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A satellite DNA has been cloned from the neotropical primate Callithrix argentata and designated CarB. The presence of the satellite was assayed in New and Old World primates by blot hybridization: CarB is highly amplified in the genomes of all three species belonging to the C. argentata species group (C. argentata, C. emiliae, C. humeralifer), but is either absent, or present in only minor amounts, in other primates, including the closely related species, C. jacchus. A completely sequenced CarB monomeric unit was 1528 bp in length and mapped to the telomeric C-band-positive regions of many C. argentata species group chromosomes. Sequence data from eight CarB clones indicated an average difference of 3.5% when base substitutions alone were counted. The hybridization and sequence data suggest that this satellite underwent a period of amplification and dispersal in the genome of a recent ancestor of the C. argentata species group.

Human chromosome 7 has a complex syntenic origin. It was divided into two segments in both the ancestral primate karyotype and in Platyrrhini. Apparently, a small segment in the ancestral platyrrhine karyotype was associated with HSA5 and the remainder formed a middle-sized submetacentric. We tested the dynamics of platyrrhine chromosomes by hybridizing the locus specific Willams-Beuren probe (7q 11.23, 450 kb) to chromosomes of representative species from the three families of the New World monkeys recently proposed by molecular genomics: Cebidae, Callithrix argentata (bare ear marmoset or silvery marmoset, 2n = 44); Pitheciidae, Callicebus cupreus [red titi monkey, or coppery monkey, 2n = 46)] and Atelidae, Alouatta caraya (black and gold howler, 2n = 52). In both the marmoset and the howler monkeys, the signal was found on the small segment of chromosome 7 associated with human chromosome 5, but not in Callicebus cupreus. Instead, the Williams-Beuren syndrome (WS) signal was found on a C. cupreus chromosome previously reported to be hybridized only by human chromosome 1. The WS probe indicates a small, but complex translocation never described before. Our results point out that fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with locus specific probes and cloned DNA fragments such as bacterial aftificial chromosomes (BACs) provides higher resolution than FISH with whole chromosomes paints. It may be well that the variability seen in the hybridization patterns and revealed by the WS FISH in this report is as a result of a rearrangement ‘hot spot’. The WS region in humans is composed of region-specific different blocks of complex segmental duplications that probably promote the extraordinary rate of evolutionary dynamics of this region among primate species, and which continues to be reflected today by the predisposition of this region to disease syndromes such as WS. The evolutionary history of this region also suggests that repeat families in this region had their origin in a common ancestor of both Old World and New World monkeys. Resumen El mapeo de la Sonda Williams-Beuren Sobre Callithrix Argentata, Callicebus Cupreus y Alouatta Caraya Revela un Diferente Pattern de Los Desplazamientos Genomicos en Los Monos del Nuevo Mundo La tecnica del Mapeo de la sonda Williams-Beuren sobre Callithrix argentata, Callicebus cupreus y Alouatta caraya revela un diferente ‘pattern’ de los desplazamientos genomicos en los Monos del Nuevo Mundo El cromosoma humano 7 tiene un origen syntenico complejo. En el cariotipo ancestral de los Primates y en Platyrrhini viventes se encontra en dos segmentos; el pequeno en Platyrrhine se asocia al cromosoma humano 5 y el resto forma un cromosoma submetacentrico de tamano mediano. Se ha probado la dinamica de los cromosomas de los Monos del Nuevo Mundo ibridando la sonda especifica de William-Beuren (7q 11.23, 450 kb) sobre los cromosomas de algunas especies representativas de las tres familias Platyrrhini: Cebidae, Callithrix argentata (2n = 44); Pitheciidae, Callicebus cupreus (Groves 1992, 2n = 46), y Atelidae, Alouatta caraya (2n = 52). Esta clasificacion ha sido propuesta recientemente a traves de la realizacion de estudios de genetica molecular. En todas las especies analizadas la senal se ha encontrado en el segmento pequeno del cromosoma 7 que esta asociado al cromosoma humano 5, excepto en el Callicebus cupreus, en la cual, la senal de la sonda William-Beuren ha sido encontrada en otro cromosoma distinto que se ibrida normalmente con el cromosoma humano 1. La sonda William-Beuren indica, por lo tanto, un desplazamiento pequeno, pero complejo, nunca descrito antes. Estos resultados revelan que la tecnica de mapeo locus especifica tiene una resolucion mayor que la FISH hecha con las sondas ‘painting’. Los cambios genomicos que se han podido observar gracias a la tecnica FISH se pueden explicar teniendo en cuenta la existencia de puntos calientes –‘hotspot’ en el genoma. La region de la sonda William-Beuren en el cromosoma 7 humano esta formada por distintos bloques complejos de segmentos de duplicacion que son con probabilidad responsables de este elevado grado de dinamismo evolutivo entre especies de primates; predisposition que en esta region se refleja hoy en el sindrome William-Beuren. Por ultimo, la historia evolutiva de esta region sugiere que los bloques de duplication tengon su origen en un antepasado comun a los Monos del Viejo Mundo y de Nuevo Mundo.

Callithrix argentata (Linnaeus, 1771). Mantissa Plantarum, 2, Appendix:521. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Parâ, Cametâ, on banks of Rio Tocantins. DISTRIBUTION: N and C Brazil, E Bolivia. STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Vulnerable as C. a. leucippe and C. humeralifer intermedius. SYNONYMS: emiliae, intermedius, leucippe, leucomerus, leukeurin, melanura. COMMENTS: Includes emiliae, melanura and leucippe (Hershkovitz, 1977:436), and intermedius (Avila-Pires, 1985). De Vivo (1985) recognized emiliae (Thomas, 1920) as a full species. Coimbra-Filho (1990) recognized emiliae and intermedius as distinct species., Published as part of Colin P. Groves, 1993, Order Primates, pp. 243-277 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 251, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353122, {"references":["Hershkovitz, P. 1977. Living New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1: 1 - 1117.","Avila-Pires, F. D., de. 1985. On the validity and geographical distribution of Callithrix argentata emiliae Thomas, 1920 (Primates, Callithrichidae). Pp. 319 - 322, in A Primatologia no Brasil (M. T. de Mello, ed.). Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Brasil, 530 pp.","Vivo, M. de. 1985. On some monkeys from Rondonia, Brasil (Primates: Callitrichidae, Cebidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 36 (11): 103 - 110.","Coimbra-Filho, A. F. 1990. Sistematica, distribucao geografica e situacao atual dos simios Brasileiros (Platyrrhini-Primates). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 50: 1063 - 1079."]}

The dental structure of all species ofCallithrix, C. argentata, C. humeralifer, C. aurita, C. flaviceps, C. geoffroyi, C. penicillata, andC. jacchus is examined.Callithrix are divided intoC. jacchus group andC. argentata group, based on the analysis of dental characters.C. jacchus group consists ofC. jacchus, C. penicillata, C. geoffroyi, C. flaviceps, andC. aurita, whileC. argentata andC. humeralifer are assigned toC. argentata group. InC. jacchus group,C. aurita andC. flaviceps were differentiated from the original stock of their common ancestor, followed byC. geoffroyi, last byC. penicillata, and finallyC. jacchus. Based on the relationships among species ofCallithrix, it is possible to infer the relative age of the formation of the refuges which caused their speciation. First, the forests in southeastern Brazilian coast were split from Amazonia. In southeastern Brazilian coast, the Paulista center separated, followed by the Rio Doce center, the Bahia center, finally by the Pernambuco center.

Naturally occurring, histologically evidenced chronic thyroiditis has been found in 40 of 494 (8·1 per cent.) marmosets examined. Susceptibility to chronic thyroiditis in this primate appears to be generically related. Chronic thyroiditis was noted in 33 of 209 (11·0 per cent.) members of the genus Callithrix and in 7 of 285 (2·5 per cent.) animals of the genus Saguinus . Approximately 60 per cent. of the colony-born females, 28 per cent. of the colony-born males, 12 per cent. of the wild-caught females and 9 per cent. of the wild-caught males of the genus Callithrix had chronic thyroiditis. In one runted Callithrix argentata the histological changes in the thyroid mimicked those of Hashimoto's disease. The pronounced vulnerability of marmosets of the genus Callithrix to chronic thyroiditis provides a new primate model for the study of the natural history of this disease.

Callithrix argentata (Linnaeus, 1766). Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1:40. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Para, Cameta, on banks of Rio Tocantins. DISTRIBUTION: N. and C. Brazil; E. Bolivia. COMMENT: Includes melanura and lucippe; see Hershkovitz, 1977:436. PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix II as Order Primates. ISIS NUMBER: 5301406007002001001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Primates, pp. 216-243 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 223, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353017, {"references":["Hershkovitz, P. 1977. Living New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1: 1 - 1117."]}

The finding of spontaneous lobster claw deformity in a stillborn silvery marmoset is described.

The black-tailed marmoset (Callithrix argentata melanura) occurs in central-western Brazil and adjacent parts of Bolivia, and is the only member of the genus (Callithrix) to occur naturally outside Brazil. Data presented in this paper extend the range of this marmoset at least 200 km to the southwest into yet another country, Paraguay.

Several acrocentrics actually bear distinct second arms, so that they may be classified as subtelocentrics. Secondary constrictions are not obvious on any of the acrocentrics. Identification of the X is subjective even in the male cells, but identification of the Y offers no problem.