Search

This study investigates the relationship between the carbon extractive sector in Canada and renewable energy development. Specifically, it examines the strategies employed by Canadian carbon-capital firms to shape and control alternative energy and considers if we are witnessing signs of 'transition capture' as some oil, gas, and coal firms invest in a gradual shift toward 'climate capitalism.' I investigate first, investments by large Canada-based fossil fuel companies in renewable energy and second, interlocking directorate relations between the fossil fuel sector and the renewables industry. Findings suggest the possibility of a long-term strategic orientation toward a climate capitalist model of development by some carbon-capital firms; however, this alignment remains highly tentative, with evidence pointing to an industry that is largely without plans for energy transition. Cette etude s'interroge sur la relation qui existe entre le secteur canadien de l'extraction du carbone et le developpement des energies renouvelables. Elle examine plus particulierement les strategies utilisees par les firmes canadiennes qui investissent dans le carbone pour modeler et controler les energies alternatives et se demande si nous ne sommes pas en train d'assister a une espece de ' prise en passant' alors que certaines entreprises qui exploitent lliuile, le gaz et le charbon investissent dans un deplacement graduel vers le 'capitalisme climatique.' J'etudie d'abord les placements que font dans les energies renouvelables d'importantes societes canadiennes de combustibles fossiles, puis le cousinage entre les administrateurs du secteur des combustibles fossiles et celui des energies renouvelables. Ce que j'ai trouve evoque la possibility d'une orientation strategique a long terme vers un modele de croissance oriente vers le capitalisme climatique pour certaines entreprises qui investissent dans le carbone. Cette orientation demeure toutefois hautement speculative, car les donnees indiquent que ce secteur ne planifie que tres peu une transition energetique., THE SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS on global warming and on the imperative of timely climate action is clear. A rapid shift away from fossil fuels and a transition to renewable energy sources [...]

A number of scholars have criticised the methodological nationalism of the mainstream study of capitalist diversity for ignoring a global convergence trend triggered by global competition. This contribution agrees with this criticism but insists on the need to take the diversities into account in order to understand the dependence of capital on the geographical concreteness of living labour and its social context. At the same time, the paper outlines an analytical framework that sheds light on the process that makes this dependency invisible, hidden behind the convergence trend. This framework further develops Karl Marx's and Evgeny Pashukanis's notion of fetishism by drawing on accounts of state theory and economic sociology with a view to outlining the complex interplay of economic and extra-economic processes enabling this disguising. It assigns this process relative autonomy, and thus highlights another type of dependence of capital in its drive towards the realisation of surplus value. Keywords Marx, Pashukanis, fetishism, economic sociology, economic imaginary, Introduction After the prolonged triumph of free-market dogma, reinforced by the end of the Cold War, the awareness that markets require regulation has gained considerable currency, especially since the start [...]

This article critiques the institutionalist literature on varieties of capitalism and the more regulationist comparative capitalisms approach. It elaborates the alternative concept of variegated capitalism and suggests that this can be studied fruitfully through a synthesis of materialist form analysis and historical institutionalism within a world-market perspective. It highlights the role of institutional and spatiotemporal fixes that produce temporary, partial, and unstable zones of stability (and corresponding zones of instability) within the limits of the crisis-prone capital relation, and illustrates this from the crisis of crisis-management in the Eurozone crisis. Keywords Critical institutionalism, form analysis, variegated capitalism, varieties of capitalism, Introduction Classical political economy noted important variations in the world market. This tradition continued in studies of primitive accumulation, mercantilism, imperialism, colonialism, and so on. These studies considered economic spaces [...]

With the use of Bruner's concept of story, broad generalizations from the US, and political philosophy, this article suggests that comparisons between music programs throughout the world are meaningless unless we acknowledge how pervasive, insidious, and menacing is the rhetoric of the global market economy. Political philosophy is one process of inquiry that can provide a way of reflecting upon educative constructs that affect all educators. One way to begin thinking about the process of comparison is to examine educational statements from government websites throughout the world. While in many cases these statements are not referred to as manifestos, the rhetoric in use on these government sanctioned websites not only boldly states the goal of education in terms of global markets and competition but also does so by co-opting discourse that was originally intended to speak for oppressed populations., We desperately need a new framework, one that can accommodate and organize our experience in a fashion that allows us to perceive its logic and read its message, heretofore hidden, [...]

Abstract: Russia is a semi-peripheral country in the world capitalist economy, a position that allows it to simultaneously exploit its own periphery, while itself being exploited as a raw material [...]

DURING THE MID-1980S, I WOULD TRAVEL FROM my home in Nicaragua to San Salvador, El Salvador, where I frequented the campus of the Central American University. At lunchtime we would [...]

Confucianism has been considered mainly to have had a negative influence on capitalistic development since Max Weber's theory on non-Western societies became widespread. However, in this article, we champion the [...]

A study of power in anthropology to determine strategies used by corporations in dealing with critics is presented. The three main phases of corporate response to critique are acknowledgement and token accommodation, denial, and strategic engagement. How the responses protect the tobacco and mining industries from possible delegitimization is also discussed.

The structure of the New World Order and its corresponding functions are becoming apparent. First, there will be a deconstruction of the nation-state. It will be bisected as power shifts to higher 'macro-regional' levels on the one hand and lower 'micro-regional' levels on the other. Second, there will be a disaggregation of the mixed political economy. It will be bifurcated as socialism is used at upper levels of human aggregation to alleviate pollution and as capitalism is used at lower levels to alleviate poverty.

In Russia, the market system that arose out of the financial crisis of a decade earlier faced its first major challenge in the second half of 2008. The Russian response to this crisis provides a defining event for the Russian market economy. Drawing on macroeconomic statistics and newspaper coverage, the article uses the crisis as a lens for focusing on the nature of the Russian economy in 2008, and on the defining characteristics behind its response to the crisis. The beginnings of a systematic response that tells us much about the state of the Russian economy in 2008 is already evident.

A study was conducted to develop the concept of necrocapitalism, which is defined as contemporary forms of organizational accumulation that involve dispossession and the subjugation of life to the power of death. Ways on how institutional, material, and discursive powers operate in the political economy are examined. Directions for future research are also discussed.

A study exploring the determinants of subsidiary autonomy in setting human resource management (HRM) practices within the U.S.-parented multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Europe and Australia is presented. Findings show that the U.S. MNEs show greater centralization of control over HRM where the subsidiary faces global matters in coordinated market economies versus liberal market economies with low union density.

Abstract: The essay focuses on the young Parsons, discussing his translation of Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (first published in 1930). Parsons's understanding of Weber [...]

An analysis of the hypothesis that capitalism constantly reproduces uneven constraints on classes of individuals is presented. This argument is based on Marxism and the concept of critical realism. Conclusions show that ontologically, power-competition is untenable, and that capitalist relations involve power because of the nature of capitalism.

The varieties of capitalism literature has put skill systems at the center of comparative politics. Yet its claims about skill specificity are driven by two large coordinated economies, Germany and Japan. This article examines political change of skills in two small coordinated economies. Switzerland has expanded its general skills orientation, whereas Austria retains a highly specific skills system. The cause of this divergence is the different interests of small and large employers: Small employers are more cost sensitive than are large employers, which leads them to oppose the introduction of more general education. The study also shows that the primary measure of skill specificity used in quantitative work--vocational training share--is unreliable. It fails to distinguish between secondary and tertiary vocational training, which have opposite effects on skill specificity. The article develops and justifies an alternative measure--tertiary vocational training--that better predicts the skills clusters observed in advanced capitalism. Keywords: capitalism; skills; employers; institutional change; Austria; Switzerland

Virtually unheard of since the Great Depression, lockouts have reemerged strongly in Australia and New Zealand just as they have all but disappeared in Germany. The decline of lockouts in Germany is convincingly attributed to the enhanced vulnerability of firms to stoppages in certain circumstances amid globalization, but the small, open economies of Australia and New Zealand are equally subject to these pressures. Using macro- and micro-level data, this article illustrates that neoliberal legislative reforms and institutional change have reconfigured the risks, costs, and payoffs associated with lockouts amid globalization. In doing so, some flaws in the varieties of capitalism/dual convergence literature are highlighted. In particular, the post hoc classification of the antipodes as liberal market economies bypasses the role of legislative reform in reconstituting employer interests and the differences in electoral, party, and state structures that impeded/facilitated the rise of neoliberal reformers in Germany and the antipodes. Keywords: lockouts; industrial relations institutions; varieties of capitalism

This article analyzes patterns of economic coordination in Estonia and Slovenia, two postsocialist countries in Central and Eastern Europe, by using the varieties of capitalism (VOC) framework. The article argues that Estonia and Slovenia are very good examples of liberal and coordinated market economies. Market-based coordination of economic relations predominates in Estonia, whereas Slovenia has highly institutionalized coordination. Industrial relations and wage bargaining arrangements are the main focus, but other areas studied by the VOC literature are briefly considered as well. The article also accounts for the origins of these arrangements by examining the interaction of two sets of factors: economic organization and industrial relations under the old system, on one hand, and strategic policy choices, especially the effects of privatization and monetary policy on formalizing coordination, on the other. The article considers some general implications of this analysis for studying successful postsocialist transition and comparative capitalism. Keywords: capitalism; postsocialist transition; industrial relations; wage bargaining; Estonia; Slovenia

A study on Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development nations' quantitative methods for government regulations with relation to market economics is presented.

ABSTRACT This study provides new evidence regarding the effects of patent protection on international trade in developing countries also known as 'emerging market economies'. It employs a gravity model of [...]

We study dynamic optimal taxation in a class of economies with private information. Optimal allocations in these environments are complicated and history-dependent. Yet, we show that they can be implemented as competitive equilibria in market economies supplemented with simple tax systems. The market structure in these economies is similar to that in Bewley (1986); agents supply labour and trade risk-free claims to future consumption, subject to a budget constraint and a debt limit. Optimal taxes are conditioned only on two observable characteristics-an agent's accumulated stock of claims, or wealth, and her current labour income. We show that optimal taxes are generally non-linear and non-separable in these variables and relate the structure of marginal wealth and income taxation to the properties of agent preferences.

The piecemeal development of capitalist socioeconomic systems in the colonial Chesapeake was deeply intertwined with projects of white ethnogenesis. Crafting a sense of 'groupness' along lines perceived as racial required free 'whites' to remain economically and socially interdependent. A variety of strategies and material forms--including reciprocal exchanges, hall-parlor house plans, and earthfast construction--facilitated this cohesion. Such integrative tactics coexisted in colonists' behavioral repertoires with more 'capitalistic' strategies that prioritized private profit over social obligation. Colonists' deployment of diverse social strategies reflects a complex calculus assessing the benefits of economic autonomy against the benefits of ethnic ('white') solidarity. These dynamics can be illustrated through an 18th-century archaeological site at Flowerdew Hundred in the Chesapeake. [Keywords: ethnogenesis, capitalism, race, colonial sites]

Public health is a major area of social regulation, tied closely to the rise of the regulatory state. Among public health standards, food safety standards were some of the first to be globalized, through the Codex Alimentarius Commission established in 1963. With the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO), these international food safety standards have taken on even greater importance, serving as a reference point for the WTO in resolving disputes between countries over trade barriers. Have these international food safety standards influenced domestic policies and, if so, in which directions and why? This article considers how the Codex food additive standard has influenced policy in Argentina and the Dominican Republic. It looks at the role and interaction of international, regional, and domestic actors and top-down, bottom-up, and horizontal directions of policy diffusion. It also examines the role played by powerful states in shaping international standards. Keywords: globalization; governance; public health; trade; regulation; standards

This article analyzes the sweeping restructuring of the state in Latin America and the consequent institutionalization of a new regulatory order. The analysis is grounded in an original database that covers the creation of regulatory agencies and their reform in nineteen countries and twelve sectors over the period from 1979 to 2002. The authors' data capture both the national and the sectoral patterns of the rise of the new order, and the authors distinguish between (1) national patterns of diffusion, whereby the number of prior regulatory authorities within a country determines the probability of the establishment of new authorities in that country and (2) sectoral patterns of diffusion, whereby the number of prior regulatory authority in the same sector in other countries determines the probability of the establishment of new regulatory authority in that sector. The results coincide with a growing body of literature that emphasizes the role of contagious diffusion and shed some new light on sectoral and national channels of diffusion. Keywords: regulation; regulatory capitalism; Latin America; policy diffusion; liberalization; privatization; regulatory agencies

This article studies the diffusion of the main institutional feature of regulatory capitalism, namely, independent regulatory agencies. While only a few such authorities existed in Europe in the early 1980s, by the end of the twentieth century they had spread impressively across countries and sectors. The analysis finds that three classes of factors (bottom-up, top-down, and horizontal) explain this trend. First, the establishment of independent regulatory agencies was an attempt to improve credible commitment capacity when liberalizing and privatizing utilities and to alleviate the political uncertainty problem, namely, the risk to a government that its policies will be changed when it loses power. Second, Europeanization favored the creation of independent regulators. Third, individual decisions were interdependent, as governments were influenced by the decisions of others in an emulation process where the symbolic properties of independent regulators mattered more than the functions they performed. Keywords: independent regulatory agencies; Europe; regulatory institutions; regulatory reform; diffusion

This article analyzes the rise and diffusion of the new order of regulatory capitalism. It offers an analytical and historical analysis of relations between capitalism and regulation and suggests that change in the governance of capitalist economy is best captured by reference to (1) a new division of labor between state and society (e.g., privatization), (2) an increase in delegation, (3) proliferation of new technologies of regulation, (4) formalization of interinstitutional and intrainstitutional arrangements of regulation, and (5) growth in the influence of experts in general, and of international networks of experts in particular. Regulation, though not necessarily directly by the state, seems to be on the increase despite efforts to redraw the boundaries between state and society. Keywords: regulatory capitalism; regulatory state; contagious diffusion; regulatory explosion

This article conceptualizes the international system as an informational network where the sovereign units in the system produce and process information, and linkages among units in the system are conduits for information. Building on a substantial literature that documents the diffusion of policies across nations, this article draws on concepts from network analysis to ask a critical question: what governance issues are raised by viewing the international system as an informational network? The author asserts that the core governance challenge is to balance the benefits of eliminating costly reinvention of the wheel, while maintaining continued innovation and minimizing the dissemination of welfare-reducing policies (fads). Increases in the linkages in the system, while improving the availability of information to all actors, may decrease innovation and increase lads. Keywords: network; regulation; governance; international organization; diffusion

As Wallerstein has shown, the contemporary global economy is in crisis, and this creates opportunities for change. Moreover, the rise of a broad-based and globally networked popular movement against neoliberal [...]

This essay argues that Kant's philosophy provides a justification for free markets. The myths about Kant are that he was a recluse, knew nothing about business, and that his epistemology divorced reason from reality, while his primary interest was metaphysics. Yet Kant's categorical imperative demands obedience even in the face of uncertainty about the external world. Adam Smith described this principle as the inward testimony of an impartial observer. Smith and Kant put individual decisions at the center of morality, but agreed that people have a tendency to make morally inferior choices. Those who propose to regulate the economy are as troubled by this tendency as those they regulate. The self-sacrifice prescription is economically, psychologically, and morally unstable. In recommending market competition, Smith was unconsciously applying a Kantian formula. Market decisions are individual decisions. Individuals prefer to do business with those they trust: this is an incentive to honesty. A morality that depends upon incentives is imperfect but superior to a morality imposed by force.

Market capitalism requires absolute private property, and both institutions appeared at about the same time in history. The morality of the market rests on the morality of property, which may be argued both from Scripture and secular perspectives. Both approaches yield a theory of property that supports private ownership conditional on obligations to the community. Apparent contradictions in Scripture regarding property are resolved by this approach. Property ownership confers economic power on its holder. Modernity assumes that this power must be controlled by external forces--either by the market, or the state--but both limit freedom. True moral action must be free. The moral opportunity of the market is to avoid using economic power to exploit others, especially the weak and needy. Christian thought supplies the outline principles for moral guidance for ethical market action that revolve about self-restraint.

This essay examines market morality from a sociological perspective. Focusing upon a case study of Poland, it highlights the effects historical socio-political forces have upon popular attitudes toward unequal accumulation. Poland's unique mythology of wealth is rooted in both peasant and literary subcultures, and the communist experience. Public opinion surveys demonstrate that negative attitudes toward wealth accumulation were pervasive in Poland during the early 1990s. Actual capital accumulation suggests that, in the early years of the post-communist transition, Polish reality largely substantiated Polish mythology. Political connections were often used to enter the Polish business elite, and shady practices employed to maintain such positions. The essay explores this correlation, highlighting social mythology's joint dependence on cultural residue and reality, as well as the effects of social political and economic forces upon societal attitudes toward morality in the marketplace.

This article examines Hardt and Negri's Empire in the context of the radical tradition of Italian Marxism from which it developed. It discusses the influence of previously untranslated writings by Marx on the Italian New Left, and the way this prompted a new political analysis which, in studying the interpenetration of capital and labour, treated capital as the dependent variable in the class struggle. The essay considers how faithfully this analysis is sustained in Negri's later work, and suggests that the inconsistencies apparent in Empire derive in part from the continuing influence of Marx's prescient but ambiguous text: the so-called 'Fragment on machines'., Italian Marxism and the New Left The impact of Italian Marxism on Anglo-American thought has, since the English translation of the Prison Notebooks in 1971, been largely restricted to the [...]

Never before, in any society, had the pursuit of wealth been legitimated, much less celebrated, for everyone. --ROBERT HEILBRONER (1999: 312) THE STORY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAPITALISM AND THE [...]

DOES WAR PRESENT DISTINCTIVE PROBLEMS FOR THE WORLDLY philosophy? Does empire? Do economists have any particular insight into these topics? Do we have any professional obligations when faced with the [...]

An attempt is made to examine how control is exercised in an era of financial transparency. It is concluded that the dynamics of modern capitalism need to be further studied in light of reciprocal expectations and their consequences.

The debate on sustainable globalized development rests on two clearly stated economic assumptions: that 'development' proceeds, solely and inevitably, through industrialization and the proliferation of capital intensive high-technology, towards the creation of service sector economies; and that globalization, based on a neoliberal, capitalist, free market ideology, provides the only vehicle for such development. Sustainability, according to the proponents of globalized development, is merely a function of market forces, which will generate the solutions for all problems including the environmental dilemmas that loom over the globe today. The social focus of globalized development is clearly the 'individual' and the much-touted goal of development in the context of these debates, is the emancipation of the individual from want. This glorification of the individual, so characteristic of the Enlightenment, has defined all aspects of modernity, leading to approaches that are self-focused and that give little thought to the needs of society or even the social context. The increasing impoverishment of human life and the growing environmental degradation, however, provide a poignant counterpoint to this onrush of capital interests, demanding a reassessment of sustainability separate from the logic of industrialization and globalized development. This paper examines the unfolding of the logic of capitalism, which underlies the structure of the Rostowian model of development and the problems in the assumptions underlying today's globalized development process. The evident impossibility of sustainability in the current growth-based market system leads to the examination of alternatives including a reflexive understanding of the choices and the inclusion of opportunity costs, related to the social, environmental and economic aspects of decision making. The integration of all factors of production into the logic of development provides a sustainable alternative to the current system.

Rather than one or two varieties of capitalism, this paper argues that there are still at least three in Europe, following along lines of development from the three post-war models: market capitalism, characteristic of Britain; managed capitalism, typical of Germany; and state capitalism, epitomized by France. While France's state capitalism has been transformed through market-oriented reforms, it has become neither market capitalist nor managed capitalist. Rather, it has moved from 'state-led' capitalism to a kind of 'state-enhanced' capitalism, in which the state still plays an active albeit much reduced role, where CEOs exercise much greater autonomy, and labour relations have become much more market-reliant. Keywords: capitalism; France; state; CEO; business; financial markets; production systems; management-labour relations; economic management; industrial policy.

What explains the French government's unwillingness to accept more legal immigrants or at least ignore those who enter or over-stay clandestinely? This paper answers this question by exploring the political economy and regulation of undocumented immigration in France during the 1990s. In light of a broad liberal and Marxist literature on the political economy of immigration, I argue that three 'proximate determinants' shape the regulation of undocumented immigration in France (a 'Europeanized' security agenda, 'self-limited sovereignty' and control of the labour market, especially informal employment). However, these proximate determinants do not necessarily excavate the social relations of power (that is political economy) which constitute the basis for policy making. I argue then that a return to the importance of the labour market (and thus the class and racial constitution of French society) is essential, but without a simple return to Marxist political economy. Instead, I suggest the value of 'virtualism' for carving out a new post-structuralist/'postmodern' political economy of immigration. Keywords: immigration; migration; undocumented; illegal; informal; France.

This article reexamines the problem of labor exploitation in advanced capitalist economies, especially the United States. The article specifies the concept of labor exploitation by using both the Marxian and marginalist notions and measures. The implicit neoclassical presumption of no or little labor exploitation in a capitalist economy is rejected by the results. The alternative heterodox argument of persistent and increasing labor exploitation has been confirmed for contemporary capitalism, particularly for the United States, in recent years. JEL classification: D33; D63 Keywords: labor exploitation; capitalism; Marxian; marginalist

It is often suggested that capitalism is an unplanned economic system. In the absence of any overall mechanism for planning productivity, it is only through periodic recession that a market [...]

As Judith Butler has emphasized, for Michel Foucault power is both external to the subject and the very venue of the subject, intrinsic to the formation of the self. Valerio Valeri's studies of the Huaulu, an egalitarian society of forest dwellers on a remote Indonesian island, help to disentangle these two aspects of power. Foucault often cautioned that his analysis of the history of European systems of thought made no claims to universality, but scholars working in the Foucauldian tradition have seldom ventured outside Europe. Valeri's analysis of Huaulu taboo clarifies and contextualizes Foucault's insights into the formative nature of power and offers new insights into the cognitive foundations of consumer capitalism. [cosmologies of capitalism, repressive regimes, taboo, potlatch, subject formation, consumer society, Frankfurt School, commodity fetishism]

This article examines the development of the Israeli capitalist class and the role played by the state apparatus in that development. In contrast to analyses claiming that Israel was a 'socialist-type' economy prior to the mid-1980s, it argues that the Labor Zionist movement fostered the emergence of an indigenous capitalist class by encouraging the growth of private capital through key conglomerates initially tied to the state. Following the 1985 Economic Stabilization Plan, these conglomerates were placed in private hands linked with large foreign capital. Israel's recent incorporation into the global economy has undermined the traditional sustaining elements of the Zionist project, producing a crisis of legitimacy in the state. It also has important ramifications for the future of Israeli-Palestinian relations.

A common assumption is that commodification--the process by which goods and services are increasingly produced by capitalist firms for a profit under conditions of market exchange--is colonizing, albeit slowly and unevenly, ever more areas of daily life. Yet little evidence has been supplied to show either the extent or unevenness of this penetration. Here, therefore, we first draw upon secondary data to evaluate the degree to which the advanced economies have been permeated by commodification. This identifies large spaces of non-exchanged work, non-monetized exchange and nonprofit-motivated monetary exchange. To both explain the existence of these spaces as well as the uneven penetration of commodification, we then report case study evidence from the sphere of domestic services in UK urban areas. This displays that although domestic services are slightly more commodified amongst higher-income populations, the uneven contours of commodification cannot be explained simply in terms of whether populations can afford to use formal service provision. While economic constraints do prevent the advance of commodification, especially in lower-income populations, strong 'cultures of resistance' are also uncovered that impede its deeper penetration. To conclude, therefore, the contrasting roles played by economic and cultural constraints in slowing the advance of commodification and creating its uneven contours are explored.

Byline: Oili-Helena Ylijoki (1) Keywords: academic capitalism; academic profession; academic values; disciplinary culture; market-orientation; university research Abstract: During recent years universities have engagedincreasingly in academic capitalism as aresponse to the decrease in budget funding andthe external push towards entrepreneurialactivities. This paper explores on the microlevel what impacts the changing fundingpatterns have on university research, how thechanges are responded to in different researchunits, and how researchers experience them.Based on focused interviews with seniorresearchers in three different types ofresearch settings in Finland, the paper arguesthat engaging in academic capitalism iseveryday reality in all units but takes adiversity of forms depending on how close ordistant the field is from the market. Inaddition the disciplinary and institutionalcultures shape the process of adaptation to thechanging environmental conditions. It isconcluded that increasing market-orientationdoes not displace traditional academicpractices, values and ideals as researchers tryto accommodate them to entrepreneurialactivities. However, especially due to thegrowth and intensification of project work onshort-term contracts, achieving a balancebetween the two value-sets is at present feltto be increasingly difficult, thus generating avariety of tensions in the daily work of theresearchers and even endangering the quality ofresearch. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Tampere, 33014, Finland Article History: Registration Date: 11/10/2004