioprotective property, which was evidenced by a significant reduction of cardiac and liver marker enzymes along with significant improvement of in vivo antioxidant activities. Furthermore the results were supported with histopathological observations. Hence, it can be concluded that cardioprotective potential of ROSS may be through attenuation of oxidative stress by modulating oxidative damage in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Withania somnifera (WS) (Dunal) or Ashwagandha is a well-known hypolipidemic herb and antioxidant. In this study, 75% ethanolic extract of WS is attempted to evaluate the cardioprotective activity of isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity and hypolipidemic activity in Triton WR 1339-induced hyperlipidemia. In addition, phytochemical evaluation of the same extracts analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). This study found that 7 days of therapy with WS extracts at 1000 mg/kg b.wt. reduced cholesterol by 76%, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by 71%, and TAG by 12% (P < 0.05). Furthermore, it can significantly reduce cholesterol and LDL levels (P < 0.05). Similarly, the use of 50 mg/kg b. wt. of WS extract showed a cardioprotective effect against isoproterenol-induced cardiac toxic rats. The antioxidants glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase are increased in WS extract (P < 0.05), whereas the release of cardiac indicators in heart tissue is reduced (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a 30-day treatment with WS also reduced triacylglycerol in isoprenaline-induced cardiotoxic rats. GC-MS analysis of the methanol fraction of the Ashwagandha 70% ethanolic extract showed the presence of higher concentrations of fatty acids. In conclusion, WS showed hypolipidemic and cardioprotective activities in diseased animals induced by isoproterenol and Triton WR 1339. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed at determining the effect polyphenolic extract for tubers cyperus rotundus on myocardial infarction in female rats. In this study, 36 female rats were used and the animals were divided into 6 groups of each group containing (6 rats). Myocardial infarction was induced by injection of isoproterenol at (85 mg/kg) in the intraperitoneally of female rats at an interval of 24 h for two days. The results showed that the injection of isoproterenol in the intraperitoneally of female rats has caused a significant increase in levels of Troponin-I, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alanine transferase (ALT), aspartic transferase (AST) and necrosis in the second group compared to the first group. It was found in the current study that treatment of female rats with myocardial infarction with phenolic extract of tubers of cyperus rotundus has caused a significant decrease in levels of Troponin-I, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alanine transferase (ALT), aspartic transferase (AST). Necrosis decreased in the group treated with phenolic extract of tubers of cyperus rotundus. From this we conclude that the phenolic extract of cyperus rotundus of tubers has protective role against myocardial infarction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing methods for detecting cardiac markers are difficult to be applied in point-of-care testing (POCT) due to complex operation, long time consumption, and low sensitivity. Here, we report a snail-shaped microfluidic chip (SMC) for the multiplex detection of cTnI, CK-MB, and Myo with high sensitivity and a short detection time. The SMC consists of a sandwich structure: a channel layer with a mixer and reaction zone, a reaction layer coated with capture antibodies, and a base layer. The opening or closing of the microchannels is realized by controlling the downward movement of the press-type mechanical valve. The chemiluminescence method was used as a signal readout, and the experimental conditions were optimized. SMC could detect cTnI, CK-MB, and Myo at concentrations as low as 1.02, 1.37, and 4.15. The SMC will be a promising platform for a simultaneous determination of multianalytes and shows a potential application in POCT.

Withania somnifera (WS) (Dunal) or Ashwagandha is a well-known hypolipidemic herb and antioxidant. In this study, 75% ethanolic extract of WS is attempted to evaluate the cardioprotective activity of isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity and hypolipidemic activity in Triton WR 1339-induced hyperlipidemia. In addition, phytochemical evaluation of the same extracts analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). This study found that 7 days of therapy with WS extracts at 1000 mg/kg b.wt. reduced cholesterol by 76%, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by 71%, and TAG by 12% (P < 0.05). Furthermore, it can significantly reduce cholesterol and LDL levels (P < 0.05). Similarly, the use of 50 mg/kg b.wt. of WS extract showed a cardioprotective effect against isoproterenol-induced cardiac toxic rats. The antioxidants glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase are increased in WS extract (P < 0.05), whereas the release of cardiac indicators in heart tissue is reduced (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a 30-day treatment with WS also reduced triacylglycerol in isoprenaline-induced cardiotoxic rats. GC–MS analysis of the methanol fraction of the Ashwagandha 70% ethanolic extract showed the presence of higher concentrations of fatty acids. In conclusion, WS showed hypolipidemic and cardioprotective activities in diseased animals induced by isoproterenol and Triton WR 1339.

Platinum-containing nanozymes with peroxidase-mimicking activity (PMA) have found a broad application in bioanalytical methods and are potentially able to compete with enzymes as the labels. However, traditionally used methods for the synthesis of nanozymes result in only a small fraction of surface-exposed Pt atoms, which participate in catalysis. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new approach for the synthesis of nanozymes with the efficient dispersion of Pt atoms on particles' surfaces. The synthesis of nanozymes includes three steps: the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), the overgrowth of a silver layer over Au NPs (Au@Ag NPs, 6 types of NPs with different thicknesses of Ag shell), and the galvanic replacement of silver with PtCl62− leading to the formation of trimetallic Au@Ag-Pt NPs with uniformly deposited catalytic sites and high Pt-utilization efficiency. Au@Ag-Pt NPs (23 types of NPs with different concentrations of Pt) with various sizes, morphology, optical properties, and PMA were synthesized and comparatively tested. Using energy-dispersive spectroscopy mapping, we confirm the formation of core@shell Au@Ag NPs and dispersion of surface-exposed Pt. The selected Au@Ag-Pt NPs were conjugated with monoclonal antibodies and used as the colorimetric and catalytic labels in lateral flow immunoassay of the inflammation biomarker: C-reactive protein (CRP). The colorimetric signal enhancement was achieved by the oxidation of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine by H2O2 catalyzed by Au@Ag-Pt NPs directly on the test strip. The use of Au@Ag-Pt NPs as the catalytic label produces a 65-fold lower limit of CRP detection in serum (15 pg mL−1) compared with Au NPs and ensures the lowest limit of detection for equipment-free lateral flow immunoassays. The assay shows a high correlation with data of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (R2 = 0.986) and high recovery (83.7–116.2%) in serum and plasma. The assay retains all the benefits of lateral flow immunoassay as a point-of-care method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Lutein (LU) is a major carotenoid with various pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptosis. Objective: The cardioprotective efficacy of LU was determined by evaluating the biochemical and histopathological changes in isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarction (MI) rat model. Materials and methods: Healthy male albino rats (n = 40) were segregated into 4 equal groups. Group I (control) rats were administered with olive oil, Group II (LU) rats were orally pre-treated with only 40 mg of LU for 28 days, Group III (MI induced) rats were injected (subcutaneously; s.c) with 85 mg/kg of ISO for 2 consecutive days, whereas Group IV (LU + ISO) rats were pre-treated with 40 mg of LU for 28 days before ISO induction. Results: ISO-induced group showed increased infarct size and cardiac/inflammatory/apoptotic markers. However, pre-treatment with LU (28 days) considerably reduced (p