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The marketplace of ideas metaphor has long influenced how scholars and practitioners understand public relations' role in U.S. discourse and democratic society, yet it is rarely questioned. We argue that the unacknowledged aspirations and Western, capitalist values embedded in the marketplace of ideas could cloud understandings of public relations in society and absolve practitioners of certain consequences of the discourses they put forth due to the function of the invisible hand symbolism operating within it. This work draws mostly from rhetorical and marketplace theory in public relations, including fully functioning society, to present five central limitations of the marketplace metaphor. A case example of U.S. discourse about trans women in sports showcases the shortcomings of the marketplace metaphor in practice. We introduce the bazaar and other compatible metaphors to inspire alternative, figurative thinking about societal communication and address some of the limitations we present, though we also ask questions about the marketplace of ideas to improve its fit with contemporary public relations. This essay offers theoretical and practical contributions by extending metaphors to explain practitioner responsibility in societal discourse and outline the importance of suiting metaphors to particular public relations contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project addresses the evolution of public relations research over the past decade by examining its two SSCI-indexed journals with methods that can reveal the influence of multiple categories of research clusters. Modeling the full text of all 1,293 published articles in Public Relations Review (PRR) and the Journal of Public Relations Research (JPRR) from 2010 to 2020 (7,400,685 words), we identified nine non-discrete clusters in public relations research. Using three computational methods – structural topic modeling, inter-cluster network analysis, and network simulation – we found that (1) the strategic management cluster emerged as the most central for the past decade, followed by public relations professionalism, digital media, crisis communication, internal communication, global public relations, rhetoric and philosophy, media relations, and critical studies, ranked by their proportions in the scholarship; (2) JPRR had greater emphasis on the strategic management cluster relative to PRR, which offered a more diverse representation; (3) little longitudinal change occurred throughout the decade, although internal communication gained traction and public relations professionalism and media relations lost ground as the decade progressed; and 4) the last ten years of public relations research did not see intersection among theoretical traditions from different clusters as much as expected, leaving opportunity for more inter-cluster knowledge production. Theoretical and practical implications for the public relations research community are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conceptual paper introduces the concept of civic listening to augment organizational listening theory and practice. Drawing from critical theorists Arendt and Mouffe, it centers pluralism, agonism, deliberation, and reflection as central to listening and delineates the functions and values of civic listening to add to existing architectures. In doing so it provides additional guidance to help organizations (1) listen for what might be challenging for leaders to hear, (2) ensure values of deliberation and pluralism are enacted in listening contexts, and (3) help better triangulate organizational awareness among a diverse constellation of other organizations and stakeholders. Building on organizational listening scholarship that addresses the potential for the concept's contributions to democratic society, this new perspective points toward deeper, more nuanced, and more equitable organizational engagement in civic discourse and firmer ground for contentious issue involvement. It introduces five critical values within an architecture of civic listening to guide practice: "other" orientation, pluralistic engagement, harmony over consensus, reflective processes, and social problem-solving focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public relations scholarship frequently studies relations between organizations and publics but rarely considers how the nature of organizations influences this interaction. In this essay, we review conceptions of the organization in several areas of public relations scholarship and find complexity that is unexplained by theory, causing a disconnect between public relations scholarship and practice. Using insights from stakeholder theory, essential contract theory, and intersectionality, we provide a new definition of the organization and 14 propositions about the nature of organizations. This definition is explained with a metaphor of an organization as a tent. The tent is composed of many stakeholders, each with multiple identities, utilizing contracts as poles to push and pull the organization in their preferred direction. An illustrative example is given of how this metaphor operates in a university. We call for a reorientation of public relations theory's relationships to organizations and suggest an important role for public relations and communication in constituting the nature of organizations and ensuring representativeness in decision-making. • The nature of organizations as described in public relations scholarship is reviewed and found to be missing complexity. • This complexity is addressed with guidance from stakeholder theory, essential contract theory, and intersectionality. • 14 propositions are given regarding the nature of organization. • A metaphor of a tent and an example of a university are provided to explain the propositions in action. • Public relations has a role in constituting the nature of organizations and ensuring representativeness in decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the gap between crisis communication scholarship and the growing research on intractable issues and wicked problems in public relations. By synthesizing these literatures, the concept of intractability more clearly connects issues, risks, and crises within a community-oriented mindset. The literature review organizes crisis communication scholarship into rhetorical, perceptual, risk-oriented, and conflict-oriented categories, then introduces intractable issues and wicked problems as supplementary and beneficial frameworks. There are similarities and differences among crises and intractable issues, with distinctions mainly arising in terms of urgency and perceived proximity to organizations. Issues, risks, and crises can be mapped using the continua of immediacy/temporal urgency and organizational or societal issue centrality. This creates four quadrants: A zone of reputational crises, a zone of intractability, a zone of wicked problems, and a zone of organizational responsibility. • The purpose of the paper is to integrate intractable and wicked problems with existing crisis communication theory. • We organize existing crisis theory into four categories: rhetorical, perceptual, risk manifested, issue engagement/conflict management. • A new category of crisis as acute intractability/wickedness is proposed. • Immediacy/temporality and organization-centrality are developed as key continua. • This creates four zones of crisis communication: reputational crises, acute intractability, wicked problems, and organizational responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public relations practitioners and academics have long debated the merits of licensing; however, licensing has not been adopted due to a lack of appetite among practitioners as well as concerns about the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. Using an analogy with the professions that practice therapy, we argue that licensing of public relations can comply with the First Amendment by providing incentives to licensees, as opposed to restricting the practice of the unlicensed. We identify several potential incentives and provide a detailed analysis of a proposed right to legally privileged communication. We conclude with suggestions for next steps toward creation of licensing and resources that may help in this endeavor. • Licensing public relations professionals can address crisis of mis- and disinformation. • Using an analogy with therapy, we argue that licensing public relations professionals can comply with the First Amendment. • Licensing PR professionals requires offering benefits for licensing rather than preventing practice of the unlicensed. • Licensed public relations professionals should be given the right to privileged communication. • Next steps toward creating licensure are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores how the ideas of Hannah Arendt can further public relations' understanding of organizational listening and its role in civil society. We draw on three major theoretical concepts from Arendt and scholars studying her work—plurality, interspaces, and lamp holders—and contextualize them within existing civil society research in public relations. Reading Arendt into organizational listening and civil society literature yields insights for how public relations contributes to the maintenance of structures and spaces for deliberation and civil society. Her theory points toward the concepts of bracketing and unbracketing as ways to enter civic spaces with an awareness of power and identity. As research on organizational listening has yet to fully identify how listening can contribute to supporting representative deliberation in polarized societies, this paper helps to theoretically position listening within civil society and provides initial suggestions as to how civic-minded listening can be incorporated into public relations practices aimed at building community. • The purpose of the paper is to explore how Arendt's political theory augments public relations' understanding of organizational listening in civil society. • Reading Arendt into organizational listening and civil society literature provides direction as to how public relations can strengthen civic bonds. • Arendt's political theory points toward new ways to implement organizational listening including bracketing and unbracketing. • This paper positions listening within civil society and provides initial suggestions as to how civic-minded practice has the potential to benefit communities as well as organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Over the past several decades, public relations scholarship has added significant richness to its understanding of dialogue. Such research has followed a theoretical trajectory centered on the "I and Thou" philosophy of Martin Buber. Drawing from Mikhail Bakhtin's Dialogic Imagination, this essay puts public relations dialogic scholarship into conversation with the concept of dialogue in a broader societal context. Bakhtin's work provides additional understanding of public relations' roles in dialogue, particularly in regards to facilitating public conversations. Bakhtin's emphasis on contextual and individually generated meanings illuminates the nature and structure of public conversations and the potential for public relations practitioners to play a more active and positive role in the enactment of open dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community activism provides a useful lens for reexamining core concepts of public relations theory and history: community, temporality, and feminist values. This project foregrounds the work of two transformative community activists and prolific authors, Grace Lee Boggs and bell hooks—women whose decades-long efforts balanced urgency and sustained commitment to issues, as well as the people in the neighborhoods and physical communities they were a part of. While temporal concerns have found a place in crisis communication scholarship (e.g., Bean & Madden, 2019; Bean et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2017), they have yet to be presented as a central part of theories of activism in public relations. Adding their voices and perspectives to the broader story of public relations history helps to (1) center non-corporate histories as public relations, (2) showcase stories and strategies of women of color as effective advocates and transformative community leaders, and (3) present temporally informed theoretical development in activist public relations, including the creation of a new framework: ongoing community activism. • This project adds diversity and nuance to narratives about public relations history through centering the stories of two women activists (Grace Lee Boggs and bell hooks). • The findings augment theory through revised understandings of community building and ongoing activism that emphasize physical place and feminist values. • Community activism reflects temporal extremes: Immediate responses to imminent threats and decades-long sustained campaigns. • A framework of ongoing community activism for public relations is developed, emphasizing community building and feminist leadership values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of brandstanding has been embraced by leading public relations firms and practitioners, but is virtually absent from scholarship. This conceptual essay defines brandstanding as an organization (corporation, nonprofit, or government agency) taking a public stance on a contentious issue (generally, outside of its industry or core purpose) while articulating its corresponding values and maintaining authenticity. It further describes the phenomenon in four components: (1) organizational and stakeholder values, (2) authenticity, (3) engagement, and (4) measurement. Understanding the role of each can help PR practitioners guide organizations toward informed participation in civic discourse. While some have encouraged an approach that minimizes contention (i.e. Argenti, 2020), this essay uses moral decoupling theory to argue that reducing the distance between what they say and how they act (Dowell & Jackson, 2020; Weiner, 2021) and striving for authenticity—the continuity, credibility, integrity, and symbolism of an organization's stance (Morhart et al., 2015)—should be the most crucial factors in engagement decisions. • This paper develops a theory of brandstanding—organizational engagement on contentious issues not tied to the organization's core purpose. • Brandstanding connects corporate social advocacy (CSA) and recent scholarship on general publics, with moral decoupling theory (MDP) and articulations of brand authenticity. • The paper presents facets of ethical brandstanding, an actionable and generative framework for understanding contentious issue engagement. • This research asserts that any type of organization can play a role in contentious issue engagement, and that it may be less risk-laden for organizations than it appears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate social advocacy (CSA) scholarship has helped public relations scholars and practitioners better understand business engagement in multiple contentious issue contexts (e.g., Dodd & Supa, 2014; Rim et al., 2020; Waymer & Logan, 2021). Nonprofit organizations, while often having similarly public platforms, significant resources, and the will to engage in polarizing issues outside of their core purpose or purview, have, to date, not been a part of this theoretical framework. This paper serves to theoretically link nonprofit organizations to polarizing issue discourse—while maintaining their distinct facets and relational/stakeholder needs—by developing Polarizing Issue Stewardship. This new construct shifts the perspective of nonprofit stewardship strategies, originally developed by Kelly (1998) to a contentious issue context. The new construct provides insights for both theory and praxis of nonprofit communication. • This paper develops a theory of polarizing issue stewardship for nonprofit organizations. • Putting nonprofit stewardship literature into conversation with CSA extends the latter theory to encompass nonprofit public relations. • This research develops five strategies for polarizing issue stewardship: (1) reporting amid contention, (2) contingent recognition, (3) harmonizing values, (4) financial resilience, and (5) genuine engagement. • The paper includes two brief nonprofit case examples: a partnership/vendor relationship and a donor relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing perceived intractable problems—seemingly irrevocable, difficult-to-solve, often values-driven conflicts—is a regular occurrence for public relations practitioners. Yet, understanding and managing such problems is often outside of the bounds of public relations theories aimed primarily at building consensus. This paper builds on existing conflict-centered literature by carving out a place for dissensus-oriented or agonistic public relations theories and practices. Through interviews with 41 public relations practitioners facing perceived intractable scenarios and the integration of dissensual and agonistic perspectives of Lyotard (1984), Rancière (2010), and others, the paper provides evidence of these approaches in everyday practice. Finally, it offers a framework for social issue engagement that orients agonistic and dissensus-minded professional practices alongside consensus approaches. • The study builds theory around managing contentious issues in public relations. • The research proposes a new framework for social issue engagement, integrating dissensus, agonism, and contingency theory. • The project connects conflict and postmodernism with practitioner input to provide guidance for intractable situations. • Methodologically, the qualitative study utilizes 41 in-depth practitioner interviews to ground findings in professional practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conceptual essay develops a renewed concept of community in public relations scholarship and practice—one re-centering activism and physical place. To do so, it delves into the writing and advocacy of two trailblazing women who dedicated their lives and work to empowering and protecting their communities: Grace Lee Boggs and Jane Jacobs. By connecting their approaches with existing public relations scholarship around community, activism, and place, the authors present a set of place-making communicative approaches for community activist practice in addition to theoretical development around what Boggs (2000) refers to as "place-based civic activism" (p. 19)—the work of finding and harnessing a shared neighborhood identity to connect and empower local residents as citizens. Seeing community and activism through this lens points toward the complex, living, and evolving ecology of communities (Jacobs, 1961, 2000), and positions public relations and activist communication as crucial tools for place-making. • This study extends theory around the concept of community activism in public relations by integrating the work of Grace Lee Boggs and Jane Jacobs. • The approach re-centers geographic and physical place as central components of community in public relations. • Findings include both theory- and practice-oriented examples and applications of Boggs's and Jacobs's advocacy. • The study is the largest project to date integrating the philosophy and activism of both women into public relations scholarship and history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing public relations measurement and evaluation frameworks may struggle to adequately capture (1) organizational engagement regarding contentious or intractable issues, and (2) external or publics-centered outcomes beyond the realm of organizational objectives and interests. In this research, qualitative, semi-structured interviews (41) with experienced U.S. public relations practitioners examined measurement and evaluation in the context of managing perceived intractable issues. In order to capture public relations engagement and potential impact on such issues, the paper presents a new measurement framework to encourage metrics for issues, communities, and societies—not just organizational priorities. This approach ensures a wider scope of levels of analysis (from message-level metrics to societal and global levels) as well as recognition of the potential value of dissensus, agonism, and agonistic metrics (Davidson & Motion, 2018) for more nuanced understandings of the work of public relations practitioners in contentious contexts. • The study employs 41 in-depth interviews with U.S. public relations practitioners about measuring perceived intractable problems. • Most practitioners focused on organization-centric metrics and measures for evaluating success. • Common metrics created a disconnect between engagement values and measured outcomes. • Holistic and listening-based measurement allows practitioners to understand unanticipated consequences of their actions. • This study integrates dissensus and agonism into theories of measurement in public relations. • The study builds on Davidson and Motion's (2018) agonistic metrics and of measurement toward social accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The history of Public Relations Review is examined with a bibliometric census and a co-citation analysis. • Seventeen senior public relations scholars were shown census results in non-anonymous in-depth interviews. • Public Relations Review has served as a needed vehicle for the growth of public relations scholarship. • Scholarship in Public Relations Review has become more cohesive over time and represents a distinctive body of scholarship. • Continuing to foster healthy disagreement among researchers is the next step forward for the discipline. Public Relations Review is the oldest academic journal of public relations, celebrating its 45th year in 2020. This research analyzes the journal through a bibliometric census and co-citation analysis of every article in its history. Initial findings were shared with 17 senior scholars, who provided their insights on the history of the journal and its impact on the growth of the discipline. The interviews produced multiple themes regarding the impact of the journal and the evolution of research. Findings from the mixed-methods analysis include that research in the journal has grown exponentially and become more cohesive over time, that Public Relations Review has been a responsive vehicle for scholarly growth, that a wide variety of economic incentives have driven the agendas of the journal (and of researchers), and that fostering healthy disagreement among researchers is among the next steps forward for the discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Corporations understood engagement in issues of same-sex marriage surrounding the Obergefell v. Hodges decision as part of their social license to operate (SLO). • Corporate engagement around these issues reflected both episodic and relational community engagement as part of social issues management. • Findings supported social issues management theory in situating the primary locus of engagement as the public sphere, rather than the public policy process. Rather than standing on the sidelines, corporations are increasingly engaging with publics and taking stands on contentious social issues. This study analyzes corporate public statements about same-sex marriage before and after the U.S. Supreme Court's Obergefell v. Hodges decision. Utilizing the framework of an organization's social license to operate (SLO) and community engagement (CE), this research builds on the work of Coombs and Holladay in developing social issues management (SIM) theory and explicating the shift toward corporate engagement in public discourse on social change issues. The findings demonstrate that corporations utilize both episodic and relational SLO when managing contentious social issues, connecting these legitimacy-building actions with the processes of SIM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research utilizes computational methods to examine crisis communication scholarship from 2010 to 2020 in two studies with a census of all articles in Public Relations Review and the Journal of Public Relations Research (n = 1293 articles, 7400,685 words). Results indicate crisis scholarship has expanded beyond its prior focus on reputation repair. Situational crisis communication theory and image repair are compared in volume of scholarship and methodological affinity. Social media, SCCT, and media relations are identified as central topics within crisis communication scholarship. • Two studies examine the crisis paradigm in public relations using all text in two SSCI journals from 2010 to 2020. • Crisis scholarship has broadened to include non-reputation topics following the path set forth by Liu and Fraustino (2014). • Reputation research using situational crisis communication theory has grown significantly and remains largely quantitative. • Research using image repair theory is declining as a percentage of crisis scholarship and remains predominantly rhetorical. • Social media, SCCT, and media relations are identified as central topics within crisis communication scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]