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Background This narrative review describes foundational and emerging evidence of how dietary protein intakes may influence muscle-related attributes of older adults. Methods PubMed was used to identify pertinent research. Results Among medically stable older adults, protein intakes below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) (0.8 g/kg body weight [BW]/d) exacerbate age-related reductions in muscle size, quality, and function. Dietary patterns with total protein intakes at or moderately above the RDA, including one or preferably more meals containing sufficient dietary protein to maximize protein anabolism, promote muscle size and function. Some observational studies suggest protein intakes from 1.0 to 1.6 g/kg BW/d may promote greater muscle strength and function more so than muscle size. Experimental findings from randomized controlled feeding trials indicate protein intakes greater than the RDA (averaging ~1.3 g/kg BW/d) do not influence indices of lean body mass or muscle and physical functions with non-stressed conditions, but positively influence changes in lean body mass with purposeful catabolic (energy restriction) or anabolic (resistance exercise training) stressors. Among older adults with diagnosed medical conditions or acute illness, specialized protein or amino acid supplements that stimulate muscle protein synthesis and improve protein nutritional status may attenuate the loss of muscle mass and function and improve survival of malnourished patients. Observational studies favor animal versus plant protein sources for sarcopenia-related parameters. Conclusions Quantity, quality, and patterning of dietary protein consumed by older adults with varied metabolic states, and hormonal and health status influence the nutritional needs and therapeutic use of protein to support muscle size and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood pressure (BP) responses to exercise yield prognostic information beyond resting BP. While habitual higher dietary protein intake is associated with reduced resting BP, few studies have assessed the impact of high-protein meals on acute BP and vasoactive biomarker responses to exercise. To test the hypothesis that consuming a higher-protein, lower fat meal (HP; 30 g protein, 17 g fat, 52 g carbohydrate) would attenuate the BP response to exercise and result in a more robust post-exercise hypotensive response compared to a lower-protein, higher-fat meal (LP; 13 g protein, 25 g fat, 54 g carbohydrate), we recruited 31 pre-hypertensive subjects to complete this randomized, double-blind, cross-over acute feeding study. One hundred sixty-five minutes after consuming the test HP or LP meal, subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer at 70% VO 2 max for 30 minutes. Blood pressure was measured prior to the meal and periodically before, during, and after exercise for a 315-minute period. Blood samples were periodically collected to quantify plasma arginine, arginine metabolites (asymmetric dimethylarginine, symmetric dimethylarginine; ADMA, SDMA), endothelin-1, nitrates, and nitrites in a subset of subjects (n = 15) as shown in Supplemental Table S1. Consuming the HP meal did not influence the BP responses to exercise, including the post-exercise return to baseline BP or systolic BP area under the curve. While the HP meal resulted in greater postprandial plasma arginine concentrations, ADMA, SDMA, endothelin-1, nitrates, and nitrites were unaltered. These results suggest that consuming a higher-protein, lower-fat meal does not influence BP or vasoactive biomarker responses to exercise compared to a lower-protein, higher-fat meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the effects of resistive training (RT) with or without chromium picolinate (Cr-pic) supplementation on the 24-h urinary excretions of myo-inositol, D-chiro-inositol, and pinitol, as well as clinical indices of kidney and liver functions. Thirty-two nondiabetic subjects, age 62 ± 4 y, performed RT twice weekly for 12 wk and consumed either 924 µg Cr/d as Cr-pic (n = 17) or a placebo (n = 15). Whole-body strength increased in all subjects by 20% and urinary chromium excretion increased 47-fold in the Cr-pic group. Urinary myo-inositol, D-chiro-inositol, and pinitol were not changed with RT or influenced by Cr-pic. Serum indices of kidney and liver functions were within clinically normal ranges at baseline and the end of the study. These results suggest that RT did not influence the urinary excretions of inositols. High dose Cr-pic did not influence the urinary excretion of inositols and the selected indices of kidney and liver functions in conjunction with RT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses the effect of resistive training, with or without high-dose chromium picolinate supplementation, on body composition and skeletal muscle of older women. Influence of dietary supplementation with chromium on body composition changes in young men; Methods used; Results and discussion.

Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Purpose: To review and update the evidence of the relationship between physical activity, risk of fall-related injury, and physical function in community-dwelling older people that was presented in the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report (PAGAC Report). Methods: Duplicate independent screenings of 1415 systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between 2006 and 2016 identified from PubMed®, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL databases yielded 111 articles used for the PAGAC Report. The PAGAC Aging Subcommittee members graded scientific evidence strength based upon a five-criteria rubric and assigned one of four grades: strong, moderate, limited, or not assignable. An updated search of 368 articles published between January 2017 and March 2018 yielded 35 additional pertinent articles. Results: Strong evidence demonstrated that physical activity reduced the risk of fall-related injuries by 32% to 40%, including severe falls requiring medical care or hospitalization. Strong evidence also supported that physical activity improved physical function and reduced the risk of age-related loss of physical function in an inverse graded manner among the general aging population, and improved physical function in older people with frailty and with Parkinson's disease. Aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and/or multicomponent physical activity programs elicited the largest improvements in physical function in these same populations. Moderate evidence indicated that for older adults who sustained a hip fracture or stroke, extended exercise programs and mobility-oriented physical activity improved physical function. Conclusions: Regular physical activity effectively helps older adults improve or delay the loss of physical function and mobility while reducing the risk of fall-related injuries. These important public health benefits underscore the importance of physical activity among older adults, especially those living with declining physical function and chronic health conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee systematically searched existing literature reviews to assess the relationship between high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and reduction in cardiometabolic disease risk. Methods: Duplicate independent screenings of 260 articles identified from PubMed®, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL databases yielded suitable data from one systematic review and two meta-analyses. Search terms included a combination of "high intensity" "physical activity/exercise" and "interval training" and outcome-specific terms. The quality of the included reviews was assessed using a tailored version of the AMSTARExBP report on quality. Exposure Subcommittee members graded scientific evidence strength based on a five-criteria rubric and assigned one of four grades: strong, moderate, limited, or not assignable. Results: Moderate evidence indicates that HIIT can improve insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and body composition in adults with group mean ages ranging from ~20 to ~77 yr. These HIIT-induced improvements in cardiometabolic disease risk factors are comparable with those resulting from moderate-intensity continuous training, and they are more likely to occur in adults at higher risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes than in healthy adults. Moderate evidence also indicates that adults with overweight or obesity classification are more responsive than adults with normal weight to HIIT-related improvements in insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and body composition. Insufficient evidence was available to determine whether a dose–response relationship exists between the quantity of HIIT performed and several risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, or whether the effects of HIIT on cardiometabolic disease risk factors are influenced by age, sex, race/ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. Conclusions: HIIT by adults, especially those with overweight and obesity classification, can improve insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and body composition, comparable with those resulting from moderate-intensity continuous training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption of red meat in the United States has progressively declined over the past 35 years. This occurred in conjunction with public recommendations to reduce red meat intake, based mainly on associations between higher red meat intake and increased chronic disease risk. This narrative review presents and discusses results from both observational cohort studies that focus on cardiometabolic disease development and mortality and randomized controlled trials that focus on cardiometabolic disease risk factors. This review will also address the potential effect of categorizations of red meat and processed meats on our understanding of cardiometabolic health implications of consuming red meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research supports that consumption of resistant starch and guar gum independently influences insulin-mediated glucose responses to meals. This research assessed a novel co-processed fiber composite (FC) ingredient comprising whole-grain high-amylose maize flour and viscous guar gum on glucose and insulin responses to co-consumed and subsequent meals in humans. It was hypothesized that a smoothie-type beverage or a cold-pressed snack bar containing the FC would blunt and sustain serum glucose and insulin postprandial responses compared with maltodextrin (MD). The beverage and bar were assessed in 2 separate studies using identical protocols. Young, nondiabetic, nonobese adults participated in 2 testing days (randomized crossover design) separated by at least 1 week for both food forms. On each testing day, the FC or MD product was consumed with a low-fiber standardized breakfast followed by a low-fiber standardized lunch (with no FC or MD) 4 hours later. Blood samples were collected at baseline and incrementally throughout the 8-hour testing day. One-tailed paired t tests were performed to compare treatment areas under the curve, and a doubly repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed to compare treatment responses at individual time points ( P < .05, Bonferroni corrected). The FC blunted the postprandial glucose and insulin responses compared with MD, including a robust glucose and insulin response reduction after breakfast and a continued modest glycemic second-meal reduction after lunch in both the beverage and the bar. These findings support the use of this novel whole-grain FC ingredient in a beverage or bar for insulin-mediated glucose control in young healthy adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies assessing the effects of protein supplementation on changes in body composition (BC) and health rarely consider the impact of total protein intake (TPro) or the change in TPro (CTPro) from participants' usual diets. Objective: This secondary data analysis assessed the impact of TPro and CTPro on changes in BC and metabolic syndrome (MetS) indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults who participated in an exercise training program. Methods: Men and women [n = 117; age: 50 ± 0.7 y, body mass index (BMI; in kg/m²): 30.1 ± 0.3; means ± SEs] performed resistance exercise 2 d/wk and aerobic exercise 1 d/wk and consumed an unrestricted diet along with 200-kcal supplements (0, 10, 20, or 30 g whey protein) twice daily for 36 wk. Protein intake was assessed via 4-d food records. Multiple linear regression model and stratified analysis were applied for data analyses. Results: Among all subjects, TPro and CTPro were inversely associated (P <0.05) with changes in bodymass, fatmass (FM), and BMI. Changes in BC were different (P < 0.05) among groups that consumed <1.0 (n = 43) vs. ≥ 1.0 to <1.2 (n =29) vs. ≥ 1.2 g ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ d-1 (n = 45). The TPro group with ≥ 1.0 to <1.2 g ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ d-1 reduced FM and %FM and increased percentage of LM(%LM) compared with the lowest TPro group, whereas the TPro group with ≥ 1.2 g ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ d-1 presented intermediate responses on changes in FM, %FM, and %LM. The gain in LM was not different among groups. In addition, MetS indexes were not influenced by TPro and CTPro. Conclusions: In conjunction with exercise training, higher TPro promoted positive changes in BC but not in MetS indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults. Changes in TPro from before to during the intervention also influenced BC responses and should be considered in future research when different TPro is achieved via diet or supplements. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00812409. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Protein is a macronutrient essential for growth, muscle function, immunity and overall tissue homeostasis. Suboptimal protein intake can significantly impact physical function and overall health in older adults. Methods. This article reviews the literature on the recommendations for protein intake in older adults in light of the new evidence linking protein intake with sarcopenia and physical function. Challenges and opportunities for optimal protein nutrition in older persons are discussed. Results. Recent metabolic and epidemiological studies suggest that the current recommendations of protein intake may not be adequate for maintenance of physical function and optimal health in older adults. Methodological limitations and novel concepts in protein nutrition are also discussed. Conclusion. We conclude that new research and novel research methodologies are necessary to establish the protein needs and optimal patterns of protein intake for older persons. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Increased eating frequency is postulated to increase metabolism, reduce hunger, improve glucose and insulin control, and reduce body weight, making it an enticing dietary strategy for weight loss and/or the maintenance of a healthy body weight. Because past research has primarily focused on the effects of eating frequency on changes in energy expenditure and body weight, limited data exist surrounding the impact of eating frequency on appetite control and energy intake. We provide a brief review of the controlled-feeding studies that primarily targeted the appetitive, hormonal, and food intake responses potentially altered with eating frequency. The 3 meal/d pattern served as the reference for defining increased or reduced eating frequency. In general, increased eating frequency led to lower peaks (P < 0.05) in perceived appetite, satiety, glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and PYY responses compared with reduced eating frequency. However, when examining these responses over the course of the day (i.e. using area under the curve assessments(, no differences in any of these outcomes were observed, The rate of gastric emptying also appears to be unaltered with increased eating frequency. Subsequent food intake was examined in several studies with conflicting results. Regarding the effect of reduced eating frequency, several studies indicate significant increases in perceived appetite and reductions in perceived satiety when 1 or 2 meals were eliminated from the daily diet. Taken together, these findings suggest that increased eating frequency (>3 eating occasions/dI has minimal, if any, impact on appetite control and food intake, whereas reduced eating frequency (<3 eating occasions/dI negatively effects appetite control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ASN hosted a symposium entitled "Eating Patterns and Energy Balance: A Look at Eating Frequency, Snacking, and Breakfast Omission" at the Experimental Biology 2009 annual meeting on April 19, 2009, in New Orleans, LA. The symposium was chaired by Megan McCrory and co-chaired by Wayne Campbell, both from Purdue University. The goal of the symposium was to bring together experts to provide an overview of research on the potential role of eating patterns in the development of overweight and obesity. Studies on eating frequency, snacking, and breakfast skipping were highlighted. In particular, evidence both for and against their roles were discussed, methodological issues that underlie controversies were addressed, and suggested future directions for research were outlined. Appetite regulation and hormonal effects were also reviewed. Megan McCrory introduced the session then discussed studies on eating frequency and energy regulation in freeliving adults consuming self-selected diets. Heather Leidy summarized the state of the research on eating frequency and energy regulation in adults from controlled feedings studies. Didier Chapelot discussed various usages of "snack" and argued for a physiological basis to distinguish snacks from meals. Mark Pereira presented information on the effects of breakfast skipping and the macronutrient composition of breakfast in energy regulation and mood. A panel discussion/question and answer session ended the symposium. The symposium was videotaped and can be viewed at www.nutrition.org. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Higher protein diets are promoted for effective weight loss. Striated tissues in omnivorous diets contain high-quality protein, but limited data exist regarding their effects on bone. Methods. To examine the effects of energy restriction–induced weight loss with higher protein omnivorous diets versus lower protein vegetarian diets on bone mineral density in overweight postmenopausal women, two randomized controlled feeding studies were conducted. In Study 1, 28 women consumed 750 kcal/day energy deficit diets with 18% energy from protein via lacto-ovo vegetarian sources (normal protein, n = 15) or 30% energy from protein with 40% of protein from lean pork (higher protein, n = 13, omnivorous) for 12 weeks. In Study 2, 54 women consumed their habitual diet (control, n = 11) or 1,250 kcal/day diets with 16% energy from nonmeat protein sources ( n = 14) or 26% energy from protein, including chicken ( n = 15) or beef ( n = 14) for 9 weeks. Results. Study 1: With weight loss (normal protein −11.2%, higher protein −10.1%), bone mineral density was not significantly changed in normal protein ( −0.003 ± 0.003 g/cm 2 , −0.3%) but decreased in higher protein ( −0.0167 ± 0.004 g/cm 2 , −1. 4%, group-by-time p < .05). Study 2: The control, nonmeat, chicken, and beef groups lost 1.5%, 7.7%, 10.4%, and 8.1% weight and 0.0%, 0.4%, 1.1%, and 1.4% bone mineral density, respectively. The change of bone mineral density was significant for chicken and beef compared with the control (group-by-time, p < .05). Markers of calcium metabolism and bone homeostasis in blood and urine were not changed over time or differentially affected by diet. Conclusion. Consumption of higher protein omnivorous diets promoted decreased bone mineral density after weight loss in overweight postmenopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Objective: Overweight and obesity have been attributed to increased eating frequency and the size of eating events. This study explored the influence of the timing of eating events and food form on appetite and daily energy intake. Design: Crossover, clinical intervention where participants consumed 300-kcal loads of a solid (apple), semisolid (apple sauce), and beverage (apple juice) at a meal or 2 hours later (snack). Subjects: Twenty normal-weight (body mass index 22.6±1.8) and 20 obese (body mass index 32.3±1.5) adults. There were 10 men and 10 women within each body mass index group. Measurements: On six occasions, participants reported to the laboratory at their customary midday mealtime. Appetite questionnaires and motor skills tests were completed upon arrival and at 30-minute intervals for the 2 hours participants were in the laboratory and at 30-minute intervals for 4 hours after leaving the laboratory. Diet recalls were collected the next day. Data were collected between January 2006 and March 2007. Results: Whether consumed with a meal or alone as a snack, the beverage elicited the weakest appetitive response, the solid food form elicited the strongest appetitive response and the semisolid response was intermediate. The appetite shift was greatest for the solid food when consumed as a snack. The interval between test food consumption and the first spontaneous eating event >100 kcal was shortest for the beverage. No significant treatment effects were observed for test day energy intake or between lean individuals and individuals with obesity. Conclusions: Based on the appetitive findings, consumption of an energy-yielding beverage either with a meal or as a snack poses a greater risk for promoting positive energy than macronutrient-matched semisolid or solid foods consumed at these times. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Inclusion of dietary protein in meals and beverages affects the hepatic synthesis of the protein albumin. Besides dietary protein, several factors can influence albumin metabolism and affect plasma albumin. The role of aging in albumin synthesis is unclear. Recent research documents that albumin synthesis rate is influenced comparably in younger and older adults by dietary protein ingestion and changes in dietary protein quantity. This emphasizes the importance for all adults to consume an adequate amount of dietary protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance exercise training helps older people treat sarcopenia. The consumption of diets that include sources of high-quality protein and total protein intakes that are moderately above the recommended dietary allowance of 0.8 g · kg-1 · d-1 while regularly performing resistance exercises can help older people retain or increase whole-body fat-free mass and muscle mass. Limited research suggests that proteinenriched nutritional supplements do not influence training-induced improvements when adequate dietary protein is consumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of vegetarian diets to meet nutritional needs and support peak performance among athletes continues to be questioned. Appropriately planned vegetarian diets can provide sufficient energy and an appropriate range of carbohydrate, fat and protein intakes to support performance and health. The acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges for carbohydrate, fat and protein of 45–65%, 20–35% and 10–35%, respectively, are appropriate for vegetarian and non-vegetarian athletes alike, especially those who perform endurance events. Vegetarian athletes can meet their protein needs from predominantly or exclusively plant-based sources when a variety of these foods are consumed daily and energy intake is adequate. Muscle creatine stores are lower in vegetarians than non-vegetarians. Creatine supplementation provides ergogenic responses in both vegetarian and non-vegetarian athletes, with limited data supporting greater ergogenic effects on lean body mass accretion and work performance for vegetarians. The potential adverse effect of a vegetarian diet on iron status is based on the bioavailability of iron from plant foods rather than the amount of total iron present in the diet. Vegetarian and non-vegetarian athletes alike must consume sufficient iron to prevent deficiency, which will adversely affect performance. Other nutrients of concern for vegetarian athletes include zinc, vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), vitamin D (cholecalciferol) and calcium. The main sources of these nutrients are animal products; however, they can be found in many food sources suitable for vegetarians, including fortified soy milk and whole grain cereals. Vegetarians have higher antioxidant status for vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E (tocopherol), and β-carotene than omnivores, which might help reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress. Research is needed comparing antioxidant defences in vegetarian and non-vegetarian athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the effect of oral pinitol supplementation on oral and intravenous glucose tolerances and on skeletal muscle insulin receptor content and phosphorylation in older people. Fifteen people (6 men, 9 women; age 66 +/- 8 y; BMI 27.9 +/- 3.3 kg/m(2); hemoglobin A1c 5.39 +/- 0.46%, mean +/- SD) completed a 7-wk protocol. Subjects were randomly assigned to groups that during wk 2-7 consumed twice daily either a non-nutritive beverage (Placebo group, n = 8) or the same beverage with 1000 mg pinitol dissolved into it (Pinitol group, n = 7, total dose = 2000 mg pinitol/d). Testing was done at wk 1 and wk 7. In the Pinitol group with supplementation, 24-h urinary pinitol excretion increased 17-fold. The fasting concentrations of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide, and the 180-min area under the curve for these compounds, in response to oral (75 g) and intravenous (300 mg/kg) glucose tolerance challenges, were unchanged from wk 1 to wk 7 and were not influenced by pinitol. Also, pinitol did not affect indices of hepatic and whole-body insulin sensitivity from the oral glucose tolerance test and indices of insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response to glucose, and glucose effectiveness from the intravenous glucose tolerance test, estimated using minimal modeling. Pinitol did not differentially affect total insulin receptor content and insulin receptor phosphotyrosine 1158 and insulin receptor phosphotyrosine 1162/1163 activation in vastus lateralis samples taken during an oral-glucose-induced hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic state. These data suggest that pinitol supplementation does not influence whole-body insulin-mediated glucose metabolism and muscle insulin receptor content and phosphorylation in nondiabetic, older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of the Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS) for older adults.Design: Fourteen-week strictly controlled diet study.Subjects/setting: Eleven men and 17 women, age range 55 to 78 years, spent 10 weeks in an outpatient setting and 4 weeks in an inpatient setting at the General Clinical Research Center, Noll Physiological Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Intervention: Subjects were provided dietary energy to maintain body weight within ±0.5 kg of baseline weight. The daily menus contained 0.8 g protein per kilogram body weight and nonprotein energy as 60% carbohydrate and 40% fat.Main outcome measures: Metabolizable energy intake (MEI) was measured at week 14 from the gross energy contents of food, urine, and feces, with corrections for any body composition changes during the last 6 weeks of weight maintenance. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was determined using indirect calorimetry. The thermic effect of feeding (TEF) was estimated to be 10% of the MEI. The energy expenditure due to physical activity (EEPA) was derived by the formula: EEPA=MEI-REE-TEF. This value was compared with the EEPA estimated from the YPAS.Statistical analyses performed: Two-factor analysis of variance with repeated measures and paired t tests.Results: At week 14, after a minimum of 6 weeks of sustained weight stability, the derived EEPA was not different from that estimated using the YPAS for the men and the men and women combined, while the YPAS estimate was more than the measured mean value for the women (P<.05). There was wide variability in the accuracy of the EEPA prediction for individual subjects (range=-637 to 794 kcal).Applications/conclusions: The YPAS may be used, with caution, to estimate the EEPA for groups of older individuals, and may provide inaccurate estimates of the EEPA in older individuals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We investigated whether inadequate dietary protein would result in increased serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration, consistent with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Data from 2 controlled feeding studies were utilized. In study 1, 26 healthy women (15 young, 21-46 y, and 11 elderly, 70-81 y) consumed for 12 d each in separate trials 3 levels of protein, 1.00, 0.75, and 0.50 g protein/(kg. d). Blood was drawn from fasting subjects on d 12 of each trial. In study 2, 24 persons (54-80 y) were fed diets with either 1.20 g protein/(kg. d) for 2 wk (HPro, n = 11, 6 men, 5 women) or 1.2 g protein/(kg. d) for 1 wk and then 0.50 g protein/(kg. d) for a 2nd week (IPro, n = 13, 6 men, 7 women). Blood was obtained from fasting subjects after wk 1 and 2. Consistent with altered protein metabolism, urinary total nitrogen excretion and blood urea nitrogen fell progressively with decreasing protein intake in study 1; in study 2, the values decreased from wk 1 to 2 in the IPro group only. Serum intact PTH concentrations did not differ among the 3 protein intakes in study 1, or between the HPro and IPro groups in study 2. These findings do not support the hypothesis that the short-term ingestion of inadequate dietary protein increases serum PTH concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review article, nutritional considerations of the aging athlete are discussed. The focuses of the review include energy, carbohydrate, protein, selected vitamins and minerals, and fluids. Age-associated changes in body composition, resting energy expenditure, and volume and intensity of training, may decrease the need for dietary energy and the intakes of macro- and micronutrients and fluids. The older athlete should monitor nutrient intakes to insure adequacy, especially regarding carbohydrate to promote glucose storage and use as an energy source during exercise, and protein to promote strength-training-induced muscle hypertrophy. Emphasis should also be placed on the dietary intakes of certain micronutrients, as well as the potential need for supplementation of certain vitamins and minerals, including the vitamins B2, B6, B12, D, E, and folate, and the minerals calcium and iron. Age-associated changes in thermoregulation and an increased susceptibility to dehydration underscore the critical importance to the older athlete of adequate fluid intake to sustain health and performance. Nutrition is a tool that the older athlete should use to enhance exercise performance and health. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Examines whether resistive training will increase muscle strength and power in cognitively impaired elderly people. Assessment of whether resistive training influenced physical functional abilities; Feasibility of engaging elderly patients with dementia in a structured resistive training program with measurable improvements after 12 weeks in muscle strength and power but not functional abilities.

The Atwater energy equivalents of 16.7, 16.7 and 37.7 kJ/g of protein, carbohydrate and fat, respectively, are the standard values used to calculate the macronutrient intakes required to meet a person's metabolizable energy requirement. The aim of this study was to compare in older people the measured metabolizable energy intake (MEI(MEAS)) required to achieve and maintain stable body weights with the MEI estimated using the Atwater energy equivalents (MEI(AT)). During a 96-d (14-wk) strictly controlled dietary period, 11 men and 17 women (55-78 y old) were each provided a MEI(AT) to maintain body weight within +/- 0.5 kg of baseline weight. The MEI(MEAS) was determined retrospectively from the gross energy contents of food, urine and feces samples collected during week 14. Resting energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry. At wk 14, MEI(AT) overestimated MEI(MEAS) by 26%. These results suggest that the Atwater energy equivalent values may overestimate the actual MEI of older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inadequate dietary protein intake results in loss of skeletal muscle mass. Some shorter-term nitrogen balance studies suggest that the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of protein may not be adequate for older people. The aim of this study was to assess the adequacy of the RDA of protein for older people by examining longer-term responses in urinary nitrogen excretion, whole-body protein metabolism, whole-body composition, and mid-thigh muscle area.Methods: This was a 14-week precisely controlled diet study. Ten healthy, ambulatory men and women, aged 55 to 77 years, were provided eucaloric diets that contained 0.8 g protein.kg(-1).day(-1). The study was conducted at a General Clinical Research Center using an outpatient setting for 11 weeks and an inpatient setting for 3 weeks. The main outcome measures included urinary nitrogen excretion, postabsorptive and postprandial whole-body leucine kinetics via infusion of L-[1-(13)C]-leucine, whole-body density via hydrostatic weighing, total body water via deuterium oxide dilution, and mid-thigh muscle area via computed tomography scans.Results: Mean urinary nitrogen excretion decreased over time from Weeks 2 to 8 to 14 (p =.025). At Week 14, compared with Week 2, there were no changes in postabsorptive or postprandial leucine kinetics (turnover, oxidation, incorporation into protein via synthesis, release via breakdown, or balance). Whole-body composition (% body fat, fat-free mass, and protein + mineral mass) did not change over time in these weight-stable subjects. Mid-thigh muscle area was decreased by -1.7 +/- 0.6 cm(2) (p =.019) at Week 14 compared with Week 2. The loss of mid-thigh muscle area was associated with the decrease in urinary nitrogen excretion (Spearman r =.83, p =.010).Conclusions: The maintenance of whole-body leucine metabolism and whole-body composition is generally consistent with a successful adaptation to the RDA for protein. However, the decrease in mid-thigh muscle area and the association with decreased urinary nitrogen excretion are consistent with a metabolic accommodation. These results suggest that the RDA for protein may not be adequate to completely meet the metabolic and physiological needs of virtually all older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study regarding effects of resistance training and dietary protein intake on protein metabolism in older adults. Body composition changes within the study period; Mean protein intakes at baseline; Data on nitrogen balance.

Focuses on the dietary protein requirements for the elderly, looking specifically at the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Estimate dietary protein requirement for healthy adults of all ages; How dietary protein requirements are established by using the nitrogen balance technique; Results of short-term nitrogen balance studies in older people.

Observational research suggests higher red and processed meat intakes predict greater risks of developing or dying from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but this research limits causal inference. This systematic review of reviews utilizes both observational and experimental research findings to infer causality of these relations. Reviews from four databases were screened by two researchers. Reviews included unprocessed red meat (URM), processed meat (PM), or mixed URM + PM intake, and reported CVD or T2DM outcomes. Twenty-nine reviews were included, and causality was inferred using Bradford Hill's Criteria. Observational assessments of CVD outcomes and all meat types consistently reported weak associations while, T2DM outcomes and PM and Mixed URM + PM assessments consistently reported strong associations. Experimental assessments of Mixed URM + PM on CVD and T2DM risk factors were predominately not significant which lacked coherence with observational findings. For all meat types and outcomes, temporality and plausible mechanisms were established, but specificity and analogous relationships do not support causality. Evidence was insufficient for URM and T2DM. More experimental research is needed to strengthen these inferences. These results suggest that red and processed meat intakes are not likely causally related to CVD but there is potential for a causal relationship with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging research suggests whey protein (WP) supplementation may modify type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk factors, including glucose control. As systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) gain importance in nutrition literature, we conducted an umbrella systematic review to chronicle published systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses of RCTs pertinent to WP supplementation and T2DM modifiable risk factors. This review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Overviews of Reviews standards. Potentially eligible articles were identified via a systematic search of 5 electronic health research databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL [EBSCO], Scopus, and SPORTDiscus [EBSCO]). Included articles were assessed for quality using the "A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews 2" critical appraisal tool. Thirteen articles, representing 109 unique RCTs, of the 2205 identified articles met the inclusion criteria. Nine articles (69%) were deemed high quality, 2 (15%) moderate quality, and 2 (15%) low quality. Findings from this umbrella review of 13 systematic reviews, including 12 meta-analyses, suggest WP may lower hemoglobin A1c, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and fasting insulin in groups classified as overweight/obese or at risk for or with metabolic syndrome; blood triglycerides in groups classified as overweight/obese or at risk for or with metabolic syndrome; and blood pressure in groups classified as overweight/obese. WP did not differentially affect C-reactive protein, body weight, body mass index, or waist circumference, nor did it adversely affect any T2DM risk factors. Insufficient evidence precluded assessing the influence of WP on glucose control-related outcomes in groups classified at lower risk for T2DM. Information regarding WP dose, duration, or types was insufficient to draw conclusions. Collectively, evidence suggests WP supplementation may improve multiple clinical indicators of glucose control, along with triglycerides and blood pressure, in groups of adults at increased risk of developing T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited evidence suggests that consuming a higher-protein diet during weight loss improves subjective indices of sleep in overweight and obese adults.Objective: We sought to a priori assess the effects of consuming the recommended versus a higher protein Healthy US-Style Eating Pattern during energy-restriction on sleep quality indices.Design: Using a randomized, parallel study design, 51 adults (mean ± SEM age: 47 ± 1 y; BMI: 32.6 ± 0.5 kg/m2) consumed a controlled USDA Healthy US-Style Eating Pattern containing 750 kcal/d less than their estimated energy requirement for 12 wk. Participants were randomly assigned to consume either 5 or 12.5 oz-equivalent (eq)/d of protein foods. The additional 7.5 oz-eq/d came from animal-based protein sources and displaced primarily grains. Objective (wrist-worn actigraphy) and subjective (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale) sleep quality indices were measured at baseline, week 6, and week 12.Results: Among all participants, body mass decreased (-6.2 ± 0.4 kg). Dietary protein intake did not affect any objective or subjective sleep quality outcomes measured (repeated measures ANOVA). Over time, objective measures of time spent in bed, time spent sleeping, sleep onset latency, and time awake after sleep onset did not change; however, sleep efficiency improved (1 ± 1%; P = 0.027). Subjectively, global sleep scores [GSS: -2.7 ± 0.4 arbitrary units (au)] and daytime sleepiness scores (-3.8 ± 0.4 au; both P < 0.001) improved over time. The GSS improvement transitioned the participants from being categorized with "poor" to "good" sleep (GSS: >5 compared with ≤5 au of a 0-21 au scale; baseline 7.6 ± 0.4 au, week 12: 4.8 ± 0.4 au).Conclusions: Although objective sleep quality may not improve, adults who are overweight or obese and poor sleepers may become good sleepers while consuming either the recommended or a higher-protein energy-restricted Healthy US-Style Eating Pattern. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03174769. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the February 2015 final report submitted by the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) to the Secretaries of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture, focusing on nutrition-related chronic disease prevention. Topics include the high prevalence of nutrition-related chronic diseases, a scientific evidence on the dietary and eating habits, and the significant changes on the lifestyle patterns.

Purpose: To conduct a systematic literature review to determine if physical activity is associated with prevention of weight gain in adults. Methods: The primary literature search was conducted for the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee and encompassed literature through June 2017, with an additional literature search conducted to include literature published through March 2018 for inclusion in this systematic review. Results: The literature review identified 40 articles pertinent to the research question. There is strong evidence of an association between physical activity and prevention of weight gain in adults, with the majority of the evidence from prospective cohort studies. Based on limited evidence in adults, however, there is a dose–response relationship and the prevention of weight gain is most pronounced when moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (≥3 METs) is above 150 min·wk−1. Although there is strong evidence to demonstrate that the relationship between greater time spent in physical activity and attenuated weight gain in adults is observed with moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity, there is insufficient evidence available to determine if there is an association between light-intensity activity (<3 METs) and attenuated weight gain in adults. Conclusions: The scientific evidence supports that physical activity can be an effective lifestyle behavior to prevent or minimize weight gain in adults. Therefore, public health initiatives to prevent weight gain, overweight, and obesity should include physical activity as an important lifestyle behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reducing red meat intake is commonly recommended. Limited observational studies suggest that healthy eating patterns with red meat are associated with improved quality of life.Objective: The secondary objectives of this randomized crossover controlled-feeding trial were to assess the effects of following a Mediterranean-style eating pattern (Med-Pattern) with different amounts of red meat on indexes of personal well-being (i.e., perceived quality of life, mood, and sleep) in overweight or obese adults. We hypothesized that following a Med-Pattern would improve these outcomes, independent of red meat intake amount.Methods: Forty-one participants [aged 46 ± 2 y; body mass index (kg/m2): 30.5 ± 0.6; n = 28 women, n = 13 men) were provided Med-Pattern foods for two 5-wk periods separated by 4 wk of self-selected eating. The Med-Red Pattern contained ∼500 g/wk (typical US intake), and the Med-Control Pattern contained ∼200 g/wk (commonly recommended intake in heart-healthy eating patterns) of lean, unprocessed beef or pork compensated with mainly poultry and dairy. Baseline and postintervention outcomes measured were perceived quality of life via the MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, version 2 (SF-36v2), daily mood states via the Profile of Mood States (POMS), sleep perceptions via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and sleep patterns via actigraphy. Data were analyzed via a doubly repeated-measures ANOVA adjusted for age, sex, and body mass at each time point.Results: Following a Med-Pattern did not change domains of physical health, mental health, total mood disturbances, sleep perceptions, and sleep patterns but improved subdomains of physical health role limitations (SF-36v2: 93.6-96.7%; P = 0.038), vitality (SF-36v2: 57.9-63.0%; P = 0.020), and fatigue (POMS: 2.9-2.5 arbitrary units; P = 0.039). There were no differences between the Med-Red and Med-Control Patterns (time × pattern, P-interaction > 0.05).Conclusion: Following a Med-Pattern, independent of lean, unprocessed red meat intake, may not be an effective short-term strategy to meaningfully improve indexes of personal well-being in adults who are overweight or obese. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02573129. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Globally, accumulation of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is positively associated with insulin resistance. Whether this association is observed consistently in different skeletal muscles and encompasses other markers of cardiometabolic health is not well known. Objectives. The purpose of this secondary analysis study was to investigate associations among thigh or calf IMAT stores and indices of cardiometabolic health in adults who are overweight and obese participating in dietary interventions. A subset of calf data was analyzed to assess relations between IMAT in the gastrocnemius (type II fiber predominance) and soleus (type I fiber predominance) with markers of cardiometabolic health. Materials and Methods. Thigh and calf compositions were assessed via magnetic resonance imaging in 113 subjects (mean ± SD, age: 50 ± 16 y (range: 21–77 y), BMI: 31 ± 3 kg/m2), 103 of which completed dietary interventions with or without energy restriction-induced weight loss. A subset of data (n=37) was analyzed for relations between muscle compartments (gastrocnemius and soleus) and cardiometabolic health. IMAT was regressed separately against fasting serum glucose concentrations, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and lipids and lipoproteins. Results. In general, total thigh IMAT was predictive of markers of glucose control, while total calf IMAT was not. Specifically, baseline thigh IMAT was positively associated with fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR. IMAT content changes in any depot did not predict improvement in cardiometabolic health. Conclusions. The strength of the relationship between IMAT and glucose control-related indices of cardiometabolic health is dependent on IMAT location. Specifically, greater IMAT in the thigh is a better predictor of cardiometabolic risk than greater IMAT in the calf in adults who are overweight and obese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: A preponderance of evidence supports the beneficial effects of whey protein (WP) supplementation on body composition in men; however, there is currently insufficient evidence to make an equivalent claim in women. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of WP supplementation with or without energy restriction (ER) and resistance training (RT) on changes in body mass, lean mass, and fat mass in women. Data Sources: Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane, and CINAHL were searched using the keywords "whey protein," "body composition," and "lean mass." Data Extraction: Two researchers independently screened 1845 abstracts and extracted 276 articles. Thirteen randomized controlled trials with 28 groups met the inclusion criteria. Results: Globally, WP supplementation increased lean mass (WMD, 0.37 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06 to 0.67) while not influencing changes in fat mass (-0.20 kg; 95%CI, -0.67 to 0.27) relative to non-WP control. The beneficial effect of WP on lean mass was lost when only studies with RT were included in the analysis (n=7 comparisons; 0.23 kg; 95%CI, -0.17 to 0.63). The beneficial effect of WP on lean mass was more robust when only studies with an ER component were included (n=6 comparisons; 0.90 kg; 95%CI, 0.31 to 1.49). There was no effect of WP on lean mass in studies without ER (n=9 comparisons; 0.22 kg; 95%CI, -0.12 to 0.57). Conclusion: Whey protein supplementation improves body composition by modestly increasing lean mass without influencing changes in fat mass. Body composition improvements from WP are more robust when combined with ER . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The impact of timing the consumption of protein supplements in relation to meals on resistance training-induced changes in body composition has not been evaluated systematically. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of consuming protein supplements with meals, vs between meals, on resistance training-induced body composition changes in adults. Data Sources: Studies published up to 2017 were identified with the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases. Data Extraction: Two researchers independently screened 2077 abstracts for eligible randomized controlled trials of parallel design that prescribed a protein supplement and measured changes in body composition for a period of 6 weeks or more. Results: In total, 34 randomized controlled trials with 59 intervention groups were included and qualitatively assessed. Of the intervention groups designated as consuming protein supplements with meals (n = 16) vs between meals (n = 43), 56% vs 72% showed an increase in body mass, 94% vs 90% showed an increase in lean mass, 87% vs 59% showed a reduction in fat mass, and 100% vs 84% showed an increase in the ratio of lean mass to fat mass over time, respectively. Conclusions: Concurrently with resistance training, consuming protein supplements with meals, rather than between meals, may more effectively promote weight control and reduce fat mass without influencing improvements in lean mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino acids from meals peak in the plasma at ~180 minutes postprandial. Conversely, amino acids from rapidly digestible whey protein appear in the plasma within 15 minutes and peak at 60 minutes postprandial. Therefore, we hypothesized that consuming a 20-g whey protein snack 2 hours after a standard mixed-macronutrient, lower protein breakfast (10 g) would result in peak and composite postprandial plasma essential amino acid (EAA) responses that were not different from consuming a 30-g protein breakfast alone. Using a randomized, crossover design, 12 subjects (6 men, 6 women; age: 29 ± 1 y; BMI: 26.0 ± 1.0 kg/m 2 ; mean ± SE) completed three 330-minute trials in which they consumed breakfasts containing (i) 10 g of protein (10-PRO, control), (ii) 30 g of protein (30-PRO), and (iii) 10 g of protein followed by 20 g of whey protein isolate 120 minutes later (10/20-PRO). For both 30-PRO and 10/20-PRO, EAA peaked 180 minutes after breakfast, with greater peak concentrations for 10/20-PRO than 30-PRO (Tukey adjusted, P < .0001). Essential amino acid positive incremental areas under the curve (iAUCpos) over 300 minutes were not different between 30-PRO and 10/20-PRO. Consuming a rapidly digested whey protein snack 2 hours after a slowly digested, lower protein breakfast resulted in a greater peak plasma EAA concentration but comparable plasma EAA availability than consuming a single higher protein breakfast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the United States, 17% of children are currently obese. Increasing feelings of fullness may prevent excessive energy intake, lead to better diet quality, and promote long-term maintenance of healthy weight.Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a fullness-rating tool (aim 1) and to determine whether a high-protein (HP), high-fiber (HF), and combined HP and HF (HPHF) breakfast increases preschoolers' feelings of fullness before (pre) and after (post) breakfast and pre-lunch, as well as their diet quality, as measured by using a composite diet quality assessment tool, the Revised Children's Diet Quality Index (aim 2).Methods: Children aged 4 and 5 y (n = 41; 22 girls and 19 boys) from local Head Start centers participated in this randomized intervention trial. Sixteen percent of boys and 32% of girls were overweight or obese. After the baseline week, children rotated through four 1-wk periods of consuming ad libitum HP (19-20 g protein), HF (10-11 g fiber), HPHF (19-21 g protein, 10-12 g fiber), or usual (control) breakfasts. Food intake at breakfast was estimated daily, and for breakfast, lunch, and snack on day 3 of each study week Student's t tests and ANOVA were used to determine statistical differences.Results: Children's post-breakfast and pre-lunch fullness ratings were ≥1 point higher than those of pre-breakfast (aim 1). Although children consumed, on average, 65 kcal less energy during the intervention breakfasts (P < 0.007) than during the control breakfast, fullness ratings did not differ (P = 0.76). Relative to the control breakfast, improved diet quality (12%) was calculated for the HP and HF breakfasts (P < 0.027) but not for the HPHF breakfast (aim 2).Conclusions: Post-breakfast fullness ratings were not affected by the intervention breakfasts relative to the control breakfast. HP and HF breakfasts resulted in higher diet quality. Serving HP or HF breakfasts may be valuable in improving diet quality without lowering feelings of satiation or satiety. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02122224. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most people living in the United States underconsume vitamin E, and dietary approaches to increase the absorption of vitamin E may help individuals to meet their body's needs.Objective: We assessed the effect of adding cooked whole egg to a raw mixed-vegetable salad on α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol absorption.Methods: With the use of a randomized-crossover design, 16 healthy young men [mean ± SD age: 24 ± 4 y; mean ± SD body mass index (in kg/m2): 24 ± 2] consumed the same salad (all served with 3 g canola oil) with no egg [control (CON)], with 75 g cooked egg [low egg (LE)], or with 150 g cooked egg [high egg (HE)]; a 1-wk dietary washout period was included between trials. For the first 7 d of each trial, participants consumed a low-vitamin E diet to reduce plasma vitamin E concentrations. Blood was collected hourly for 10 h and the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein fractions (TRLs) were isolated. α-Tocopherol and γ-tocopherol concentrations in TRLs were analyzed and composite areas under the curve (AUCs) were calculated.Results: The α-tocopherol 0- to 10-h AUCs (AUCs0-10 h) in TRLs was higher (P < 0.05) for the HE trial (least-squares mean ± SE: 981 ± 162 nmol/L ⋅ 10 h) than for the LE (311 ± 162 nmol/L ⋅ 10 h) and CON (117 ± 162 nmol/L ⋅10 h) trials, which did not differ from one another. The γ-tocopherol AUCs0-10 h in TRLs was also higher (P < 0.05) for the HE trial (402 ± 54 nmol/L ⋅ 10 h) than for the CON trial (72 ± 54 nmol/L ⋅ 10 h).Conclusion: The consumption of cooked whole eggs is an effective way to increase the absorption of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol from a co-consumed meal that naturally contains vitamin E, such as a raw mixed-vegetable salad, in healthy young men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01951313. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disrupting the physical structure of pulses by blending them or by using a digestive supplement (α-galactosidase) to reduce intestinal discomfort could potentially negate the previously observed beneficial effects of whole pulses of lowering appetitive and glycemic responses because of more rapid digestion.Objective: We hypothesized that blended lentils, α-galactosidase, or both increase postprandial appetite and blood glucose responses vs. whole lentils.Methods: Men and women [n = 12; means ± SDs body mass index (kg/m(2)): 23.3 ± 3.1; aged 28 ± 10 y] consumed breakfast meals containing whole (W), blended (B), or no lentils [control (C)], each with 3 α-galactosidase or placebo capsules in a randomized, crossover, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Between each test day there was a 3- to 5-d washout period.Results: Mixed-model ANOVA showed effects of meal on postprandial appetite and glucose (P = 0.0001-0.031). The B meal resulted in higher postprandial appetite ratings than did the W meal but not the C meal for hunger, desire to eat, and prospective consumption (Δ = 0.4-0.5 points; P = 0.002-0.044). Postprandial glucose concentration was 4.5 mg/dL lower for the B meal than for the C meal (P < 0.0001) but did not differ from the W meal. There were no main effects of α-galactosidase, but there were meal × α-galactosidase interaction effects, with a greater postprandial desire to eat and lower postprandial fullness with the B meal than with the 2 other meals in the placebo condition but not in the α-galactosidase condition.Conclusions: Blending lentils increased appetite (∼6%), but not glycemic response, compared with whole lentils, whereas α-galactosidase did not. Both B and W meals may be consumed (with or without an α-galactosidase supplement) with little impact on appetite, without increasing glycemic response. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02110511. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disrupting the physical structure of pulses by blending them or by using a digestive supplement (α-galactosidase) to reduce intestinal discomfort could potentially negate the previously observed bene?cial effects of whole pulses of lowering appetitive and glycemic responses because of more rapid digestion. Objective: We hypothesized that blended lentils, a-galactosidase, or both increase postprandial appetite and blood glucose responses vs. whole lentils. Methods:Me na n dw o m e n[n = 12; means ± SDs body mass index (kg/m²): 23.3 ± 3.1; aged 28 ± 10 y] consumed breakfast meals containing whole (W), blended (B), or no lentils [control (C)], each with 3 α-galactosidase or placebo capsules in a randomized, crossover, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Between each test day there was a 3- to 5-d washout period. Results: Mixed-model ANOVA showed effects of meal on postprandial appetite and glucose (P = 0.0001-0.031). The B meal resulted in higher postprandial appetite ratings than did theWmeal but not the C meal for hunger, desire to eat, and prospective consumption (Δ = 0.4-0.5 points; P = 0.002-0.044). Postprandial glucose concentrationwas 4.5mg/dL lower for the Bmeal than for the C meal (P < 0.0001) but did not differ from the W meal. There were no main effects of a-galactosidase, but there were meal 3 α-galactosidase interaction effects, with a greater postprandial desire to eat and lower postprandial fullness with the B meal than with the 2 other meals in the placebo condition but not in the α-galactosidase condition. Conclusions: Blending lentils increased appetite (;6%), but not glycemic response, compared with whole lentils, whereas α-galactosidase did not. Both B andWmealsmay be consumed (with or without an α-galactosidase supplement) with little impact on appetite, without increasing glycemic response. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02110511. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: High-protein (>30% of energy from protein or >1.2 g/kg/day) and moderately high-protein (22% to 29% of energy from protein or 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg/day) diets are popular for weight loss, but the effect of dietary protein on bone during weight loss is not well understood. Protein may help preserve bone mass during weight loss by stimulating insulin-like growth factor 1, a potent bone anabolism stimulator, and increasing intestinal calcium absorption. Protein-induced acidity is considered to have minimal effect on bone resorption in adults with normal kidney function. Both the quantity and predominant source of protein influence changes in bone with diet-induced weight loss. Higher-protein, high-dairy diets may help attenuate bone loss during weight loss. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Secondary analyses of data from 2 studies were used to assess the effects of protein intake and sex on diet-induced changes in body composition. The primary hypothesis was that the changes of body composition via energy restriction (ie, lean body mass [LBM], fat mass [FM], and bone) would be sex and diet specific. For 12 weeks, 43 male (study 1) and 45 female (study 2) overweight and obese adults consumed an energy-deficit diet (750 kcal/d less than energy needs) containing either 0.8 (normal protein [NP], 21 men and 23 women) or 1.4 g protein∙kg−1∙d−1 (high protein [HP], 22 men and 22 women). Body composition measurements were performed at preintervention and postintervention. Over time, all research participants lost weight, LBM, and FM. Independent of protein intake, the men lost more LBM in the trunk (−0.9 vs −0.5 kg) and less in the legs (−1.5 vs −1.1 kg) compared with the women (P < .05). Independent of sex, the HP group lost less LBM in the trunk and legs than the NP group. These sex and protein intake responses resulted in the NP men losing the most LBM in the legs and the NP women losing the most LBM in the trunk. Over time, men lost more FM (−5.0 vs −3.9 kg) from the trunk and less from legs (−1.7 vs −2.1 kg) than women (P < .05), which resulted in a greater decrease of the android-to-gynoid fat ratio for the men. Protein intake did not influence these sex-specific responses or have any independent effects on changes in FM. In addition, protein intake did not influence bone mineral density responses over time; bone mineral density was reduced in women, but not in men. These findings indicate that higher protein intake during weight loss promotes the retention of LBM in both the trunk and legs despite the sex-specific changes in these body regions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Sarcopenia, a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, can begin in the 4th decade of life. Protein intake predicts skeletal muscle mass and strength among older adults, but knowledge of similar associations among middle-aged adults is lacking.Objectives: We aimed to assess associations between protein intake and skeletal muscle mass, characterized by appendicular lean mass adjusted for BMI [in kg/m2 (ALMBMI)], and muscle strength, represented by handgrip strength adjusted for BMI (GSMAXBMI), among middle-aged adults.Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from 1209 men and 1208 women aged 40-59 y in the 2011-2014 NHANES. Protein intake per kilogram actual body weight (BW), assessed by two 24-h recalls, was examined as continuous and categorical parameters [low (Results: Among middle-aged adults, 15.6% of men and 13.4% of women had low lean mass and 3.5% of men and 2.3% of women exhibited weakness. Protein intakes per kilogram BW were positively associated with ALMBMI and GSMAXBMI among men and women after adjustment for age, race/Hispanic origin, physical activity, and self-rated health. Compared with the moderate protein group, the high protein group had a higher GSMAXBMI and the low protein group had a lower GSMAXBMI among men and women. The low protein group had a lower ALMBMI (women) and had a higher OR for low lean mass (men) compared with the moderate protein group.Conclusions: Higher protein intakes were associated with greater ALMBMI and GSMAXBMI in this representative sample of US middle-aged adults. Our findings highlight the need for further research on dietary protein as a potential modifying factor of sarcopenia risk in middle age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The systematic review presented here assessed the effects of energy restriction (ER) and exercise (EX) on fat-free mass (FFM) in overweight and obese middle-aged and older adults. PubMed was searched using the key words “weight loss or energy restriction” AND “skeletal muscle or body composition,” with limitations set for “human” and “middle-aged and aged.” Results from 52 studies are reported as the percentages of EX (mainly aerobic training), ER, or ER+EX groups that had a specified change in body weight and FFM, since insufficient data were available for a meta-analysis. The EX groups had modest body weight and FFM changes. Eighty-one percent and 39% of the ER and ER+EX groups, respectively, lost ≥15% of body weight as FFM. These findings suggest that exercise is an effective tool to help men and postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years, with a BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 preserve FFM after moderate ER-induced weight loss, which is important for combating sarcopenic obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the influence of exercise training on inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. Participants are divided into inactive groups and physically active control groups wherein the inactive groups performed aerobic and resistance exercises for 12 weeks, and the active groups performed their normal exercise programs. Before and after the 12 week period, blood samples were collected from the participants and used the ELISA method to determine the concentrations of serum CRP, plasma interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and others. The results showed decreased in serum CRP concentration suggesting that the aerobic and resistance training can reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

The article discusses the effects of exercise and calcium supplementation on calcium homeostasis in sportswomen. The section aims to examine the effects of moderate-intensity exercise on dermal calcium losses during abstinence from exercise versus strenuous exercise in the context of overall daily calcium retention, and to determine the role of calcium supplementation on calcium homeostasis in premenopausal physically active sportswomen. According to the study, calcium supplementation can correct for negative calcium balance attributable to low calcium dietary intake and additional dermal losses from exercise.

Background. Chronic inflammation has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, cachexia, and osteoporosis. Regular physical activity has been purported to possess "anti-inflammatory" properties which may limit chronic inflammation. Recently, we hypothesized that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) may play a role in activity-induced modulation of inflammation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the association between age, physical activity status, biomarkers of inflammation, and TLR4. Methods. Male and female participants (n = 84) were recruited to fill one of the following groups: young (18-30 years), active; young, inactive; old (60-80 years), active; or old, inactive. To assess physical activity status, participants completed a Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire and a modified Balke submaximal treadmill test. After grouping and screening, participants were gluten a standard mixed diet to consume 24 hours prior to arriving at the laboratory. Participants were instructed to consume all food by 10 PM the night prior to blood sampling (8-hour fast). Following 30 minutes of seated rest in a quiet room. venous blood samples were collected. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production and plasma high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and TLR4 expression was determined by flow cytometry. Results. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α production, TLR4 expression, and hsCRP were significantly lower in active compared to inactive participants (p < .05). Also, older participants had significantly higher hsCRP than young participants had (p < .05). Conclusions. The findings of the present study support previous reports which infer that acute exercise or a physically active lifestyle may possess anti-inflammatory properties. Also this study, along with previous work from our laboratory, suggests that TLR4 may play a role in regulating the link between inflammatory cytokine production and a physically active lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The influence of an exercise training program and age on inflammatory cytokine production and CD14+cell-surface expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was examined in 60 younger and older subjects. Subjects were assigned to: young physically active (YPA, n =15; 25.2±5.0 years), young physically inactive (YPI, n =14; 24.9±4.7 years), older physically active (OPA, n =14; 71.2±4.4 years) or older physically inactive (OPI, n =17; 71.0±4.3 years) groups. YPI and OPI completed 12 weeks (3days/week) of endurance (20min) and resistance exercise (eight exercises, two sets). YPA and OPA groups were instructed to continue their normal activity for 12 weeks. Blood was collected at rest, before and after the 12-week training and control period. A whole blood method was used to determine lipopolysaccharide-(LPS) and peptidoglycan-(PGN) stimulated IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α production with supernatants analyzed using ELISA. CD14+ cell-surface expression of TLR2 and TLR4 were measured using flow cytometry. Training increased estimated VO2max by 10.4% and increased strength by an average of 38.1%. YPI and OPI had a post-training reduction in LPS-stimulated IL-6 production (P &#60;.01), but LPS-stimulated IL-1β and TNF-α and PGN-stimulated cytokines were not changed. CD14+ cell TLR4 was significantly reduced (P &#60;.05) in YPI and OPI groups after training, but TLR2 was not significantly changed. An exercise training program reduced LPS-stimulated IL-6, concomitant with lower TLR4. These results provide further support for a training- or physical activity-induced lowering of TLR4 and inflammation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Although health benefits of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet are established, it is not understood which food compounds result in these benefits. We used metabolomics to identify unique compounds from individual foods of a DASH-style diet and determined if these Food-Specific Compounds (FSC) are detectable in urine from participants in a DASH-style dietary study. We also examined relationships between urinary compounds and blood pressure (BP). Nineteen subjects were randomized into 6-week controlled DASH-style diet interventions. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was performed on 24-hour urine samples collected before and after each intervention and on 12 representative DASH-style foods. Between 66–969 compounds were catalogued as FSC; for example, 4-hydroxydiphenylamine was found to be unique to apple. Overall, 13–190 of these FSC were detected in urine, demonstrating that these unmetabolized food compounds can be discovered in urine using metabolomics. Although linear mixed effects models showed no FSC from the 12 profiled foods were significantly associated with BP, other endogenous and food-related compounds were associated with BP (N = 16) and changes in BP over time (N = 6). Overall, this proof of principle study demonstrates that metabolomics can be used to catalog FSC, which can be detected in participant urine following a dietary intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with studies in humans to identify changes in gene expression that may account for the relatively weak and variable response of aged muscle to resistance exercise. Methodology used in the study; Results and discussion.