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The loss of functions in Spanish rural areas has triggered territorial inequalities and injustices in a highly complex geographical environment. After the COVID-19 pandemic and in a context of overpopulation in large cities, the rural area emerged as a space of opportunity for more sustainable territorial rebalancing. Despite the evident tendency towards their population emptying, they are places endowed with their own qualities and specific values, currently in danger, especially in border areas between the regions, which are far from centralised nuclei and generate conflicts due to the transfer of powers to them from the State. Among these values is cultural heritage, the safeguarding and enrichment of which depends on the balance between the landscape and the society that hosts it. This work focuses on access to archaeological sites—an important form of heritage prior to the establishment of actual regional divisions, in the depopulated frontier between Cantabria and Castile and Leon—whose potential is presented by their intrinsic relationship with the territory and their ability to identify historical landscapes, advocating for future sustainability on a territorial scale. With all of the above, a cultural landscape delimitation is proposed between both regions that share common characteristics and problems, promoting synergies and territorial readings by analysing the territorial assets of these interior areas so that their potential is not diminished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The loss of functions in Spanish rural areas has triggered territorial inequalities and injustices in a highly complex geographical environment. After the COVID-19 pandemic and in a context of overpopulation in large cities, the rural area emerged as a space of opportunity for more sustainable territorial rebalancing. Despite the evident tendency towards their population emptying, they are places endowed with their own qualities and specific values, currently in danger, especially in border areas between the regions, which are far from centralised nuclei and generate conflicts due to the transfer of powers to them from the State. Among these values is cultural heritage, the safeguarding and enrichment of which depends on the balance between the landscape and the society that hosts it. This work focuses on access to archaeological sites—an important form of heritage prior to the establishment of actual regional divisions, in the depopulated frontier between Cantabria and Castile and Leon—whose potential is presented by their intrinsic relationship with the territory and their ability to identify historical landscapes, advocating for future sustainability on a territorial scale. With all of the above, a cultural landscape delimitation is proposed between both regions that share common characteristics and problems, promoting synergies and territorial readings by analysing the territorial assets of these interior areas so that their potential is not diminished.

Copyright of Flora Montibérica is the property of Flora Montiberica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El proyecto de Asilo del Sagrado Corazón en Castro Urdiales lo firmó un importante arquitecto, Joaquín Rucoba y Octavio de Toledo, a propuesta de las Siervas de Jesús a las que ya había dise- ñado su residencia en Bilbao en 1892. En la documentación consultada sobre el proyecto de cons- trucción del asilo solo se ha encontrado un plano de emplazamiento firmado en Santander el 15 de enero de 1909 por el arquitecto y no se dispone de la memoria que nos pudiera clarificar su pro- puesta para el edificio.

Las escasas referencias bibliográficas existentes sobre las actuaciones de las Misiones Pedagógicas de la II República en Cantabria explican en parte el desconocimiento, cuando no la minusvaloración, de la labor que desarrollaron. Recurriendo a las fuentes hemerográficas, se descubre un poco más la dimensión alcanzada por los dos tipos de misiones que visitaron los pueblos de Cantabria: las no oficiales, en 1933, y las dependientes del Patronato de Misiones Pedagógicas (años 1934 y 1935). Tanto unas como otras no habrían podido realizarse sin la participación entusiasta y generosa de profesores y alumnos de la Escuela Normal del Magisterio Santander. A partir de la creación de las Misiones Pedagógicas el 29 de mayo de 1931, poco después del advenimiento de la II República, fueron muchas las peticiones recibidas por el Patronato de Misiones Pedagógicas para llevar las escuelas ambulantes, como las denominó su inspirador, Manuel Bartolomé Cossío, “a las aldeas, a las más pobres, a las más escondidas, a las más abandonadas”.

Este estudio presenta una revisión de la cartografía geomorfológica del valle del río Miera (Cantabria, N España) con dos objetivos: 1) conocer la distribución de las formas de origen glaciar en el Alto Miera (Cantabria) y 2) reconstruir cuantitativamente la máxima extensión ocupada por el hielo durante el máximo avance glaciar local y estimar la altitud de su paleolínea de equilibrio glaciar mediante diversos métodos. La reconstrucción presentada indica que el glaciar alcanzó una superficie de 6.5 km2, distribuida a cotas comprendidas entre los 1564 m y los 560 m. La lengua de hielo alcanzó una longitud de más de 6 km y un espesor máximo de 128 m. La línea de equilibrio glaciar se habría situado entre 1001 m y 951 m.

During the last glacial period, rapidly changing environments posed substantial challenges to Neanderthal populations in Europe. Southern continental regions, such as Iberia, have been proposed as important climatic "buffer" zones during glacial phases. Contextualising the climatic and ecological conditions Neanderthals faced is relevant to interpreting their resilience. However, records of the environments and ecosystems they exploited across Iberia exhibit temporal and spatial gaps in coverage. Here we provide new evidence for palaeotemperatures, vegetation structure, and prey herbivore ecology during the late Pleistocene (MIS 5-3) in northern Spain, by applying multiple stable isotope tracers (δ18O, δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) to herbivore skeletal remains associated with Neanderthal occupations at Axlor Cave, Bizkaia. The results show little change over time and indicate stable climatic conditions and ecosystems across different occupations. Large within-layer isotopic variability in nitrogen and sulphur suggests the presence of a mosaic environment and a variety of isotopic ecotones that were exploited by Neanderthals and their prey. We implement a combination of carbonate and phosphate δ18O measurements to estimate palaeotemperatures using a cost-effective workflow. We show that the targeted use of phosphate δ18O measurements to anchor summer peak and winter trough areas enables high-precision seasonal palaeoclimatic reconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-wildlife coexistence is important for a sustainable relationship between humans and the natural environment. However, human activities often act as a disturbance to wild animals, which may show behavioural shifts indicating human avoidance. For large carnivores, which are prone to conflict with many human interests, coexistence with humans can be particularly challenging. We used long-term camera trap data to evaluate seasonal and diel variations in activity of two large carnivores, the brown bear (Ursus arctos) and the grey wolf (Canis lupus), as well as humans in the Cantabrian Mountains, northern Spain. Brown bears were less active in winter than in summer; the opposite was observed for wolves, whereas there was limited seasonal variation in human activity. On a diel scale, both bears and wolves were mostly crepuscular during summer and had less distinct, but generally more nocturnal activity during winter. Humans were strictly diurnal during both seasons. We suggest that the diel activity of bears and wolves was partially caused by human avoidance, but that seasonal variations in both overall and diel activity were mainly caused by ecological and physiological factors. While we suggest that the observed similarity in diel activity of bears and wolves did not have caused strong competition between these two species, it may have influenced interactions with other predators and prey. Since such interactions are likely to be context dependent, we urge for further studies evaluating how humans influence the behaviour of large carnivores across different spatio-temporal scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este trabajo es una propuesta metodológica de construcción de índices de sostenibilidad para las ganaderías de bovino de leche en Cantabria. Mediante análisis factoriales de componentes principales, se obtienen 12 indicadores, 4 por cada dimensión (económica, ambiental y social), que permiten crear tres índices sintéticos de sostenibilidad y uno global. Las dimensiones que alcanzan mayores puntuaciones son la ambiental y la social en detrimento de la económica. Además, se observa una relación directa entre la sostenibilidad global y el tamaño productivo que, no se detecta para la dimensión ambiental, pero si en la social y económica.

El Centro de Recursos, Interpretación y Estudios de la Escuela (CRIEME) de Polanco, además de dedicarse a la recuperación y registro del patrimonio escolar de Cantabria, pone un especial énfasis en su divulgación y en el aprovechamiento de sus exposiciones y proyectos como herramienta didáctica. El centro está especialmente dirigido al alumnado de la Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria y la mayor parte de las actividades están orientadas a este tipo de público. El CRIEME, además de desarrollar una labor didáctica en el propio centro, abre también sus puertas para colaborar en otros lugares, principalmente en centros educativos de la comunidad. Creemos que la labor de sensibilización y concienciación en el cuidado y respeto de nuestro patrimonio en los más pequeños será un aval para su conservación en el futuro y un valor en la formación de las siguientes generaciones.

The term deagrarianization refers to the dwindling importance of agrarian activity as the economic and social basis of a rural area. Deagrarianization is reflected in the declining number of people engaged in agricultural production and a reduction in the relative importance of agricultural incomes. In addition to the economic consequences, deagrarianization also erodes the importance of the rural population in territorial organization and management and social functioning in rural areas. However, it is also true that the simultaneous shift towards the service economy in present-day rural economies and societies has not led to the disappearance of the rural space but, instead, given rise to new and multiple forms of rurality. The priority objective of the research on which this paper is based is to gain insight into the rural deagrarianization processes in Spain through the specific case of Cantabria. In order to analyze these dynamics, a series of basic indicators have been used. In order of importance, the main indicators employed were those related to the recent dynamics of agriculture, livestock, and forestry activity and the occupational structure of the population as regards its sectoral distribution, with particular attention being paid to the relative importance of livestock and forestry activities in relation to the direct exploitation of territorial resources. In the past, primary sector activities were very important in Cantabria, but their importance has steadily declined in both absolute and relative terms until reaching the current situation. In 2023, only 4579 people have been employed in agriculture out of a total of 214,574 active people (2.13%). It is very significant that between 2012 and 2021, the total number of employed people increased by 9.08% in Cantabria while the proportion of people employed in agricultural activities decreased by −12.90%. Farming is no longer the rural occupation par excellence; however, it continues to be important in most Cantabrian rural municipalities. The territorial distribution is even more revealing. Southern mountain municipalities can be considered the last stronghold of agricultural activity since, in most cases, more than a quarter of their active population is employed in this sector. These are also the rural areas with the highest levels of depopulation. In contrast, other activity sectors have also gained importance in rural areas, although not in the same way. In general, there is less service economy employment in inland rural municipalities, except in those that are county capitals offering services. Some rural, peri-urban, and coastal areas where tourism is more strongly developed also reach high values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al Malweah for Archaeological & Historical Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El Castillo Cave is one of the most important sites for understanding the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in Europe. Despite its importance, the absence of a widely used stratigraphic section with detailed lithostratigraphic descriptions and correlations between the different geological and archaeological interpretations has led to confusion in the correct identification of lithostratigraphic units in the lowermost, Middle Palaeolithic sequence. This study establishes a new lithostratigraphic framework for the site, which can be accurately correlated to previous geological and archaeological studies and generates a solid working basis for framing the Mousterian of El Castillo Cave in the Cantabrian region and southwestern Europe. The geological re‐evaluation of Unit XX ('Mousterian Alpha') has expanded its chronology, now ranging from 49 130–43 260 cal bp to 70 400 ± 9600 bp. Unit XXII ('Mousterian Bet') would consequently yield an age older than 70 400 ± 9600 bp and younger than the underlying speleothem (Unit XXIIIb), dated to 89 000 +11 000/‐10 000 bp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The municipalities of Cantabria have undergone important demographic changes in recent years, with the result that the population is heterogeneously distributed throughout the territory. This distribution is influenced by the territorial vulnerability, based on demographic and socio-economic variables, which will be analysed in this paper due to the scarce research that currently exists in this area. To this end, a bibliographic search on the subject will be carried out, alphanumeric and cartographic data will be compiled on a municipal and population centre scales and the Moran's indexes will be calculated using Geographic Information Systems. Analysing the results obtained from tables and cartographic representations, it can be seen that the vulnerability of Cantabria is concentrated in the most rural and ageing municipalities, with the most developed ones having an almost non-existent vulnerability. Despite this, there are variables which should be highlighted, as they invert the results, giving vulnerability to the most populated municipalities and making the rural ones acquire favourable characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brocar: Cuadernos de Investigación Histórica is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Altamira is the property of Centro de Estudios Montaneses and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Relato de fotografía tomada entre 1984 y 1985 en el único puente que permitía acceder, desde la carretera que iba a Vega de Pas, a La Gurueba (en Cantabria, España), en concreto a la ermita del Carmen, a unas pocas cabañas pasiegas y a la escuela. Después de cruzar el puente había que andar unos cientos de metros por un sendero entre árboles y prados

Recuerdos escolares de Cantabria

The Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the basic institutional rules attributed powers to the Autonomous Communities with which to design and structure their public administration, based on a model of institutional isomorphism. At present, the autonomous public sector is of unequal nature in terms of organisation, motivated by decisions taken in its regulation during the process of transformation and innovation of the res publica in recent decades. This paper aims at reviewing the processes of administrative change and modernization, where a reflection on the evolution of organisational theory from a neo-institutionalist perspective is assumed. Hence, professional public management arises as a tool able to help public administrations face current challenges that put at risk their sustainability in the 21st century, especially during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. For this reason, institutionalism and professionalization, beyond seeming to be mutually exclusive concepts, must be combined from a neo-weberian perspective. This study analyses the public political-administrative subsystem in the Autonomous Community of Cantabria to check the correlation between the degree of politicisation of the senior civil service and the legislation on professional public management in the last decades of institution-building in this Autonomous Community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Flora Montibérica is the property of Flora Montiberica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Flora Montibérica is the property of Flora Montiberica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Flora Montibérica is the property of Flora Montiberica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Iberian Peninsula represents a diversity hotspot for the genus Dicranopalpus. However, most taxa are insufficiently defined. Our revision of the Dicranopalpus pyrenaeus species group reveals two hidden species: D. catariegensis sp. nov. and D. gallaecicus sp. nov. Two species, D. pyrenaeus from the Spanish and French Pyrenees and D. insignipalpis from Corsica, are redescribed. Dicranopalpus cantabricus Dresco, 1953 is resurrected as a valid species. Three new synonyms of D. martini (Simon, 1878) are proposed: Fagea bolivari Dresco, 1949 (including D. bolivari sensu Rambla 1975), Egaenasser extraordinarius Roewer, 1953 and Dicranopalpus dispar Rambla, 1967. With these additions, the Iberian Peninsula harbours four species of the Dicranopalpus pyrenaeus species group. They largely have allopatric distributions, ranging from the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian mountain range to the west coast of Galicia.

Abstract Background Active surveillance aimed at the early detection of invasive mosquito species is usually focused on seaports and airports as points of entry, and along road networks as dispersion paths. In a number of cases, however, the first detections of colonizing populations are made by citizens, either because the species has already moved beyond the implemented active surveillance sites or because there is no surveillance in place. This was the case of the first detection in 2018 of the Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus, in Asturias (northern Spain) by the citizen science platform Mosquito Alert. Methods The collaboration between Mosquito Alert, the Ministry of Health, local authorities and academic researchers resulted in a multi-source surveillance combining active field sampling with broader temporal and spatial citizen-sourced data, resulting in a more flexible and efficient surveillance strategy. Results Between 2018 and 2020, the joint efforts of administrative bodies, academic teams and citizen-sourced data led to the discovery of this species in northern regions of Spain such as Cantabria and the Basque Country. This raised the estimated area of occurrence of Ae. japonicus from < 900 km2 in 2018 to > 7000 km2 in 2020. Conclusions This population cluster is geographically isolated from any other population in Europe, which raises questions about its origin, path of introduction and dispersal means, while also highlighting the need to enhance surveillance systems by closely combining crowd-sourced surveillance with public health and mosquito control agencies’ efforts, from local to continental scales. This multi-actor approach for surveillance (either passive and active) shows high potential efficiency in the surveillance of other invasive mosquito species, and specifically the major vector Aedes aegypti which is already present in some parts of Europe. Graphical abstract

The term deagrarianization refers to the dwindling importance of agrarian activity as the economic and social basis of a rural area. Deagrarianization is reflected in the declining number of people engaged in agricultural production and a reduction in the relative importance of agricultural incomes. In addition to the economic consequences, deagrarianization also erodes the importance of the rural population in territorial organization and management and social functioning in rural areas. However, it is also true that the simultaneous shift towards the service economy in present-day rural economies and societies has not led to the disappearance of the rural space but, instead, given rise to new and multiple forms of rurality. The priority objective of the research on which this paper is based is to gain insight into the rural deagrarianization processes in Spain through the specific case of Cantabria. In order to analyze these dynamics, a series of basic indicators have been used. In order of importance, the main indicators employed were those related to the recent dynamics of agriculture, livestock, and forestry activity and the occupational structure of the population as regards its sectoral distribution, with particular attention being paid to the relative importance of livestock and forestry activities in relation to the direct exploitation of territorial resources. In the past, primary sector activities were very important in Cantabria, but their importance has steadily declined in both absolute and relative terms until reaching the current situation. In 2023, only 4579 people have been employed in agriculture out of a total of 214,574 active people (2.13%). It is very significant that between 2012 and 2021, the total number of employed people increased by 9.08% in Cantabria while the proportion of people employed in agricultural activities decreased by −12.90%. Farming is no longer the rural occupation par excellence; however, it continues to be important in most Cantabrian rural municipalities. The territorial distribution is even more revealing. Southern mountain municipalities can be considered the last stronghold of agricultural activity since, in most cases, more than a quarter of their active population is employed in this sector. These are also the rural areas with the highest levels of depopulation. In contrast, other activity sectors have also gained importance in rural areas, although not in the same way. In general, there is less service economy employment in inland rural municipalities, except in those that are county capitals offering services. Some rural, peri-urban, and coastal areas where tourism is more strongly developed also reach high values.

Copyright of Complutum is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El acceso a la enseñanza básica en la actual región de Cantabria a lo largo del franquismo fue problemático para una parte de la población infantil. Tras diferenciar los tipos de escuelas estatales, se estudia la evolución de la red de escuelas públicas en Cantabria, analizando el número de unidades, tipología, distribución espacial y su repercusión en la facilidad o dificultad de acceso a la educación básica. Se han considerado dos periodos, situando el cambio hacia mediados de los años sesenta. El desarrollo económico y el crecimiento de la clase media fueron las causas de ese cambio de ciclo, que se materializó en la Ley General de Educación de 1970. Se estudia el debate que se suscitó en Cantabria sobre escolarización y gratuidad con la aplicación de esa ley. El diseño de un sistema educativo en beneficio de determinados grupos sociales, la aplicación del principio de subsidiariedad y el escaso gasto en la enseñanza pública, dieron lugar a que en 1970 el 80 % de la población de Cantabria únicamente alcanzara el nivel de educación primaria.

Un total de 48 especies de foraminíferos bentónicos, 31 de ellas vivas han sido extraídas de la playa artificial de Ostende (Castro Urdiales, Cantabria). Las especies más abundantes son: Cibicidoides lobatulus y Cibicides refulgens acompañadas de Elphidium crispum y Rosalina globularis. Todas ellas son especies epifaunales marinas costeras y de plataforma. Esta microfauna ha colonizado la playa artificial de Ostende 30 años después de que fuera construida a partir de un vertido de grava que destruyó la Ensenada natural de Urdiales. Este retraso en la colonización parece ser debido al tipo de sedimento con el que se rellenó la ensenada. La asociación dominante de foraminíferos, muy similar a la de otras playas naturales cercanas, pone de manifiesto la transformación de la playa artificial de Ostende en una playa consolidada de “tipo bolsillo”. Sin embargo, la falta de ejemplares de foraminíferos bentónicos eurihalinos señala la pérdida definitiva de los ecosistemas transicionales, como la marisma, que existía en la ensenada de Urdiales antes de su relleno.

The macroalgal flora of Cantabria (north of Spain) has attracted the interest of many researchers on past occasions. Currently published information only reflects occasional collections from sporadic field visits to this region of the Spanish Atlantic coast. To overcome this, a historical overview of research and publications, encompassing collections and presence data recording, has been undertaken. This work lists the resultant taxonomic records and provides information about macroalgal flora of Cantabria. A total of 425 species (25 Cyanobacteria, 55 Chlorophyta, 81 Ochrophyta, and 264 Rhodophyta) were identified. The number of specific, infraspecific taxa, and stages is 437: 25 Cyanobacteria, 57 Chlorophyta, 89 Ochrophyta, and 266 Rhodophyta. The floristic character of flora from the Cantabrian coast is compared over time and with nearby regions applying Cheney's ratio [(Rhodophyta+Chlorophyta)/ Ochrophyta, or (R+C)/O]. The present paper aims to provide an overview of the research that has been conducted in the Cantabrian coast, not only found in international publications but also in local publications as well as unpublished theses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La Pirámide del Escudo se alza junto a la carretera de Burgos a Santander (N-623). Relacionada con los sacrarios militares en homenaje a los caídos italianos de la Primera Guerra Mundial construidos en época de Mussolini, el jerarca fascista está aún presente en el monumento burgalés, donde fueron enterrados los restos de cientos de combatientes trasalpinos caídos en la campaña del Norte del verano de 1937. El monumento, dedicado al general Antonio Sagardía y su 62 división de Olasagasti y Olano, instalado a la vera de la misma N-623, traza una proa de nave (o un águila) de resonancias futuristas. En Alcocero, muy cerca del puerto de la Brújula, se elevó otro monumento en homenaje a Emilio Mola, jefe del ejército del Norte, fallecido allí en accidente aéreo en junio de 1937.

This article summarizes the research carried out on the construction process and the features of the landscape of the Pasiegos Mountains and Valleys as a model of cultural landscape and the convenience of valuing it as a resource and "brand image" for the sustainable development of the regional territory. For centuries, this territory has played a preponderant role in livestock farming, which has relegated other economic activities and forms of productive use of the territory to a very secondary role. Since the sixteenth century there was the implementation of a semi-intensive productive system that had a great transcendence in the modification of the organization of the pasiego territory: in a short time there were notable changes in the way of life of the population, in the forms of settlement, in the productive dedication of the lands of agrarian use and, consequently, in the modeling of the rural landscape, whose characteristic features have reached our days. In addition to other heritage resources, which can help mitigate the current decline of most of the pasiego county, the most valuable cultural asset, without a doubt, is the landscape heritage, an expression of the secular pasiego way of life, provided that its value will be socially recognized and properly preserved and protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Altamira is the property of Centro de Estudios Montaneses and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Altamira is the property of Centro de Estudios Montaneses and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Altamira is the property of Centro de Estudios Montaneses and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Altamira is the property of Centro de Estudios Montaneses and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La Filosofía en La Magdalena, 1966-1969

De “Villa Junco” a “Villajunco”

This study is the outcome of research on family farming in a coastal valley in northern Spain. The objective of the study is to determine to what degree traditional norms and values persist in the practices of family farmers. A qualitative methodology was used in the research. It demonstrates that, contrary to the optimism expressed by some studies, social changes have not succeeded in transforming the organization of family farms, or the rigid guidelines associated with the social reproduction of these rural economy units, which are still subject to traditional forms of succession and inheritance. As a result, so-called farm ideology is still a very present feature of everyday life. This ideology, defined by its strong masculine and patriarchal content, places the man as the majority owner and the woman as the wife and producer, left to take on an endless list of roles, both visible and "invisible". Equal rights for women, although universally recognised, are still far from being achieved in this valley of northern Spain. • Family farming obeys the values of tradition more than those of modernity. • Farmers innovate in the succession and inheritance of their farms, without giving up permanent rules. • Patriarchal patterns and values of masculinity continue to organize family farming. • Modern family farming has exponentially increased women's work. • Frequently, family farming hinders the incorporation of equality rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se aportan datos ecológicos y fitosociológicos sobre las formaciones riparias y edafohigrófilas de Salix atrocinerea y Corylus avellana de la Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria, en relación con las asociaciones Hyperico androsaemi-Salicetum atrocinereae y Carici lusitanicae-Salicetum atrocinereae.

Se aportan nuevos datos de flora y de nomenclatura taxonómica para el catálogo de Cantabria. New data of flora and taxonomic nomenclature for the catalogue of the autonomic community of Cantabria are apported.

Europe witnessed massive migration away from rural areas throughout the 20th century. Spain was no exception to the rule, albeit with differences in timing and pace, and the population in Cantabria constitutes a paradigmatic case. Here, the rural exodus began early – before the mid-20th century – in some mountainous districts, but reached a peak in the 1960s and continued throughout the following decades. Since the 1990s, population levels in rural municipalities have fallen at a slower rate, while the population of the region as a whole has increased slightly. Disturbingly, the rural population has continued to decline in the early 21st century, in an overall context of almost zero population growth. The demographic trends analyzed here are not only different in time, but also in space. With the partial exception of regional capitals and their neighbouring communities, municipalities in mountain districts have witnessed such a substantial decline in their populations that they have experienced a genuine process of depopulation. This case does not explain the all-similar cases in rural Europe as a whole, but it can help in interpreting other comparable processes in different regions of southern Europe where depopulation reached its maximum in the second half of the 20th century and still continues today.