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Pharmaceutical studies have reported for many years that plants containing antioxidants have many health-promoting properties, mainly due to organic compounds capable of scavenging free radicals. In this work, the activity of two representative plant families was tested: Elettaria cardamomum L. (EC) and Myristica fragrans Houtt. (MF). Results indicate that the antioxidants contained in them decompose into gaseous products at temperatures up to about 640 K. The introduction of EC and MF to the biopolymer matrix resulted in a decrease in the thermal stability of the obtained composites. The resulting char residues acted as a local thermal insulator, which led to reduced flammability of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites. As a result, the use of 10 wt% EC and 7.5 wt% MF reduced flammability by 37% and 29%, respectively.

Introduction: A “rose” is usually a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa that has thorny stems and fragrant blooms. Humans have been using roses and their preparations since ages for health benefits. Rose tea is an infusion prepared from rose buds and petals that is popular for its mild flavour and possible health benefits, including its antioxidant content. It can be drunk as a hot or cold infusion. Need of the Study: No research has been done to date on the effects of brewing procedures on Rasa, phytochemical characterisation, High-performance Thin-layer Chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting, and the antioxidant properties of modified rose tea. A new field for standardising the brewing process for beverages like modified rose tea will be made possible by the study of these factors. Aim: To evaluate of Rasa (taste), phytochemical characterisation, HPTLC fingerprinting, and antioxidant activity of Taruni peya {Modified Rose (Rosa centifolia Linn.) tea} prepared by five different brewing methods. Materials and Methods: An experimental study will be conducted in the Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College and Hospital and Research Centre (MGACH and RC), Salod, Wardha, Maharashtra, India, from April 2024 to June 2025. Roses (Rosa centifolia Linn.) will be collected from the natural habitat of the plant. The plant material will be authenticated and identified from Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), Bengaluru, Botanical Survey of India (BSI), or the Botany Department or by an authorised person of the Dravyaguna (Pharmacology) Department. Rasa Nirdharana (Taste) of the samples will be analysed using parameters mentioned in Samhitas. Charaka, Sushruta, and other acharyas, have described the method of the perception and determination of taste by putting a substance on the tongue in which the Rasa perceived soon after the substance comes in contact with the tongue is called Rasa. Standard Pharmacognostical character and phytochemical characterisation will be performed on all samples using standard methods like macroscopy-microscopy and HPTLC fingerprinting will be studied as given in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Antioxidant properties will be studied by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric ion Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP), and phosphomolybdenum assay. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test will be used for statistical analysis with a level of significance at p-value

Introduction: A "rose" is usually a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa that has thorny stems and fragrant blooms. Humans have been using roses and their preparations since ages for health benefits. Rose tea is an infusion prepared from rose buds and petals that is popular for its mild flavour and possible health benefits, including its antioxidant content. It can be drunk as a hot or cold infusion. Need of the Study: No research has been done to date on the effects of brewing procedures on Rasa, phytochemical characterisation, High-performance Thin-layer Chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting, and the antioxidant properties of modified rose tea. A new field for standardising the brewing process for beverages like modified rose tea will be made possible by the study of these factors. Aim: To evaluate of Rasa (taste), phytochemical characterisation, HPTLC fingerprinting, and antioxidant activity of Taruni peya {Modified Rose (Rosa centifolia Linn.) tea} prepared by five different brewing methods. Materials and Methods: An experimental study will be conducted in the Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College and Hospital and Research Centre (MGACH and RC), Salod, Wardha, Maharashtra, India, from April 2024 to June 2025. Roses (Rosa centifolia Linn.; will be collected from the natural habitat of the plant. The plant material will be authenticated and identified from Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), Bengaluru, Botanical Survey of India (BSI), or the Botany Department or by an authorised person of the Dravyaguna (Pharmacology) Department. Rasa Nirdharana (Taste) of the samples will be analysed using parameters mentioned in Samhitas. Charaka, Sushruta, and other acharyas, have described the method of the perception and determination of taste by putting a substance on the tongue in which the Rasa perceived soon after the substance comes in contact with the tongue is called Rasa. Standard Pharmacognostical character and phytochemical characterisation will be performed on all samples using standard methods like macroscopy-microscopy and HPTLC fingerprinting will be studied as given in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Antioxidant properties will be studied by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric ion Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP), and phosphomolybdenum assay. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test will be used for statistical analysis with a level of significance at p-value<0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer remains a prevalent global malignancy and necessitates a treatment regimen, which is often accompanied by substantial side effects. To address this challenge, alternative therapies with fewer adverse effects are urgently needed. Amomum cardamomum has displayed promising anticancer potential. This study aimed to investigate the impact of A. cardamomum seed on T47D breast cancer cell viability and the ability to induce apoptosis, utilizing in silico and in vitro approaches. Methods: The samples were extracted utilizing the maceration method using ethanol 96% solvent. In addition, the bioactive constituents were identified through phytochemicals and GC/MS analysis. Cell viability was assessed through MTT assay at various concentrations with 24 and 48-hour incubation periods and compared with the control cells. Apoptosis patterns were visualized by Immunofluorescence assay and analyzed utilizing ImageJ software. In silico analyses included three distinct tests, namely pharmacokinetics analysis (ADMET), bioactivity prediction (PASS), and molecular docking. Results: The A. cardamomum seed extract inhibited the growth of the cells with an IC50 value of 97.28 μg/mL in 48 hours of the incubation period. Immunofluorescence assay exhibited that the extract induced apoptosis in over 50% of T47D cells. In silico approaches identified bicyclogermacrene, Germacrene-D, and δ-cadinene as potential JAK3, BRAF v600e, and MMP9 protein inhibitors. These compounds exhibited stronger binding affinities to critical amino acids than control ligands. Conclusion: This research presents compelling evidence that the A. cardamomum extract has anticancer activity against breast cancer by preventing growth and inducing apoptosis.

The bioactive compounds in cardamom have been found to enhance cardiovascular health by improving blood lipids and inflammation. We hypothesized that cardamom consumption might ameliorate cardiovascular metabolic biomarkers in adults; however, there is still debate regarding its impact on cardiac metabolism. This research was therefore designed to determine if cardamom consumption had a favorable impact on lipid profiles, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress indices as they related to cardiovascular diseases. A comprehensive search was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library on July 4, 2023. Using a random-effects model pooled the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The final 12 trials containing 989 participants were included. The results illustrated that cardamom consumption could improve total cholesterol (WMD = –8.56 mg/dL; 95% CI, –14.90 to –2.22), triglycerides (WMD = –14.09 mg/dL; 95% CI, –24.01 to –4.17), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (WMD = –1.01 ng/mL; 95% CI, –1.81 to –0.22), and interleukin-6 (WMD = –1.81 pg/mL; 95% CI, –3.06 to –0.56). However, it did not have significant influences on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and some indicators of oxidative stress. In conclusion, cardamom consumption can improve specific cardiovascular metabolic biomarkers and potentially confer protective effects on cardiovascular health. However, more large-scale clinical research with better designs would further validate the findings, which will offer substantial evidence of cardamom as nutritional and functional products. The meta-analysis of 12 RCTs showed that 3 g/d cardamom consumption significantly reduced TC, TG, hs-CRP, and IL-6 in adults, with no significant impact on LDL-c and HDL-c. However, because of the limited number of studies, the effects on MDA, TAC, SOD, GR, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin were unknown. Cardamom consumption may have a potential cardiovascular protective effect in adults by improving TC, TG, hs-CRP, and IL-6 levels. Abbreviations : HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; GR, glutathione reductase; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MDA, malondialdehyde; RCTs, randomized controlled trials; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) is an important spice crop with high market value. In this study, we describe the phenological growth stages of cardamom using a three‐digit extended Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie (BBCH) scale, which includes eight principal growth stages, comprising four vegetative, two reproductive and two capsule development stages. Additionally, we identified 45 secondary stages within these principal growth stages, providing a comprehensive characterisation of the crop's growth progression, including bud development, leaf emergence, tillering and shoot development, while the reproductive stages included inflorescence emergence and flowering. The capsule development stage details the maturation process of capsules. The study also highlights the parallel occurrence of tillering, shoot development and inflorescence emergence stages during specific growth phases. The knowledge of growth stages facilitates timely interventions, optimising crop management strategies and enhancing overall crop productivity. Additionally, these findings offer valuable insights for breeding programmes and the selection of superior genotypes, contributing to the sustainable cultivation and economic viability of cardamom as an important export‐oriented spice crop. Highlights: BBCH scale provides uniform coding for different growth stages of cardamom.Identified and described eight principal growth stages (PGS).PGS comprises of 4 vegetative, 2 reproductive and 2 capsule development stages.45 secondary stages were identified within 8 principal growth stages.Tillering, shoot development and inflorescence emergence occurs parallelly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the impact of various doses (5, 10, 15 g) and application sequences (1, 2, or 3 times at monthly intervals) of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal inoculum on cardamom seedlings over two years (2020–2021 and 2021–2022). The results indicated that the dosage of AM inoculum had a more substantial effect on the seedlings than the application sequence. A 10 g dose significantly increased shoot length and dry weight, while three applications of 5 g each improved the number of fibrous roots. Although potassium uptake was not affected, phosphorus and calcium uptake were highest with the 10 g dose. Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation also enhanced phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere, with 5 g improving acid phosphatase and 10 g improving alkaline phosphatase activity. Disease incidence, including seedling rot was lower with the 10 g dose, and additional sequential applications did not further reduce disease. Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that AM colonization positively influenced dry weight through the number of fibrous roots, showing a strong relationship between AM dose, colonization, spore count, and mycorrhizal dependency. This study indicates that applying a 10 g dose of AM fungal inoculum can be particularly beneficial in agroecosystems for improving cardamom seedling growth, nutrient uptake, and disease resistance.

We aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) extracts and assess the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the cardamom extract, cardamom–AgNPs, and the insecticide ATCBRA—commonly used for pest control—on the root system of Vicia faba (broad bean). The chemical composition of the aqueous cardamom extract was identified and quantified using GC-MS, revealing a variety of bioactive compounds also present in cardamom essential oil. These included α-terpinyl acetate (21.3–44.3%), 1,8-cineole (10.7–28.4%), and linalool (6.4–8.6%). The successful green synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed through various micro-spectroscopic techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). UV-Vis analysis showed a strong peak between 420 and 430 nm, indicating the presence of AgNPs. TEM imaging revealed that the synthesized cardamom–AgNPs were monodispersed, primarily spherical, and semi-uniform in shape, with minimal aggregation. EDS analysis further confirmed the composition of the nanoparticles, with cardamom–AgNPs comprising around 60.5% by weight. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by measuring the mitotic index (MI), and genotoxicity was assessed by observing chromosomal aberrations (CAs). The roots of Vicia faba were treated for 24 and 48 h with varying concentrations of ATCBRA pesticide (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7%), aqueous cardamom extract (3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%), and green-synthesized cardamom–AgNPs (12, 25, and 60 mg). The cytogenetic analysis of MI and CA in the meristematic root tips indicated an improvement in the evaluated parameters with the cardamom extract. However, a marked reduction in mitotic activity was observed with both ATCBRA and cardamom–AgNP treatments across both time points, highlighting potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.

Price discovery and its related volatility spillover effect are significant indicators in commodity derivatives market to hedge the risk against sharp price fluctuations. This study empirically analyses the price discovery and volatility spillover using vector error correction model, Granger causality and bivariate exponential GARCH model (EGARCH) in Indian cardamom spot-futures markets. Daily time series data of spot market and near month futures contracts spanning the period from January 2009 to December 2020 have been used for the study. These price series data are based on the authenticated sources of Multi Commodity Exchange. The results of vector error correction model supported by Granger causality test indicates that spot market plays the role of leader as it is more efficient in reflecting the new information to prices. The results of bivariate EGARCH (1,1) model show that volatility spillover from cardamom spot market to futures market is dominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton originated in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of South India. In order to compare the percentage of essential oil and its components of selected small cardamom landraces, the study was conducted at the Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Myladumpara, Idukki Dt. of Kerala. Essential oil components of nine farmer's varieties such as Njallani Green Gold, Thiruthali, Panikulangara Green Bold No.1, Wonder Cardamom, Elarajan, Arjun, Pappalu, PNS Vaigai, Pachaikkai; and ICRI-5 as control were compared to evaluate the quality of genotypes. Essential oil content was significantly higher in Najllani Green Gold (9.18%), followed by Wonder Cardamom (8.36%). GC-MS profiling identified twenty-five compounds contributing to 90-93% of essential oil. The higher percentage of 1,8-cineole was observed in PNS Vaigai (38.04%) and the control ICRI-5 (38.99%), while Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 had the lowest percentage (24.30%). a-terpinyl acetate was higher (43.39%) in Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 followed by Thiruthali (39.21%), and was lowest in ICRI-5 (35.97%). Panikulangara Green Bold 1 had a higher percentage of a-terpineol, Geranyl acetate, Geraniol and Linalyl acetate than other genotypes. The percentage of sabinene was higher in Njallani Green Gold (7.56%), and in the genotype, Elarajan (5.46%) was lowest. Due to the medicinal and flavour-contributing properties, the essential oil components can be used in medicinal and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria has remained the most dreadful vector-borne disease; hence, vector control is the most affordable and achievable approach to mitigate the disease burden. Due to the emergence of resistance and environmental pollu­tion, herbal larvicides are considered an alternative to chemical types. Also, nanotechnology has been proposed as a promising solution to improve the efficiency of plant larvicides. This study aimed to develop an effective herbal larvi­cide. Methods: The chemical composition of Elettaria cardamomum essential oil (EO) was first investigated. Nanolipo­somes containing the EO were then prepared using the ethanol injection method. After that, the larvicidal efficacy of the EO and its liposomal state were compared against Anopheles stephensi in laboratory conditions. Results: Alpha-terpinyl acetate (77.59%), eucalyptol (4.38%), nerolidol (2.96%), linalool (1.77%), and limonene (1.69%) were the five major compounds of the EO. Nanoliposomes containing the EO with a particle size of 73±5 nm and a zeta potential of -16.3±0.8 mV were prepared. Additionally, the ATR-FTIR analysis verified the successful load­ing of the EO into nanoliposomes. The larvicidal activity of nanoliposomes exhibited remarkable potency, with an LC50 value of 14.35 (10–18) µg/mL, significantly more potent than the non-formulated EO, which had an LC50 value of 33.47 (28–39) µg/mL against Anopheles stephensi larvae. Conclusion: The nanoliposomes containing E. cardamomum EO showed promising efficacy against An. stephensi lar­vae. It could thus be considered for further application against other species of mosquitoes.

Frying is a food processing process that is important due to flavor formation in food product. An oxidation reaction shall occur during frying, which may affect the quality and stability of cooking oil. Synthetic antioxidants that exceed this limit can be harmful to health, so in order to enhance the stability of frying oil it is necessary to use of natural antioxidant like phenolic compounds from cardamom essential oil. Thus, this research aims to study the effect of cardamom essential oil addition to the frying oil to enhance its oxidative stability during repeated frying process. This study begins with the characterization of antioxidant activity of cardamom oil including total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and free radical scavenging ability (IC50). The research was continued by heating soybean frying oil to which various concentration antioxidants have been added, such as 5%, 10%, and 15% for 1 and 3 cycles frying process and the quality of frying oil at before and after processing was analyzed, which includes acid number and peroxide value. The results showed that the total content of phenolic compound levels in cardamom oil was 56.32 ± 2.04 mg GAE/gram; total flavonoids were 40.10 ± 11.66 mg QE/gram; and the IC50 value was 501.37 ppm. The addition of cardamom oil as a natural antioxidant with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% can significantly increase the oxidative stability of soybean oil. The highest increase in the oxidative stability of soybean oil was obtained from the addition of cardamom essential oil at a concentration of 15%.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a disease caused by the inflammatory process of the vulva and vaginal mucosa caused by Candida sp., mainly Candida albicans. This study aimed to analyze the molecular interaction between the volatile oil in cardamom and Sap 5 as an inhibitor of Candida albicans causing VVC through In silico molecular interaction analysis. The methods used are analysis of homology, structural quality, and essential areas, receptor and ligand preparation, gridbox validation, virtual screening, Lipinski prediction and toxicity, and ligand-receptor interaction visualization analysis. The results showed that essential oils have the potential to inhibit Sap 5 through molecular bonding and produce interactions in the form of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. The best test ligands were geranyl acetate (-6.78 kcal/mol), alpha-terpinyl acetate (-6.07 kcal/mol), 1,8-sineol (-5.47 kcal/mol), and linalool (- 5.06 kcal/mol). The test ligands have contact with catalytic residues on Asp32/Asp218. In addition, the properties of these ligands also meet the Lipinski and toxicity rules, so they can be predicted to be safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardamom has the potential to offer anti‐inflammatory and antihypertensive advantages, but the findings from clinical trials have been inconsistent. To address this knowledge gap, the present systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory and antihypertensive effects of cardamom in adults. We systematically searched databases including PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Sciences, for papers published up to October 2022 to identify clinical studies. Eight eligible studies were included in the meta‐analysis. A fixed model was used to estimate weighted mean difference (WMD), standardized mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The results showed that cardamom significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory factors, including hs‐CRP (SMD: −0.60 mg/dL; 95% CI: −0.78 to 0.42), IL‐6 (WMD: −1.25 mg/dL; 95% CI: −1.48 to −1.03), TNF‐α (WMD: −2.10 kg; 95% CI: −2.36 to −1.84, p <.001), and measures of systolic (WMD: −0.54 mmHg, 95% CI: −0.88, −0.19, p =.002) and diastolic (WMD: −0.90 mmHg; 95% CI: −1.07 to −0.73) blood pressure. The current meta‐analysis showed that cardamom can help reduce inflammation and improve blood pressure. However, due to the limited number of studies, caution must be exercised when interpreting the current results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large Cardamom stands as a cornerstone of Nepal's agricultural sector, presenting a significant opportunity for economic growth and export potential. The country's unique topography, climate, and soil conditions foster the cultivation of cardamom with distinctive flavor and aroma, positioning it as a valuable commodity in the international market. This review paper delves into the production dynamics, marketing practices, and future prospects of cardamom in Nepal. Utilizing secondary data from diverse sources including governmental reports, trade journals, and academic literature, the study offers a comprehensive analysis of production trends, trade dynamics, and commercialization challenges. The findings reveal a steady increase in cardamom production, highlighting its substantial contribution to the local economy. Despite this growth, the commercialization of Nepali cardamom remains nascent, hindered by issues such as inadequate scientific research, limited adoption of advanced agricultural technologies, insufficient investment, quality inconsistencies, price volatility, and inefficient marketing channels. To address these barriers, the study proposes several strategies: enhancing productivity through mechanization, adopting improved agricultural technologies, stabilizing prices, boosting market recognition, and investing in storage and processing infrastructure. Additionally, fostering diplomatic relations is essential for expanding global marketing and trade opportunities. This review aims to provide policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers with a nuanced understanding of the cardamom industry in Nepal, advocating for a strategic approach to overcome existing challenges and capitalize on the sector's growth potential. By addressing the interlinked aspects of production, marketing, and future development, the study aspires to promote a more sustainable and profitable cardamom industry in Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemp is probably one of the most studied plants for its health-promoting properties, with countless documented and patented extraction methods, but literature is scarce on the simultaneous extraction of mixture of raw materials. Hemp, along with other plant materials, could represent a potentially highly valuable source material with resulting reciprocal effects. In this study, hemp (Cannabis sativa) and three members of the Zingiberaceae family, ginger (Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), were extracted simultaneously, and their bioactive component values were investigated. Two extraction methods were used, namely ultrasound-assisted extraction with ethanol and supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide. First, extracts were obtained from separate plant materials. Then, hemp was extracted in combination with ginger, turmeric, and cardamom in a 1:1 ratio. The extracts obtained were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolic content using UV/VIS spectrophotometry; cannabinoid content, 6-gingerol, and 6-shogaol were measured using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); volatile components such as 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpinyl acetate, linalool, and aR-turmerone were measured using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria has remained the most dreadful vector-borne disease; hence, vector control is the most affordable and achievable approach to mitigate the disease burden. Due to the emergence of resistance and environmental pollution, herbal larvicides are considered an alternative to chemical types. Also, nanotechnology has been proposed as a promising solution to improve the efficiency of plant larvicides. This study aimed to develop an effective herbal larvicide. Methods: The chemical composition of Elettaria cardamomum essential oil (EO) was first investigated. Nanoliposomes containing the EO were then prepared using the ethanol injection method. After that, the larvicidal efficacy of the EO and its liposomal state were compared against Anopheles stephensi in laboratory conditions. Results: Alpha-terpinyl acetate (77.59%), eucalyptol (4.38%), nerolidol (2.96%), linalool (1.77%), and limonene (1.69%) were the five major compounds of the EO. Nanoliposomes containing the EO with a particle size of 73±5 nm and a zeta potential of -16.3±0.8 mV were prepared. Additionally, the ATR-FTIR analysis verified the successful loading of the EO into nanoliposomes. The larvicidal activity of nanoliposomes exhibited remarkable potency, with an LC50 value of 14.35 (10–18) µg/mL, significantly more potent than the non-formulated EO, which had an LC50 value of 33.47 (28–39) µg/mL against Anopheles stephensi larvae. Conclusion: The nanoliposomes containing E. cardamomum EO showed promising efficacy against An. stephensi larvae. It could thus be considered for further application against other species of mosquitoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piriformospora indica, an endophytic fungus of Sebacinales, colonizes the roots of a wide range of host plants and provides various benefits to the plants. Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) is an economically valuable spice crop of the tropics. In this work, we describe differentially expressed transcripts responding to P. indica root colonization in small cardamom for elucidation of molecular basis of growth and development. During the study, a wild genotype of cardamom was propagated under in vitro conditions using full strength Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1 mg l−1 BAP (for shoot induction) and basal MS liquid medium (for root induction). Cardamom plantlets were co-cultivated with P. indica. Microscopic observation confirmed the presence of P. indica inside the roots of cardamom plantlets. Growth parameters of control and P. indica colonized plantlets were observed for three months at an interval of 15 days. P. indica colonization resulted in a significant increase in the morpho-physiological traits of the host plant. The growth enhancement was visible after 15 days of co-culture. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the number and length of leaves, height of the plant and chlorophyll content in P. indica colonized plants compared to non-colonized control plant. In addition to this, the expression levels of auxin, nitrate reductase, vegetative storage protein and phosphate transporter genes were upregulated by 3.45, 3.26, 1.62 and 1.19 times respectively by the co-cultivation of P. indica in cardamom plantlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Oral candidiasis is a fungal infection of the oral cavity caused by Candida albicans. Currently used antifungal drugs fail to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis. Herbal remedies are found to be safe and effective to treat bleeding gums, halitosis, mouth ulcers, and reduce tooth decay. Cardamom is known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activity. In an in vitro study, we aim to evaluate the antifungal potential of cardamom-based DenteezTM mouthwash against opportunistic fungal infections in the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: Five Candida species were included in the study: namely C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata. Additionally, 54 clinical isolates obtained from oral cavity of healthy individuals and patients suffering from oral candidiasis were randomly selected and included. Various antifungal agents tested included fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and amphotericin B. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time-kill assay were performed as per standard guidelines. Results: The MIC obtained for fluconazole against different Candida species was 1.25 µg/ml. The MIC of azole drugs was in the range of 0.312–0.62 µg/ml. The MIC of DenteezTM mouthwash was determined as 1.25%. The clinical isolates of Candida showed major resistance to fluconazole (75.9%) and absolute susceptibility to amphotericin B. DenteezTM was found effective in inhibiting 98.2% of the clinical isolates. DenteezTM mouthwash showed time-dependent inhibition of all Candida species. Conclusion: The mouthwash has comparable efficacy to that of other routinely used antifungal agents. DenteezTM can be effectively used to deal with oral candidiasis and antifungal resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Many chemotherapeutic agents cause various side effects, including nephrotoxicity. Cardamom essential oil (Amomum compactum Soland. ex Maton) contains compounds that exhibit antioxidant activity, such as 1,8‐cineole, α‐pinene, α‐terpineol, and linalool. This study focused on exploring the potency of cardamom essential oil (CEO) as an anti‐senescent induced by doxorubicin using the Vero kidney cell line. We first obtained the CEO by steam distillation, then evaluated its cytotoxicity using a trypan blue exclusion assay. Moreover, we performed senescence‐associated beta‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal) staining and 2’,7’‐dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) staining to measure the effect of CEO on intracellular ROS level and cell senescence, respectively. Analysis of the compounds with gas chromatography‐mass spectrophotometry (GC‐MS) revealed seven compounds with significant abundance, namely 1,8‐cineole (50.82%), ß‐pinene (12.43%), α‐terpineol (8.50%), fenchone (4.10%), α‐pinene (4.00%), sabinene (3.00%), and linalool (1.98%). The cytotoxicity assay of CEO on Vero cells showed an IC50 value of 178 μg/mL. Thus, CEO is considered low cytotoxic for normal kidney cells (>100 μg/mL). Concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL CEO reduced the cell senescence induced by doxorubicin. Therefore, CEO has potency as a nephroprotective agent in doxorubicin‐induced senescence.

The study was conducted among 60 farmers from two blocks of Kalimpong district in West Bengal to analyze the marketing of large cardamom alongside various marketing channels involved during the marketing process using proportionate random sampling method. Garrett’s ranking technique was used to identify the major constraints faced during marketing of large cardamom. The study identified two major marketing channels; majority of the farmers sold their produce to the main wholesaler in the neighboring market, who further transports it to the retailer, selling it to the consumers. Marketing efficiency and percent producers share in consumer rupee was found to be high in case of channel I than channel II due to the presence of fewer intermediaries in channel I. Major marketing cost incurred by the producers was found to be higher during transportation and packing of large cardamom bags. On an average,e the price incurred by the producers was calculated to be Rs. 120/ bag. Price fluctuation of produce in the market was the major problem ranked by majority of the farmers. Information regarding market especially concerning the prevailing price rate should be circulated and immediate focus should be given to up skill the farmers regarding grading and quality standards assistance from the concerned line department(s).

Cardamom mosaic virus (CdMV; genus Macluravirus), which causes mosaic (katte) disease in cardamom, is a highly variable member of the family Potyviridae. So far, the complete genome sequence of one isolate from Karnataka (KS) has been reported. In the present study, we determined the complete genome sequence of a CdMV isolate from Kerala (KI) and the complete CP gene sequences of nine isolates of CdMV from Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, India. The complete genome of CdMV (KI) consists of 8255 nucleotides (nt) with two open reading frames (ORFs). The large ORF, potentially coding for a polyprotein of 2638 amino acids (aa), is further processed into nine mature proteins at eight cleavage sites. The second ORF, PIPO (pretty interesting Potyviridae ORF) starting with a C(A)6 motif, encodes a small protein of 56 aa. The viral genome contains an additional 13 nt in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) and 6 nt in the CP gene, as well as a deletion of 13 nt at the 3′ UTR in comparison to the KS isolate of CdMV. The complete viral genome and polyprotein share 76% and 85% sequence identity with the KS isolate of CdMV, indicating that the present isolate is highly divergent from the KS isolate. Sequencing and analysis of the CP sequences of 16 CdMV isolates from different regions revealed high heterogeneity among them, suggesting that they should be considered members of more than one species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and antibacterial properties of essential oils and hydroalcoholic extracts from Elettaria cardamomum fruit (E. cardamomum). Methods Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) was used as the test subject for the agar diffusion test in this in-vitro investigation to determine the antibacterial effect of the extract and essential oil. The broth microdilution method was used to calculate their minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to assess their cytotoxicity against human gingival fibroblasts. Tukey's test (alpha=0.05) and ANOVA were used to evaluate the data. Results The E. cardamomum hydroalcoholic extracts and essential oil demonstrated strong antibacterial activity on A. actinomycetemcomitans. E. cardamomum essential oil (91.5±1.1 mm) and E. cardamomum extract (9.5±0.4 mm) had the highest and lowest growth inhibition zones, respectively. For E. cardamomum essential oil, the MIC and MBC were 1.45%, and for E. cardamomum extract, they were 11.5% (v/v). The essential oil exhibited appreciable cytotoxicity at low doses, while the extract did not. Conclusion Because of its antibacterial properties and low cytotoxicity at low concentrations, the hydroalcoholic extract of E. cardamomum, one of the compounds examined, may have applications as an organic mouthwash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, developed linseed mucilage (M)-based films loaded with E. cardamom (MCA), C. officinalis (MCO), and co-loaded with both compounds (MCACO) were evaluated. The incorporation of the active compounds modified the color (redness–greenness, and yellowness); however, the thickness remained constant in all treatments (0.0042–0.0052 mm). In addition, the solubilization time of the films (in artificial saliva) to release the active compounds fluctuates between 9 and 12 min. Furthermore, the incorporation of bioactive compounds increased the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS, respectively), mainly in MCA (inhibition of 81.99 and 95.80%, respectively) and MCACO (inhibition of 47.15% and 39.73%, respectively). In addition, the incorporation of these compounds also decreased the hardness (39.50%–70.81%), deformation (49.16%–78.30%), and fracturability (39.58%–82.95%). On the other hand, it did not modify the adhesiveness, except in MCO. Moreover, SEM micrographs showed a more homogeneous structure in the MCO films among the films that contained CA in the formulation (heterogeneous structure with the presence of protuberances). Finally, due to the previously reported pharmacological properties of E. cardamomun and C. officinalis, the films developed in this study could have an application as a wound dressing in dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of land with intercrop plants can support the productivity of the land. The wide spacing of oil palm plants can be used to plant intercrops. Spice plants such as red ginger, turmeric, and cardamom are examples of intercropping plants under the shade of oil palm. This study aimed to determine the adaptability of red ginger, turmeric, and cardamom as understorey plants of different oil palm ages. The research was carried out from February to November 2021 at Sekernan, Muaro Jambi, Jambi. The study consisted of three experiments to investigate three spice plants. Each experiment used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with oil palm ages as treatments, namely 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years. Variables observed included light intensity, plant height, tiller number, leaf number, and rhizome weight. The red ginger and turmeric were considered as adaptive plants to understorey conditions due to the yield of > 60% in 15-year-old oil palm trees than those grown in nonshade conditions. Production levels of red ginger and turmeric were determined by the number of tillers and leaves. The cardamom plant under oil palm shade produced a better yield than that in control. This implies that all three spices are suitable as intercrop plants under oil palm plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardamom is a leading export commodity. The demand for cardamom continues to increase from year to year, where the increase in cardamom production is inseparable from the role of farmers as the main actors in supporting cardamom productivity. This study aims to analyze the characteristics and socio-economic motivations of cardamom farmers in Pekuncen and Kedungbanteng Districts, Banyumas Regency, Central Java. This research was conducted using descriptive analysis method using a Likert scale. Determining the number of respondents was carried out using stratified random sampling technique,where in this study the number of respondents was 97 farmers. The results of this study are that the majority of cardamom farmers are male and are of productive age. Cardamom farmers have the last education in elementary school (SD) and are in the low education category. Cardamom farmers have only started cultivating cardamom in less than 5 years. The average cardamom farmer has a family of 3-5 people. The socio-economic motivations that encourage farmers to cultivate cardamom are divided into three, namely economic, psychological and sociological motivations. Cardamom farmers in Pekuncen and Kedungbanteng Districts are driven by economic motivation which is in the moderate category. The majority of cardamom farmers are in the low category for fulfilling psychological motivation in cultivating cardamom. Cardamom farmers are driven by sociological motivation which is in the high category.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been known as havoc among females globally. It is a heterogeneous group of cancer encompassing many breast cancers basically distinct by the lack of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and overextension of the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 gene. It can be caused by various factors, namely unbalanced diet, beverage consumption, smoking, hormonal imbalance, medication, genetic factor, and decreased levels of physical activity. It represents one of the most aggressive types of breast cancer, and researchers revealed that the chemical components of cardamom, namely limonene, cymene, pinene, linalool, borneol, cardamonin, indole-3-carbinol, and diindolylmethane, primarily target the programmed cell death lignin-1 gene of cancer which is more abundant in cancer cells than in healthy cells. There is no standard chemotherapy session for eradicating TNBC because targeted receptor absents in cancer cells as present in common breast cancer. Cardamonin has been identified as an effective component that targets most of the signaling pathways against TNBC. Metallic chelates of cardamonin with copper ion help to improve lipophilicity and bioavailability in cancer cells. The literature included in this review was assessed from the international databases, namely PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, Google Scholar, Bentham, and Research Gate journals published between 2010 and 2023. Utilizing keywords for literature searching are breast cancer, triple negative breast cancer, cardamom, bioavailability, and cardamonin. A safe and efficient targeted therapy for this cancer has been difficult to develop due to its rapid proliferation and indefinite signaling pathway. Literature investigation enlightened that phytoconstituent reported in the cardamom reporting anticancer potential action against TNBC. Data concluded from this review can prove beneficial to the communal population in the treatment of TNBC and improve the health indicator in the future.

Acetaminophen (APAP) is the most extensively used and safest analgesic and antipyretic drug worldwide; however, its toxicity is associated with life-threatening acute liver failure. Cardamom (CARD), a sweet, aromatic, commonly used spice, has several pharmacological actions. In the current study, we tried to explore the chemical composition and the hepato-protective effect of ethanolic aqueous extract of CARD to mitigate APAP-induced hepatic toxicity and elucidate its underlying mechanism of action. Material and methods: Aqueous CARD extract was subjected to LC-TOF-MS analysis to separate and elucidate some of its components. In vivo animal experiments involved five groups of animals. In the normal and cardamom groups, mice were administered either saline or CARD (200 mg/kg), respectively, orally daily for 16 days. In the APAP group, the animals were administered saline orally daily for 15 days, and on the 16th day, animals were administered APAP (300 mg/kg) IP for the induction of acute hepatic failure. In the CARD 200 + APAP group, mice were administered CARD (200 mg/kg) for 15 days, followed by APAP on the 16th day. Results: The aqueous extract of CARD showed several compounds, belonging to polyphenol, flavonoids, cinnamic acid derivatives and essential oil components. In the in vivo investigations, APAP-induced impaired liver function, several histopathological alterations, oxidative stress and inflammatory and apoptotic status signified severe hepatic failure. Whereas, pretreatment with the CARD extract prior to APAP administration diminished serum levels of the hepatic function test and augmented Nrf2 nucleoprotein and HO-1 and NQO-1. CARD down-regulated MDA, inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB) and apoptotic markers (caspase 3 and 9 and Bax) and amplified the activities of SOD, catalase, GSH-Px and GSH-R in hepatic tissue samples. Conclusion: CARD extract mitigated the hepatic toxicity induced by APAP. The underlying mechanism of action of such hepato-protective action may be through upregulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO-1 pathway with subsequent alleviation of the oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis induced by APAP. Many of the compounds identified in the CARD extract could be attributed to this pharmacological action of the extract.

The chemical profiling of phenolic and terpenoid compounds in whole cardamom, skin, and seeds (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) showed 11 phenolics and 16 terpenoids, many of which are reported for the first time. Herein, we report the anti-inflammatory properties of a methanolic extract of whole cardamom in colon and macrophage cells stimulated with an inflammatory bacteria lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results show that cardamom extracts lowered the expression of pro-inflammatory genes NFkβ, TNFα, IL-6, and COX2 in colon cells by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) while not affecting LXRα. In macrophages, cardamom extracts lowered the expression of pro-inflammatory genes NFkβ, TNFα, IL-6, and COX2 and decreased NO levels through a reduction in ROS and enhanced gene expression of nuclear receptors LXRα and PPARγ. The cardamom extracts in a range of 200–800 μg/mL did not show toxicity effects in colon or macrophage cells. The whole-cardamom methanolic extracts contained high levels of phenolics compounds (e.g., protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, among others) and are likely responsible for the anti-inflammatory and multifunctional effects observed in this study. The generated information suggests that cardamom may play a protective role against low-grade inflammation that can be the basis of future in vivo studies using mice models of inflammation and associated chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microencapsulation of green cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) essential oils and its application is considered an innovative technique to improve the functional properties of coffee drinks. This study aims to determine the best formulations (M) of combination of maltodextrin and cardamom essential oil, parameters such as microcapsule yields, water content, and solubility were measured. To find out whether the microcapsule was applicable for coffee drink, antioxidant activity and taste and aroma of coffee drink mixed with the best formulation were analyzed. Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with four replications was used; the data were analyzed by ANOVA and further tested by the LSD test with a level of 5%. The results showed that formulations significantly affected the yields and solubility of cardamom essential oil microcapsules. The best formulation treatment was formulation M3 with a yield score,water content and solubility of 89.03%, 11.85%, and 93.50%, respectively. Antioxidant activity, aroma and taste scores of ground coffee mixed with M3 were 77.61±0.23%, 4.31 (typical of cardamom, little coffee), and 4.88 (typical of cardamom, little coffee), respectively. While ground coffee only has antioxidant activity of 76.32±0.31%. In conclusion, ground coffee mixed with microencapsulated cardamom essential oil has the potential as a herbal coffee drink.

Small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton.), often referred to as the 'queen of spices' is believed to have originated in the moist evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of South India. The present study was conducted at the Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Myladumpara, Idukki Dt. of Kerala. Different farmer's varieties, nine landraces viz., Njallani Green Gold, Thiruthali, Panikulangara Green Bold No.1, Wonder Cardamom, Elarajan, Arjun, Pappalu, PNS Vaigai, Pachaikkai and ICRI-5 as control were evaluated in the cardamom tract of Idukki District. The selected genotypes were evaluated in the field for three consecutive years. The data on growth and yield were recorded, pooled and analyzed. From the analysis, it was found that the genotype Njallani Green Gold performed well compared to other varieties with respect to the yield (1271.80 kg/ha) followed by Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 (1134.67 kg/ha) and more tillers (74.46) were found in the same clone also. The plant height was significantly higher in Elarajan (316.24 cm), followed by Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 (312.45 cm). The number of leaves was greater in Elarajan (16.72), followed by Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 (16.43). More vegetative buds were observed in Pappalu followed by Wonder Cardamom. Panicles per clump were more in Thiruthali (47.98), followed by Njallani Green Gold (46.59). Racemes per panicle were greater in Pachaikkai (26.57), followed by Njallani Green Gold (26.19). The number of capsules per racemes was more in Njallani Green Gold (9.59) followed by Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 (8.59). The results pointed out that each clone in the trial differs from another with respect to the characters studied. The findings could be used for further breeding studies in small cardamom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardamom seed (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton; EC) is consumed in several countries worldwide and is considered a nutraceutical spice since it exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic activities. In obese individuals, EC intake also favors weight loss. However, the mechanism for these effects has not been studied. Here, we identified that EC modulates the neuroendocrine axis that regulates food intake, body weight, mitochondrial activity, and energy expenditure in mice. We fed C57BL/6 mice with diets containing 3%, 6%, or 12% EC or a control diet for 14 weeks. Mice fed the EC-containing diets gained less weight than control, despite slightly higher food intake. The lower final weight of EC-fed mice was due to lesser fat content but increased lean mass than control. EC intake increased lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and reduced adipocyte size in subcutaneous, visceral, and brown adipose tissues. EC intake also prevented lipid droplet accumulation and increased mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and liver. Accordingly, fasting and postprandial oxygen consumption, as well as fasting fat oxidation and postprandial glucose utilization were higher in mice fed with EC than in control. EC intake reduced proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA content in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, without an impact on neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA. These neuropeptides control food intake but also influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and circulating triiodothyronine (T3) were lower in EC-fed mice than in control. This effect was linked with decreased circulating corticosterone and weight of adrenal glands. Our results indicate that EC modulates appetite, increases lipolysis in adipose tissue and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle, leading to increased energy expenditure and lower body fat mass. These metabolic effects were ascribable to the modulation of the HPT and HPA axes. LC-MS profiling of EC found 11 phenolic compounds among which protocatechuic acid (23.8%), caffeic acid (21.06%) and syringic acid (29.25%) were the most abundant, while GC-MS profiling showed 16 terpenoids among which costunolide (68.11%), ambrial (5.3%) and cis-α-terpineol (7.99%) were identified. Extrapolation of mice-to-human EC intake was performed using the body surface area normalization equation which gave a conversion equivalent daily human intake dose of 76.9–308.4 mg bioactives for an adult of 60 kg that can be obtained from 14.5–58.3 g of cardamom seeds (18.5–74.2 g cardamom pods). These results support further exploration of EC as a coadjuvant in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]