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Dans la représentation de l’altérité grecque à travers la littérature de voyage française au XIXe siècle, la notion de culture régit l’interaction entre deux peuples différents. L’enjeu de notre étude réside dans la mise en œuvre de la typologie idéologique et esthétique du discours des écrivains voyageurs sur la grécité culturelle. Les témoignages viatiques varient d’une approche philhellène à caractère romantique, tantôt sentimentale tantôt avertie, à une critique plus sceptique et argumentée de la grécité culturelle, ayant un recours systématique à la comparaison avec la culture antique, ou même parfois à un regard ethnographique distant et impartial de l’altérité grecque dans des textes rappelant un essai documentaire. Malgré la force déterminante du stéréotype culturel pesée sur les voyageurs, l’étude plutôt scientifique ou plutôt subjective de la Grèce moderne, aboutit à une représentation diverse de la grécité culturelle, ainsi reflétant le croisement prolifique de deux cultures différentes.

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Copyright of Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire - Équine is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) crop can be a lever for the development of oilseed sector in Morocco due to its adaptation to local conditions and its major economic and food importance. Genetic diversity and selection of valuable crossing parents are the key to successful breeding and improvement of this crop. In this regard, genetic variation within the existing germplasm must be explored and characterized. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the genetic diversity among 22 varieties from Morocco as well as other origins, using twenty ISSR primers. The selected primers have generated a total of 319 markers. Polymorphic amplified bands varied from 8 to18, with an average of 13 per primer. The diversity index (PIC value) ranged from 0.295 to 0.509, with a mean value of 0.37 per primer, indicating a good genetic diversity level for the primers used. The average similarity coefficient was 0.31, fluctuating between 0.176 and 0.456, and the pairwise comparison of the studied varieties showed a great discriminating power of primers and a large genetic diversity among accessions. A total of eight ISSR primers could be identified as key to rapeseed varietal determination. Hierarchical classification allowed identifying three groups with some phylogeographic structuring. This is the first report of molecular characterization of rapeseed germplasm in Morocco and Africa. The obtained results have important implications for management of this germplasm to conserve the existing genetic diversity and use it properly in breeding programs in Morocco as well as in other Mediterranean and African countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

L’élevage porcin est très pratiqué au Sud-Bénin et implique une diversité de races ou de populations. L’objectif de l’étude était de caractériser les différents porcs sur le plan morphométrique et phénotypique. Ainsi, les données phénotypiques ont été collectées sur 149 porcs, dont 14 améliorés, 91 croisés et 44 locaux. Les porcs de type génétique local ont présenté des mesures morphologiques significativement inférieures (p < 0,05) à celles des porcs améliorés et des animaux issus des croisements entre les porcs améliorés et les porcs locaux. Les poils des porcs locaux étaient significativement plus courts (p < 0,05) que ceux des porcs améliorés et des croisés. La couleur de la robe a varié d’un type génétique à l’autre. La couleur la plus rencontrée a été le blanc uniforme, suivi du noir uniforme chez tous les types génétiques. Le profil de la tête était plus rectiligne chez les porcs locaux, et plus concave chez les porcs améliorés et chez les croisés. Les oreilles dressées étaient moins observées chez les croisés. Elles étaient orientées vers l’avant chez les porcs améliorés et chez les croisés alors qu’elles étaient dressées et orientées vers l’arrière chez les porcs locaux. La queue en tire-bouchon a été significativement (p < 0,05) plus présente chez les porcs améliorés que chez les porcs croisés, et elle a été plus présente chez ces derniers que chez les porcs locaux. La ligne dorsale droite a été davantage observée chez les porcs locaux et chez les croisés que chez les porcs améliorés chez lesquels la ligne était plus creuse. Les porcs croisés ont présenté une grande similarité avec les porcs améliorés.

An analysis of reproduction, survival and growth performances was performed on 484 Beni Guil ewes and their 461 progeny obtained by pure breeding or crossbreeding with D’man, Ile de France and Lacaune sires from data collected during 1994-98 at the experimental station El Koudia of Inra, Morocco. The results showed that the sire breed had a highly significant effect on the fertility, litter weight and growth from birth to weaning, but had no significant effect on the litter size at lambing, and on lamb survival at birth and weaning. The Beni Guil breed had the lowest performances, except for fertility and lamb survival. Crossbreeding between Beni Guil females and Ile de France and Lacaune terminal sires produced the highest weights, daily gains and productivity. The ewe age and birth year were not significant for reproduction traits except for the litter weight at 90 days. Regardless of the age, single-born males had higher growth rates than females. The birth year had a significant effect on lambs’ weight performances. It was concluded that crossbreeding with Ile de France and Lacaune sires improved weight productivity per ewe in Morocco.

The comparison of pure breeds of goats and genotypes resulting from crossing of absorption of the local goat by ameliorative breeds aims at determining the best goat genotypes which allow enhancing oasis resources. The study of individual growth performances in kids of the local population, in Alpine, Damascus and Murciana-Granadina breeds is insufficient to conclude on genetic and economic advantages allowing to select the ameliorative breed. This study helped to establish bioeconomic indices to evaluate the productivity of pure and crossed genetic groups. The meat index corrected the growth performances by the metabolic weight of the adults and productivity rates. The index analysis, elaborated from a data bank based on sixteen performance control campaigns, led to somewhat different results from those established on the comparison of individual performances. It is necessary to develop more complete indices, which will help to consider productivity better as well as costs of intensive farming, and to apply them to the whole of the data in order to answer the genetic and economic objectives of the project on crossing of absorption of the local goat population.

A local goat grading-up project has been on going since 1980 in an oasis of an arid region of Tunisia to improve goat milk production under intensive breeding conditions. The local goat (Capra hircus) originated from the Nubian breed and was graded up by imported breeds. A dairy performance survey was carried out on pure goat breeds and crossed genotypes to help select a good improved breed to use in local goat grading up. In total, 1923 data on the lactation of pure breeds, and F1 and F2 cross goats were used to estimate dairy production parameters: total milk production (kg), lactation length (days), and daily milk average (kg/day). Individual quantitative variables were analyzed by ANOVA and by a post-hoc pair-wise test (Student, Newman and Keuls) (α = 5%). Results showed that the milk production of the local goat remained low even under intensive oasis conditions. The performances of imported breeds were much lower than those obtained in the country of origin. Crosses between goat breeds improved the milk performance of the local goat. The average milk production was 133.5 kg per lactation in the local goat (n = 10), 172.5 kg in the first generation for the three types of crosses without significant differences between them (n = 46), 188.7 kg in the second generation for the three types of crosses (n = 46), and 226.2 kg in the second generation for crosses with the Alpine breed (n = 14).

This study was conducted in 165 cattle belonging to Brown of the Atlas native breed, and the imported Holstein, Montbeliard and Brown of the Alps breeds, and their crosses with the local breed; it aims at revealing the influence of the breed on the morphometric parameters of red blood cells. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein; smears were confectioned on slides immediately after the blood collection and May-Gründwald Giemsa dye stained. For the morphometric study, we considered the diameter, the circumference and the surface of erythrocytes; measurements were achieved using special software OPTIKATM Vision Pro. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using ANOVA. The recorded results showed that the diameter of the red blood cells is significantly higher (p<0.01) in the local (5.00±0.22) and cross (4.98±0.12) males; however, in females, the diameter of erythrocytes was significantly higher (p<0.01) in indigenous (5.23±0.10) and Brown of the Alps (5.32±0.19) breeds. In addition, the circumference of erythrocytes is larger (p<0.05) in males of Pie-Black Holstein (19.09±1.14) and Montbéliard (19.70±0.86) breeds; whereas in females, the erythrocyte circumference was significantly higher (p<0.01) in local cows (20.65±0.55). Similarly, the surface of red blood cells takes significantly higher values (p<0.01) in Pie-Black Holstein (21.18±2.28) and Montbéliard (22.18±1.76) males; however, in females, the surface of the red blood cells of native cattle (24.47±1.30) was significantly higher (p<0.001). The current work allowed us to propose new reference values for the circumference and the surface of erythrocyte in the breeds and the management conditions considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study concerned 1145 performances of ewes and 1411 performances of lambs of Ile-de-France (IF), Merino precoce (MP) and Boujaâd (BO) breeds. The data were collected during eight lambing seasons, from 1997-98 to 2004-05 in a private farm. IF and MP ewes were mated to rams of their corresponding breeds, whereas BO ewes were mated to rams of the three breeds. The ewe breed had a significant effect on the litter size and litter weight at birth, but not on the litter size and litter weight at 70 days (d). IF and MP ewes had a litter size and a litter weight at birth higher than the corresponding performance average of BO ewes. The differences were 0.25 and 0.30 lamb, and 1.45 and 1.22 kg, respectively. Moreover, the mating ram breed did not have a significant effect on the litter size at birth of BO ewes, but it had a significant effect on the litter weight at birth. The performance of ewes crossed with IF and MP rams was on average 0.48 kg higher than that of ewes mated with BO rams. In addition, the lamb genetic group had a significant effect on the lamb weight and viability at 70 d. IF and MP lambs had the highest birth weights, followed by crossbred lambs. However, the weights at 30 and 70 d of the latter were higher than those of the parental breeds. IF lambs’ viability was 6% lower than that of MP and BO lambs, and 11% lower than that of crossbred lambs. The heterosis effect was positive and high for weights at 30 and 70 d, and for survival at 70 d, but negative for birth weights.

Twenty West African Dwarf goats (WADs) and 15 Saanen x WAD crosses were managed in an intensified, zero-grazing farming system in an area with low to moderate tsetse challenge in The Gambia. During a period of one year, monthly samples were collected to monitor the helminth egg (EPG) and coccidia oocyst outputs (OPG) per gram of feces, the packed cell volume (PCV), and trypanosome parasitemia in the goats. High OPGs were found from September to December, resulting in a preweaning mortality rate of 20% in both breeds. The animals were moderately infested with helminths from the middle of the rainy season until early dry season. Trypanosome infections were not detected in WADs, neither were they in the crossbred goats using the buffy coat technique. The average birth weights of crossbred and WAD kids were 2.4 and 2.0 kg, respectively. The growth rate of crossbred kids was significantly higher than that of local kids. The preweaning growth rates of crossbred and WAD kids were 114.75 and 65.57 g/day, whereas the postweaning growth rates were 58.82 and 36.41 g/day, respectively. The fast growth rate of crossbred goats compared to WAD goats indicates that rearing Saanen x WAD crosses in a zero-grazing system can increase productivity. Strict hygiene in the goat sheds, however, is essential to avoid coccidiosis outbreaks.

Productivity of F1 crossbred ewes between the prolific D’man and the local Queue fine de l’Ouest breeds (D’man x QFO) mated with terminal sires of the Brune noire de Suisse (BNS) breed was evaluated and compared to that of (i) QFO and D’man ewes respectively mated to rams of the same breed in a research station (ESAK) and of (ii) QFO ewes mated to rams of the same breed in a commercial farm (El-Mabrouka). In ESAK station, data collected between 1995 and 2003, and related to 343, 168 and 323 lambings of QFO, D’man, and F1 crosses D’man x QFO ewes, respectively, were used. At birth, the mean litter size was 1.17 ± 0.37, 1.76 ± 0.71, and 1.40 ± 0.54 for ewes of the QFO, D’man, and crosses D’man x QFO genotypes, respectively, whereas at 90 days after lambing, the corresponding figures were 1.13 ± 0.40, 1.65 ± 0.70, and 1.31 ± 0.54. The year of lambing, genotype of the ewe as well as their interaction were significant sources of variation of all litter sizes. At 10 days after lambing, the weight productivity of QFO ewes was 7.3 ± 2.5 kg, and was thus significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of D’man (6.6 ± 2.7 kg), and D’man x QFO (7.0 ± 2.3 kg) ewes. This trend was reversed 90 days after lambing with weight productivity of D’man x QFO, and D’man ewes reaching 22.9 ± 7.7 and 22.5 ± 12.0 kg, respectively, and that of QFO sheep 19.5 ± 6.7 kg. With the exception of the age of the ewe, all other sources of variation highly influenced (p < 0.001) most weight productivity traits. In El-Mabrouka farm, the data used concerned 1048 and 529 lambings of QFO, and D’man x QFO breeds, respectively, that occurred during years 1999, 2000 and 2001. The year of lambing, genotype of the ewe as well as its age were highly significant sources of variation for the litter size at birth. Crossbred ewes produced on average 0.2 lamb more than QFOs (p < 0.05). Difference in productivity at 70 days after lambing was approximately 3 kg in favor of D’man x QFO ewes and sources of variation retained in the model significantly affected (p < 0.05) productivity traits. The achieved levels of improvement in the productivity might not justify the adoption of such a crossbreeding scheme, which is laborious to implement and requires a lot of strictness at the field level.

Three hundred and sixty-four records on dairy production obtained from 540 lactations of 145 cows that calved between 1974 and 1994 at the Bambui Centre of Agricultural Research for Development in the western highlands of Cameroon were analyzed for effects of genotype and environment on milk production and reproduction traits. Cow genotypes were Holstein-Friesian (H), Jersey (J), Holstein-Red Fulani F1 (H1RF1), Holstein-Gudali F1 (H1G1), Jersey-White Fulani F1 (J1WF1) and Jersey-White Fulani backcrosses (J3WF1, J7WF1). Effects of genotype, season and year of calving, parity and age at first calving (AFC) were analyzed. The lactation milk yield (MYLD), lactation length (LL), annualized milk yield (AMP), calving interval (CI) and dry period (DP) were also analyzed. F1 crosses (H1G1, J1WF1, H1RF1) and backcrosses (J3WF1, J7WF1) were compared. H1G1 were superior to H1RF1, J1WF1, and J3WF1 with regard to MYLD, AMP, LL, CI, and DP. For AFC, H1G1 were superior to J1WF1, J3WF1, J7WF1, but inferior to H1RF1. Jersey backcrosses were superior to Jersey F1. Milk production of F1 crosses varied from 2.6 times (J1WF1 vs WF) to 4.3 times (H1RF1 vs RF) the yield of local breeds. Among F1 crosses, H1G1 were the best.

Data on 275 lactations were collected and analyzed between 1981 and 1991 in Holstein and Jersey breeds and their crosses with Gudali and White Fulani zebus in the western highlands of Cameroon. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the calving season, calving intervals and other zootechnical parameters on milk yield. The following results were obtained: - Milk yield of the Holstein (n = 73) and Jersey (n = 32), although lower than that obtained in their country of origin, was significantly higher than that of the genetic types studied, with the Holstein producing more milk than the Jersey (2508 ± 105 l in 291 ± 10 days vs 1818 ± 137 l in 251 ± 13 days, respectively); - In first generation crosses with the local zebu, the Holstein (n = 52) produced significantly more milk than the Jersey (n = 57). The Holstein x zebu Gudali produced more milk than the Jersey x White Fulani (1940 ±109 l in 270 ± 10 days vs 1550 ± 106 l in 257 ± 10 days, respectively). Milk yield of 3/4 Jersey crossbreds (n = 61) was higher (1774 ± 117 l in 250 ± 11 days); - While the calving year and lactation number significantly affected milk yield, the calving season did not. Investigations on financial profitability and milk composition should be carried out for concrete recommendations.

Knowledge of genetic parameters for growth traits of economic importance is required for the development of sheep populations in Morocco. Records on 544 lambs of the Timahdite (T) breed and of 756 D'man x Timahdite (DT) lambs, all born from 1992 to 1998, were used to estimate genetic parameters for lamb weights at birth, at 30, 70 and 90 days and daily gains from 10-30 days, 30-70 days and 30-90 days for each trait. Separate REML (co)variance component estimates were obtained assuming animal models that included the fixed effects of birth year, sex, age of dam, birth type or rearing types and the interaction of birth year by sex, the animal direct genetic effect and the maternal genetic effect. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits were estimated with models including the same fixed effects and only additive direct genetic effects. All fixed effects influenced growth traits. The direct heritability estimates for the various body weight and daily gain traits were low to medium and varied between 0.07 and 0.25 in T, and between 0.02 and 0.18 in DT. Maternal heritability ranged from 0.20 to 0.36 in DT, and from 0.01 to 0.10 in T lambs, except for the birth weight (0.53). For all traits the direct and maternal genetic correlations were high and negative in DT (-0.80 and -1.00) and in T (-0.90 and -1.00) lambs. However, the accuracy of such estimates is low due to the small data set used in the present study. The estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations were positive for all traits, they were particularly high for genetic correlations between weights and weight gains after birth, both in DT and T lambs, and they showed no genetic antagonisms among the growth traits.

Copyright of Animal Genetic Resources is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Animal Genetic Resources is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Synergies Afrique des Grands Lacs is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Afin d’analyser les pratiques d’élevage et leurs relations avec les perfor­mances zootechniques de bovins de race mixte, lait et viande, en territoire de Beni, province du Nord-Kivu, République démocratique du Congo, une étude a été menée de juillet 2003 à novembre 2006, sur 8 676 bovins, pro­venant de 65 élevages et comportant 4 945 vaches de race locale, et croi­sées avec des races exogènes considérées amélioratrices. Des enquêtes, des observations démographiques, des mesures de production laitière et des suivis de reproduction ont été effectués dans les exploitations de l’étude. Les don­nées ont été analysées à l’aide du test du chi carré et de modèles linéaires généralisés, en fonction du type génétique, de la qualité du fourrage et du type de complément. Les résultats ont montré un certain niveau de techni­cité des éleveurs, un faible renouvellement des populations bovines et une influence des pratiques d’élevage sur la production laitière, l’âge au premier vêlage et l’intervalle entre vêlages. Chez les vaches de type croisé, la produc­tion laitière journalière a été plus du double de celle observée chez la race locale. La complémentation sous forme de fourrages et de concentrés a per­mis d’augmenter significativement mais faiblement la production laitière par rapport à la situation sans complément. L’âge au premier vêlage et l’intervalle entre vêlages ont été influencés par le type génétique, et l’intervalle entre vêlages également par la complémentation et le type de fourrage. Ces résul­tats montrent l’importance de la conduite des élevages sur les performances laitières et reproductives des vaches dans la région d’étude.

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Copyright of Animal Genetic Resources is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Animal Genetic Resources is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The crossing of strains by spore conjugation is one of the ways to obtain new starter cultures for the fermentation industry. One of the major difficulties of this practice is the identification of the newly formed hybrids. In this work we describe an effective molecular method for the validation of Saccharomyces intraspecific crosses. The method described is based in the hypothesis that hybrids constructed by spore conjugation contain the sum of the genomes of both parental strains. As a consequence, the conjugation of spores of two yeasts showing different genomic fingerprinting profiles will result in a hybrid culture that will show the sum of both profiles. We demonstrated that the detection of polymorphism in two genes containing minisatellite-like sequences, either SED1 or AGA1, is suitable for this purpose. Using this strategy we were able to validate 15 crosses out of 162 hybridization attempts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses a study investigating the relationships between erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) concentrations and fleece characteristics and yields in Krayaka and Chios x Karayaka crossbred (Bafra) sheep. It was found that shearing has induced a positive effect on the erythrocyte GSH contents, slightly but not higher erythrocyte GSH contents, and higher staple length, fleece yields, greasy and clean fleece in the Karayaka sheep than in the Bafra sheep, and a positive correlation was observed between the biochemical parameter and the fleece yield. It is suggested that the erythrocyte GSH content would be considered as a marker of high fleece production in sheep.

Change in flow regime from subcritical to supercritical flow or opposite can be met during a dam break flow propagation but also during floods in urban areas, particularly near crossroads. Detailed laboratory measurements of flow discharge distribution and flow depths are carried out for transcritical dividing flows in a 90° sharp-edged, rectangular junction formed by horizontal open-channels of equal width. These measurements are used to assess the uncertainty of numerical predictions obtained using a two-dimensional (2-D) depth-averaged model. A sensitivity analysis to four parameters, i.e., space step, friction coefficient, diffusion coefficient, and downstream boundary condition, is carried out. For the water depths in the vicinity of the intersection, uncertainty linked to the calibration of the four aforementioned parameters can be higher than 50% because of the difficulty in representing the location and amplitude of the hydraulic jumps while, for the flow ratio between the downstream branches, uncertainty is limited to 10%. Le passage d’un régime fluvial à un régime torrentiel ou l’inverse peut apparaître lors de la propagation d’une onde de rupture de barrage mais aussi pendant les inondations en zone urbaine, particulièrement près des carrefours. Des mesures détaillées en laboratoire portant sur la répartition des débits et les hauteurs d’eau sont effectuées pour des écoulements transcritiques dans un croisement à 90 degrés entre des canaux rectangulaires horizontaux de largeurs identiques. Ces mesures sont utilisées pour estimer l'incertitude d’un modèle bidimensionnel moyenné sur la verticale. Une analyse de sensibilité sur quatre paramètres (pas d'espace, coefficient de frottement, coefficient de diffusion et condition limite aval) est effectuée. Sur les hauteurs d’eau à proximité du carrefour, l'incertitude liée au calage des quatre paramètres ci-dessus peut dépasser 50 % à cause de la difficulté de représenter tant la localisation que l’amplitude des ressauts hydrauliques tandis que pour le rapport des débits dans les canaux aval, l'incertitude est limitée à 10 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polypore Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fries, common in Europe and Asia, is reported from eastern North America for the first time. Single basidiospore cultures from Pennsylvania, United States, and Quebec, Canada, were paired with each other and with cultures from the Czech Republic. The North American intercollection crosses were 60% compatible and 100% compatible with the Czech cultures. All the crosses among the Czech cultures were 100% compatible. The recent introduction of T. gibbosa to North America is suggested as a possible explanation for the limited number of mating-type alleles and subsequent incompatibility among the North American cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article présente les modalités d'exploitation des caprins dans la province de Ngozi au Burundi. Les données ont été recueillies sur deux ans par un suivi zootechnique de 251 éleveurs. Parmi ceux-ci, 158 avaient des caprins croisés Alpine et étaient encadrés par le projet caprin de Ngozi. L'évolution de la taille et de la composition génétique des troupeaux d'une part, les pratiques de vente, d'autoconsommation et traite d'autre part, sont analysées. Les variations de comportement des différents types d'éleveurs sont soulignées. La fonction d'épargne que jouent les caprins dans ce système agraire a eu comme resultat une forte fluctuation de cette population au sein des troupeaux et la permutation des éleveurs avec abandon de l'élevage caprin par 6,3 % d'entre eux chaque année. L'adoption des caprins croisés par une fraction des éleveurs s'est accompagnée de modifications des pratiques d'exploitation : traite et vente du lait; vente des chèvres à un âge moyen plus élevé, alors que les chevreaux l'ont été au même âge. Les chevreaux les plus lourds de la race locale ont néanmoins fait l'objet d'une sélection, au contraire des chevreaux croisés.

Une expérience de croisement de bovins de races Holstein Frisonne, Brown Swiss et Ankole a été réalisée durant les années 1978-1988 dans l'élevage de Lushebere dans la région de Masisi, Kivu-Nord, Zaïre. Des effets additifs de la race Holstein Frisonne supérieure et des effets d'hétérosis individuels du croisement Holstein Frisonne x Ankolé ont été trouvés en ce qui concerne les rendements laitiers. Les effets d'hétérosis individuels du croisement Brown Swiss x Ankole ont contribué à l'augmentation de la production laitière. Le coefficient d'héritabilité s'est révélé faible (0,14) pour le rendement laitier, correspondant au caractère le plus important économiquement. Les raisons principales pourraient être liées à la sélection à long terme du phénotype, en particulier en ce qui concerne la race Ankole, mais également aux possibilités limitées, pour les races européennes, d'exprimer leur potentiel génétique en raison de l'absence d'alimentation à base de concentrés. En ayant pour objectif la réalisation d'un croisement à long terme, reposant sur la simulation de races synthétiques nouvelles, on a montré qu'il convenait de poursuivre les croisements avec des proportions de race Holstein Frisonne comprises entre 77,5 et 80 % et de race Ankole comprises entre 20 et 22,5 %

Deux expériences ont été réalisées afin de déterminer l'effet du croisement de la race indigène Kenana avec 50 ou 75 % de race Frisonne sur la performance des veaux, la production et la composition du lait. Dans l'expérience I, la consommation de matière sèche, le gain de poids vif et l'indice de consommation ont été étudiés avant et après le sevrage. Concernant la consommation de matière sèche, aucune différence significative n'a pu être mise en évidence entre les deux groupes de génotypes. En revanche, durant la période de pré-sevrage, le poids vif est statistiquement plus élevé chez les croisés Frison à 75 % que chez les croisés Frison à 50 %, tandis que durant la période de post-sevrage, il est significativement plus élevé chez les croisés à 50 % que chez ceux à 75 %. En ce qui concerne l'indice de consommation, les croisés Frison à 50 % présentent des valeurs supérieures à celles des croisés à 75 % durant la période de pré-sevrage, tandis qu'il est plus élevé chez les croisés à 75 % que chez ceux à 50 % durant la période de post-sevrage. Dans l'expérience II, les vaches Kenana croisées avec 50 % de Frison ont produit significativement plus de lait que les croisés à 75 %, mais avec une teneur moins élevée en matières grasses et en protéines.

332 enregistrements de mesures corporelles (poids vif; profondeur de la poitrine; largeur de la croupe; hauteur au garrot) et intervalles de vêlage, et 147 mesures de vitesses de croissance, ont été réalisés lors d'une expérience de croisement entre des bovins de races Holstein Frisonne, Brown Swiss et Ankole dans l'élevage de Lushebere, dans la région de Masisi, Kivu-Nord, Zaïre. Les effets additifs significatifs en ce qui concerne le poids vif. Les intervalles de vêlage, l'hétérosis individuel des différents croisements ont été évalués ainsi que les corrélations génétiques entre le rendement laitier et les mesures corporelles.